510:
720:
640:
859:(CPNI) was formed as a child agency of MI5 in 2007, merging the NISCC and NSAC. CPNI provided integrated (combining information, personnel, and physical) security advice to the businesses and organisations which made up the critical national infrastructure. In 2016, the cybersecurity-related aspects of the CPNI's role were taken over by the newly-formed
735:" (GCHQ) in 1946. The Joint Intelligence Bureau (JIB) was established the same year. It was structured into a series of divisions: procurement (JIB 1), geographic (JIB 2 and JIB 3), defences, ports and beaches (JIB 4), airfields (JIB 5), key points (JIB 6), oil (JIB 7) and telecommunications (JIB 8).
711:, Bletchley Park veteran and official historian of British Intelligence in World War II, made a similar assessment about Ultra, saying that it shortened the war "by not less than two years and probably by four years"; and that, in the absence of Ultra, it is uncertain how the war would have ended.
785:
intercepted radio communications from Soviet ships reporting their positions and used that to establish where they were heading. A copy of the report was sent directly to the White House
Situation Room, providing initial indications of Soviet intentions with regards the US naval blockade of Cuba.
1708:
The set of algorithms, equations and arcane mathematics that make up public key cryptography are a crucial technology for preserving computer privacy in and making commerce possible on the
Internet. Some hail its discovery as one of the most important accomplishments of 20th-century mathematics
500:
government. The Bureau was split into naval and army sections which, over time, specialised in foreign espionage and internal counter-espionage activities respectively. This specialisation, formalised prior to 1914, was a result of the
Admiralty intelligence requirements related to the maritime
113:
in 1917 was described as the most significant intelligence triumph for
Britain during World War I, and one of the earliest occasions on which a piece of signals intelligence influenced world events. During the Second World War and afterwards, many observers regarded
2127:
The first published account of the previously secret wartime operation, concentrating mainly on distribution of intelligence. It was written from memory and has been shown by subsequent authors, who had access to official records, to contain some
340:
Support the
National Security Council and the Joint Intelligence Committee by providing coordination on strategic issues, all-source intelligence analysis, and policy advice to the Prime Minister and other senior ministers.
495:
The Secret
Service Bureau was founded in 1909 as a joint initiative of the Admiralty and the War Office to control secret intelligence operations in the UK and overseas, particularly concentrating on the activities of the
2020:
754:
has attended the Joint
Intelligence Committee's weekly meetings. One former US intelligence officer has described this as the "highlight of the job" for the London CIA chief. Resident intelligence chiefs from
800:
As well as a mission to gather intelligence, GCHQ has for a long time had a corresponding mission to assist in the protection of the
British government's own communications. Building on the work of
552:
was described as the most significant intelligence triumph for
Britain during World War I, and one of the earliest occasions on which a piece of signals intelligence influenced world events.
699:
and the person who controlled distribution of Ultra decrypts to the government): "It is thanks to the secret weapon of
General Menzies, put into use on all the fronts, that we won the war!"
1778:
904:
was formalised to provide intelligence assessment and advice on development of the UK intelligence community's analytical capability for the Joint Intelligence Committee and NSC.
1958:
1977:
2236:
2314:
130:. Intelligence cooperation in the post-war period between the United Kingdom and the United States became the cornerstone of Western intelligence gathering and the "
738:
Wartime signals intelligence cooperation between the United Kingdom and the United States continued in the post-war period. The two countries signed the bilateral
529:, the two sections underwent administrative changes so that the internal counter-espionage section became the Directorate of Military Intelligence Section 5 (
2508:
844:
466:
1929:
856:
1805:
2665:
2166:
567:
In 1919, the Cabinet's Secret Service Committee, recommended that a peacetime codebreaking agency should be created. Staff were merged from NID25 and
2475:
197:
2372:
901:
348:
900:(NSC) was established in 2010, reestablishing the central coordination of national security issues seen in the Committee of Imperial Defence. The
2350:
1307:
860:
428:
416:
2670:
2586:
478:
2480:
2397:
579:
212:
153:
2048:
793:
was formed in 1964, the Joint Intelligence Bureau, Naval Intelligence, Military Intelligence and Air Intelligence were combined to form the
2591:
2430:
1709:
because it allows two people to set up a secure phone call without meeting beforehand. Without it, there would be no privacy in cyberspace.
