1917:. Indigenous lands contain 36% or more of intact forest worldwide, host more biodiversity, and experience less deforestation. Indigenous activists have argued that degradation of forests and indigenous peoples' marginalization and land dispossession are interconnected. Other concerns among indigenous peoples include lack of Indigenous involvement in forest management and loss of knowledge related for the forest ecosystem. Since 2002, the amount of land that is legally owned by or designated for indigenous peoples has broadly increased, but land acquisition in lower-income countries by multinational corporations, often with little or no consultation of indigenous peoples, has also increased. Research in the Amazon rainforest suggests that indigenous methods of agroforestry form reservoirs of biodiversity. In the U.S. state of
84:
1596:
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land) is publicly owned and 1.75 million hectares (4.3 million acres) of forest land (54% of the total) is in private hands. Latvia's forests have been steadily increasing over the years, which is in contrast to many other nations, mostly due to the forestation of land not used for agriculture. In 1935, there were only 1.757 million hectares (4.34 million acres) of forest; today this has increased by more than 150%. Birch is the most common tree at 28.2%, followed by pine (26.9%), spruce (18.3%), grey alder (9.7%), aspen (8.0%), black alder (5.7%), oak/ash (1.2%), with other hardwood trees making up the rest (2.0%).
276:, in which only 0.1% of land was left undisturbed. Almost half of Earth's forest area (49 percent) is relatively intact, while 9 percent is found in fragments with little or no connectivity. Tropical rainforests and boreal coniferous forests are the least fragmented, whereas subtropical dry forests and temperate oceanic forests are among the most fragmented. Roughly 80 percent of the world's forest area is found in patches larger than 1 million hectares (2.5 million acres). The remaining 20 percent is located in more than 34 million patches around the world – the vast majority less than 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) in size.
2399:
2377:
1936:
292:
318:. Administrative definitions are legal designations, and may not reflect the type of vegetation that grows upon the land; an area can be legally designated "forest" even if no trees grow on it. Land-use definitions are based on the primary purpose the land is used for. Under a land-use definition, any area used primarily for harvesting timber, including areas that have been cleared by harvesting, disease, fire, or for the construction of roads and infrastructure, are still defined as forests, even if they contain no trees. Land-cover definitions define forests based upon the density of trees, area of
934:
distributions, while the montane forests of Africa, South
America, Southeast Asia, and lowland forests of Australia, coastal Brazil, the Caribbean islands, Central America, and insular Southeast Asia have many species with small geographical distributions. Areas with dense human populations and intense agricultural land use, such as Europe, parts of Bangladesh, China, India, and North America, are less intact in terms of their biodiversity. Northern Africa, southern Australia, coastal Brazil, Madagascar, and South Africa are also identified as areas with striking losses in biodiversity intactness.
2137:
1962:
56:
1143:
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481:
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1643:
782:
357:
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943:
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1286:'s forest and woodland 'subformations'). This system divides the world's forests into 26 major types, which reflect climatic zones as well as the principal types of trees. These 26 major types can be reclassified into 6 broader categories: temperate needleleaf, temperate broadleaf and mixed, tropical moist, tropical dry, sparse trees and parkland, and forest plantations. Each category is described in a separate section below.
6535:
2231:
6493:
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2162:, first used in the latter half of the 20th century, is less expensive, but devastating to the environment; and companies are required by law to ensure that harvested areas are adequately regenerated. Most Canadian provinces have regulations limiting the size of new clear-cuts, although some older ones grew to 110 square kilometres (42 sq mi) over several years.
2068:
7 million hectares (17 million acres) of new forests annually. As a result, the net loss of forest area was reduced to 5.2 million hectares (13 million acres) per year between 2000 and 2010, down from 8.3 million hectares (21 million acres) annually in the 1990s. In 2015, a study for
1608:
in the 1990s to 4.7 million hectares (12 million acres) per year during 2010–2020. In absolute terms, the global forest area decreased by 178 million hectares (440 million acres; 1,780,000 square kilometres; 690,000 square miles) between 1990 and 2020, which is an area about the size of Libya.
2150:
Canada has about 4 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles) of forest land. More than 90% of forest land is publicly owned and about 50% of the total forest area is allocated for harvesting. These allocated areas are managed using the principles of sustainable forest management,
1903:
livelihoods, elements of forest-dependence exist in communities with a wide range of characteristics. Generally, richer households derive more cash value from forest resources, whereas among poorer households, forest resources are more important for home consumption and increase community resilience.
1607:
is taking place in some areas, new forests are being established through natural expansion or deliberate efforts in other areas. As a result, the net loss of forest area is less than the rate of deforestation; and it, too, is decreasing: from 7.8 million hectares (19 million acres) per year
1383:
group. They are generally characteristic of the warmer temperate latitudes, but extend to cool temperate ones, particularly in the southern hemisphere. They include such forest types as the mixed deciduous forests of the United States and their counterparts in China and Japan; the broadleaf evergreen
1251:
The number of trees in the world, according to a 2015 estimate, is 3 trillion, of which 1.4 trillion are in the tropics or sub-tropics, 0.6 trillion in the temperate zones, and 0.7 trillion in the coniferous boreal forests. The 2015 estimate is about eight times higher than previous estimates, and is
2067:
China instituted a ban on logging, beginning in 1998, due to the erosion and flooding that it caused. In addition, ambitious tree-planting programmes in countries such as China, India, the United States, and
Vietnam – combined with natural expansion of forests in some regions – have added more than
306:
is commonly used, there is no universally recognised precise definition, with more than 800 definitions of forest used around the world. Although a forest is usually defined by the presence of trees, under many definitions an area completely lacking trees may still be considered a forest if it grew
2218:
land to forest. In many areas of the United States, the area of forest is stable or increasing, particularly in many northern states. The opposite problem from flooding has plagued national forests, with loggers complaining that a lack of thinning and proper forest management has resulted in large
2192:
Latvia has about 3.27 million hectares (8.1 million acres; 12,600 square miles) of forest land, which equates to about 50.5% of Latvia's total area of 64,590 square kilometres (24,938 sq mi) 1.51 million hectares (3.7 million acres) of forest land (46% of total forest
2151:
which include extensive consultation with local stakeholders. About eight percent of Canada's forest is legally protected from resource development. Much more forest land—about 40 percent of the total forest land base—is subject to varying degrees of protection through processes such as integrated
1860:
Some researchers state that forests do not only provide benefits, but can in certain cases also incur costs to humans. Forests may impose an economic burden, diminish the enjoyment of natural areas, reduce the food-producing capacity of grazing land and cultivated land, reduce biodiversity, reduce
3818:
Global
Warming of 1.5 °C – an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and
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techniques by small farmers, or spontaneous regeneration when former agricultural land is abandoned. It can be motivated by the economic benefits of forests, the ecosystem services forests provide, or cultural changes where people increasingly appreciate forests for their spiritual, aesthetic, or
1864:
An important consideration regarding carbon sequestration is that forests can turn from a carbon sink to a carbon source if plant diversity, density or forest area decreases, as has been observed in different tropical forests The typical tropical forest may become a carbon source by the 2060s. An
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are characteristic of areas in the tropics affected by seasonal drought. The seasonality of rainfall is usually reflected in the deciduousness of the forest canopy, with most trees being leafless for several months of the year. Under some conditions, such as less fertile soils or less predictable
618:
These hunting forests did not necessarily contain any trees. Because that often included significant areas of woodland, "forest" eventually came to connote woodland in general, regardless of tree density. By the beginning of the fourteenth century, English texts used the word in all three of its
2098:
There is an estimated 726 million hectares (1.79 billion acres) of forest in protected areas worldwide. Of the six major world regions, South
America has the highest share of forests in protected areas, at 31 percent. The area of such areas globally has increased by 191 million
1119:
is formed by the mass of intertwined branches, twigs, and leaves of mature trees. The crowns of the dominant trees receive most of the sunlight. This is the most productive part of the trees, where maximum food is produced. The canopy forms a shady, protective "umbrella" over the rest of the
933:
The biodiversity of forests varies considerably according to factors such as forest type, geography, climate, and soils – in addition to human use. Most forest habitats in temperate regions support relatively few animal and plant species, and species that tend to have large geographical
229:
shows that trees can alter rainfall rates across a region, releasing water from their leaves in anticipation of seasonal rains to trigger the wet season early. Because of this, seasonal rainfall in the Amazon begins two to three months earlier than the climate would otherwise allow.
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1877:
The term forest-dependent people is used to describe any of a wide variety of livelihoods that are dependent on access to forests, products harvested from forests, or ecosystem services provided by forests, including those of
Indigenous peoples dependent on forests. In
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has declined substantially. In the most recent five-year period (2015–2020), the annual rate of deforestation was estimated at 10 million hectares (25 million acres), down from 12 million hectares (30 million acres) annually in 2010–2015.
1500:, a dense forest of low stature with a high frequency of thorny or spiny species, is found where drought is prolonged, and especially where grazing animals are plentiful. On very poor soils, and especially where fire or herbivory are recurrent phenomena,
2064:, to avoid temperature rise by more than 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels, there will need to be an increase in global forest cover equal to the land area of Canada (10 million square kilometres (3.9 million square miles)) by 2050.
2025:
recorded that only 20% of the world's original forests remained in large intact tracts of undisturbed forest. More than 75% of these intact forests lie in three countries: the boreal forests of Russia and Canada, and the rainforest of Brazil.
930:, and various species that thrive under the regulated microclimate created under the canopy. Forests have intricate three-dimensional structures that increase in complexity with lower levels of disturbance and greater variety of tree species.
3354:
4069:(Report). Theme Studies Series 6 Forests. Ede, The Netherlands: Forestry and Biodiversity Support Group, International Agricultural Centre (IAC), Wageningen National Reference Centre for Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries (EC-LNV)
823:
or carbohydrate. The world's forests contain about 606 gigatonnes of living biomass (above- and below-ground) and 59 gigatonnes of dead wood. The total biomass has decreased slightly since 1990, but biomass per unit area has increased.
2078:
in China and Russia. New forests are not equivalent to old growth forests in terms of species diversity, resilience, and carbon capture. On 7 September 2015, the FAO released a new study stating that over the last 25 years the global
4098:
3698:
2050:
The transition of a region from forest loss to net gain in forested land is referred to as the forest transition. This change occurs through a few main pathways, including increase in commercial tree plantations, adoption of
1912:
Forests are fundamental to the culture and livelihood of indigenous people groups that live in and depend on forests, many of which have been removed from and denied access to the lands on which they lived as part of global
1972:
to the east—these lot patterns have existed since the mid-19th century. The white patches reflect areas with younger, smaller trees, where winter snow cover shows up brightly to the astronauts. Dark green-brown squares are
1060:, the understory, and the canopy. The emergent layer, above the canopy, exists in tropical rainforests. Each layer has a different set of plants and animals, depending upon the availability of sunlight, moisture, and food.
2209:
estimated a net loss of about 2 million hectares (4.9 million acres) between 1997 and 2020; this estimate includes conversion of forest land to other uses, including urban and suburban development, as well as
4966:
Carson, Savanna L.; Kentatchime, Fabrice; Nana, Eric Djomo; Njabo, Kevin Y.; Cole, Brian L.; Godwin, Hilary A. (2018). "Indigenous
Peoples' Concerns About Loss of Forest Knowledge: Implications for Forest Management".
