Buddhist art - Knowledge

4472: 1894: 2597: 2446: 3499: 4318: 4452: 3015:. 6th century Korean Buddhist art exhibited the cultural influences of China and India but began to show distinctive indigenous characteristics. These indigenous characteristics can be seen in early Buddhist art in Japan and some early Japanese Buddhist sculpture is now believed to have originated in Korea, particularly from Baekje, or Korean artisans who immigrated to Yamato Japan. Particularly, the semi-seated Maitreya form was adapted into a highly developed Korean style which was transmitted to Japan as evidenced by the Koryu-ji Miroku Bosatsu and the Chugu-ji Siddhartha statues. Although many historians portray Korea as a mere transmitter of Buddhism, the Three Kingdoms, and particularly Baekje, were instrumental as active agents in the introduction and formation of a Buddhist tradition in Japan in 538 or 552. 3479: 1913: 2529: 3902: 3325: 2725:, that imperial patronage of the Buddhist arts reached its height in this period. He commissioned a vast number of religious works in the Tibetan style, many of which depicted him in various sacred guises. Works of art produced during this period are characterized by a unique fusion of Tibetan and Chinese artistic approaches. They combine a characteristically Tibetan attention to iconographic detail with Chinese-inspired decorative elements. Inscriptions are often written in Chinese, Manchu, Tibetan, Mongolian and Sanskrit, while paintings are frequently rendered in vibrant colors. Additionally, the 4295: 87: 2752: 4355: 2426: 3928: 32: 2225: 3305: 4010: 2925: 3345: 129: 4280: 9611: 9202: 3754: 1712: 3876:, at the end of the 18th century, the Mandalay style of the Buddha image emerged, a style that remains popular to this day. There was a marked departure from the Innwa style, and the Buddha's face is much more natural, fleshy, with naturally-slanted eyebrows, slightly slanted eyes, thicker lips, and a round hair bun at the top. Buddha images in this style can be found reclining, standing or sitting. Mandalay-style Buddhas wear flowing, draped robes. 9213: 3890: 9621: 2462: 6611: 6598: 54: 1636: 2961: 2077: 710: 6588: 2321: 5519:, pp. 202–204, Quote: "Buddhism flourished in this part of India throughout the first millennium AD, especially under the patronage of Pala kings of the eighth and twelfth centuries. Towards the end of this period, popular Buddhism and Hinduism became increasingly intermeshed. However, when Muslim invaders from further west sacked the monasteries in the twelfth century, Buddhism collapsed as a major force in India." 1773:(156–87 BCE) worshiping Buddhist statues, explaining them as "golden men brought in 120 BCE by a great Han general in his campaigns against the nomads." Although there is no other mention of Han Wudi worshiping the Buddha in Chinese historical literature, the murals would suggest that statues of the Buddha were already in existence during the 2nd century BCE, connecting them directly to the time of the Indo-Greeks. 3024: 3538: 3775:. Prior to the expansion of Buddhism, the indigenous population of Sri Lanka lived in an animistic world full of superstition. The assimilation and conversion of the various pre-Buddhist beliefs was a slow process. In order to gain a foothold among the rural population, Buddhism needed to assimilate the various categories of spirits and other supernatural beliefs. The earliest monastic complex was the 6059:

clearly marked by a ribbon surrounding it, both typical elements of Buddha heads. The ears, which would have to be characterized by long earlobes, were not represented, but were probably painted on slightly protruding surfaces (Pl. XXIII 1, 2 and 4). An artisan at Berenike had produced it from local gypsum. According to its overall appearance this iconography seems to be Gandharan, Kushan or Guptan.

3379: 3530: 2745:'s abdication in 1795, the popularity of Tibetan Buddhism at the Qing court declined. The motives behind the Qing emperors' promotion of Tibetan Buddhism have been interpreted as a calculated act of political manipulation, and a means of forging ties between Manchu, Mongolian, and Tibetan communities, though this has been challenged by recent scholarship. 2751: 3142:

cultural contact between Indian Dharmic civilization and Japan through the adoption of Buddhist ideas and aesthetic has contributed to the development of a national cultural order in the subsequent century. The Buddhist religion was adopted by the state in the following century. Being geographically at the end of the

3722:. Since in Theravada Buddhism of the period, Monasteries typically were the central places for the laity of the towns to receive instruction and have disputes arbitrated by the monks, the construction of temple complexes plays a particularly important role in the artistic expression of Southeast Asia from that time. 4471: 2952:

veneration, architects for temples, and the literate for the Buddhist sutras and transformed Korean civilization. Particularly important in the transmission of sophisticated art styles to the Korean kingdoms was the art of the "barbarian" Tuoba, a clan of non-Han Chinese Xianbei people who established the

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dominated vast parts of the Southeast Asian peninsula, and its influence was foremost in the development of Buddhist art in the region. Under the Khmer, more than 900 temples were built in Cambodia and in neighboring Thailand and Laos. The royal patronage for Khmer Buddhist art reached its new height

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styles as evidenced by a new popular Buddhist motif with full-faced Buddha sculptures. Tang China was the cross roads of East, Central, and South Asia and so the Buddhist art of this time period exhibit the so-called international style. State-sponsored Buddhist art flourished during this period, the

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period (4th to 6th century CE) to reach a very high fineness of execution and delicacy in the modeling. The art of the Gupta school was extremely influential almost everywhere in the rest of Asia. At the end of the 12th century CE, Buddhism in its full glory came to be preserved only in the Himalayan

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This iconic art was characterized from the start by a realistic idealism, combining realistic human features, proportions, attitudes and attributes, together with a sense of perfection and serenity reaching to the divine. This expression of the Buddha as both man and God became the iconographic canon

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has interested itself in identifying Buddhist practitioners across all the arts. In 2005 it co-ordinated the UK-wide Buddhist arts festival, "A Lotus in Flower"; in 2009 it helped organise the two-day arts conference, "Buddha Mind, Creative Mind". As a result of the latter an association of Buddhist

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The cultural exchange between India and Japan was not direct, as Japan received Buddhism through Korea, China, Central Asia and eventually India. The Japanese discovered Buddhism in the 6th century when missionary monks travelled to the islands together with numerous scriptures and works of art. The

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and looking down on the confluence of three rivers, is still the largest stone Buddha statue in the world. Numerous temples throughout China still preserve various Buddhist statues and paintings from previous dynasties. In addition, Buddhist sculptures are still produced in contemporary times mainly

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Philippine archaeology has found Buddhist artifacts, The style exhibits Vajrayāna influence, most of them dated to the 9th century. They reflect the iconography of the Śrīvijayan empire's Vajrayāna and its influences on the Philippines's early states. The artifacts' distinct features point to their

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was at the center of this development, with a Buddhist temple complex and urban organization able to support around 1 million urban dwellers. A great deal of Cambodian Buddhist sculpture is preserved at Angkor; however, organized looting has had a heavy impact on many sites around the country.

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Kingdom, isolated and with no easy sea or land access to China, officially adopted Buddhism in 535 although the foreign religion was known in the kingdom due to the work of Goguryeo monks since the early 5th century. The introduction of Buddhism stimulated the need for artisans to create images for

5532:. First comprehensive monograph on the stylistic and iconographic development of the Buddhist sculptures of Sri Lanka. 752 pages with 1620 illustrations (20 colour and 1445 half-tone illustrations; 144 drawings and 5 maps. (Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd.). von Schroeder, Ulrich. 1992. 2556:

evolved towards a markedly lifelike expression. Because of the dynasty's openness to foreign influences, and renewed exchanges with Indian culture due to the numerous travels of Chinese Buddhist monks to India, Tang dynasty Buddhist sculpture assumed a rather classical form, inspired by the Indian

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Artists were reluctant to depict the Buddha anthropomorphically, and developed sophisticated aniconic symbols to avoid doing so (even in narrative scenes where other human figures would appear). This tendency remained as late as the 2nd century CE in the southern parts of India, in the art of the

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but also in the history of Buddhist statues in Japan. Jōchō redefined the body shape of Buddha statues by perfecting the technique of "yosegi zukuri" (寄木造り) which is a combination of several woods. The peaceful expression and graceful figure of the Buddha statue that he made completed a Japanese

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developed rather symbolic and abstract modes of representation, with schematic lines. Their style is also said to be solemn and majestic. The lack of corporeality of this art, and its distance from the original Buddhist objective of expressing the pure ideal of enlightenment in an accessible and

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Some of the stone sculpture, both relief and in the round, included images of Buddha and other South Asian deities. (...) The second item was a small stone head of Buddha measuring 9.3 cm high. Its hair was drawn back from the front and sides in wavy strands. The topknot was unusually flat, but