541:
375:
250:
95:
91:
1994:
2457:
2253:
2241:
2183:
1782:
59:
1232:
2408:
2403:
2324:
1883:
897:
165:
148:
2423:
1955:
871:
509:
1220:
1075:
746:, as well as cooperation with several "third-party" nations, this became the cornerstone of Western intelligence gathering and the "
2675:
2212:
1747:
908:
625:
2660:
1014:
55:
1974:
223:
The following agencies, groups and organisations fall under the remit of the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament:
2655:
2199:
2159:
949:
864:
732:
422:
269:
83:
2121:
1548:
1482:
1407:
71:
2435:
1147:
969:
790:
379:
305:
177:
103:
17:
2302:
1858:
1003:
406:
2445:
2290:
2218:
2058:
39:
2490:
2295:
2152:
1432:
601:
was established, although personnel had been employed in intelligence duties in the RAF since its formation in 1918.
572:
207:
1693:
1505:, p. 256, at the end of a short passage asserting the importance of Enigma-derived intelligence for Allied victory.
852:
450:
31:
1721:
2378:
998:
848:
1633:
828:
633:
2485:
1905:"Bill Burns and Richard Moore: Intelligence partnership helps the US and UK stay ahead in an uncertain world"
1008:
485:
335:
202:
181:
2608:
879:
605:
2629:
2614:
2452:
1019:
945:
751:
696:
672:
255:
75:
855:, and NSAC was a unit within MI5 that provided security advice to other parts of the UK government. The
774:
in 1957 with its assessments staff who prepared intelligence assessments for the committee to consider.
1299:
2440:
2231:
1129:
981:
889:(DI) in 2009. Defence Intelligence has a unique position within the UK intelligence community as an '
820:
2619:
660:
594:
in 1939, the JIC became the senior intelligence assessment body for the United Kingdom government.
1904:
2634:
2362:
890:
824:
809:
537:), names by which the Security Service and Secret Intelligence Service are commonly known today.
362:
316:
1328:
1998:
119:
957:
750:" between the UK and the USA. Since World War II, the chief of the London station of the U.S.
2274:
2226:
2206:
832:
47:
43:
723:
Declassified GCHQ report of Soviet ship positions, which played a key role in resolving the
2334:
2284:
886:
827:. GCHQ and the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) were placed on a statutory footing by the
794:
778:
747:
724:
704:
676:
656:
556:
518:
384:
310:
131:
123:
115:
87:
488:, established in 1902, was responsible for research, and some co-ordination, on issues of
8:
2624:
2307:
2223:
1930:"MI6 and CIA warn of 'reckless campaign of sabotage across Europe' being waged by Russia"
549:
514:
110:
35:
1755:
944:(SIA) is the funding vehicle for the three main security and intelligence agencies: the
2144:
2109:
823:
established the legal basis of the Security Service (MI5) for the first time under the
719:
700:
402:
Four national centres and authorities support and complement the work of the agencies:
109:
The history of the organisations dates back to the 19th century. The decryption of the
54:
and counter-espionage. Their intelligence assessments contribute to the conduct of the
851:(NSAC) were formed in 1999. NISCC's role was to provide advice to companies operating
2117:
2097:
2072:
2054:
1544:
1478:
1428:
1403:
875:
684:
533:) and the foreign section became the Directorate of Military Intelligence Section 6 (
489:
470:
409:(HMGCC), provides electronics and software to support the communication needs of the
185:
2050:
Defence Intelligence and the Cold War: Britain's Joint Intelligence Bureau 1945-1964
742:
in 1948. Later broadened to include Canada, Australia and New Zealand, known as the
2319:
1667:
1498:
782:
598:
591:
582:(JIC) was founded in 1936 as a sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence.
497:
882:
and security services. The OSCT was renamed the Homeland Security Group in 2021.