326:) meeting a particular threshold. This type of definition depends upon the presence of trees sufficient to meet the threshold, or at least of immature trees that are expected to meet the threshold once they mature.
1898:
harvested from forests and
Indigenous peoples of the Amazon rainforest are also examples of forest-dependent people. Though forest-dependence by more common definitions is statistically associated with poverty and
127:
found that forests covered 4.06 billion hectares (10.0 billion acres; 40.6 million square kilometres; 15.7 million square miles), or approximately 31 percent of the world's land area in 2020.
1591:
The annual net loss of forest area has decreased since 1990, but the world is not on track to meet the target of the United
Nations Strategic Plan for Forests to increase forest area by 3 percent by 2030.
5160:
Liu, Yi Y.; van Dijk, Albert I.J.M.; de Jeu, Richard A.M.; Canadell, Josep G.; McCabe, Matthew F.; Evans, Jason P.; Wang, Guojie (30 March 2015). "Recent reversal in loss of global terrestrial biomass".
4794:
225:. However, in areas with intermediate rainfall levels, forest transitions to savanna rapidly when the percentage of land that is covered by trees drops below 40 to 45 percent. Research conducted in the
751:-like plant, growing to 20 metres (66 ft) in height or more. It quickly spread throughout the world, from the equator to subpolar latitudes. It is the first species known to cast shade due to its
3323:
1072:
break down into new soil. The layer of decaying leaves that covers the soil is necessary for many insects to overwinter and for amphibians, birds, and other animals to shelter and forage for food.
5374:
107:. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, and ecological function. The United Nations'
283:
to humans and serve as tourist attractions. Forests can also affect people's health. Human activities, including unsustainable use of forest resources, can negatively affect forest ecosystems.
4089:
3324:"Earth's earliest forest: fossilized trees and vegetation-induced sedimentary structures from the Middle Devonian (Eifelian) Hangman Sandstone Formation, Somerset and Devon, SW England"
3300:
2158:
By
December 2006, over 1.2 million square kilometres (460,000 square miles) of forest land in Canada (about half the global total) had been certified as being sustainably managed.
5007:"Amazonian indigenous territories as reservoirs of biodiversity - Territorios indígenas amazónicos como reservorio de biodiversidad: The army ants of Santa Sofia (Amazonas – Colombia)"
3651:
4812:
4264:
2786:
5475:
5091:
Wilson, Sarah Jane; Schelhas, John; Grau, Ricardo; Nanni, A Sofia; Sloan, Sean (2017). "Forest ecosystem-service transitions: the ecological dimensions of the forest transition".
767:
from the dropped fronds creating the early forest. The shed organic matter altered the freshwater environment, slowing its flow and providing food. This promoted freshwater fish.
1551:
characterized by the trees being sufficiently widely spaced so that the canopy does not close. The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to support an unbroken
1528:
region and in the seasonally dry tropics. At high latitudes, north of the main zone of boreal forestland, growing conditions are not adequate to maintain a continuously closed
337:. Under some definitions, to be considered a forest requires very high levels of tree canopy cover, from 60% to 100%, which excludes woodlands and savannas, which have a lower
1301:, as well as some warm temperate areas, especially on nutrient-poor or otherwise unfavourable soils. These forests are composed entirely, or nearly so, of coniferous species (
3566:
1734:
Serving as a source of woodlands and trees for millions of people dependent almost entirely on forests for subsistence for their essential fuelwood, food, and fodder needs.
6728:
6136:
3989:. Woodwell Climate Research Center, INTACT, Griffits University, GEOS institute, Frankfurt Zoological Society, Australian Rainforest Conservation Society. 17 December 2020
1146:
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or to make way for farming. Most deforestation today occurs in tropical forests. The vast majority of this deforestation is because of the production of four commodities:
1869:
concluded that a combination of measures aimed at increasing forest carbon stocks, andsustainable timber offtake will generate the largest carbon sequestration benefit.
393:
was first introduced into
English as the word denoting wild land set aside for hunting without necessarily having trees on the land. Possibly a borrowing, probably via
4167:
4707:
1239:
Forests can also be classified more specifically based on the climate and the dominant tree species present, resulting in numerous different forest types (e.g.,
918:
Trees rising up to 35 meters (115 ft) in height add a vertical dimension to the area of land that can support plant and animal species, opening up numerous
5344:
807:
per unit area is high compared to other vegetation communities. Much of this biomass occurs below ground in the root systems and as partially decomposed plant
3764:
5907:
4409:
2573:
1567:. Commonly mono-specific, planted with even spacing between the trees, and intensively managed, these forests are generally important as habitat for native
5074:
4376:
875:), although exceptions exist. The trees that form the principal structural and defining component of a forest may be of a great variety of species (as in
5366:
4626:
1571:. Some are managed in ways that enhance their biodiversity protection functions and can provide ecosystem services such as nutrient capital maintenance,
972:
A forest consists of many components that can be broadly divided into two categories: biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living). The living parts include
4868:
1130:
In botany and countries like Germany and Poland, a different classification of forest vegetation is often used: tree, shrub, herb, and moss layers (see
4906:"Indigenous Peoples Excluded from Political Power, Ejected from Lands, Faced Corporations Bent on Destroying Life-Giving Forests, Permanent Forum Told"
3915:
2037:, an estimated 420 million hectares (1.0 billion acres) of forest have been lost worldwide through deforestation since 1990, but the rate of
1921:, forests managed by indigenous people have more plant diversity, fewer invasive species, higher tree regeneration rates, and higher volume of trees.
3139:
5138:
3371:
1417:
1210:
202:
5902:
4047:(Community Conservation research Working Paper). Evaluating Eden Series. University of Manchester Institute of Development Policy and Management.
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4887:
3729:
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1214:
206:
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244:
threatens many forest ecosystems. Deforestation occurs when humans remove trees from a forested area by cutting or burning, either to harvest
4023:
2074:
showed that the trend has recently been reversed, leading to an "overall gain" in global biomass and forests. This gain is due especially to
1946:
has changed considerably over the last few centuries, with rapid changes from the 1980s onward, culminating in a practice now referred to as
1256:
on over 400,000 plots. It remains subject to a wide margin of error, not least because the samples are mainly from Europe and North America.
4849:
2057:
1882:, approximately 22 percent of the population belongs to forest-dependent communities, which live in close proximity to forests and practice
5946:
3269:
3042:
171:
3791:
2710:
2122:
help young people to develop social as well as scientific skills in forests. These typically need to be close to where the children live.
1861:
available water for humans and wildlife, harbour dangerous or destructive wildlife, and act as reservoirs of human and livestock disease.
6635:
5396:
4223:
2777:
2515:
1218:
5536:
5615:
4830:
4659:
Nabuurs, Gert-Jan; Lindner, Marcus; Verkerk, Pieter J.; Gunia, Katja; Deda, Paola; Michalak, Roman; Grassi, Giacomo (September 2013).
1950:. Forest ecologists concentrate on forest patterns and processes, usually with the aim of elucidating cause-and-effect relationships.
3125:
3038:
2061:
1866:
3622:
4600:
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Biodiversity services given by Canada forest alone are estimated as 703 billion dollars per year. Important for almost half of the
123:
1520:
cover. They occur principally in areas of transition from forested to non-forested landscapes. The two major zones in which these
5204:
4431:
6669:
3816:
2999:
2541:"Definitions: Indicative definitions taken from the Report of the ad hoc technical expert group on forest biological diversity"
1977:
Humans have generally decreased the amount of forest worldwide. Anthropogenic factors that can affect forests include logging,
5226:
MacDicken, K.; Jonsson, Ö.; Piña, L.; Maulo, S.; Adikari, Y.; Garzuglia, M.; Lindquist, E.; Reams, G.; D'Annunzio, R. (2015).
4712:
Climate Change 2007 - Mitigation of Climate Change: Working Group III contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC
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In the United States, most forests have historically been affected by humans to some degree, though in recent years improved
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238:
hold the potential to interfere with this process, causing the forest to pass a threshold where it transitions into savanna.
83:
5917:
2823:
7734:
3739:
3735:
2481:
1376:
1279:
1275:
651:, these are all derived from Old English and were not borrowed from another language. Some present classifications reserve
5259:
348:
plantations, under Austrian forest law, when the trees are being grown as Christmas trees and are below a certain height.
2548:
2385:
1954:
who practice sustainable forest management focus on the integration of ecological, social, and economic values, often in
4190:
3474:
3172:
5608:
5566:
4795:"India's forest-dependent communities will benefit from policies recognising their integrated agri-forestry livelihood"
3852:
2544:
1153:
Forests are classified differently and to different degrees of specificity. One such classification is in terms of the
307:
trees in the past, will grow trees in the future, or was legally designated as a forest regardless of vegetation type.
2618:
1865:
assessment of European forests found early signs of carbon sink saturation, after decades of increasing strength. The
7551:
5840:
5820:
5455:
5336:
3525:
3433:
3033:
Watson, Robert T.; Verardo, David J.; Noble, Ian R.; Bolin, Bert; Ravindranath, N.H.; Dokken, David J., eds. (2000).
2995:
2736:
2641:
2614:
2030:
108:
7175:
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368:
has had special use and protection. In this view from space, different coloration can indicate different functions.
17:
2407:
619:
senses: common, legal, and archaic. Other English words used to denote "an area with a high density of trees" are
6628:
5912:
4754:"Who are forest-dependent people? A taxo nomy to aid livelihood and land use decision-making in forested regions"
4394:
2580:
341:. Other definitions consider savannas to be a type of forest, and include all areas with tree canopies over 10%.
5040:"First stewards: ecological outcomes of forest and wildlife stewardship by indigenous peoples of Wisconsin, USA"
1595:
1271:
is forest regrowing following timber harvest and may contain species originally from other regions or habitats.
6497:
5517:
5238:
5071:
4813:"Understanding human dependence on forests: An overview of IUCN's efforts and findings, and their implications"
4353:
329:
Under land-cover definitions, there is considerable variation on where the cutoff points are between a forest,
5491:
6692:
5985:
4354:"Managing riparian vegetation to sustain streamflow: results of paired catchment experiments in South Africa"
4097:. London: Environmental Economics Programme, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).
3982:
1274:
Different global forest classification systems have been proposed, but none has gained universal acceptance.
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7079:
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1695:. For example, research from 2017 shows that forests induce rainfall. If the forest is cut, it can lead to
1497:
1191:
573:
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word denoting a woodland, may be admitted; in a specific technical sense it is restricted to denoting the
121:. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban use." Using this definition,
7568:
5795:
5601:
5460:
4480:
Baccini, A.; Walker, W.; Carvalho, L.; Farina, M.; Sulla-Menashe, D.; Houghton, R. A. (13 October 2017).
2926:
Vogt, Kristina A, ed. (2007). "Global Societies and Forest Legacies Creating Today's Forest Landscapes".
1294:
1131:
5128:
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S. Write, Jonathon; Fu, Rong; R. Worden, John; Chakraborty, Sudip; E. Clinton, Nicholas; Risi, Camille;
2001:. The loss and re-growth of forests lead to a distinction between two broad types of forest: primary or
1555:
layer that consists primarily of grasses. Savannas maintain an open canopy despite a high tree density.