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dynasty in China in 386. The Northern Wei style was particularly influential in the art of the Goguryeo and Baekje. Baekje artisans later transmitted this style along with Southern dynasty elements and distinct Korean elements to Japan. Korean artisans were highly selective of the styles they

3865:, from the 14th to 16th centuries, the Ava (Innwa) style of the Buddha image was popular. In this style, the Buddha has large protruding ears, exaggerated eyebrows that curve upward, half-closed eyes, thin lips and a hair bun that is pointed at the top, usually depicted in the bhumisparsa 3400:

from the 8th century, and it survived there after the collapse of Buddhism in India, and the largest influence on it is probably the now largely vanished art of north-eastern India. Due to its geographical centrality in Asia, Tibetan Buddhist art also received influences from Indian,

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This image was previously thought to be a distorted Tārā, but was recently correctly identified as a Vajralāsyā ('Bodhisattva of amorous dance'), one of the four deities associated with providing offerings to the Buddha Vairocana and located in the southeast corner of a

1949:, both being capitals of the empire. It is still a matter of debate whether the anthropomorphic representations of Buddha was essentially a result of a local evolution of Buddhist art at Mathura, or a consequence of Greek cultural influence in Gandhara through the 3427:, Northern India (at that time part of Western Tibet Kingdom) serves an important role as an intermediary between India and Tibet cultural exchange, especially Buddhist art and philosophy. Notable example of Tibetan Buddhist art in Tabo is its exquisite frescoes. 4193:

which counts 505 images of the seated Buddha and unique bell-shaped stupa that contains the statue of Buddha. Borobudur is adorned with long series of bas-reliefs narrated the holy Buddhist scriptures. The oldest Buddhist structure in Indonesia probably is the

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giving the great majority of surviving work, created over a relatively short up to about 480 CE. These are highly sophisticated works, evidently produced in a well-developed tradition, probably painting secular work in palaces as much as religious subjects.

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around the second century CE. According to Steven Sidebotham, a history professor at the University of Delaware who is co-director of the Berenike Project, the statue dates to between 90 and 140 CE. It was made from a stone that was extracted south of

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The orthodox forms of Buddhism, also known as Southern Buddhism are still practised in Sri Lanka, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia. During the 1st century CE, the trade on the overland Silk Road tended to be restricted by the rise of the

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The Thai Buddhist art encompasses period for more than a millennia, from pre Thai culture of Dvaravati and Srivijaya, to the first Thai capital of Thai 13th century Sukhothai, all the way to succeeding Thai kingdoms of Ayutthaya and Rattanakosin.

3282:), striving to express the true essence of the world through impressionistic and unadorned "non-dualistic" representations. The search for enlightenment "in the moment" also led to the development of other important derivative arts such as the 3498: 2384:

in numerous caves, portable paintings on canvas, sculpture, ritual objects), displaying multiple influences from Indian and Hellenistic cultures. Works of art reminiscent of the Gandharan style, as well as scriptures in the Gandhari script

3854:, the capital, between the 11th and 13th centuries, and around 2,000 of them are still standing. Beautiful jeweled statues of the Buddha are remaining from that period. Creation managed to continue despite the seizure of the city by the 2912:. Although many other influences were strong, Korean Buddhist art, "bespeaks a sobriety, taste for the right tone, a sense of abstraction but also of colours that curiously enough are in line with contemporary taste" (Pierre Cambon, 1882:

in the forms of human figures and ornament. Figures were much larger than any known from India previously, and also more naturalistic, and new details included wavy hair, drapery covering both shoulders, shoes and sandals, and

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temple. Countless paintings and sculptures were made, often under governmental sponsorship. Indian, Hellenistic, Chinese and Korean artistic influences blended into an original style characterized by realism and gracefulness.

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dynasty in 918 indicates a new period of Korean Buddhist art. The Goryeo kings also lavishly sponsored Buddhism and Buddhist art flourished, especially Buddhist paintings and illuminated sutras written in gold and silver ink.

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production in the islands, and suggest artisan's or goldsmith's knowledge of Buddhist culture and literature, and the presence of Buddhist believers. The find-spots extend from the Agusan-Surigao area in Mindanao island to

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art of flower arrangement. This evolution went as far as considering almost any human activity as an art with a strong spiritual and aesthetic content, first and foremost in those activities related to combat techniques

4166:. The Shailendras was the ardent temple builder and the devoted patron of Buddhism in Java. Sri Vijaya spread Mahayana Buddhist art during its expansion into the Southeast Asian peninsula. Numerous statues of Mahayana 4742:

Simmons, Caleb; Sarao, K. T. S. (2010). "Pushyamitra Sunga, a Hindu ruler in the second century BCE, was a great persecutor of Buddhists". In Danver, Steven L. Popular Controversies in World History. ABC-CLIO. p. 89.

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and doctrinal disputes. All the other monasteries of Sri Lanka owed ecclesiastical allegiance to one of the three. Sri Lanka is famous for its creations of Buddhist sculptures made of stone and cast in bronze alloy.

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kingdom, which expanded into Burma and as far south as Malaysia between the 3rd and 6th centuries. Its influence seems to have been essentially political, most of the cultural influence coming directly from India.

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As Buddhism expanded outside of India from the 1st century CE, its original artistic package blended with other artistic influences, leading to a progressive differentiation among the countries adopting the faith.

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of China and this close diplomatic contact is exemplified in the gentle and proportional sculpture of the Baekje, epitomized by Baekje sculpture exhibiting the fathomless smile known to art historians as the

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style of sculpture of Buddha statues called "Jōchō yō" (Jōchō style, 定朝様) and determined the style of Japanese Buddhist statues of the later period. His achievement dramatically raised the social status of

3883:, who inhabit the highlands of Myanmar. In this style, the Buddha is depicted with angular features, a large and prominently pointed nose, a hair bun tied similar to Thai styles, and a small, thin mouth. 2208:), enlightenment, and the liberation of all sentient beings. Northern Buddhist art thus tends to be characterized by a very rich and syncretic Buddhist pantheon, with a multitude of images of the various 3842:

Early Buddhist temples are found, such as Beikthano in central Myanmar, with dates between the 1st and the 5th centuries. The Buddhist art of the Mons was especially influenced by the Indian art of the

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actively suppressed Buddhism beginning in 1406 and Buddhist temples and art production subsequently decline in quality in quantity although beginning in 1549, Buddhist art does continue to be produced.

1674:). It has been argued that earlier anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha may have been made of wood and may have perished since then. However, no related archaeological evidence has been found. 9576: 4410:, and may also have been carved in Berenike itself. The statue has a halo around the head of the Buddha, decorated with the rays of the sun, and has a lotus flower by his side. It is 71 cm tall. 2533: 1654:, usually in relation to the decoration of stupas. Although India had a long sculptural tradition and a mastery of rich iconography, the Buddha was never represented in human form, but only through 2290:

The multiple conflicts since the 1980s also have led to a systematic pillage of archaeological sites apparently in the hope of reselling in the international market what artifacts could be found.

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style. Combined with a pervading Hindu influence, Buddhist images, votive tablets and Sanskrit inscriptions are found throughout the area. Between 8th- and 12th-century, under the patronage of

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Temple in Silla. Baekje architects were famed for their skill and were instrumental in building the massive nine-story pagoda at Hwangnyongsa and early Buddhist temples in Yamato Japan such as

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was particularly stable with China and Korea both enjoying unified governments. Early Unified Silla art combined Silla styles and Baekje styles. Korean Buddhist art was also influenced by new

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art in the south, both of Mahayana faith. Up to the end of that period, Buddhist art is characterized by a clear fluidness in the expression, and the subject matter is characteristic of the

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The Abhayagiri Vihāra became the seat of the reformed Mahāyāna doctrines. The rivalry between the monks of the Mahāvihāra and the Abhayagiri led to a further split and the foundation of the

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and China, with India as the intermediary of choice. From that time, through trade connections, commercial settlements, and even political interventions, India started to strongly influence

4108:. Subsequently, the Thai rulers filled the city with imposing Buddhist monuments to demonstrate their Buddhist piety as well as to showcase their authority. Among others are the celebrated 1912: 4085:

period (14th–18th centuries), the Buddha came to be represented in a more stylistic manner with sumptuous garments and jeweled ornamentations. Many Thai sculptures or temples tended to be

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Buddhist art generally reflects an interaction between other Buddhist influences and a strongly original Korean culture. Additionally, the art of the steppes, particularly Siberian and

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from this period are characterized by a very strong refinement and technical sophistication, and are found throughout the region. One of the earliest Buddhist inscription in Java, the

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Weidner, Marsha Smith, and Patricia Ann Berger. Latter Days of the Law : Images of Chinese Buddhism, 850–1850. Lawrence, KS: Spencer Museum of Art, University of Kansas, 1994.