2601:
1981:
1962:
921:
813:
739:
692:
621:
526:
2088:
Transcript of a lecture given on Tuesday 19 October 1993 at Cambridge University
2413:
1582:
805:
801:
771:
688:
664:
648:
644:
617:
454:
330:
169:
2649:
2068:
1722:"Past Events: Aligning and Sustaining IT Infrastructure for Business Benefit"
1637:
1448:
1236:
986:
916:
708:
707:, at war's end describing Ultra as having been "decisive" to Allied victory.
680:
432:
410:
67:
2138:
867:(NPSA) in 2023, taking on a remit beyond critical national infrastructure.
816:), which was shared with the National Security Agency in the United States.
477:, formed the Foreign Intelligence Committee in 1882, which evolved into the
1748:"Launch of The Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure (CPNI)"
1400:
The Searchers: How Radio Interception Changed the Course of Both World Wars
1221:
Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament "Annual Report 2021–2022"
912:
462:
1641:
1278:
2418:
1046:
764:
668:
629:
357:
283:
127:
99:
2021:"Security and Intelligence Agencies Financial Statements 2022-23 (HTML)"
659:, connected the signal intercept networks of the GC&CS and the U.S.
126:, GCHQ interceptions of Soviet ship positions were sent directly to the
2101:
1725:
1609:"Diary reveals birth of secret UK-US spy pact that grew into Five Eyes"
1608:
1105:
474:
458:
38:
that deal with secret intelligence. These agencies are responsible for
1834:
992:
874:(OCST) was created in 2007, which is responsible for leading work on
756:
743:
609:
173:
51:
639:
1949:
613:
63:
1423:
Aldrich, Richard James; Cormac, Rory; Goodman, Michael S. (2014).
1171:
367:
Counter terrorism and protecting critical national infrastructure
2596:
812:
algorithm in 1973 (equivalent to what would become, in 1978, the
545:
1508:
608:(SOE) was operational from 1940 until early 1946. SOE conducted
760:
571:
into the new organisation, which was given the cover-name the "
544:
led the Royal Navy's highly successful cryptographic efforts,
275:
Signals intelligence, cryptanalysis and information assurance
261:
Covert overseas collection and analysis of human intelligence
1779:"Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure (CPNI)"
1076:"The telegram that brought America into the First World War"
46:
and exploiting foreign and domestic intelligence, providing
2579:
2574:
2566:
2561:
2553:
2548:
2344:
1369:. No. 34523. London. 13 March 1895. col F, p. 10.
568:
465:, formed the Intelligence Branch in 1873, which became the
2237:
National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit
1257:
1191:
863:(NCSC), a child agency of GCHQ. The CPNI evolved into the
655:
The 1943 British–US Communication Intelligence Agreement,
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2315:
1st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade
2263:
2193:
1751:
953:
534:
530:
327:
Other intelligence and security organisations and groups
288:
79:
2174:
1724:. British Computer Society. 9 June 2005. Archived from
1148:"Sir Tim Barrow appointed as National Security Adviser"
731:
The Government Code and Cypher School was renamed the "
449:
Organised intelligence collection and planning for the
1694:"British Document Outlines Early Encryption Discovery"
797:(DIS). The DIS focussed initially on Cold War issues.
1987:
995:, an intelligence sharing system that includes the UK
845:
National Infrastructure Security Co-ordination Centre
1583:"How the British and Americans started listening in"
1449:"How the British and Americans started listening in"
1422:
989:, an intelligence sharing forum that includes the UK
972:(MoD) and is funded within the UK's defence budget.
857:
Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure
559:
was the British Empire's wartime coordinating body.
134:" between the United Kingdom and the United States.
1520:
1279:"Defence Intelligence - Detailed guidance - GOV.UK"
1172:"Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament"
885:The Defence Intelligence Staff changed its name to
397:
1106:"Scarborough's Cuban missile crisis role revealed"
683:, and also a large number of other enemy systems.
517:as it was sent from Washington, DC, to Ambassador
118:signals intelligence as immensely valuable to the
2476:Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament
198:Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament
2647:
1070:
1068:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1130:"How a Secret Spy Pact Helped Win the Cold War"
956:(MI5). Spending on the SIA was £3.6 billion in
429:UK National Authority for Counter Eavesdropping
2074:The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War
1776:
1300:"National security and intelligence: About us"
1047:"Why was the Zimmerman Telegram so important?"