1476:. Forests located on mountains are also included in this category, divided largely into upper and lower
221:. Forests form in areas of the Earth with high rainfall, while drier conditions produce a transition to
7701:
7585:
7529:
6621:
6309:
5951:
5587:
5509:
5445:
2962:
2328:
880:
796:
600:
111:(FAO) defines a forest as, "Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a
683:, denoting a "woodland", and has precedent in English, including its plural forms. While its use as a
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5622:
3208:
2511:
2140:
2115:
2022:
1685:
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drought regimes, the proportion of evergreen species increases and the forests are characterised as "
1126:
exists in a tropical rain forest and is composed of a few scattered trees that tower over the canopy.
5526:
3091:
1113:
is made up of bushes, shrubs, and young trees that are adapted to living in the shade of the canopy.
419:
7727:
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6411:
6097:
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4992:
Competing or Complementary Strategies?: Protecting Indigenous Rights and Paying to Conserve Forests
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2099:
hectares (470 million acres) since 1990, but the rate of annual increase slowed in 2010–2020.
1768:
1767:
1,042 billion tonnes of carbon, more than currently found in the atmosphere, 2 times more than all
1700:
1457:
159:
6047:
4012:
1282:'s forest category classification system is a simplification of other, more complex systems (e.g.
7276:
7165:
6240:
6131:
6027:
6022:
4925:"The Politics of Indigeneity: Indigenous Strategies for Inclusion in Climate Change Negotiations"
3218:
3214:
2166:
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and biomass. A full-grown tree produces about 100 kilograms (220 lb) of net oxygen per year.
1638:
trees are managed for preservation and longevity, rather than being harvested for wood production
485:
291:
31:
4453:
Margaletic, J (2003). "Small rodents in the forest ecosystem as infectious disease reservoirs".
4117:"Will woody plant encroachment impact the visitor experience and economy of conservation areas?"
3277:
3034:
2398:
2376:
1076:
also keeps the soil moist, stops erosion, and protects roots against extreme heat and cold. The
655:
for denoting a locale with more open space between trees, and distinguish kinds of woodlands as
426:, specifically to denote the royal hunting grounds of the king. The word was not endemic to the
8029:
7679:
7522:
7394:
6017:
6012:
5892:
5880:
5559:
3585:
3121:
2687:
2136:
1955:
1935:
1813:
Some trees can live 1,000 years providing many services to humans. Help to protect people from
1480:
formations, on the basis of the variation of physiognomy corresponding to changes in altitude.
599:
in English to denote any uninhabited and unenclosed area are presently considered archaic. The
5400:
3844:
3321:
3301:
Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesty's Dominions
2504:
2186:
7476:
7471:
7266:
7207:
6525:
6511:
6182:
4482:"Tropical forests are a net carbon source based on aboveground measurements of gain and loss"
3365:
2070:
2009:. There are also many natural factors that can cause changes in forests over time, including
1832:
471 billion tonnes (more than all CO2 emissions from fossil fuel industry from the year 1750)
1803:
1225:
1224:
Forests are classified according to physiognomy based on their overall physical structure or
1165:). Another distinction is whether the forests are composed predominantly of broadleaf trees,
1091:
supports a variety of plants, ferns, grasses, and tree seedlings, as well as animals such as
132:
7712:
6119:
5440:
4283:"Cascading biodiversity and functional consequences of a global change–induced biome switch"
2804:
1157:
in which they exist, combined with leaf longevity of the dominant species (whether they are
361:
7670:
7642:
7607:
7534:
7334:
7271:
7089:
6910:
6401:
6141:
6082:
6052:
5922:
5710:
5170:
4765:
4752:
Newton, Peter; Miller, Daniel C.; Byenkya, Mugabi Augustine Ateenyi; Agrawal, Arun (2016).
4672:
4548:
4493:
4294:
4238:
3868:
3666:
3338:
2908:
2014:
1998:
1965:
1635:
1532:, so tree cover is both sparse and discontinuous. This vegetation is variously called open
1195:
785:
279:
Human society and forests can affect one another positively or negatively. Forests provide
148:
100:
3618:
3117:
2706:
2413:
The State of the World's Forests 2020. In brief – Forests, biodiversity and people
8:
8128:
8067:
7720:
7665:
7573:
7561:
7451:
7404:
7212:
7135:
6861:
6652:
6602:
5973:
5790:
5758:
4537:"Harmonized global maps of above and belowground biomass carbon density in the year 2010"
4339:
Woody plant: streamflow interactions as a basis for land management decisions in drylands
4066:
2956:
2358:
2119:
1473:
1421:
1401:
1346:
1298:
1267:
patterns, and they contain mainly species native to the region and habitat. In contrast,
1084:
1021:
923:
876:
844:
840:
836:
68:
5471:, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems
5174:
4769:
4676:
4552:
4497:
4298:
4242:
3872:
3670:
3400:
3342:
1429:
8034:
7675:
7660:
7590:
7546:
7436:
7022:
6927:
6682:
6553:
6072:
6067:
5897:
5860:
5815:
5768:
5675:
5665:
4577:
4536:
4312:
3964:
3891:
3856:
3825:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 6 October 2018. p. 22. Archived from
3690:
3547:
3455:
2876:
2758:
2663:
2455:
2250:
1662:
296:
280:
198:
55:
5196:
4481:
4224:"Woody encroachment decreases diversity across North American grasslands and savannas"
1357:) occur mixed with broadleaf species, and are classed as broadleaf-and-mixed forests.
1142:
509:, denoting "the outer wood"; others claim the word is a Latinisation of the Frankish *
8118:
8077:
7877:
7845:
7837:
7647:
7111:
7017:
6990:
6837:
6787:
6723:
6677:
6592:
6353:
5875:
5855:
5845:
5830:
5735:
5552:
5466:
5133:
4778:
4753:
4723:
4688:
4634:
4582:
4564:
4517:
4509:
4462:
4427:
4307:
4282:
4256:
4186:
4148:
4067:
Economic Valuation of Forests and Nature A support tool for effective decision-making
3968:
3954:
3896:
3770:
3743:
3694:
3682:
3551:
3537:
3459:
3445:
3249:
3178:
2931:
2762:
2748:
2667:
2653:
2459:
2445:
2152:
2131:
2084:
2002:
1943:
1930:
1799:
1437:
1260:
1048:
947:
804:
549:
522:
427:
344:
Some areas covered with trees are legally defined as agricultural areas, for example
226:
144:
60:
5451:
5310:
4535:
Spawn, Seth A.; Sullivan, Clare C.; Lark, Tyler J.; Gibbs, Holly K. (6 April 2020).
4316:
3826:
3489:"Forests of the world in 3-D: Research team analyses complexity of forest structure"
3274:
Australian Government/Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry/Rural Areas
2988:
1583:
1068:
is covered in dead plant material such as fallen leaves and decomposing logs, which
1020:, and microorganisms living on the plants and animals and in the soil, connected by
699:
of trees that comprise the woodlands of a region, as in its sense in the subject of
64:
8113:
7597:
7556:
7539:
7426:
7324:
6856:
6760:
6644:
6468:
6453:
6215:
6172:
6007:
5865:
5850:
5825:
5178:
5108:
5100:
5051:
5018:
4946:
4936:
4773:
4715:
4680:
4572:
4556:
4501:
4368:
4302:
4246:
4182:
4138:
4128:
3946:
3886:
3876:
3674:
3529:
3437:
3346:
3245:
3065:
2740:
2702:
2645:
2437:
2308:
2303:
2144:
2018:
2006:
1990:
1807:
1791:
1525:
1517:
1469:
1268:
1253:
1233:
919:
585:
480:
218:
214:
183:
112:
5467:
Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters
5023:
5006:
3652:"Beyond deforestation: restoring forests and ecosystem services on degraded lands"
3521:
The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief
2928:
Forests and Society: Sustainability and Life Cycles of Forests in Human Landscapes
2732:
The State of the World's Forests 2020. In brief – Forests, biodiversity and people
2637:
The State of the World's Forests 2020. In brief – Forests, biodiversity and people
1425:
310:
There are three broad categories of definitions of forest in use: administrative,
268:
has been reduced from 80% to 34%. Large areas of forest have also been cleared in
8087:
7614:
7580:
7466:
7446:
7356:
7005:
6971:
6905:
6702:
6687:
6478:
6336:
6321:
6177:
6124:
6107:
5810:
5778:
5748:
5700:
5685:
5660:
5521:
5078:
4719:
3567:"Trees Talk To Each Other. 'Mother Tree' Ecologist Hears Lessons For People, Too"
2333:
2298:
1827:
1477:
952:
720:
489:
398:
179:
140:
40:
2686:
Pan, Yude; Birdsey, Richard A.; Phillips, Oliver L.; Jackson, Robert B. (2013).
2473:
1032:
607:, to denote uncultivated land that was legally designated for hunting by feudal
8123:
7976:
7831:
7743:
7655:
7602:
7512:
7431:
7416:
7411:
7363:
7251:
7047:
6995:
6978:
6812:
6539:
6463:
6458:
6391:
6299:
6287:
6252:
6210:
6158:
6153:
6077:
5995:
5887:
5730:
5720:
5255:
4660:
3861:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2236:
2107:
1994:
1961:
1762:
1670:
1650:
1572:
1493:
1445:
1397:
1240:
776:
553:
402:
235:
4905:
4560:
4133:
4116:
2540:
2114:
argues that spending time in nature reduces stress and improves health, while
8107:
7882:
7619:
7456:
7346:
7303:
7084:
6961:
6847:
6797:
6661:
6567:
6548:
6473:
6433:
6386:
6225:
6197:
6062:
6000:
5939:
5934:
5743:
5695:
5540:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 645–660.
5531:
4987:
4692:
4638:
4568:
4513:
4152:
3766:
The world's protected areas: status, values and prospects in the 21st century
3647:
2389:
2338:
2244:
2211:
2110:, sometimes within public parks. These are often created for human benefits;
2080:
2075:
1625:
1604:
1464:", typically range from the rainforest zone 10 degrees north or south of the
1354:
1350:
1302:
1199:
1173:
965:
848:
789:
743:
738:
728:
345:
338:
273:
241:
231:
187:
139:
by area, and are found around the globe. 45 percent of forest land is in the
5104:
5056:
5039:
4941:
4924:
4505:
4091:
Valuing Forests A Review of Methods and Applications in Developing Countries
3881:
3678:
1259:
Forests can also be classified according to the amount of human alteration.
197:
at different latitudes and elevations, and with different precipitation and
8011:
7910:
7421:
7379:
7155:
7106:
7042:
6898:
6802:
6581:
6416:
6112:
6102:
6087:
6057:
5980:
5956:
5870:
5835:
5800:
5715:
5690:
5646:
5525:
4622:
4586:
4521:
4466:
4260:
3900:
3686:
2605:
2403:
2381:
2348:
2283:
2264:
2159:
2052:
2010:
1978:
1883:
1642:
1568:
1563:
Forest plantations are generally intended for the production of timber and
1529:
1433:
1088:
1069:
1057:
733:
700:
612:
517:, pursuant to the common practice of Frankish scribes. The Old High German
394:
1087:
transmits nutrients from decaying material to trees and other plants. The
781:
356:
87:
Proportion and distribution of global forest area by climatic domain, 2020
8082:
7993:
7867:
7793:
7517:
7461:
7283:
7261:
7256:
7123:
7000:
6966:
6954:
6842:
6765:
6448:
6428:
6421:
6381:
6348:
5929:
5680:
5182:
4850:"Indigenous lands hold 36% or more of remaining intact forest landscapes"
4705:
4684:
4601:"Tropical forests have flipped from sponges to sources of carbon dioxide"
3731:
World Atlas of Biodiversity: Earth's Living Resources in the 21st Century
2503:
Schuck, Andreas; Päivinen, Risto; Hytönend, Tuomo; Pajari, Brita (2002).