3464:. Many of its statues were characterized by rich body adornments. The capital of the kingdom of Champa was annexed by Vietnam in 1471, and it totally collapsed in the 1720s, while 2686:

in the twelfth century resulted in considerable criticism of the monk-painters by the literati. Despite this, Chan ink paintings continued to be practiced by monastics through the

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that embodies the unique blend of Chinese, Tibetan and Manchurian artistic styles that characterized some of the Buddhist art produced in China under Qianlong's reign. After the

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and other figures became common subjects in themselves in Northern Buddhist art, rather than just attendants of the Buddha, and by the late first millennium came to predominate.

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stupas at Karawang, West Java, dated from around the 4th century. This temple is some plastered brick stupas. However, Buddhist art in Indonesia reach the golden era during the

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cities consisted almost entirely of Buddhist stupas and monasteries, and it seems that one of their main objectives was to welcome and service travelers between East and West.

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and presented to Mahinda Thera. The Mahāvihāra became the centre of the orthodox Theravāda doctrine and its supreme position remained unchallenged until the foundation of the

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For more than a thousand years, Indian influence was therefore the major factor that brought a certain level of cultural unity to the various countries of the region. The

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to Central Asia, China and ultimately Korea and Japan started in the 1st century CE with a semi-legendary account of an embassy sent to the West by the Chinese Emperor

4189:(the largest Buddhist structure in the world, built around 780–850 AD), built by Shailendras. This temple is modelled after the Buddhist concept of universe, the 2573:

helped it gain a foothold in Japan. Foreign influences came to be negatively perceived in China towards the end of the Tang dynasty. In the year 845, the Tang emperor

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During the 2nd to 1st century BCE, sculptures became more explicit, representing episodes of the Buddha's life and teachings. These took the form of votive tablets or

3652:, arts and ideas of Buddhism and Hinduism co-developed and became increasingly intermeshed. However, with Muslim invasion and sacking of monasteries in India, states 2111:, with the missionary efforts of a great number of Central Asian Buddhist monks to Chinese lands. The first missionaries and translators of Buddhists scriptures into 9581: 5572: 5546: 4294: 3412:, paintings in manuscripts and small bronzes are typically the finest forms of Tibetan art. One of the most characteristic creations of Tibetan Buddhist art are the 1938:, although in a style rather archaic compared to the later representations of the Buddha. The Mathuran school contributed clothes covering the left shoulder of thin 1329: 9540: 5034:

Ryor, Kathleen M. (2019). "Style as Substance: Literary Ink Painting and Buddhist Practice in Late Ming Dynasty China". In Faini, Marco; Meneghin, Alessia (eds.).

2279:". Human figurative art forms also being prohibited under Islam, Buddhist art suffered numerous attacks, which culminated with the systematic destructions by the 2389:

have been found. These influences were rapidly absorbed however by the vigorous Chinese culture, and a strongly Chinese particularism develops from that point.

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and post-Gupta periods, and their mannerist style spread widely in Southeast Asia following the expansion of the Mon Empire between the 5th and 8th centuries.

3324: 1843:, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in 5963:"Garum Masala;Dramatic archaeological discoveries have led scholars to radically reassess the size and importance of the trade between ancient Rome and India" 3694:

From the 9th to the 13th centuries, Southeast Asia had very powerful empires and became extremely active in Buddhist architectural and artistic creation. The

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Thereafter, the expansion of Buddhism to the North led to the formation of Buddhist communities and even Buddhist kingdoms in the oasis of Central Asia. Some

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in 372. However, Chinese records and the use of Buddhist motifs in Goguryeo murals indicate the introduction of Buddhism earlier than the official date. The

1243: 5833: 3239:, where many Buddha statues had been lost in wars and fires. One of the most outstanding Buddhist arts of the period was the statue of Buddha enshrined in 7352: 5457: 3633:. This expansion provided the artistic context for the development of Buddhist art in these countries, which then developed characteristics of their own. 3298:

Buddhism remains very active in Japan to this day. Around 80,000 Buddhist temples are preserved, and many of them are in wood and are regularly restored.

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as Beijing's main Tibetan Buddhist monastery, donating a number of valuable religious paintings, sculptures, textiles and inscriptions to the temple. The

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in the early centuries of our era. Based on stylistic details and the archaeological context of the excavation, it thought that the statue was made in

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Kingdoms invaded north-western India. They facilitated the spread of Greco-Buddhist art style to other parts of the subcontinent. The Indo-Greek King

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While Goguryeo Buddhist art exhibited vitality and mobility akin with Northern Wei prototypes, the Baekje Kingdom was also in close contact with the

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path. The Mahāyāna sutras elevate the Buddha to a transcendent and infinite being, and feature a pantheon of bodhisattvas devoting themselves to the

3574:, just as Romans were becoming extremely wealthy and their demand for Asian luxury was rising. This demand revived the sea connections between the 1512: 5282:"Korean Buddhist Sculpture (5th–9th century) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art" 8271: 5137:

Berger, Patricia Ann. Empire of Emptiness : Buddhist Art and Political Authority in Qing China. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2003.

9596: 8495: 2698:(1644–1912) dynasty. Aside from Chan ink paintings, other forms of painting also proliferated, especially during the Ming dynasty, such as the 191: 6030: 4078:

was established. The new faith inspired highly stylized images in Thai Buddhism, with sometimes very geometrical and almost abstract figures.

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regions in India. These areas, helped by their location, were in greater contact with Tibet and China – for example the art and traditions of

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Often, Khmer art manages to express intense spirituality through divinely beaming expressions, in spite of spare features and slender lines.

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to the north competed for influence, but both were adherents of Mahayana Buddhism, and their art expressed the rich Mahayana pantheon of the

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had already been the seat of various cultural (and artistic) influences, from the abstract linear decorative art of the indigenous Neolithic

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painting in favour of vigorous, monochrome paintings, attempting to express the impact of enlightenment through their brushwork. The rise of

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of Buddhist statues, created realistic and dynamic statues to suit the tastes of samurai, and Japanese Buddhist sculpture reached its peak.

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persecuted Buddhism, presumably to further erase the legacy of the Mauryan Empire. This led to the decline of Buddhist art east of Mathura.

6712: 3146:, Japan was able to preserve many aspects of Buddhism at the very time it was disappearing in India, and being suppressed in Central Asia. 2674:, in particular, rose to great prominence under the Song dynasty. Early paintings by Chan monks tended to eschew the meticulous realism of 1945:

Mathura and Gandhara also influenced each other. During their artistic florescence, the two regions were even united politically under the

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The art of Mathura tends to be based on an Indian tradition, exemplified by the anthropomorphic representation of divinities such as the

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dynasties. This was marked by construction of new monumental Buddhist artwork at grottoes, such as the massive Buddha sculptures at the

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According to tradition, Buddhism was introduced in Sri Lanka in the 3rd century BCE by Indian missionaries under the guidance of Thera

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consisting of 1032 statues produced by sculptors of Buddhist statues of the Kei school, In school and En school. The 1 principal image

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realistic manner, progressively led to a change towards more naturalism and realism, leading to the expression of Tang Buddhist art.

1831:. Abandoning an expansionist ideology, Ashoka worked to spread the religion and philosophy throughout his empire as described in the 5485:

Tabo: a lamp for the kingdom : early Indo Tibetan Buddhist art in the western Himalaya, Archeologia, arte primitiva e orientale

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As Buddhism spread and evolved in each new host country, Buddhist art followed in its footsteps. It developed to the north through

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Various fragmentary parts of Buddha statues (torsos, heads) had already been discovered at Berenike in 2019, some made of local

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The popularization of Buddhism in China has made the country home to the richest collections of Buddhist arts in the world. The

8742: 6722: 5445: 5430: 4576: 3671:, Indonesia. This period marked the renaissance of Buddhist art in Java, as numerous exquisite monuments were built, including 2619: 6331: 2103:(58–75 CE). However, extensive contacts started in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the 6523: 6371: 6351: 6291: 5846:

Scholars think that the statue may represent an offering goddess from a three-dimensional Vajradhatu (Diamond World) mandala.

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is a rare example of Buddhist art that was discovered in 2018–2022 in an archaeological excavation in the ancient harbour of

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of southern Burma are said to have been converted to Buddhism around 200 BCE under the proselytizing of the Indian king

3382: 5643: 3460:(before it was later overtaken by the Vietnamese from the north). Champa had a strongly Indianized art, just as neighboring 9250: 6905: 6747: 4521: 1505: 6549: 6124: 5990: 5576: 5550: 9082: 6268:

Catalogue of the exhibition held at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Washington, D.C., 1 November 1992 – 26 September 1993.