935:
770:The Joint Intelligence Committee moved to the
767:may attend when certain issues are discussed.
548:(later known as NID25). The decryption of the
137:
2481:Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation
2160:
1995:"Funding | MI5 - The Security Service (2014)"
1803:
1123:
1121:
1065:
968:Defence Intelligence is integral part of the
703:quoted the western Supreme Allied Commander,
457:was established during the 19th century. The
319:military intelligence gathering and analysis
213:Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation
176:, who serves as the principal adviser to the
90:(DI). The agencies are organised under three
2431:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
2108:
1968:
1806:"National Cyber Security Strategy 2016-2021"
1514:
1205:
218:
2242:National Counter Terrorism Policing Network
294:Counter-intelligence and internal security
2325:30 Commando Information Exploitation Group
2167:
2153:
2094:The Evolution of British Sigint: 1653–1939
1884:"Joint Intelligence Organisation - GOV.UK"
1475:Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret
1388:Johnson, 1997, p. 45 and Kahn, 1991, p. 82
1127:
1118:
915:made their first-ever joint remarks in an
2666:Government agencies of the United Kingdom
2424:Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism
1373:
1041:
1039:
872:Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism
2213:National Ballistics Intelligence Service
718:
638:
508:
461:, responsible for administration of the
2091:
2067:
1526:
1397:
1015:Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom
963:
501:strength of the Imperial German Navy.
60:national security of the United Kingdom
56:foreign relations of the United Kingdom
14:
2648:
2345:Government Communications Headquarters
2200:National Protective Security Authority
1781:. SearchSecurity.co.uk. Archived from
1662:
1660:
1497:The original source for this quote is
1472:
1103:
1036:
950:Government Communications Headquarters
865:National Protective Security Authority
733:Government Communications Headquarters
423:National Protective Security Authority
270:Government Communications Headquarters
84:Government Communications Headquarters
2671:United Kingdom intelligence community
2148:
2046:
1975:GCHQ funding & financial controls
1538:
663:. The GC&CS was based largely at
72:law enforcement in the United Kingdom
2509:Directorate of Military Intelligence
2176:United Kingdom intelligence agencies
1329:"National security and intelligence"
1099:
1097:
467:Directorate of Military Intelligence
178:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
1956:SIS: Funding and financial controls
1876:
1657:
1250:
1225:
1004:Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)
825:government led by Margaret Thatcher
585:
407:HM Government Communications Centre
24:
2291:Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre
2219:National Fraud Intelligence Bureau
1353:The Foreign Intelligence Committee
1271:
1184:
521:, the German ambassador to Mexico.
504:
168:(NSA) is a senior official in the
27:Government organisations in the UK
25:
2687:
2491:Investigatory Powers Commissioner
2296:Joint Intelligence Training Group
2132:
1944:in their first-ever joint remarks
1804:HM Government (1 November 2016).
1754:. 1 February 2007. Archived from
1634:"Why no questions about the CIA?"
1094:
573:Government Code and Cypher School
473:, responsible for command of the
208:Investigatory Powers Commissioner
159:
74:. The four main agencies are the
1777:Margaret Rouse (February 2008).
1640:. September 2003. Archived from
1543:. Channel 4 books. p. 176.
1402:. Cassell Military. p. 58.
853:critical national infrastructure
451:Government of the United Kingdom
398:National centres and authorities
32:Government of the United Kingdom
2676:Espionage in the United Kingdom
2379:Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre
2373:Joint Intelligence Organisation
2040:
2013:
1922:
1897:
1859:"The National Security Council"
1851:
1827:
1797:
1770:
1740:
1714:
1686:
1648:
1626:
1601:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1532:
1491:
1466:
1441:
1416:
1391:
1382:
1358:
1345:
1321:
1310:from the original on 2014-07-04
1292:
999:Information Research Department
902:Joint Intelligence Organisation
849:National Security Advice Centre
838:
349:Joint Intelligence Organisation
2661:Lists of intelligence agencies
2351:National Cyber Security Centre
2116:, New York: Harper & Row,
1164:
1140:
861:National Cyber Security Centre
829:Intelligence Services Act 1994
590:Following the outbreak of the
425:(NPSA), a child agency of MI5;
419:(NCSC), a child agency of GCHQ
417:National Cyber Security Centre
13:
1:
2656:British intelligence agencies
2587:Naval Intelligence Department
2486:Investigatory Powers Tribunal
1668:"Defence Intelligence: Roles"
1235:. GCHQ.gov.uk. Archived from
1104:Corera, Gordon (2019-10-21).