2313:
2293:
2273:
2038:
1982:
1914:
1782:
1681:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1335:
1244:
1206:
1073:
860:
852:
763:, dropping its fronds onto the forest floor, the shade, soil, and forest
664:
604:
529:
423:
411:
322:
cover, or area of the land occupied by the cross-section of tree trunks (
319:
3942:
The State of the World's Forests 2020 – Forests, biodiversity and people
3350:
374:
8092:
7941:
7904:
7806:
7624:
7441:
7399:
7341:
7310:
6949:
6881:
6819:
6792:
6755:
6443:
6438:
6164:
5785:
5496:
5479:
5113:
4341:. Proceedings VIIth International Rangelands Congress. pp. 989–96.
4143:
4013:"Forest ecosystem services: can they pay our way out of deforestation?"
3322:
Davies, Neil S., McMahon, William J. and Berry, Christopher M. (2024).
2579:. United Nations Environment Programme. 27 January 2010. Archived from
2353:
2288:
1728:
1552:
1405:
1385:
1380:
1229:
1198:). Warm temperate zones support broadleaf evergreen forests, including
1037:
957:
724:
502:
379:
323:
315:
115:
cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds
72:
4951:
4251:
942:
537:
7982:
7970:
7872:
7810:
7776:
7770:
7507:
7389:
7197:
7192:
7170:
7059:
7052:
6871:
6866:
6773:
6750:
6326:
6304:
6205:
6147:
5763:
5629:
4869:"Indigenous peoples by far the best guardians of forests – UN report"
4627:"Tropical forests losing their ability to absorb carbon, study finds"
3950:
3533:
3441:
2744:
2649:
2441:
2343:
1986:
1918:
1548:
1545:
1521:
1183:
1177:
1162:
1158:
1104:
1096:
1042:
1017:
820:
816:
800:
760:
542:
175:
163:
152:
96:
76:
6613:
5227:
4372:
2205:
practices have helped regulate or moderate large-scale impacts. The
1630:
603:
introduced the word as a legal term, as seen in Latin texts such as
535:
denoting "forest, woodland, game preserve, hunting ground" (English
8044:
8039:
7915:
7862:
7797:
7765:
7634:
7202:
7128:
7069:
7064:
7012:
6922:
6893:
6886:
6876:
6807:
6781:
6777:
6769:
6406:
6376:
6371:
6331:
6277:
6267:
6187:
5575:
5197:"World deforestation slows down as more forests are better managed"
4888:"Amazon Deforestation Falls Where Land Is under Indigenous Control"
4831:"Interview: Deforestation Threatens Indonesia's Indigenous Peoples"
3940:
3916:"Deforestation making outdoor work unsafe for millions, says study"
3519:
2730:
2635:
2411:
2363:
2202:
2103:
1969:
1951:
1895:
1851:
1646:
1617:
1564:
1541:
1393:
1080:
961:
927:
808:
707:
in English indicates more precisely the denotation that the use of
608:
565:
442:
330:
311:
264:. Over the past 2,000 years, the area of land covered by forest in
261:
49:
4661:"First signs of carbon sink saturation in European forest biomass"
2169:
is the government department which looks after Forests in Canada.
891:
coniferous forests). The biodiversity of forests also encompasses
201:
rates. These biomes include boreal forests in subarctic climates,
7951:
7946:
7936:
7920:
7900:
7827:
7818:
7784:
7502:
7298:
7293:
7239:
7145:
7074:
6917:
6718:
6396:
6292:
6262:
6257:
6245:
6235:
6220:
5773:
5284:
2688:"The Structure, Distribution, and Biomass of the World's Forests"
2215:
1836:
1818:
1738:
The main ecosystem services can be summarized in the next table:
1696:
1692:
1621:
1513:
1501:
1465:
1166:
1013:
888:
832:
828:
684:
334:
222:
210:
167:
117:
6576:
4222:
Ratajczak, Zakary; Nippert, Jesse B.; Collins, Scott L. (2012).
3857:"Rainforest-initiated wet season onset over the southern Amazon"
2258:
1796:
119 billion tonnes (like all CO2 emitted by humans in 2005–2017)
1263:
contains mainly natural patterns of biodiversity in established
30:
This article is about a community of trees. For other uses, see
7841:
7814:
7351:
7316:
7140:
6944:
6742:
6230:
5968:
5753:
5652:
5072:
The Last Frontier Forests: Ecosystems and Economies on the Edge
3792:"How many trees does it take to produce oxygen for one person?"
3310:
Wayside and Woodland Trees: A Pocket Guide to the British Sylva
2858:"More droughts are coming, and the Amazon can't keep up: Study"
2607:
Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Terms and definitions
1891:
1840:
1724:
1674:
1634:
Redwood tree in northern California redwood forest, where many
1537:
1461:
1370:
1313:
1283:
1100:
1005:
1001:
912:
904:
892:
812:
365:
265:
245:
3850:
1345:
make up the canopy; but other taxa are also important. In the
8072:
8049:
7780:
7742:
7384:
7224:
7150:
6937:
6562:
6282:
5424:
Money Trees: The Douglas Fir and American Forestry, 1900–1944
3312:(Frederick Warne and Company Limited, London and New York, ).
1900:
1887:
1879:
1844:
1814:
1714:
1707:
1599:
Share of forest area in total land area, top countries (2021)
1533:
1389:
1341:
1320:
1264:
1154:
1077:
997:
993:
985:
977:
908:
884:
752:
692:
501:
is obscure. Some authorities claim the word derives from the
469:). Cognates of forest in Romance languages—e.g., the Italian
435:
269:
194:
136:
4281:
Parr, Catherine L.; Gray, Emma F.; Bond, William J. (2012).
2502:
2391:
Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings
1365:
513:, denoting "forest, wooded country", and was assimilated to
7329:
7185:
7180:
7160:
7034:
6985:
6829:
6341:
6316:
5990:
5544:
5237:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
4714:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 541–584,
4479:
4430:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
4392:
3064:
Menzies, Nicholas; Grinspoon, Elisabeth (22 October 2007).
2317:
2182:
1775:
1306:
1092:
1009:
989:
981:
973:
900:
896:
764:
748:
253:
249:
104:
5337:"Forestry in 2015 (only in Latvian) | Latvijas statistika"
5203:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation.
4965:
4751:
4658:
3473:
Cannon, Charles; Schlesinger, William H. (2 August 2021).
2021:, weather, competition between species, etc. In 1997, the
1956:
consultation with local communities and other stakeholders
477:, etc.—are all ultimately derivations of the French word.
27:
Dense collection of trees covering a relatively large area
7288:
6932:
5225:
5159:
2685:
1327:
446:
257:
4006:
4004:
3242:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
3140:"Broadsheet: The News Letter for Broadland Tree Wardens"
2155:
or defined management areas, such as certified forests.
2094:
Proportion of forest in protected areas, by region, 2020
1460:, perhaps the best description for the colloquial term "
5317:. Canadian Sustainable Forestry Certification Coalition
5090:
4706:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. (2007),
4221:
3032:
2909:"Eastern Deciduous Forest (U.S. National Park Service)"
2824:"New study shows the Amazon makes its own rainy season"
4534:
4395:"Native vegetation: cost of preservation in Australia"
4393:
Davidson, A; Elliston, L; Kokic, P; Lawson, K (2005).
3430:
Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings
3203:
2434:
Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings
1742:
Main ecosystem services of the 3 main types of forest
1186:
zones support both broadleaf deciduous forests (e.g.,
956:) prepared to be regenerated by their saplings in the
4001:
3819:
efforts to eradicate poverty Summary for Policymakers
883:), or relatively few species over large areas (e.g.,
389:), denoting "forest, vast expanse covered by trees";
4793:
Prateek, Gautam; Punia, Sumendera (4 January 2023).
4428:"Forests and emerging infectious diseases of humans"
4042:
Mount Kenya: The Economics of Community Conservation
3762:
2226:
496:
405:
4910:
United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases
3068:. ForestFacts.org, a subsidiary of GreenFacts.org.
1886:as a principal part of their livelihood. People of
4011:Nasi, R; Wunder, S; Campos A, JJ (11 March 2002).
4010:
3727:
1575:and soil structure protection and carbon storage.
1540:woodland, and forest tundra. A savanna is a mixed
5448:with maps and reports (archived 8 September 2015)
3472:
2785:. San Jose, Costa Rica: Tropical Science Center.
143:. The next largest share of forests are found in
8105:
5506:"The World's 10 Most Threatened Forest Hotspots"
4206:
3063:
1867:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
1379:include a substantial component of trees of the
1360:
1180:zone and are generally evergreen and coniferous.
859:) are more species-rich than those dominated by
803:, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass.
5461:CoolForests.org – Conservation Cools the Planet
3728:Jenkins, Martin D.; Groombridge, Brian (2002).
2989:"Forest Resources Assessment Working Paper 180"
2505:"Compilation of Forestry Terms and Definitions"
2058:Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C
5516:
5004:
3983:"Primary Forests: Boreal, Temperate, Tropical"
1802:has very high biodiversity. Some species link
819:compared with other organic materials such as
719:The first known forests on Earth arose in the
679:) is a peculiar English spelling of the Latin
7728:
6629:
5560:
5315:Certification status – Canada & the globe
5287:. Natural Resources Canada. 14 October 2014.
4336:
4207:Pimentel, David; Pimentel, Marcia H. (2007).
4165:
1968:winding through Whitetail Butte with lots of
588:, wooded height" all attest to the Frankish *
5038:Waller, Donald M.; Reo, Nicholas J. (2018).
4792:
4280:
3370:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2952:"Deforestation and Its Effect on the Planet"
2877:"Deforestation: facts, causes & effects"
2416:, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP.
2402: This article incorporates text from a
2380: This article incorporates text from a
2214:and natural reversion of abandoned crop and
2056:otherwise intrinsic value. According to the
1939:World production of selected forest products
1056:The main layers of all forest types are the
5397:"Wildfires Ignite Forest Management Debate"
5005:Sanabria, Catalina; Achury, Rafael (2022).
4064:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
2998:of the United Nations Forestry Department.
2406:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (
2384:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (
1507:
1432:forests and the terra firme forests of the
1219:tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
811:. The woody component of a forest contains
7735:
7721:
6636:
6622:
5567:
5553:
5489:
4866:
4452:
3763:Chape, S; Spalding, M; Jenkins, M (2008).