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During the Qing dynasty, Manchu emperors supported Buddhist practices for a range of political and personal reasons. The

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and Mahayana Buddhism were prevalent. Overall, the art of Vietnam has been strongly influenced by Chinese Buddhist art.

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Extremely rich and refined architectural remains are found in Java and Sumatra. The most magnificent is the temple of

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Between the 1st and 8th centuries, several kingdoms competed for influence in the region (particularly the Cambodian

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Buddhism, an inclusive branch of Buddhism characterized by the adoption of new texts, in addition to the traditional

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The creation of Japanese Buddhist art was especially rich between the 8th and 13th centuries during the periods of

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influences, are evident in early Korean Buddhist art based on the excavation of artifacts and burial goods such as

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whose Korean-made twin was sent to Japan as a proselytizing gift and now resides in the Koryu-ji Temple in Japan.

2528: 1745:"Silk Roads" were interlinked and complementary, forming what scholars have called the "great circle of Buddhism". 9149: 9139: 6968: 6072: 3177:. Japan developed an extremely rich figurative art for the pantheon of Buddhist deities, sometimes combined with 2699: 2570: 1541: 1498: 5841: 1827:(r. 268–232 BCE), who formed the largest Empire in the Indian subcontinent, converted to Buddhism following the 9094: 8747: 8549: 8440: 8385: 6958: 6533: 6442: 6381: 5534:

The Golden Age of Sculpture in Sri Lanka – Masterpieces of Buddhist and Hindu Bronzes from Museums in Sri Lanka

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The Golden Age of Sculpture in Sri Lanka: Masterpieces of Buddhist and Hindu Bronzes from Museums in Sri Lanka

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in eastern India around the 5th or the 6th century. Monastic Tantrism became the dominant form of Buddhism in

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Peralta, Jesus T. (July–August 1983). "Prehistoric Gold Ornaments From the Central Bank of the Philippines".

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incorporated and combined different regional styles together to create a specific Korean Buddhist art style.

669: 364: 5707: 5483: 8647: 8519: 8490: 8192: 5786: 4254: 4195: 2574: 614: 389: 349: 5763: 5303: 8338: 8247: 7717: 7362: 6875: 6770: 6163: 5675: 4515: 3889: 2627: 2240:) persisted for several centuries until the spread of Islam in the 7th century. It is exemplified by the 7882: 5874: 5070:

The splendours of paradise murals and epigraphic documents at the early Ming Buddhist monastery Fahai Si

9187: 8667: 8143: 7629: 6752: 6585: 6194: 3802:

near the Mahāvihāra. The main feature of Sinhala Buddhism was its division into three major groups, or

3776: 2398: 8077: 4386:. The statue was discovered in the forecourt of an early Roman period temple dedicated to the Goddess 2618:

After the Tang dynasty, Buddhism continued to receive official patronage in several states during the

9660: 9077: 8890: 8880: 8752: 7735: 7315: 7076: 7051: 4257:. The most beautiful example of classical Javanese Buddhist art is the serene and delicate statue of 4004: 3792: 2881: 2116: 2100: 1583:

to form the Southern branch of Buddhist art. In India, Buddhist art flourished and co-developed with

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From the 9th century, the various schools of Thai art then became strongly influenced by Cambodian

3072:. The crowning achievement of this period is the carving of approximately 80,000 woodblocks of the 3032: 2407:

around the 1st century CE, and introduced new types of art into China, particularly in the area of

2261: 916: 864: 494: 444: 3625:, were transmitted from direct contact and through sacred texts and Indian literature such as the 9119: 9099: 8430: 8410: 8167: 7897: 7141: 4676: 4587: 4279: 3768: 2936: 1742: 1409: 1112: 1070: 1003: 654: 2611: 2346:

to the West led to increased contact with the Hellenistic civilizations of Asia, especially the

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Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms period stimulated massive temple-building projects, such as the

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islands. Hence, Vajrayāna ritualism must have spread far and wide throughout the archipelago.

2411:. Receiving this distant religion, strong Chinese traits were incorporated into Buddhist art. 9645: 9134: 9104: 8685: 8617: 8450: 8365: 8360: 8284: 8279: 8197: 6727: 6010:"1st-century Buddha statue from ancient Egypt indicates Buddhists lived there in Roman times" 4684: 4608: 4555: 4499: 4430: 4379: 4365: 4150:

seems to have been most strongly influenced by India from the 1st century CE. The islands of

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upon their return from China. Zen art is mainly characterized by original paintings (such as

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Anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha started to emerge from the 1st century CE in

1722: 1681:

at Bodh Gaya became a model for similar structures in Burma and Indonesia. The frescoes at

1356: 1057: 1032: 990: 960: 945: 684: 644: 639: 604: 449: 329: 237: 222: 166: 138: 8997: 7612: 7481: 7407: 7283: 7021: 6073:"Berenike as a Harbour for Meroe: New evidence for Meroitic presence on the Red Sea Coast" 5922: 5205:

The Encyclopedia of World History: ancient, medieval, and modern, chronologically arranged

4906:"A Sinicised Religion Under Foreign Rule: Buddhism in the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234)" 4760:

Myer, Prudence R. (1986). "Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā".

3788: 2988:. The Silla Kingdom also developed a distinctive Buddhist art tradition epitomized by the 2275:", it showed zero tolerance for Buddhism, which was perceived as a religion depending on " 8: 9565: 9460: 9236: 8964: 8843: 8677: 8652: 8642: 8602: 8579: 8462: 8435: 8395: 8314: 8304: 8232: 8159: 7590: 7447: 7228: 7206: 7158: 6978: 6778: 6634: 6614: 6550:

The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum

6315:. Paris: Réunion des musées nationaux : Guimet, Musée national des arts asiatiques. 6142:"Triratna Buddhist Community News: Report from 'Buddha Mind – Creative Mind?' conference" 4566: 4561: 4265:

kingdom. The Indonesian Buddhist Empire of Sri Vijaya declined due to conflicts with the

4171: 3436: 3335: 3240: 2968: 2860: 2786: 1884: 1812: 1808: 1561: 1394: 694: 649: 587: 527: 464: 409: 404: 159: 148: 86: 6938: 6865: 6413:

Wisdom embodied: Chinese Buddhist and Daoist sculpture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

4997:"Continuations of Ch'an Ink Painting into Ming-Ch'ing and the Prevalence of Type Images" 3644:

kingdoms) contributing various artistic characteristics, mainly derived from the Indian

2181: 9655: 9385: 9380: 9275: 9027: 8932: 8774: 8737: 8732: 8662: 8612: 8559: 8554: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8405: 8390: 8375: 8370: 8309: 8289: 8252: 8177: 7982: 7683: 7607: 7485: 7427: 7268: 7168: 7096: 7071: 6717: 6647: 6488: 6031:"Buddha statue found in ancient Egyptian seaport, points to Roman-era links with India" 5049: 5016: 4935: 4886: 4847: 4785: 4571: 4540: 4509: 4199: 4163: 4071: 4037: 4018: 3823:(Burma) was naturally strongly influenced by the eastern part of Indian territory. The 3715: 3660: 3641: 3513: 3212: 3105: 2980: 2852: 2734: 2643: 2484: 2284: 2272: 2151: 1872: 1789: 1702: 1655: 1622: 940: 869: 785: 679: 659: 599: 594: 482: 384: 377: 304: 294: 201: 38: 8826: 6471:

Huntington, Susan L. (Winter 1990). "Early Buddhist Art and the Theory of Aniconism".

5358: 5221: 5053: 4261:(the collection of National Museum Jakarta) the goddess of transcendental wisdom from 3070: 2859:

municipality are among the most important and renowned Buddhist sculptural sites. The

1835:. Ashoka claims to have converted the Greek populations within his realm to Buddhism: 1594:

Initially the emphasis was on devotional statues of the historical Buddha, as well as

9620: 9505: 9480: 9395: 9375: 9325: 9295: 9285: 9205: 9167: 8863: 8848: 8811: 8796: 8569: 8485: 8400: 8237: 8202: 8187: 7914: 7904: 7585: 7432: 7417: 7288: 7211: 7131: 7066: 6998: 6885: 6642: 6529: 6457: 6438: 6417: 6396: 6377: 6357: 6337: 6316: 6287: 6259: 6249: 6229: 6210: 5798: 5743: 5713: 5681: 5649: 5512: 5489: 5433: 5411: 5377: 5332: 5208: 5084: 5074: 5039: 5008: 4978: 4957: 4939: 4927: 4878: 4839: 4777: 4744: 4688: 4634: 4402: 4082: 4075: 3719: 3710:

Buddhism of the Pali canon was introduced to the region around the 13th century from

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in the center, the surrounding 1001 Senju Kannon, the 28 attendants of Senju Kannon,

3219:

class virtually ruled Japan for the first time. Jocho's successors, sculptors of the

3109: 3073: 2908:. The style of this indigenous art was geometric, abstract and richly adorned with a 2877: 2361: 2307: 2287:, and many of the remaining artifacts at the Afghanistan museum have been destroyed. 2241: 2184:, and a shift in the understanding of Buddhism. Mahāyāna goes beyond the traditional 1964: 1797: 1698: 1630: 1366: 1250: 1172: 1162: 982: 726: 624: 609: 414: 289: 232: 196: 181: 112: 8149: 6943: 6843: 5281: 5255: 4036:

was first influenced by direct contact with Indian traders and the expansion of the

3255:

create a solemn space, and all Buddha statues are designated as National Treasures.