1025:
1011:global list sorted by country
1009:List of intelligence agencies
486:Committee of Imperial Defence
479:Naval Intelligence Department
336:National Security Secretariat
203:Investigatory Powers Tribunal
182:Cabinet of the United Kingdom
142:
2609:Special Operations Executive
2398:Joint Intelligence Committee
1030:
833:government led by John Major
606:Special Operations Executive
580:Joint Intelligence Committee
191:
154:Joint Intelligence Committee
7:
2630:Special Reconnaissance Unit
2615:Diplomatic Wireless Service
2592:Naval Intelligence Division
2453:Single Intelligence Account
2264:Secret Intelligence Service
2053:. Oxford University Press.
1128:Adam White (29 June 2010).
1020:UK cyber security community
975:
946:Secret Intelligence Service
942:Single Intelligence Account
936:Single Intelligence Account
752:Central Intelligence Agency
714:
697:Secret Intelligence Service
673:cryptanalysis of the Enigma
562:
542:Naval Intelligence Division
256:Secret Intelligence Service
138:National security community
76:Secret Intelligence Service
10:
2692:
2458:National Security Strategy
2139:The Secret History of GCHQ
1984:Retrieved on 2 March 2014.
1965:Retrieved on 2 March 2014.
893:' intelligence function.
795:Defence Intelligence Staff
687:was reported to have told
651:message, after decryption.
444:
439:
2499:
2466:
2441:Chiefs of Staff Committee
2409:National Security Adviser
2404:National Security Council
2388:
2361:
2333:
2273:
2252:
2232:Counter Terrorism Command
2182:
1398:Macksey, Kenneth (2003).
982:Counter Terrorism Command
928:
898:National Security Council
878:working closely with the
821:Security Service Act 1989
691:, when presenting to him
389:Offensive cyber activity
339:
329:
326:
249:
244:
219:Agencies and other groups
166:National Security Adviser
149:National Security Council
2620:Far East Combined Bureau
1863:Institute for Government
1365:"Obituary". Obituaries.
661:National Security Agency
2635:Military Reaction Force
1539:Smith, Michael (1998).
810:public-key cryptography
667:. Its staff, including
626:occupied Southeast Asia
599:RAF Intelligence Branch
363:Homeland Security Group
2092:Johnson, John (1997).
1258:"The Security Service"
728:
652:
647:intercept sheet of an
522:
302:Military intelligence
122:. In 1962, during the
120:Allies of World War II
92:government departments
2227:Specialist Operations
2207:National Crime Agency
1473:Gannon, Paul (2006).
722:
642:
512:
48:military intelligence
36:intelligence agencies
2285:Defence Intelligence
1517:, pp. 154, 191.
1379:Johnson, 1997, p. 44
1080:BBC History Magazine
964:Defence Intelligence
887:Defence Intelligence
779:Cuban Missile Crisis
748:Special Relationship
725:Cuban Missile Crisis
705:Dwight D. Eisenhower
634:resistance movements
597:During the War, the
557:Imperial War Cabinet
525:In 1916, during the
519:Heinrich von Eckardt
385:National Cyber Force
311:Defence Intelligence
237:Description of role
132:Special Relationship
124:Cuban Missile Crisis
88:Defence Intelligence
18:British intelligence
2625:Force Research Unit
2436:Ministry of Defence
2308:Joint Support Group
2224:Metropolitan Police
2110:Winterbotham, F. W.
2047:Dylan, Huw (2014).
1698:archive.nytimes.com
1672:Ministry of Defence
1425:Spying on the World
970:Ministry of Defence
925:in September 2024.