3642:
3640:
2083:rate has decreased by 50% due to improved
1872:
1297:mostly occupy the higher latitudes of the
1190:) and evergreen coniferous forests (e.g.,
1052:(Madagascar ocotillo) and other vegetation
851:. As a general rule, forests dominated by
827:Forest ecosystems broadly differ based on
434:in the Romance languages derived from the
5399:. Wildrockiesalliance.org. Archived from
5228:"Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015"
5112:
5055:
5037:
5022:
4988:"Indigenous peoples and tropical forests"
4950:
4940:
4922:
4777:
4576:
4306:
4250:
4142:
4132:
3890:
3880:
3789:
3039:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2986:
2855:
2843:"Trees in the Amazon make their own rain"
2316:(A forest made mostly if not entirely of
2062:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1404:, and California; and the southern beech
1400:forests of Australia, central Chile, the
988:and other herbaceous (non-woody) plants,
5279:
5277:
4985:
4747:
4745:
4175:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
4115:Gray, Emma F.; Bond, William J. (2013).
4114:
3378:
3177:. World Forests. Vol. 9. Springer.
3035:"Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry"
2982:
2980:
2176:
2135:
2089:
2045:
1960:
1934:
1641:
1629:
1611:
1594:
1582:
1364:
1141:
1031:
941:
780:
479:
355:
290:
82:
54:
39:For broader coverage of this topic, see
5490:Luck Baker, Andrew (18 November 2008).
5452:Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005
4425:
4065:Lette, Henk; de Boo, Henneleen (2002).
4039:
3913:
3811:
3809:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3646:
3637:
3619:"Earth's trees number 'three trillion'"
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
2874:
2805:"Forest and savanna can switch quickly"
2035:Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020
1587:Share of land that is covered by forest
1289:
831:; latitudes 10° north and south of the
714:
457:; the Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese
166:, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant
124:Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020
14:
8106:
4847:
4621:
4104:from the original on 23 November 2015.
4087:
3564:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3174:New Perspectives on People and Forests
3171:Ritter, E. (2011). Dauksta, D. (ed.).
3170:
3092:"Introduction: Definition of a Forest"
3005:from the original on 24 September 2015
2725:
2723:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2568:
2566:
1211:tropical and subtropical moist forests
7716:
6643:
6617:
5548:
5421:
5377:from the original on 22 December 2017
5347:from the original on 22 December 2017
5291:from the original on 20 November 2014
5274:
4742:
4434:from the original on 29 November 2014
4415:from the original on 1 February 2018.
4382:from the original on 5 December 2014.
4351:
4326:from the original on 31 January 2017.
4168:"Tree-Grass Interactions in Savannas"
4054:from the original on 4 December 2014.
4029:from the original on 4 December 2014.
3704:from the original on 21 October 2016.
3625:from the original on 3 September 2015
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3475:"Arboreal Dimensions of Biodiversity"
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3045:from the original on 29 November 2014
2977:
2821:
2775:
2707:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135914
2551:from the original on 19 December 2014
1907:
1656:
1377:Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
495:The precise origin of Medieval Latin
5492:"The first forests – Discovery 2008"
5262:from the original on 4 December 2014
5244:from the original on 3 October 2015.
5207:from the original on 12 October 2015
4885:
4867:Carrington, Damian (25 March 2021).
4337:Wilcox, B.P.; Kreuter, U.P. (2003).
4166:Scholes, R.J.; Archer, S.R. (1997).
3806:
3740:United Nations Environment Programme
3736:World Conservation Monitoring Centre
3708:
3616:
3606:. D.A.V. College Managing Committee.
3583:
3221:from the original on 11 January 2008
3128:from the original on 4 January 2014.
3098:from the original on 29 October 2014
3017:
2987:MacDicken, Kenneth (15 March 2013).
2925:
2856:Kimbrough, Liz (16 September 2022).
2792:from the original on 5 October 2016.
2484:from the original on 19 October 2014
1997:practices of swidden agriculture or
1420:, with lowland evergreen broad-leaf
1349:, most coniferous trees (members of
1215:tropical and subtropical dry forests
6492:
4361:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
3914:Quaglia, Sofia (17 December 2021).
3617:Amos, Jonathan (3 September 2015).
3191:
2802:
2720:
2716:from the original on 7 August 2016.
2674:
2624:from the original on 9 August 2019.
2563:
2087:and greater government protection.
1713:Mitigating natural hazards such as
1684:. Therefore, they are necessary to
24:
5070:World Resources Institute (1997).
4270:from the original on 7 March 2015.
3499:
3415:
3360:from the original on 9 March 2024.
2840:
2545:Convention on Biological Diversity
2533:
1416:There are many different types of
1408:forests of Chile and New Zealand.
193:Forests form distinctly different
25:
8140:
5841:Global Forest Information Service
5456:Food and Agriculture Organization
5434:
5141:from the original on 29 June 2011
3434:Food and Agriculture Organization
3331:Journal of the Geological Society
3304:(1664); and the title of and use
2996:Food and Agriculture Organization
2961:. 7 February 2019. Archived from
2875:Derouin, Sarah (6 January 2022).
2615:Food and Agriculture Organization
2031:Food and Agriculture Organization
1411:
1169:(needle-leaved) trees, or mixed.
755:and forming soil from its roots.
109:Food and Agriculture Organization
7697:
7696:
6597:
6588:
6587:
6575:
6561:
6547:
6533:
6519:
6505:
6491:
5426:. Oregon State University Press.
4848:Cannon, John (16 January 2020).
4779:10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.05.032
4308:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00882.x
4187:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.517
3987:Woodwell Climate Research Center
2521:from the original on 5 June 2015
2397:
2375:
2324:List of countries by forest area
2257:
2243:
2229:
2196:
1835:Contain about two thirds of all
552:"; all of which derive from the
234:in the Amazon and anthropogenic
6598:
5415:
5389:
5367:"Buklets "Meža nozare Latvijā""
5359:
5329:
5303:
5248:
5219:
5189:
5153:
5121:
5084:
5064:
5031:
4998:
4979:
4959:
4916:
4898:
4879:
4860:
4841:
4823:
4805:
4786:
4699:
4652:
4615:
4593:
4528:
4473:
4446:
4419:
4386:
4345:
4330:
4274:
4215:
4200:
4159:
4108:
4088:Bishop, Joshua T., ed. (1999).
4081:
4058:
4033:
3975:
3933:
3907:
3783:
3756:
3610:
3596:
3577:
3558:
3481:
3466:
3315:
3292:
3276:. 28 March 2007. Archived from
3262:
3233:
3164:
3132:
3110:
3084:
3072:from the original on 8 May 2015
3066:"Facts on Forests and Forestry"
3057:
2944:
2919:
2901:
2887:
2868:
2849:
2834:
2815:
2796:
2769:
1661:Forests provide a diversity of
1483:
1305:). In the Northern Hemisphere,
795:Forests account for 75% of the
158:Forests account for 75% of the
7999:Orthophyll, hyptiophyll leaves
5258:. Global Forest Watch Canada.
5129:"Ban on Logging Saves Forests"
3945:. Rome: FAO & UNEP. 2020.
3867:(Forests, Rainfall): 8481–86.
3769:. Univ de Castilla La Mancha.
3586:"This Fall, Leave the Leaves!"
2628:
2598:
2574:"Forest definition and extent"
2496:
2466:
2426:
1558:
815:, which is relatively slow to
441:, which denoted "forest" and "
286:
13:
1:
8007:Aciculifolious, needle-leaved
5024:10.15446/caldasia.v44n2.92330
2419:
1948:sustainable forest management
1924:
1720:Serving as a genetic reserve.
1516:are forests with sparse tree-
1361:Temperate broadleaf and mixed
937:
71:. These forests are the most
6662:Pollution / quality
5574:
5527:"Forests and Forestry"
5484:World Development Indicators
4720:10.1017/CBO9780511546013.013
3145:. April 2011. Archived from
2408:license statement/permission
2386:license statement/permission
2207:United States Forest Service
2112:Attention Restoration Theory
2106:in cities may be managed as
1295:Temperate needleleaf forests
1192:temperate coniferous forests
839:, and the latitudes between
360:Since the 13th century, the
351:
7:
4287:Diversity and Distributions
3855:; Yin, Lei (20 July 2017).
3565:Davies, Dave (4 May 2021).
2695:Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst
2222:
1132:stratification (vegetation)
881:temperate deciduous forests
10:
8145:
7836:Scarcely vegetated areas,
5952:Growth and yield modelling
5510:Conservation International
5486:, made available by Google
5463:(archived 24 January 2008)
4986:Savedoff, William (2018).
4969:Conservation & Society
4929:Conservation & Society
3495:. University of Gottingen.
2370:
2329:List of old-growth forests
2129:
1928:
1615:
1188:temperate deciduous forest
797:gross primary productivity
774:
770:
47:
38:
29:
8060:
8022:
7960:
7929:
7891:
7855:
7754:
7748:Vegetation classification
7692:
7633:
7498:
7491:
7372:
7233:Types / location
7232:
7223:
7033:
6828:
6741:
6711:
6660:
6651:
6526:Earth sciences portal
6512:Climate change portal
6487:
6364:
6196:
6093:Great Green Wall (Africa)
6038:
5729:
5639:
5582:
4561:10.1038/s41597-020-0444-4
4209:Food, Energy, and Society
4134:10.4102/koedoe.v55i1.1106
3298:Confer John Evelyn, FRS,
3209:Oxford English Dictionary
2512:European Forest Institute
2172:
2141:Garibaldi Provincial Park
2125:
2023:World Resources Institute
1458:Seasonal tropical forests
1027:
727:), with the evolution of
473:, Spanish and Portuguese
430:, e.g., native words for
99:characterized by a dense
6098:Great Green Wall (China)
5671:Close to nature forestry
5422:Brock, Emily K. (2015).
4426:Wilcox, B.A.; Ellis, B.
2930:. CABI. pp. 30–59.
2279:Close to nature forestry
1701:occupational heat stress
1699:, and in the tropics to
1508:Sparse trees and savanna
1252:based on tree densities
1137:
601:Norman rulers of England
410:, denoting "open wood",
178:of biomass per year for
160:gross primary production
131:Forests are the largest
48:Not to be confused with
6132:Million Tree Initiative
5537:Encyclopædia Britannica
5105:10.5751/ES-09615-220438
5057:10.5751/ES-09865-230145
4942:10.4103/0972-4923.78142
4923:Doolittle, Amy (2010).
4506:10.1126/science.aam5962
3882:10.1073/pnas.1621516114
3679:10.1126/science.1155365
3215:Oxford University Press
3118:"A Polish Royal Forest"
3094:. MuseumLink Illinois.
2410:). Text taken from
2388:). Text taken from
2320:; an underwater forest)
2167:Canadian Forest Service
1873:Forest-dependent people
1723:Serving as a source of
1686:mitigate climate change
1578:
1036:Spiny forest at Ifaty,
747:was both tree-like and
32:Forest (disambiguation)
8030:Terrestrial vegetation
7807:Herbaceous communities
6554:Environment portal
5986:Sustainable management
5881:Trillion Tree Campaign
5077:13 August 2017 at the
4402:Australian Commodities
4040:Emerton, Lucy (1999).
3244:(3 ed.). Boston:
3122:NASA Earth Observatory
2897:. National Geographic.
2394:, FAO, FAO.