2729:

initiated a number of large-scale construction projects; in 1744 he rededicated the

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The flame and the lotus: Indian and Southeast Asian art from the Kronos collections

6353:

Along the ancient silk routes: Central Asian art from the West Berlin State Museums

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art, with cave temple complexes built together, each likely influencing the other.

1284: 1255: 896: 689: 634: 564: 554: 419: 64: 7932: 6077:

Der Antike Sudan. Mitteilungen der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin E.v

1677:

The earliest works of Buddhist art in India date back to the 1st century BCE. The

9485: 9440: 9420: 9410: 9310: 9217: 9162: 9114: 9042: 8912: 8710: 8690: 8632: 8544: 8207: 8105: 7952: 7688: 7671: 7656: 7634: 7186: 7056: 6890: 6870: 6128: 6048:

Carannante, Alfredo; Ast, Rodney; Kaper, Olaf; Tomber, Roberta (1 January 2020).

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Many contemporary artists have made use of Buddhist themes. Notable examples are

4374: 4360: 4207: 4179: 3922: 3664: 3653: 3204: 3174: 2931:, semi-seated contemplative Maitreya probably from Silla, circa early 7th century 2820: 2816: 2706: 2655: 2513: 2213: 2142:

were accompanied by a flux of artistic influences, visible in the development of

1187: 1167: 1100: 859: 844: 802: 770: 714: 629: 429: 339: 284: 7962: 7116: 7106: 4820:"Buddhist Sculptures from the Song Dynasty at Mingshan Temple in Anyue, Sichuan" 1598:, and former lives, but as the Buddhist pantheon developed devotional images of 279: 9510: 9425: 9405: 9290: 9280: 9172: 8875: 8725: 8507: 8087: 8067: 7987: 7676: 7666: 7600: 7437: 6923: 6786: 5733: 4975:

Dreaming the southern song landscape: the power of illusion in Chinese painting

4549: 4531: 4504: 4481: 4239: 4113: 3960: 3932: 3927: 3799: 3741:. In the continental areas, Theravada Buddhism continued to expand into Burma, 3579: 3546: 3489: 3469: 3440: 3420: 3085: 2901: 2710: 2582: 2205: 2176:

The art of the northern route was also highly influenced by the development of

1950: 1856: 1816: 1781: 1777: 1726: 1640: 1580: 1565: 1484: 1464: 1351: 1272: 1085: 1075: 1065: 906: 901: 790: 756: 574: 504: 459: 317: 6121: 5088: 1975:

Buddhist art continued to develop in India for a few more centuries. The pink

9639: 9614: 9555: 9490: 9455: 9390: 9370: 9360: 9320: 9305: 9300: 8942: 8791: 8100: 8002: 7860: 7661: 7639: 7575: 7246: 7041: 7036: 6928: 6597: 6279: 5802: 5481: 5012: 4931: 4922: 4905: 4882: 4867:"Buddhist Connections between the Liao and Xixia: Preliminary Considerations" 4843: 4781: 4227: 4109: 4040:

kingdom, leading to the creation of Hindu and Buddhist art inspired from the

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From 711, numerous temples and monasteries were built in the capital city of

3040: 3012: 2972: 2730: 2671: 2377: 2373: 2324: 2143: 2124: 2104: 1946: 1852: 1738: 1537: 1479: 1319: 1307: 1182: 1124: 1095: 1090: 1045: 1008: 884: 854: 824: 399: 394: 334: 7400: 7390: 6762: 6263: 4354: 3509: 539: 344: 9515: 9475: 9450: 9430: 9365: 9340: 9330: 9315: 9032: 9017: 8987: 8937: 8927: 8564: 8057: 7892: 7770: 7558: 7553: 7380: 7251: 7126: 6587: 4434: 4322: 4305: 4048: 4041: 4009: 3955: 3844: 3780: 3699: 3668: 3645: 3571: 3450: 3355: 3244: 3235:

were famous, and they made many new Buddha statues at many temples such as

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province, as well as at temples, such as the giant esoteric statues of the

2639: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2600: 2578: 2553: 2432: 2335: 2257: 2085: 2001: 1980: 1968: 1926: 1762: 1686: 1671: 1626: 1576: 1572: 1469: 1452: 1442: 1419: 1324: 1289: 1192: 1157: 1142: 1137: 1117: 1015: 780: 439: 324: 242: 128: 7815: 7800: 7760: 7457: 7121: 6697: 5701: 5699: 5697: 3311: 3158: 2702:

and mural art which depict various Buddhist divinities and other figures.

1474: 9624: 9435: 9400: 9355: 9350: 9259: 9002: 8831: 7972: 7957: 7740: 7548: 7476: 7256: 7086: 6988: 6835: 6707: 6300: 4733:"(In the Milindapanha) Menander is declared an arhat", McEvilley, p. 378. 4544: 4394: 4203: 4167: 4060: 4014: 3964: 3907:

Scenes from the life of the Buddha in an 18th-century Burmese watercolour

3880: 3862: 3761: 3703: 3649: 3630: 3567: 3465: 3369: 3351: 3292: 3166: 2924: 2808: 2659: 2565:) became an important center for Buddhism. From there Buddhism spread to 2558: 2549: 2468: 2365: 2343: 2328: 2303: 2265: 2233: 2224: 2197: 2166:

influences. Silk Road Greco-Buddhist iconography may have influenced the

2108: 2081: 1919: 1899: 1828: 1750: 1706: 1599: 1447: 1424: 1414: 1404: 1341: 1209: 1025: 998: 975: 970: 955: 950: 874: 834: 775: 509: 31: 8992: 7452: 5787:"Epigraphical evidence for the cult of Mahāpratisarā in the Philippines" 5705: 5020: 4996: 4890: 4866: 8947: 8905: 8781: 8587: 8512: 8126: 8110: 8072: 8052: 7947: 7922: 7830: 7765: 7745: 7491: 7422: 7293: 7176: 7146: 7081: 7031: 6689: 6679: 6652: 5694: 4851: 4819: 4789: 4650: 4494: 4426: 4262: 4223: 4219: 4159: 4100:

saw the further development of Thai Buddhist art. By the 18th century,

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Later, from the 9th to 13th centuries, the Mahayana Buddhist and Hindu

3824: 3753: 3695: 3688: 3315: 3220: 3186: 3150: 3008: 2885: 2209: 2089: 1953: 1864: 1860: 1807:

Hellenistic culture was introduced in Gandhara during the conquests of

1758: 1579:

to form the Northern branch of Buddhist art, and to the east as far as

1529: 1361: 1260: 1221: 1197: 1152: 1147: 1132: 1040: 1020: 849: 795: 514: 274: 171: 7967: 6963: 6492: 6164:"Dharma Arts Network – Launched at Buddha Mind – Creative Mind ?" 5202: 5068: 4954:

The imperial capitals of China: an inside view of the celestial empire

4477: 4393:

The statue is the first statue of the Buddha to be ever found west of

3505: 2737:, and the works housed within, is another project commissioned by the 8922: 8895: 8062: 7937: 7649: 7565: 7442: 7332: 7305: 7298: 7261: 7218: 7181: 6948: 6913: 6880: 6855: 6810: 6093:

Buddha Mind in Contemporary Art, University of California Press, 2004

4286: 4270: 4243: 4235: 4186: 4147: 4067: 3918: 3734: 3711: 3707: 3684: 3614: 3598:, and numerous urbanized coastal settlements were established there. 3550: 3542: 3236: 3143: 3053: 3044: 2856: 2766: 2386: 2354: 2311: 2163: 2139: 2052: 2044: 1976: 1922: 1734: 1711: 1389: 1371: 1336: 1265: 1226: 1177: 1050: 807: 559: 534: 8695: 7531: 7385: 7151: 6933: 6802: 6794: 6049: 5991:"Archaeologists Unearth Buddha Statue in Ancient Egyptian Port City" 5899:

Legeza, Laszlo (1988). "Tantric Elements in Pre-Hispanic Gold Art".