804:in the late 1960s,
791:Ministry of Defence
550:Zimmermann Telegram
515:Zimmermann Telegram
431:(UK NACE), part of
380:Ministry of Defence
306:Ministry of Defence
111:Zimmermann Telegram
104:Ministry of Defence
2303:Intelligence Corps
2069:Hinsley, Sir Harry
1980:2014-03-02 at the
1961:2014-11-10 at the
1674:. 12 December 2012
1477:. Atlantic Books.
729:
701:F. W. Winterbotham
653:
523:
247:security agencies
231:Parent department
78:(SIS or MI6), the
58:, maintaining the
34:maintains several
2643:
2642:
2446:Strategic Command
2123:978-0-06-014678-8
1865:. 4 November 2014
1589:. 8 February 2016
1550:978-0-330-41929-1
1515:Winterbotham 1974
1484:978-1-84354-331-2
1409:978-0-304-36545-6
1082:. 17 January 2017
1053:. 17 January 2017
876:counter-terrorism
709:Sir Harry Hinsley
685:Winston Churchill
490:military strategy
395:
394:
245:Intelligence and
186:national security
50:, and performing
16:(Redirected from
2683:
2320:RAF Intelligence
2194:Security Service
2169:
2162:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2126:
2114:The Ultra Secret
2105:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2064:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1997:. Archived from
1991:
1985:
1972:
1966:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1810:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1752:Security Service
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1664:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1499:Gustave Bertrand
1495:
1489:
1488:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1356:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1233:"GCHQ Home page"
1229:
1223:
1218:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1043:
954:Security Service
847:(NISCC) and the
783:GCHQ Scarborough
632:and aided local
592:Second World War
586:Second World War
289:Security Service
226:
225:
80:Security Service
21:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2602:No. 30 Commando
2501:
2495:
2468:
2462:
2390:
2384:
2364:
2357:
2336:
2329:
2276:
2269:
2255:
2248:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2141:BBC documentary
2135:
2124:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2061:
2043:
2038:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2004:
2002:
2001:on 8 April 2014
1993:
1992:
1988:
1982:Wayback Machine
1973:
1969:
1963:Wayback Machine
1954:
1950:
1938:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1914:
1912:
1909:Financial Times
1903:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1868:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1843:
1841:
1839:www.npsa.gov.uk
1833:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1702:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1618:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1311:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1206:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1126:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1033:
1028:
978:
966:
952:(GCHQ) and the
938:
931:
922:Financial Times
841:
740:UKUSA Agreement
717:
693:Stewart Menzies
622:occupied Europe
588:
575:" (GC&CS).
565:
527:First World War
507:
505:First World War
498:Imperial German
481:(NID) in 1887.
447:
442:
400:
246:
221:
194:
162:
145:
140:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2689:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2416:
2414:Cabinet Office
2411:
2406:
2401:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2376:
2369:
2367:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2281:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2190:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2133:External links
2131:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2106:
2089:
2065:
2060:978-0199657025
2059:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2012:
1986:
1967:
1948:
1921:
1896:
1875:
1850:
1826:
1796:
1769:
1739:
1728:on 21 May 2011
1713:
1685:
1656:
1647:
1644:on 2013-07-06.
1625:
1600:
1574:
1565:
1563:Dylan, p. xiii
1556:
1549:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1490:
1483:
1465:
1440:
1433:
1427:. p. 10.
1415:
1408:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1357:
1344:
1320:
1291:
1270:
1249:
1224:
1204:
1183:
1163:
1139:
1117:
1093:
1064:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1001:
996:
990:
984:
977:
974:
965:
962:
958:financial year
937:
934:
930:
927:
840:
837:
806:Clifford Cocks
802:James H. Ellis
772:Cabinet Office
716:
713:
689:King George VI
665:Bletchley Park
649:Enigma machine
645:Bletchley Park
618:reconnaissance
587:
584:
564:
561:
506:
503:
455:British Empire
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
436:
426:
420:
414:
399:
396:
393:
392:
390:
387:
382:
376:Foreign Office
372:
371:
368:
365:
360:
354:
353:
351:
345:
344:
342:
338:
333:
331:Cabinet Office
328:
324:
323:
320:
314:
308:
303:
299:
298:
295:
292:
286:
280:
279:
276:
273:
266:
265:
262:
259:
253:
251:Foreign Office
248:
242:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
220:
217:
216:
215:
210:
205:
200:
193:
190:
170:Cabinet Office
161:
160:Administration
158:
157:
156:
151:
144:
141:
139:
136:
96:Foreign Office
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2688:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2128:inaccuracies.