2189:
2147:
2095:
1974:
1940:
1804:terrestrial ecosystems
1769:human caused emissions
1653:
1639:
1600:
1588:
1418:tropical moist forests
1373:
1150:
1053:
969:
835:are mostly covered in
792:
675:or, less classically,
497:
492:
406:
369:
299:
203:tropical moist forests
172:Net primary production
133:terrestrial ecosystems
88:
80:
6479:Wood process engineer
6183:Urban forest inequity
5163:Nature Climate Change
4665:Nature Climate Change
3308:in Edward Step, FLS,
2180:
2139:
2093:
2085:management of forests
2071:Nature Climate Change
2046:The forest transition
1964:
1938:
1781:Contain 60% of world
1691:Aiding in regulating
1645:
1633:
1612:Societal significance
1598:
1586:
1368:
1196:temperate rainforests
1145:
1035:
945:
895:, herbaceous plants,
784:
483:
359:
294:
174:is estimated at 21.9
86:
58:
8068:Biogeographic realms
7608:remnant natural area
7245:storage and recovery
6911:habitat conservation
6729:Deforestation (REDD)
6142:Shifting cultivation
6083:Forest fragmentation
6053:Carbon sequestration
5923:Woodland Carbon Code
5888:Forest certification
5796:Even-aged management
5711:Sustainable forestry
5476:Forest area (sq. km)
5183:10.1038/nclimate2581
4837:. 22 September 2019.
4685:10.1038/nclimate1853
4352:Scott, D.F. (1999).
3124:. 29 November 2013.
2547:. 30 November 2006.
2510:. Joensuu, Finland:
1999:shifting cultivation
1771:since the year 1870.
1489:Tropical dry forests
1422:tropical rainforests
1369:Broadleaf forest in
1290:Temperate needleleaf
1083:that helps form the
1040:, featuring various
1022:mycorrhizal networks
877:tropical rainforests
786:Temperate rainforest
715:Evolutionary history
663:, premised on their
207:tropical dry forests
7979:, semicaducifolious
7562:Earth Overshoot Day
7136:Marine conservation
7117:non-timber products
5947:Formally designated
5791:Ecological thinning
5701:Plantation forestry
5609:Research institutes
5175:2015NatCC...5..470L
5137:. 25 October 2001.
5093:Ecology and Society
5044:Ecology and Society
4892:Scientific American
4770:2016LUPol..57..388N
4677:2013NatCC...3..792N
4603:. 28 September 2017
4553:2020NatSD...7..112S
4498:2017Sci...358..230B
4299:2012DivDi..18..493P
4243:2012Ecol...93..697R
4196:on 4 December 2014.
3873:2017PNAS..114.8481W
3671:2008Sci...320.1458C
3393:"The First Forests"
3351:10.1144/jgs2023-204
3343:2024JGSoc.181..204D
3270:"What is a Forest?"
3152:on 29 November 2014
2965:on 19 February 2021
2957:National Geographic
2436:. Rome: FAO. 2020.
2359:Woodland management
2187:Ķegums Municipality
1743:
1703:of outdoor workers.
1474:Tropic of Capricorn
1347:Southern Hemisphere
1299:Northern Hemisphere
1226:developmental stage
1147:Casentinesi Forests
1085:mycorrhizal network
911:, and a variety of
837:tropical rainforest
723:(approximately 390
703:. The resorting to
574:Proto-Indo-European
528:denoting "forest";
521:denoting "forest";
414:scribes first used
272:and in the eastern
69:tropical rainforest
8078:Floristic kingdoms
8035:Aquatic vegetation
7547:Ecosystem services
6670:Ambient standards
6540:Ecology portal
6073:Forest degradation
6068:Ecosystem services
5676:Community forestry
5512:. 2 February 2011.
5285:"Canada's Forests"
4835:Human Rights Watch
4819:. 2 November 2016.
3832:on 18 October 2018
3584:Franklin, Brooke.
3528:& UNEP. 2020.
2822:Rasmussen, Carol.
2739:& UNEP. 2020.
2644:& UNEP. 2020.
2251:Environment portal
2190:
2148:
2096:
1975:
1941:
1908:Indigenous peoples
1783:surface freshwater
1741:
1663:ecosystem services
1657:Ecosystem services
1654:
1640:
1601:
1589:
1438:peat swamp forests
1374:
1151:
1054:
1046:(baobab) species,
970:
873:needleleaf forests
793:
737:. Appeared in the
572:forest", from the
493:
370:
362:Niepołomice Forest
302:Although the word
300:
297:Scottish Highlands
281:ecosystem services
199:evapotranspiration
145:subarctic climates
141:tropical latitudes
89:
81:
8101:
8100:
7846:Barren vegetation
7838:desert vegetation
7710:
7709:
7688:
7687:
7487:
7486:
7166:genetic resources
7102:genetic resources
6737:
6736:
6645:Natural resources
6611:
6610:
6568:Plants portal
6354:green woodworking
5441:Forests in danger
4729:978-1-107-79970-7
4492:(6360): 230–234.
4455:Acta Med Croatica
4252:10.1890/11-1199.1
3960:978-92-5-132419-6
3776:978-0-520-24660-7
3749:978-0-520-23668-4
3665:(5882): 1458–60.
3648:Chazdon, Robin L.
3543:978-92-5-132707-4
3451:978-92-5-132581-0
3280:on 9 October 2009
3255:978-0-395-44895-3
3184:978-94-007-1149-5
2937:978-1-84593-098-1
2779:Life zone ecology
2754:978-92-5-132707-4
2659:978-92-5-132707-4
2451:978-92-5-132581-0
2153:land use planning
2132:Forests of Canada
2102:Smaller areas of
2003:old-growth forest
1944:Forest management
1931:Forest management
1858:
1857:
1800:Old growth forest
1792:Temperate Forests
1778:in North America.
1524:occur are in the
1512:Sparse trees and
1261:Old-growth forest
1049:Alluaudia procera
920:ecological niches
857:broadleaf forests
725:million years ago
550:coniferous forest
523:Middle Low German
465:; the Old French
428:Romance languages
378:derives from the
227:Amazon rainforest
215:temperate forests
184:temperate forests
61:Amazon rainforest
16:(Redirected from
8136:
8088:Plant life-forms
7985:, perennifolious
7800:, dwarf-scrubs,
7737:
7730:
7723:
7714:
7713:
7700:
7699:
7651:
7598:Natural heritage
7557:overexploitation
7496:
7495:
7230:
7229:
7176:herbal medicines
7156:FAO Plant Treaty
6696:
6673:
6658:
6657:
6638:
6631:
6624:
6615:
6614:
6601:
6600:
6591:
6590:
6582:Trees portal
6580:
6579:
6566:
6565:
6552:
6551:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6495:
6494:
6216:Forest gardening
6173:Timber recycling
6120:Invasive species
6008:Tree measurement
5569:
5562:
5555:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5529:
5522:Pinchot, Gifford
5518:Schlich, Wilhelm
5513:
5501:
5428:
5427:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5281:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5232:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5088:
5082:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4944:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4886:Chemnick, Jean.
4883:
4877:
4876:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4749:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4625:(4 March 2020).
4619:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4580:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4399:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4358:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4310:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4254:
4228:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4189:. Archived from
4172:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4146:
4136:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4096:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4046:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4017:
4008:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3951:10.4060/ca8642en
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3894:
3884:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3831:
3824:
3813:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3725:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3656:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3604:The Living World
3600:
3594:
3593:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3534:10.4060/ca8985en
3516:
3497:
3496:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3442:10.4060/ca8753en
3426:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3399:. Archived from
3389:
3376:
3375:
3369:
3361:
3359:
3328:
3319:
3313:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3246:Houghton Mifflin
3240:"forest, noun".
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3200:
3189:
3188:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3144:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3030:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3004:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2784:
2776:Holdridge, L.R.
2773:
2767:
2766:
2745:10.4060/ca8985en
2727:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2692:
2683:
2672:
2671:
2650:10.4060/ca8985en
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2612:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2509:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2442:10.4060/ca8753en
2430:
2401:
2379:
2309:Forest pathology
2304:Forest migration
2267:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2145:British Columbia
2007:secondary forest
1991:invasive species
1850:Creates clouds,
1828:Tropical Forests
1744:
1740:
1470:Tropic of Cancer
1269:secondary forest
1209:forests include
950:of beech trees (
948:old-growth stand
926:animal species,
500:
409:
219:middle latitudes
180:tropical forests
21:
18:Broadleaf forest
8144:
8143:
8139:
8138:
8137:
8135:
8134:
8133:
8104:
8103:
8102:
8097:
8056:
8018:
7973:, caducifolious
7967:Loss of leaves
7956:
7925:
7893:
7887:
7851:
7794:Dwarf-shrubland
7750:
7741:
7711:
7706:
7684:
7649:
7629:
7615:Systems ecology
7581:Natural capital
7483:
7368:
7357:reclaimed water
7219:
7181:UPOV Convention
7029:
6824:
6733:
6707:
6703:Ozone depletion
6694:
6671:
6647:
6642:
6612:
6607:
6574:
6560:
6546:
6534:
6532:
6520:
6518:
6506:
6504:
6483:
6360:
6337:spruce-pine-fir
6310:Christmas trees
6192:
6108:Illegal logging
6040:
6034:
5749:Controlled burn
5734:
5725:
5706:Social forestry
5686:Energy forestry
5666:Bamboo forestry
5661:Analog forestry
5635:
5578:
5573:
5504:
5437:
5432:
5431:
5420:
5416:
5406:
5404:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5380:
5378:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5350:
5348:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5320:
5318:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5294:
5292:
5283:
5282:
5275:
5265:
5263:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5241:
5230:
5224:
5220:
5210:
5208:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5158:
5154:
5144:
5142:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5089:
5085:
5079:Wayback Machine
5069:
5065:
5036:
5032:
5003:
4999:
4984:
4980:
4964:
4960:
4921:
4917:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4884:
4880:
4865:
4861:
4846:
4842:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4791:
4787:
4758:Land Use Policy
4750:
4743:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4704:
4700:
4657:
4653:
4643:
4641:
4620:
4616:
4606:
4604:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4541:Scientific Data
4533:
4529:
4478:
4474:
4457:(in Croatian).
4451:
4447:
4437:
4435:
4424:
4420:
4412:
4397:
4391:
4387:
4379:
4373:10.1139/x99-042
4356:
4350:
4346:
4335:
4331:
4323:
4279:
4275:
4267:
4226:
4220:
4216:
4205:
4201:
4193:
4170:
4164:
4160:
4113:
4109:
4101:
4094:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4070:
4063:
4059:
4051:
4044:
4038:
4034:
4026:
4015:
4009:
4002:
3992:
3990:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3961:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3924:
3922:
3912:
3908:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3814:
3807:
3797:
3795:
3794:. Science Focus
3790:Luis Villazon.
3788:
3784:
3777:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3726:
3709:
3701:
3654:
3645:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3615:
3611:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3582:
3578:
3563:
3559:
3544:
3518:
3517:
3500:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3471:
3467:
3452:
3428:
3427:
3416:
3406:
3404:
3391:
3390:
3379:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3248:Company. 1996.
3239:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3202:
3201:
3192:
3185:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3101:
3099:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3046:
3031:
3018:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2991:
2985:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2924:
2920:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2895:"Deforestation"
2893:
2892:
2888:
2873:
2869:
2854:
2850:
2841:Loomis, Ilima.