4835: 4773: 1867:

was renown as a great patron of Buddhism, attaining the title of an

1635: 9212: 9052: 9007: 8952: 8917: 8821: 8480: 8047: 8042: 7992: 7927: 7845: 7810: 7805: 7466: 7337: 7325: 7236: 6895: 6592: 6484: 4535: 4407: 4117: 4070:

Buddhism was introduced from Sri Lanka around the same time as the

4056: 4033: 4022: 4000: 3943: 3936: 3836: 3832: 3730: 3626: 3622: 3610: 3606: 3591: 3587: 3461: 3178: 3064:

The fall of the Unified Silla dynasty and the establishment of the

3000: 2993: 2960: 2940: 2812: 2718: 2586: 2562: 2452: 2436: 2369: 2299: 2276: 2201: 2177: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2128: 2076: 2060: 2056: 2033: 1840: 1793: 1785: 1770: 1754: 1719: 1716: 1682: 1644: 1584: 1533: 1346: 1236: 1231: 1216: 1080: 569: 549: 544: 424: 120: 60: 53: 42: 8037: 8027: 8012: 7835: 7705: 6973: 3879:

Another common style of Buddha images is the Shan style, from the

3529: 3248: 3126:

from around 10500 BCE to 300 BCE, to the art during the

3123: 2170: 1548:, and physical objects associated with Buddhist practice, such as 8957: 8900: 8885: 8032: 8022: 7997: 7872: 7867: 7825: 7795: 7727: 7693: 7580: 7521: 7516: 7370: 7273: 7111: 7061: 6848: 6674: 6409: 4339: 4250: 4215: 4211: 4190: 4175: 4151: 4125: 4101: 4086: 4044:

tradition, with numerous monumental statues of great virtuosity.

3855: 3820: 3687:

stone mandala. The traditions would continue to the 13th century

3672: 3595: 3563: 3446: 3413: 3287: 3283: 3216: 3189:

is said to be one of the greatest Buddhist sculptors not only in

2894: 2832: 2778: 2770: 2663: 2651: 2647: 2338:

long played the role of a meeting place between China, India and

2320: 2280: 2237: 2146:

from the 2nd through the 11th century in the Tarim Basin, modern

2132: 2120: 2048: 2029: 1766: 1588: 1545: 1399: 1107: 911: 879: 814: 249: 92: 7644: 7412: 5511:

T. Richard Blurton (1994), Hindu Art, Harvard University Press,

3602: 3537: 3023: 9037: 9022: 8858: 8720: 8700: 8475: 8137: 8017: 8007: 7942: 7570: 7526: 7511: 7501: 7471: 7395: 7278: 7046: 6918: 6662: 6657: 6284:

Religions of the Silk Road: Premodern Patterns of Globalization

4672: 4414: 4231: 3984: 3828: 3772: 3680: 3554: 3457: 3409: 3331: 3275: 3252: 3232: 3228: 3196: 3182: 3154: 3135: 3065: 2944: 2848: 2844: 2774: 2683: 2675: 2667: 2590: 2557:

art of the Gupta period. During that time, the Tang capital of

2499: 2408: 2381: 2271:

Although Islamic rule was limited tolerant of other religions "

2249: 2245: 2189: 2013: 1985: 1939: 1935: 1844: 1824: 1757:

accurately describe the travels of the explorer and ambassador

1651: 889: 819: 709: 264: 259: 254: 217: 9228: 6167: 3484:

The boy Buddha rising up from lotus. Crimson and gilded wood,

2721:. However, it was under the rule of the third Qing ruler, the 9177: 9012: 8870: 8836: 8816: 8786: 8715: 8132: 7977: 7855: 7850: 7820: 7775: 7622: 7617: 7496: 7201: 7026: 6993: 6983: 4383: 4343: 4266: 3980: 3866: 3851: 3726: 3583: 3402: 3397: 3378: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3224: 3131: 3127: 3119: 2948: 2905: 2898: 2890: 2836: 2824: 2566: 2517: 2508: 2404: 2228:

Head of Buddha, Afghanistan (probably Hadda), 5th–6th century

2193: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2005: 1868: 1784:. The three main centers of creation have been identified as 1553: 1549: 499: 68: 5791:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

3185:

influences. This art can be very varied, creative and bold.

1967:

in India are vanishingly rare, with the later phases of the

9047: 7840: 7506: 7003: 5324: 5038:. Intersections 59. Vol. 59. Brill. pp. 244–266. 4387: 4335: 4155: 4105: 3742: 3676: 2339: 2253: 2167: 2064: 6199:(Revised and Enlarged ed.). London: Bernard Quaritch. 6120:

a poster advertising one of the events is archived here –

2761:

Panorama of giant Buddhist sculptures in a section of the

2491:

Sites preserving Northern Wei dynasty Buddhist sculpture:

1692: 8705: 7241: 4253:

Sri Vijaya probably built the temple of Muara Takus, and

3725:

From the 14th century, the main factor was the spread of

3259: 2863:, carved out of a hillside in the 8th century during the 2717:, claiming to be the human embodiment of the bodhisattva 2709:

was a devotee of Chan Buddhism, while his successor, the

1769:

around 130 BCE, and the same murals describe the Emperor

1610: 6047: 5482:

Deborah E. Klimburg-Salter; Christian Luczanits (1997).

5203:

Peter N. Stearns & William Leonard Langer (2001).

4230:

temple is very graceful with serene expression, While

4104:

was established as the royal center of the kingdom of

2577:

outlawed all "foreign" religions (including Christian

1749:

Chinese historical sources and mural paintings in the

4202:

dynasty rule in Java. The bas-reliefs and statues of

3729:

to the maritime areas of Southeast Asia, overrunning

5669: 5667: 5665: 5641: 5507: 5505: 4158:

in western Indonesia were the seat of the empire of

5706:Jean Philippe Vogel; Adriaan Jacob Barnouw (1936). 5645:

Buddhist Monuments and Temples of Cambodia and Laos

4032:From the 1st to the 7th centuries, Buddhist art in 3850:Later, thousands of Buddhist temples were built at 3582:countries. Trade routes linked India with southern 2947:Kingdom officially recognized Buddhism in 384. The 2662:. The various Chinese Buddhist traditions, such as 2342:. During the 2nd century BCE, the expansion of the 6376:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1998. 6356:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1982. 6333:Sacred visions: early paintings from central Tibet 6201:Tr. from the 'Handbook' of Prof. Albert Grunwedel. 6192: 5892: 5851: 5536:, . (Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd.). 5256:"Korean Buddhist Sculpture, 5th–9th Century" 4234:temple near Borobudur, houses the giant statue of 3656:, "Buddhism collapsed as a major force in India". 3445:Chinese influence was predominant in the north of 3258:From the 12th and 13th, a further development was 2868:for enshrinement in Buddhist temples and shrines. 6521: 6479:(4: New Approaches to South Asian Art): 401–408. 6410:Leidy, Denise Patry & Strahan, Donna (2010). 6278: 5937: 5662: 5613: 5502: 5328:Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture 4174:dated 778, mentioned about the construction of a 2283:regime. The Buddhas of Bamyan, the sculptures of 1988:bear the stamp of Tibetan and Chinese influence. 1851:After the overthrow of the Mauryan Empire by the 9637: 5591: 3449:(Tonkin) between the 1st and 9th centuries, and 2000:was established from the 1st century CE through 1839:Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the 6186: 5875:"Art Exhibit: Philippines' 'Gold of Ancestors'" 3609:languages and the Indian script, together with 2589:) in order to support the indigenous religion, 2372:) in particular has revealed an extremely rich 6430: 5712:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 90–92. 5673: 3967:walled city, adorned with the smiling face of 3663:Buddhist art were developed and flourished in 3516:dynasties, currently on display at the French 2256:, display very strong blending of Indian post- 1819:, conquered the Macedonian satraps during the 1560:. Buddhist art originated in the north of the 9244: 6571: 6518:. Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd. 6503:. Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd. 6243: 6223: 5903:. Vol. 18, no. 4. pp. 129–133. 5369: 5180: 5178: 4116:. Other Buddhist temples in Bangkok includes 3266:, following the introduction of the faith by 1506: 734: 7353:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 6528:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 6437:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 6416:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 6336:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 6329: 5989:Magazine, Smithsonian; Parker, Christopher. 5866: 5403: 5036:Domestic Devotions in the Early Modern World 4420: 2523: 6122:http://www.nbo.org.uk/whats%20on/poster.pdf 5766:. Virtual Collections of Asian Masterpieces 5732: 3456:In the south thrived the former kingdom of 2138:Central Asian missionary efforts along the 9251: 9237: 6578: 6564: 6470: 6454:Past Worlds: The Times Atlas of Archeology 6050:"Berenike 2019: Report on the Excavations" 5988: 5175: 4807:. Cavendish Square Publishing. p. 66. 3157:, the Golden Hall of the Horyuji, and the 2919: 2904:, belt buckles, daggers, and comma-shaped 1513: 1499: 741: 727: 6395:(5th ed.). New York: Prentice Hall. 6248:. Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications. 6228:. Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications. 5274: 4921: 4623: 1979:sculptures of Mathura evolved during the 1942:, the wheel on the palm, the lotus seat. 16:Artistic practices influenced by Buddhism 6133: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5976: 4817: 4669:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion 4353: 4316: 4089:, and on occasion enriched with inlays. 4008: 3926: 3752: 3737:, and most of the islands as far as the 3536: 3528: 3524: 3377: 3022: 2992:, a half-seated contemplative statue of 2959: 2923: 2595: 2527: 2319: 2223: 2075: 2071: 1823:of 305–303 BCE. Chandragupta's grandson 1710: 1634: 8540:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 6525:China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200–750 AD 6522:Watt, James C. Y.; et al. (2004). 6310: 6204: 6193:Gibson, Agnes C.; Jas. Burgess (1901). 5857: 5709:Buddhist Art in India, Ceylon, and Java 5470:Buddhist Statues at the Sanjūsangen-dō. 5318: 5066: 4864: 3714:, and was adopted by the newly founded 2622:, which continued under the successive 2150:. Serindian art often derives from the 1693:Iconic phase (1st century CE – present) 9638: 8743:List of Buddhist architecture in China 6451: 6139: 6025: 6023: 5898: 5784: 5739:Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddhas 5363: 5325:Fletcher, B.; Cruickshank, D. (1996). 5296: 4994: 4802: 4685:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.638 4577:Physical characteristics of the Buddha 2620:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 2534:Tejaprabhā Buddha and the Five Planets 1878:Gandharan Buddhist sculpture displays 1611:Pre-iconic phase (5th–1st century BCE) 9232: 6559: 6166:. dharmaarts.ning.com. Archived from 6070: 6007: 5973: 5872: 5831: 4753: 4701:from the original on 19 February 2019 4442:The Network of Buddhist Organisations 4437:in his multi-media "Time is Memory". 3492:dynasties, Vietnam, 14th–15th century 3118:Before the introduction of Buddhism, 3003:Temple in the Baekje Kingdom and the 2478: 2212:, bodhisattvas, and heavenly beings ( 2188:ideal of the release from suffering ( 1596:detailed scenes in relief of his life 6156: 5677:Thai Buddhist Art: Discover Thai Art 5565: 5407:Indian Influence on the Art of Japan 5331:. Architectural Press. p. 716. 5304:"Japanese Art and Its Korean Secret" 5033: 4759: 4662: 4522:Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film 4059:pantheon with multiple creations of 2694:(1368–1644) dynasties well into the 37:Representation of the Buddha in the 6390: 6020: 5945:"Early Buddhism in the Philippines" 5756: 5539: 4903: 4611:. Buddhist Art News. 23 August 2010 3468:remain an abundant minority across 3363: 3134:periods, with developments such as 2939:to officially receive Buddhism was 2260:mannerism and Classical influence, 1685:are said to be even older than the 13: 8530:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 6330:Kossak, S.M.; et al. (1998). 6272: 4269:rulers of India, then followed by 2360:The eastern part of Central Asia ( 2316:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 2107:into the Chinese territory of the 2097:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 2088:(960–1279 CE), in the position of 192:Decline in the Indian subcontinent 187:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 14: 9672: 6543: 5575:. seasite.niu.edu. Archived from 5549:. seasite.niu.edu. Archived from 4663:Acri, Andrea (20 December 2018). 4656: 4653:Frontline Magazine 13–26 May 1989 4463:Buddha and the gospel of Buddhism 4146:Like the rest of Southeast Asia, 3895:A Mandalay-style statue of Buddha 3771:, the son of the Mauryan Emperor 3262:art, and it faces golden days in 3079: 3059: 2910:characteristic "barbarian" luxury 2548:Following a transition under the 2483:In the 5th to 6th centuries, the 2047:Buddhism dominated, went through 1815:(r. 321–298 BCE), founder of the 1568:from the 6th to 5th century BCE. 9619: 9610: 9609: 9211: 9201: 9200: 8758:Thai temple art and architecture 8503:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 6743:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 6609: 6596: 6586: 6286:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 6226:Buddhist Sculptures of Sri Lanka 6111:The Brooklyn Rail, December 2007 5873:Zafra, Jessica (26 April 2008). 5809:from the original on 30 May 2019 5573:"The Post Pagan Period – Part 3" 5547:"The Post Pagan Period – Part 1" 5530:Buddhist Sculptures of Sri Lanka 5262:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art 5245:Grayson (2002), pp. 27 & 33. 5227:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art 5154:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art 4470: 4450: 4293: 4278: 3900: 3888: 3533:A Cambodian Buddha, 14th century 3497: 3477: 3343: 3323: 3303: 3018: 2750: 2460: 2455:statue Northern Wei, 512 CE 2444: 2424: 1911: 1892: 708: 127: 85: 52: 30: 9258: 6610: 6456:. London: Times Books Limited. 6311:Jarrige, Jean-François (2001). 6205:Grayson, James Huntley (2002). 6114: 6105: 6096: 6087: 6064: 6041: 6001: 5955: 5907: 5825: 5778: 5726: 5635: 5522: 5475: 5463: 5451: 5439: 5424: 5397: 5376:. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 33. 5352: 5248: 5239: 5196: 5187: 5166: 5140: 5131: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5095: 5060: 5027: 4988: 4967: 4946: 4897: 4858: 4811: 4641:, pp. 113–116, 160–162, 191–192 3031:sits on the first floor of the 2700:Water and Land Ritual paintings 2571:Japanese missions to Tang China 2293: 9577:British Indian Ocean Territory 8748:Japanese Buddhist architecture 8550:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 7630:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 6821:Places where the Buddha stayed 6506:von Schroeder, Ulrich (2001). 6499:von Schroeder, Ulrich (1981). 6244:von Schroeder, Ulrich (1992). 