2125:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1885:
1879:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1785:on 5 May 2012
1784:
1780:
1773:
1758:on 7 May 2012
1757:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1710:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1654:Dylan, p. 184
1651:
1643:
1639:
1638:New Statesman
1635:
1629:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1436:
1434:9780748678570
1430:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1348:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1280:
1274:
1259:
1253:
1239:on 2014-08-01
1238:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1193:
1187:
1173:
1167:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
987:Club de Berne
985:
983:
980:
979:
973:
971:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
933:
926:
924:
923:
918:
917:opinion piece
914:
910:
905:
903:
899:
894:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
815:
814:RSA algorithm
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
787:
784:
780:
775:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
726:
721:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
695:(head of the
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:Lorenz cipher
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
650:
646:
641:
637:
635:
631:
627:
624:and later in
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
595:
593:
583:
581:
576:
574:
570:
560:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
520:
516:
511:
502:
499:
493:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
434:
433:FCDO Services
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
411:UK Government
408:
405:
404:
403:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
377:
374:
373:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
343:
337:
334:
332:
325:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
307:
304:
301:
300:
296:
293:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
277:
274:
271:
268:
267:
263:
260:
257:
254:
252:
243:
239:
236:
233:
230:
228:
227:
224:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:public safety
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2391:Coordination
2363:Intelligence
2337:intelligence
2277:intelligence
2256:intelligence
2186:intelligence
2175:
2113:
2093:
2081:, retrieved
2073:
2049:
2041:Bibliography
2028:. Retrieved
2024:
2015:
2003:. Retrieved
1999:the original
1989:
1970:
1951:
1943:
1937:. Retrieved
1933:
1924:
1913:. Retrieved
1911:. 2024-09-07
1908:
1899:
1888:. Retrieved
1878:
1867:. Retrieved
1862:
1853:
1842:. Retrieved
1838:
1835:"About NPSA"
1829:
1817:. Retrieved
1815:. p. 29
1812:
1799:
1787:. Retrieved
1783:the original
1772:
1760:. Retrieved
1756:the original
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1726:the original
1716:
1707:
1701:. Retrieved
1697:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1671:
1650:
1642:the original
1628:
1617:. Retrieved
1615:. 2021-03-05
1612:
1603:
1591:. Retrieved
1586:
1577:
1572:Dylan, p. 31
1568:
1559:
1540:
1534:
1527:Hinsley 1996
1522:
1510:
1502:
1493:
1474:
1468:
1457:. Retrieved
1455:. 2016-02-08
1452:
1443:
1424:
1418:
1399:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1360:
1352:
1347:
1336:. Retrieved
1332:
1323:
1312:. Retrieved
1303:
1294:
1283:. Retrieved
1273:
1262:. Retrieved
1252:
1241:. Retrieved
1237:the original
1227:
1196:. Retrieved
1186:
1175:. Retrieved
1166:
1155:. Retrieved
1151:
1142:
1133:
1109:. Retrieved
1084:. Retrieved
1079:
1055:. Retrieved
1050:
967:
941:
939:
932:
920:
913:CIA director
906:
895:
884:
869:
842:
839:21st century
818:
799:
788:
776:
769:
737:
730:
671:, worked on
654:
628:against the
603:
596:
589:
577:
566:
554:
539:
524:
494:
483:
463:British Army
448:
401:
222:
163:
108:
29:
2419:Home Office
1593:24 February
1192:"SIS (MI6)"
948:(SIS/MI6),
808:invented a
777:During the
765:New Zealand
675:(codenamed
669:Alan Turing
630:Axis powers
358:Home Office
284:Home Office
172:, based in
128:White House
100:Home Office
86:(GCHQ) and
82:(MI5), the
2650:Categories
2500:Historical
2467:Review and
2389:Policy and
2365:assessment
2102:B002ALSXTC
2030:2024-05-05
1939:2024-09-07
1915:2024-09-07
1890:2014-03-07
1869:2023-04-02
1844:2023-03-28
1819:2 November
1703:2021-05-12
1678:4 November
1619:2023-04-02
1459:2023-04-02
1338:2021-12-24
1314:2021-12-24
1285:2014-03-07
1264:2014-03-07
1243:2014-03-07
1198:2014-03-07
1177:2024-09-07
1157:2023-04-02
1111:2019-10-21
1086:17 January
1057:17 January
1026:References
891:all-source
831:under the
643:A typical
475:Royal Navy
459:War Office
317:All-source
258:(SIS/MI6)
240:Personnel
143:Leadership
66:planning,
40:collecting
2469:Oversight
2071:(1996) ,
1541:Station X
1367:The Times
1355:. p. 68.