2839:
2835:
2820:
2816:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2755:
2735:. Rome, Italy:
2729:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2690:
2684:
2675:
2660:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2586:on 26 July 2010
2583:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2452:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2373:
2368:
2334:Mangrove forest
2299:Forest dynamics
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2199:
2175:
2134:
2128:
2048:
1981:, human-caused
1933:
1927:
1910:
1875:
1839:of terrestrial
1659:
1628:
1616:Main articles:
1614:
1581:
1561:
1510:
1486:
1414:
1363:
1339:, and hemlocks
1333:, Douglas firs
1292:
1140:
1030:
953:Fagus sylvatica
940:
799:of the Earth's
779:
773:
721:Middle Devonian
717:
586:mountain forest
515:forestam silvam
507:forestam silvam
490:North Macedonia
461:; the Romanian
399:Old High German
354:
289:
162:of the Earth's
75:and productive
53:
44:
41:Plant community
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8142:
8132:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8064:
8062:
8058:
8057:
8055:
8054:
8053:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8032:
8026:
8024:
8020:
8019:
8017:
8016:
8015:
8014:
8008:
8002:
8001:
8000:
7997:
7996:, stiff leaves
7990:Leaf hardness
7988:
7987:
7986:
7980:
7977:Semi-deciduous
7974:
7964:
7962:
7958:
7957:
7955:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7933:
7931:
7927:
7926:
7924:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7907:, ombrophilous
7897:
7895:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7859:
7857:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7849:
7834:
7825:
7804:
7791:
7774:
7758:
7756:
7752:
7751:
7744:Phytogeography
7740:
7739:
7732:
7725:
7717:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7704:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7682:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7650:(perpetuation)
7645:
7639:
7637:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7611:
7610:
7603:Nature reserve
7600:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7588:
7578:
7577:
7576:
7566:
7565:
7564:
7559:
7549:
7544:
7543:
7542:
7537:
7527:
7526:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7499:
7493:
7489:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7481:
7480:
7479:
7474:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7408:
7407:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7376:
7374:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7366:
7361:
7360:
7359:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7327:
7322:
7321:
7320:
7308:
7307:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7286:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7248:
7247:
7236:
7234:
7227:
7221:
7220:
7218:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7210:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7189:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7121:
7120:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7094:
7093:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7080:climate change
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7056:
7055:
7048:Bioprospecting
7045:
7039:
7037:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7020:
7010:
7009:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6983:
6982:
6981:
6976:
6975:
6974:
6969:
6959:
6958:
6957:
6952:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6930:
6925:
6915:
6914:
6913:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6834:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6822:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6810:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6747:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6705:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6693:Clean Air Act
6685:
6680:
6675:
6666:
6664:
6655:
6649:
6648:
6641:
6640:
6633:
6626:
6618:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6595:
6585:
6571:
6557:
6543:
6529:
6515:
6501:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6469:Timber cruiser
6466:
6464:Shingle weaver
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6368:
6366:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6302:
6300:Rail transport
6297:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6250:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6241:pulp and paper
6238:
6233:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6211:Forest farming
6208:
6202:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6169:
6168:
6161:
6159:slash-and-char
6156:
6154:slash-and-burn
6151:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6078:Forest dieback
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6044:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6005:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5751:
5746:
5740:
5738:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5721:Urban forestry
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5643:
5641:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5572:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5532:Chisholm, Hugh
5514:
5502:
5487:
5478:data from the
5473:
5464:
5458:
5449:
5446:Intact Forests
5443:
5436:
5435:External links
5433:
5430:
5429:
5414:
5388:
5358:
5341:www.csb.gov.lv
5328:
5302:
5273:
5247:
5218:
5188:
5152:
5134:People's Daily
5120:
5083:
5063:
5030:
4997:
4978:
4958:
4915:
4897:
4878:
4859:
4840:
4822:
4804:
4785:
4741:
4728:
4698:
4671:(9): 792–796.
4651:
4614:
4592:
4527:
4472:
4445:
4418:
4385:
4367:(7): 1149–51.
4344:
4329:
4293:(5): 493–503.
4273:
4237:(4): 697–703.
4214:
4199:
4158:
4107:
4080:
4057:
4032:
4022:. Costa Rica.
4000:
3974:
3959:
3932:
3906:
3843:
3805:
3782:
3775:
3755:
3748:
3707:
3636:
3609:
3595:
3576:
3557:
3542:
3498:
3480:
3465:
3450:
3414:
3403:on 10 May 2016
3397:Devonian Times
3377:
3314:
3291:
3261:
3254:
3232:
3211:online edition
3204:"forest, noun"
3190:
3183:
3163:
3131:
3109:
3083:
3056:
3016:
2976:
2943:
2936:
2918:
2900:
2886:
2867:
2848:
2833:
2814:
2803:Edwards, Lin.
2795:
2768:
2753:
2719:
2673:
2658:
2627:
2597:
2562:
2532:
2495:
2478:Dictionary.com
2465:
2450:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2254:
2240:
2237:Ecology portal
2224:
2221:
2219:forest fires.
2198:
2195:
2174:
2171:
2130:Main article:
2127:
2124:
2116:forest schools
2108:urban forestry
2047:
2044:
1995:slash and burn
1929:Main article:
1926:
1923:
1909:
1906:
1874:
1871:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1833:
1830:
1823:
1822:
1811:
1797:
1794:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1763:Boreal Forests
1758:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:Type of forest
1736:
1735:
1732:
1721:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1689:
1678:
1671:carbon dioxide
1658:
1655:
1613:
1610:
1580:
1577:
1560:
1557:
1509:
1506:
1494:sclerophyllous
1485:
1482:
1446:Southeast Asia
1424:: for example
1413:
1412:Tropical moist
1410:
1398:sclerophyllous
1362:
1359:
1291:
1288:
1249:
1248:
1241:Ponderosa pine
1237:
1222:
1203:
1200:laurel forests
1181:
1174:Boreal forests
1139:
1136:
1128:
1127:
1124:Emergent layer
1121:
1114:
1108:
1029:
1026:
939:
936:
788:in Tasmania's
777:Forest ecology
775:Main article:
772:
769:
716:
713:
661:closed forests
580:, denoting "a
564:, denoting "a
554:Proto-Germanic
484:A forest near
403:Medieval Latin
353:
350:
295:Forest in the
288:
285:
236:climate change
188:boreal forests
186:, and 2.6 for
147:, followed by
65:Solimões River
63:alongside the
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8141:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8059:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8037:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8027:
8025:
8021:
8013:
8010:Latifolious,
8009:
8006:
8005:
8003:
7998:
7995:
7992:
7991:
7989:
7984:
7981:
7978:
7975:
7972:
7969:
7968:
7966:
7965:
7963:
7959:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7934:
7932:
7928:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7906:
7902:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7890:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7854:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7833:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7802:suffruticetum
7799:
7798:subshrublands
7795:
7792:
7790:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7772:
7767:
7763:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7738:
7733:
7731:
7726:
7724:
7719:
7718:
7715:
7703:
7695:
7694:
7691:
7681:
7680:Non-renewable
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7638:
7636:
7632:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7620:Urban ecology
7618:
7616:
7613:
7609:
7606:
7605:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7582:
7579:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7570:
7567:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7532:
7531:
7528:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7504:
7501:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7490:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7452:Privatization
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7371:
7365:
7362:
7358:
7355:
7354:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7347:Surface water
7345:
7343:
7340:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7319:
7318:
7314:
7313:
7312:
7309:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7291:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7246:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7235:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7222:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7125:
7122:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7095:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7054:
7051:
7050:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7036:
7032:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7014:
7011:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6987:
6984:
6980:
6977:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6964:
6963:
6960:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6943:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6919:
6916:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6907:
6904:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6892:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6849:
6848:peak farmland
6846:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6827:
6821:
6818:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6704:
6701:
6697:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6639:
6634:
6632:
6627:
6625:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6604:
6596:
6594:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6490:
6489:
6486:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6459:Rubber tapper
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6387:Choker setter
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6363:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6347:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6315:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6226:Manufacturing
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6195:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6118:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6063:Deforestation
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6039:Environmental
6037:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5941:
5940:reforestation
5938:
5936:
5935:afforestation
5933:
5932:
5931:
5928:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5744:Arboriculture
5742:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5696:Permaforestry
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5577:
5570:
5565:
5563:
5558:
5556:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5465:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5425:
5418:
5403:on 9 May 2013
5402:
5398:
5392:
5376:
5372:
5371:www.zm.gov.lv
5368:
5362:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5278:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5192:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5156:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5124:
5115:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5067:
5058:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5034:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5001:
4993:
4989:
4982:
4974:
4970:
4962:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4919:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4893:
4889:
4882:
4874:
4870:
4863:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4800:
4796:
4789:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4746:
4731:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4702:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4655:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4623:Harvey, Fiona
4618:
4602:
4596:
4588:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4468:
4464:
4461:(5): 421–26.
4460:
4456:
4449:
4433:
4429:
4422:
4411:
4408:(3): 543–48.
4407:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4340:
4333:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4210:
4203:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4100:
4093:
4092:
4084:
4068:
4061:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4025:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4005:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3936:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3847:
3828:
3821:
3820:
3812:
3810:
3793:
3786:
3778:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3745:
3741:
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3733:
3732:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3605:
3599:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3476:
3469:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3373:
3367:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3257:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3186:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3167:
3148:
3141:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2981:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2939:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2896:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2788:
2781:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2724:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2582:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:Permaforestry
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2212:afforestation
2208:
2204:
2197:United States
2194:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2120:kindergartens
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:deforestation
2077:
2076:reforestation
2073:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2029:According to
2027:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
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1793:
1789:
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1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1750:Carbon stored
1749:
1746:
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1739:
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1726:
1722:
1719:
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1667:
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1647:Burned forest
1644:
1637:
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1626:Deforestation
1623:
1619:
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1606:
1605:deforestation
1597:
1593:
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1566:
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1402:Mediterranean
1399:
1395:
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1372:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1355:Podocarpaceae
1352:
1351:Araucariaceae
1348:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
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1303:Coniferophyta
1300:
1296:
1287:
1285:
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1277:
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1257:
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1205:Tropical and
1204:
1201:
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790:Hellyer Gorge
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757:Archaeopteris
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744:Archaeopteris
740:
739:Late Devonian
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729:cladoxylopsid
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293:
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282:
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275:
274:United States
271:
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251:
247:
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242:Deforestation
239:
237:
233:
232:Deforestation
228:
224:
220:
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8083:Plant habits
8012:broad-leaved
7822:
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7678: /
7552:Exploitation
7437:Conservation
7380:Desalination
7315:
7208:conservation
7096:
7043:Biodiversity
6991:conservation
6838:Agricultural
6766:Fossil fuels
6573:
6559:
6545:
6531:
6517:
6503:
6496:
6474:Tree planter
6454:Resin tapper
6434:Truck driver
6429:River driver
6178:Tree hugging
6163:
6146:
6113:timber mafia
6103:High grading
6088:Ghost forest
6058:Clearcutting
5981:Silviculture
5957:Horticulture
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5801:Fire ecology
5716:Urban forest
5691:Mycoforestry
5651:
5647:Agroforestry
5628:
5621:
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5595:Forest areas
5593:
5586:
5535:
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5401:the original
5391:
5379:. Retrieved
5370:
5361:
5349:. Retrieved
5340:
5331:
5319:. Retrieved
5314:
5311:"Statistics"
5305:
5293:. Retrieved
5264:. Retrieved
5250:
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5200:
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4631:The Guardian
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3920:The Guardian
3919:
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3834:. Retrieved
3827:the original
3817:
3796:. Retrieved
3785:
3765:
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3627:. Retrieved
3612:
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3401:the original
3396:
3366:cite journal
3334:
3330:
3317:
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3282:. Retrieved
3278:the original
3273:
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3207:
3173:
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3147:the original
3134:
3112:
3100:. Retrieved
3086:
3074:. Retrieved
3059:
3047:. Retrieved
3007:. Retrieved
2967:. Retrieved
2963:the original
2955:
2946:
2927:
2921:
2912:
2903:
2889:
2881:Live Science
2880:
2870:
2861:
2851:
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2808:
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2731:
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2606:
2600:
2588:. Retrieved
2581:the original
2553:. Retrieved
2535:
2523:. Retrieved
2498:
2486:. Retrieved
2477:
2468:
2433:
2428:
2412:
2404:free content
2396:
2390:
2382:free content
2374:
2349:Urban forest
2284:Cloud forest
2265:Trees portal
2200:
2191:
2164:
2160:Clearcutting
2157:
2149:
2101:
2097:
2069:
2066:
2053:agroforestry
2049:
2034:
2028:
2011:forest fires
1983:forest fires
1979:urban sprawl
1976:
1966:Priest River
1947:
1942:
1911:
1890:who rely on
1884:agroforestry
1876:
1863:
1859:
1753:Biodiversity
1737:
1729:recreational
1680:Acting as a
1660:
1602:
1590:
1569:biodiversity
1562:
1530:forest cover
1511:
1498:Thorn forest
1487:
1484:Tropical dry
1450:high forests
1434:Amazon Basin
1415:
1375:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1293:
1273:
1258:
1250:
1152:
1129:
1123:
1116:
1110:
1089:forest floor
1070:detritivores
1066:Forest floor
1065:
1058:forest floor
1055:
1047:
1041:
971:
964:part of the
951:
946:Even, dense
932:
917:
872:
868:
864:
856:
826:
794:
756:
742:
734:Calamophyton
732:
731:plants like
718:
708:
704:
701:silviculture
696:
688:
680:
676:
672:
668:
665:crown covers
660:
657:open forests
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
617:
613:royal forest
596:
594:
589:
581:
577:
569:
561:
557:
548:, denoting "
545:
536:
532:
525:
518:
514:
510:
506:
494:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:the English
438:
431:
420:capitularies
415:
390:
386:
382:
373:
371:
343:
339:canopy cover
328:
309:
303:
301:
278:
240:
192:
157:
130:
122:
116:
92:
90:
45:
36:
7994:Sclerophyll
7868:Subtropical
7755:Physiognomy
7671:Nationalism
7643:Common-pool
7284:Hydrosphere
7277:remediation
7262:Groundwater
6857:Degradation
6498:WikiProject
6422:smokejumper
6402:Firefighter
6365:Occupations
6349:Woodworking
5930:Forestation
5861:restoration
5816:informatics
5681:Ecoforestry
5381:21 December
5351:21 December
5321:28 November
5295:28 November
5266:28 November
5145:16 February
5114:11336/67453
4799:DownToEarth
4764:: 388–395.
4438:16 November
4144:11427/24844
4073:16 February
3925:16 February
3629:3 September
3284:25 November
3156:16 November
3102:16 November
3076:16 November
3049:16 November
3009:16 November
2959:Environment
2590:16 November
2555:16 November
2525:16 November
2488:16 November
2314:Kelp forest
2294:Dendrometry
2274:Bioproducts
2039:forest loss
1915:colonialism
1682:carbon sink
1669:Converting
1665:including:
1559:Plantations
1454:Congo Basin
1444:forests of
1442:dipterocarp
1386:rainforests
1336:Pseudotsuga
1245:Douglas fir
1207:subtropical
1176:occupy the
1074:Leaf litter
861:gymnosperms
853:angiosperms
691:, and as a
667:. Finally,
605:Magna Carta
530:Old English
424:Charlemagne
412:Carolingian
320:tree canopy
287:Definitions
209:around the
153:subtropical
8129:Ecosystems
8108:Categories
8093:Vegetation
8004:Leaf form
7942:Submontane
7811:grasslands
7789:fruticetum
7783:, scrubs,
7777:Shrublands
7666:Extraction
7625:Wilderness
7586:accounting
7569:Management
7535:ecological
7523:tragedy of
7442:Peak water
7427:Efficiency
7400:Sanitation
7342:Stormwater
7335:harvesting
7311:Irrigation
7213:management
7171:gene banks
7112:management
7090:management
7006:resilience
6972:phosphorus
6928:industrial
6906:Management
6882:soundscape
6788:Geothermal
6444:Lumberjack
6439:Log scaler
6322:engineered
6273:non-timber
6246:sawmilling
6198:Industries
6165:svedjebruk
5876:transition
5856:protection
5846:old-growth
5831:governance
5786:Dendrology
5736:management
5602:Ministries
5497:BBC Online
5480:World Bank
5169:(5): 470.
4952:10535/8315
4935:(4): 256.
4708:"Forestry"
4547:(1): 112.
4181:: 517–44.
3836:11 October
2701:: 593–62.
2420:References
2354:Wilderness
2289:Dendrology
2185:Forest in
1993:, and the
1925:Management
1706:Purifying
1553:herbaceous
1522:ecosystems
1448:; and the
1406:Nothofagus
1388:of Japan,
1381:Anthophyta
1230:old growth
1167:coniferous
1111:Understory
1105:millipedes
1097:amphibians
1038:Madagascar
1018:amphibians
958:understory
938:Components
582:coniferous
570:coniferous
562:furhíþija-
503:Late Latin
443:wood(land)
380:Old French
324:basal area
316:land cover
182:, 8.1 for
176:gigatonnes
77:ecosystems
73:biodiverse
8023:Substrate
7983:Evergreen
7971:Deciduous
7873:Temperate
7832:parklands
7771:arboretum
7766:woodlands
7676:Renewable
7661:Depletion
7648:Conflict
7530:Economics
7508:enclosure
7467:Resources
7447:Pollution
7364:Watershed
7267:pollution
7198:Seed bank
7193:Rangeland
7075:Fisheries
7060:Biosphere
7053:biopiracy
6996:fertility
6872:cityscape
6867:Landscape
6774:peak coal
6761:Resources
6712:Emissions
6392:Ecologist
6305:Tree farm
6206:Coppicing
6148:chitemene
6048:Acid rain
5996:allometry
5918:SmartWood
5866:secondary
5851:pathology
5826:inventory
5764:driftwood
5630:Arbor Day
5211:2 October
4735:5 January
4693:1758-6798
4644:5 January
4639:0261-3077
4607:5 January
4569:2052-4463
4514:0036-8075
4153:0075-6458
3993:22 August
3969:241858489
3853:Sun, Ying
3798:12 August
3695:206511664
3571:Fresh Air
3552:241416114
3460:130116768
2763:241416114
2668:241416114
2460:130116768
2344:REDD-plus
2033:'s (FAO)
1987:acid rain
1952:Foresters
1919:Wisconsin
1573:watershed
1549:ecosystem
1546:grassland
1504:develop.
1468:, to the
1184:Temperate
1178:subarctic
1163:deciduous
1159:evergreen
1043:Adansonia
960:, in the
928:epiphytes
887:and arid
821:cellulose
817:decompose
801:biosphere
761:deciduous
711:intends.
647:. Unlike
543:Old Norse
401:, of the
372:The word
352:Etymology
164:biosphere
149:temperate
101:community
97:ecosystem
8119:Habitats
8061:See also
8045:Mangrove
8040:Riparian
7930:Altitude
7916:Seasonal
7892:Climatic
7878:Subpolar
7863:Tropical
7856:Latitude
7828:Savannas
7823:herbetum
7819:prairies
7785:thickets
7702:Category
7635:Resource
7574:adaptive
7472:improved
7432:Conflict
7417:Security
7412:Scarcity
7405:improved
7395:Leaching
7272:recharge
7252:Drinking
7203:Wildlife
7070:Bushmeat
7065:Bushfood
7018:planning
6923:gemstone
6918:Minerals
6899:property
6887:viewshed
6877:seascape
6808:sunlight
6782:peak oil
6778:peak gas
6593:Category
6407:handcrew
6377:Arborist
6372:Forester
6332:mahogany
6278:palm oil
6268:charcoal
6253:Products
6188:Wildfire
6001:breeding
5962:GM trees
5811:dynamics
5623:Journals
5616:Colleges
5576:Forestry
5524:(1911).
5375:Archived
5345:Archived
5289:Archived
5260:Archived
5256:"Canada"
5239:Archived
5205:Archived
5139:Archived
5075:Archived
5011:Caldasia
4854:Mongabay
4587:32249772
4522:28971966
4467:15011471
4432:Archived
4410:Archived
4377:Archived
4321:Archived
4317:84089636
4265:Archived
4261:22690619
4099:Archived
4049:Archived
4024:Archived
3901:28729375
3699:Archived
3687:18556551
3650:(2008).
3623:Archived
3590:usda.gov
3524:. Rome:
3493:phys.org
3436:. 2020.
3432:. Rome:
3355:Archived
3219:Archived
3126:Archived
3096:Archived
3070:Archived
3043:Archived
3000:Archived
2994:. Rome:
2862:Mongabay
2828:nasa.gov
2809:Phys.org
2787:Archived
2711:Archived
2640:. Rome:
2619:Archived
2617:. 2018.
2613:. Rome:
2549:Archived
2516:Archived
2482:Archived
2474:"Forest"
2364:Woodland
2223:See also
2203:forestry
2181:Latvian
2104:woodland
2019:diseases
1970:forestry
1896:bushmeat
1852:rainfall
1826:Primary
1819:droughts
1790:Primary
1761:Primary
1618:Forestry
1565:pulpwood
1542:woodland
1502:savannas
1394:Tasmania
1254:measured
1247:forest).
1081:mycelium
1014:reptiles
962:Brussels
924:arboreal
809:detritus
693:Latinate
671:(plural
653:woodland
645:woodland
609:nobility
595:Uses of
566:fir-wood
558:furhísa-
475:floresta
395:Frankish
331:woodland
312:land use
262:palm oil
50:Woodland
8114:Forests
7952:Coastal
7947:Lowland
7937:Montane
7921:Drought
7901:Pluvial
7815:steppes
7762:Forests
7503:Commons
7492:Related
7457:Quality
7373:Aspects
7299:glacial
7240:Aquifer
7146:Pasture
7097:Forests
7023:reserve
6798:Nuclear
6768: (
6724:Trading
6719:Airshed
6603:Outline
6417:lookout
6412:hotshot
6293:tanbark
6263:biomass
6258:biochar
6236:plywood
6221:Logging
6125:wilding
5774:log jam
5731:Ecology
5534:(ed.).
5469:in situ
5454:by the
5235:fao.org
5201:fao.org
5171:Bibcode
4994:: 4–10.
4766:Bibcode
4673:Bibcode
4578:7136222
4549:Bibcode
4494:Bibcode
4486:Science
4295:Bibcode
4239:Bibcode
4231:Ecology
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