1031:Citations
993:Five Eyes
960:2022/23.
909:MI6 chief
789:When the
757:Australia
744:Five Eyes
610:espionage
471:Admiralty
192:Oversight
174:Whitehall
52:espionage
44:analysing
2502:agencies
2275:Military
2184:Domestic
2112:(1974),
2096:. HMSO.
1978:Archived
1959:Archived
1934:Sky News
1886:. gov.uk
1613:BBC News
1453:BBC News
1351:Allen.
1308:Archived
1281:. gov.uk
976:See also
911:and the
715:Cold War
614:sabotage
563:Interwar
453:and the
188:issues.
102:and the
64:military
2597:Room 40
2347:(GCHQ)
2335:Signals
2254:Foreign
2083:23 July
2005:2 March
919:in the
546:Room 40
445:Origins
440:History
272:(GCHQ)
234:Agency
184:on all
2381:(JTAC)
2215:(NBIS)
2196:(MI5)
2120:
2100:
2057:
2025:GOV.UK
1813:gov.uk
1789:25 May
1762:25 May
1732:25 May
1547:
1503:Enigma
1481:
1431:
1406:
1333:GOV.UK
1304:GOV.UK
1152:GOV.UK
929:Budget
880:police
763:, and
761:Canada
679:) and
469:. The
370:1,061
322:4,115
297:5,259
291:(MI5)
278:7,181
264:3,644
98:, the
94:, the
70:, and
2611:(SOE)
2400:(JIC)
2375:(JIO)
2287:(DI)
2266:(MI6)
2209:(NCA)
2078:(PDF)
1809:(PDF)
1260:. MI5
1194:. SIS
677:Ultra
657:BRUSA
313:(DI)
116:Ultra
2580:MI19
2575:MI17
2571:MI16
2567:MI15
2562:MI14
2558:MI12
2554:MI11
2549:MI10
2118:ISBN
2098:ASIN
2085:2012
2055:ISBN
2007:2014
1821:2016
1791:2012
1764:2012
1734:2012
1680:2014
1595:2016
1545:ISBN
1479:ISBN
1429:ISBN
1404:ISBN
1134:Time
1088:2017
1059:2017
940:The
907:The
896:The
870:The
843:The
819:The
616:and
604:The
578:The
569:MI1b
555:The
540:The
513:The
484:The
378:and
180:and
164:The
30:The
2544:MI9
2539:MI8
2534:MI7
2529:MI4
2524:MI3
2519:MI2
2514:MI1
1587:BBC
1051:BBC
620:in
535:MI6
531:MI5
2652::
2023:.
1942:.
1932:.
1907:.
1861:.
1837:.
1811:.
1750:.
1706:.
1696:.
1670:.
1659:^
1636:.
1611:.
1585:.
1501:,
1451:.
1331:.
1306:.
1302:.
1207:^
1150:.
1132:.
1120:^
1096:^
1078:.
1067:^
1049:.
1038:^
835:.
781:,
759:,
636:.
612:,
492:.
106:.
62:,
42:,
2168:e
2161:t
2154:v
2104:.
2063:.
2033:.
2009:.
1918:.
1893:.
1872:.
1847:.
1823:.
1793:.
1766:.
1736:.
1682:.
1622:.
1597:.
1553:.
1529:.
1487:.
1462:.
1437:.
1412:.
1341:.
1317:.
1288:.
1267:.
1246:.
1201:.
1180:.
1160:.
1136:.
1114:.
1090:.
1061:.
727:.
435:.
413:;
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.