6224:von Schroeder, Ulrich (1990). 4796: 4736: 4727: 4713: 4644: 4601: 4429:, in his video installations, 4397:. It attests to the extent of 4349: 4312: 4302:Prajñāpāramitā from Singhasari 3200:(Buddhist sculptor) in Japan. 2604:Water and Land ritual painting 2219: 2162:, combining Indian, Greek and 1880:Hellenistic artistic influence 1: 8763:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 6240:(752 p.; 1620 illustrations.) 5642:W. Vivian De Thabrew (2014). 5528:von Schroeder, Ulrich. 1990. 5073:. Institut Monumenta Serica. 5067:Ursula., Toyka-Fuong (2014). 4582:Relics associated with Buddha 4461:. Illustration from the book 3963:, a Buddhist king that built 3760:, 5th century, technically a 1960:for subsequent Buddhist art. 1918:Over life-size figure of the 1804:, in central northern India. 96: 95:of Shakyamuni Buddha, Tibet, 72: 8520:Buddhism and the Roman world 8496:Decline of Buddhism in India 8491:History of Buddhism in India 6591: Topics in 6508:Buddhist Sculptures in Tibet 6393:A History of Far Eastern Art 6187:General and cited references 5648:. Author House. p. 33. 5222:"Korea, 500–1000 A.D." 4910:The Medieval History Journal 4871:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 4818:Sørensen, Henrik H. (1995). 4633:, Harvard University Press, 4594: 4325:from Agusan del sur, now in 4135: 3831:, before the schism between 3748: 3698:Empire to the south and the 3541:The statue of Dhyani Buddha 2552:, Buddhist sculpture of the 1790:North West Frontier Province 1715:Buddhist expansion in Asia: 1672:Mara's assault on the Buddha 1658:. This period may have been 1558:Buddhist temple architecture 1538:depictions of Gautama Buddha 390:Buddhist Paths to liberation 7: 7718:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 7458: 6452:Scarre, Chris, ed. (1991). 5949:Buddhism in the Philippines 4629:T. Richard Blurton (1994), 4516:Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta 4488: 3994: 3912: 3691:Buddhist art of East Java. 3659:By the 8th to 9th century, 3570:, an unvanquished enemy of 3419:In 10th to 11th centuries, 1532:produced in the context of 10: 9677: 8668:The unanswerable questions 6552:(archived 30 January 2010) 6207:Korea: A Religious History 6008:Jarus, Owen (2 May 2023). 5373:Korea: A Religious History 5207:. Houghton Mifflin Books. 4139: 3998: 3916: 3814: 3434: 3430: 3367: 3338:, 1254. National Treasure. 3099: 2875: 2399:Chinese Buddhist sculpture 2396: 2297: 1696: 1620: 1614: 1605: 9605: 9564: 9524: 9266: 9196: 9148: 9063: 8978: 8753:Buddhist temples in Korea 8676: 8578: 8461: 8158: 8086: 7913: 7786: 7726: 7361: 7316:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 7227: 7219:Three planes of existence 7167: 7012: 6904: 6834: 6826:Buddha in world religions 6688: 6633: 6605: 5838:Google Arts & Culture 5785:Orlina, Roderick (2012). 5458:Kotobank, Sanjūsangen-dō. 4973:Ortiz, Valérie Malenfer; 4421:Contemporary Buddhist art 4128:with its famous image of 4005:Buddha images in Thailand 3392:started as a movement in 3318:(734). National Treasure. 3278:) and poetry (especially 3153:, including a five-story 2914:Arts asiatiques – Guimet' 2882:Korean Buddhist sculpture 2802: 2612:of the Eight Wisdom Kings 2524:Tang dynasty—Qing dynasty 9326:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 8535:Persecution of Buddhists 7756:Four stages of awakening 7137:Three marks of existence 6723:Physical characteristics 6144:. fwbo-news.blogspot.com 5834:"Agusan Gold Vajralasya" 5410:. Northern Book Centre. 5260:Timeline of Arts History 5225:Timeline of Arts History 5119:Berger 1994, pp. 114–118 4923:10.1177/0971945818806991 4904:Lin, Hang (1 May 2019). 3095: 3052:epitome of which is the 3033:National Museum of Korea 2871: 2670:, experienced revivals. 2392: 2158:district of what is now 1542:Buddhas and bodhisattvas 9587:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 7898:Ten principal disciples 6781:(aunt, adoptive mother) 6431:Lerner, Martin (1984). 6313:Arts asiatiques- Guimet 5674:Dawn F. Rooney (2016). 4865:Solonin, K. J. (2013). 4677:Oxford University Press 4609:"What is Buddhist Art?" 4066:From the 13th century, 3586:, central and southern 2937:Three Kingdoms of Korea 2920:Three Kingdoms of Korea 2765:, including statues of 2244:. Other sculptures, in 1906:, end of 1st century CE 410:Philosophical reasoning 8608:Buddhism and democracy 8121:Tibetan Buddhist canon 8116:Chinese Buddhist canon 7348:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 7343:Early Buddhist schools 6127:24 August 2005 at the 5623:. buddhaartgallery.com 5621:"buddhaartgallery.com" 5601:. buddhaartgallery.com 5599:"buddhaartgallery.com" 5370:Grayson, J.H. (2002). 5193:Grayson (2002), p. 24. 5184:Grayson (2002), p. 25. 5172:Grayson (2002), p. 21. 5054:10.1163/j.ctvrzgvxg.19 4995:Cahill, James (1997). 4803:Miller, Derek (2018). 4457:The Final Release, by 4369: 4330: 4259:Prajnaparamita of Java 4092:The ensuing period of 4025: 3959:with the patronage of 3946:was the center of the 3940: 3764: 3558: 3534: 3386: 3350:Scroll calligraphy of 3076:which was done twice. 3036: 2976: 2932: 2789:. Dates mostly to the 2615: 2545: 2348:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 2332: 2229: 2204:, ultimate knowledge ( 2092: 1849: 1746: 1647: 935:Art of the Middle East 177:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 8618:Eight Consciousnesses 6728:Life of Buddha in art 6391:Lee, Sherman (2003). 6196:Buddhist Art in India 5742:. Tuttle Publishing. 5446:Kotobank, Kei school. 5404:Sampa Biswas (2010). 5001:Archives of Asian Art 4956:, Random House 2008, 4556:Mahaparinibbana Sutta 4500:Buddhist architecture 4357: 4320: 4142:Buddhism in Indonesia 4051:art in the north and 4012: 3999:Further information: 3930: 3917:Further information: 3819:A neighbor of India, 3758:Avukana Buddha statue 3756: 3540: 3532: 3525:Southern Buddhist art 3385:, 18th century, Tibet 3381: 3102:Buddhist art in Japan 3026: 2963: 2927: 2599: 2531: 2323: 2227: 2196:, and emphasizes the 2079: 2072:Northern Buddhist art 1859:and subsequently the 1837: 1714: 1697:Further information: 1638: 1621:Further information: 1617:Aniconism in Buddhism 1058:Art of Southeast Asia 765:Periods and movements 445:Aids to Enlightenment 270:Dependent Origination 9501:United Arab Emirates 9095:East Asian religions 8525:Buddhism in the West 8096:Early Buddhist texts 7711:Four Right Exertions 7177:Ten spiritual realms 6670:Noble Eightfold Path 6501:Indo-Tibetan Bronzes 6102:ARTlines, April 1983 5995:Smithsonian Magazine 5915:"History of Palawan" 4527:Early Buddhist Texts 4459:Abanindranath Tagore 4445:artists was formed. 4433:, in sculpture, and 4399:Indo-Roman relations 4098:Rattanakosin Kingdom 3739:Southern Philippines 3286:tea ceremony or the 3029:Gyeongcheonsa Pagoda 2416:Chinese Buddhist Art 2403:Buddhism arrived in 2331:, Tumshuq (Xinjiang) 1821:Seleucid-Mauryan War 415:Devotional practices 238:Noble Eightfold Path 9528:limited recognition 9218:Religion portal 8965:Temple of the Tooth 8844:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 7883:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 7376:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 7159:Two truths doctrine 6979:Mahapajapati Gotamī 6779:Mahapajapati Gotamī 6071:Kaper, O.E (2021). 5579:on 24 February 2015 5128:Berger 1994, p. 114 5110:Berger 1994, p. 113 4665:"Maritime Buddhism" 4567:Meditation Attitude 4562:Māravijaya Attitude 4172:Kalasan inscription 3504:The thousand-armed 3437:Buddhism in Vietnam 3405:, and Chinese art. 2969:World Heritage Site 2861:Leshan Giant Buddha 2787:Four Heavenly Kings 2652:Bodhisattva Guanyin 2614:, in Baoning Temple 2036:Buddhism prevailed. 1813:Chandragupta Maurya 1809:Alexander the Great 1741:. The overland and 1643:, 1st century BCE, 1562:Indian subcontinent 1244:Art of the Americas 983:Art of Central Asia 715:Buddhism portal 588:Buddhism by country 350:Sanskrit literature 100: 18th century 9140:Western philosophy 8738:Dzong architecture 8560:Vipassana movement 8555:Buddhist modernism 7983:Emperor Wen of Sui 7751:Pratyekabuddhayāna 7684:Threefold Training 7486:Vipassana movement 7202:Hungry Ghost realm 7022:Avidyā (Ignorance) 6969:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 6718:Great Renunciation 6713:Eight Great Events 6595: 6170:on 10 October 2010 5951:. 8 November 2014. 5925:on 15 January 2009 5820:Vajradhātumaṇḍala. 5553:on 6 December 2008 5460:The Asahi Shimbun. 5448:The Asahi Shimbun. 4588:Samaññaphala Sutta 4572:Naga Prok Attitude 4541:Great Renunciation 4510:Buddhist symbolism 4370: 4331: 4304:, East Java, on a 4124:style towers, and 4026: 4019:Sukhothai Province 3941: 3765: 3559: 3535: 3508:was carved in the 3387: 3213:Kamakura shogunate 3106:Japanese sculpture 3037: 2981:Southern dynasties 2977: 2933: 2853:Dazu Rock Carvings 2851:province, and the 2735:Xumi Fushou Temple 2644:Dazu Rock Carvings 2616: 2546: 2485:Northern dynasties 2479:Northern dynasties 2333: 2327:, 6th–7th century 2230: 2152:Greco-Buddhist art 2093: 1873:Pushyamitra Shunga 1800:and the region of 1747: 1703:Greco-Buddhist art 1656:Buddhist symbolism 1648: 1623:Buddhist symbolism 1566:Siddhartha Gautama 870:Post-Impressionism 202:Buddhist modernism 39:Greco-Buddhist art 9633: 9632: 9570:other territories 9226: 9225: 8864:Om mani padme hum 8570:Women in Buddhism 8486:Buddhist councils 8356:Western countries 8144:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 7905:Shaolin Monastery 7482:Samatha-vipassanā 7092:Pratītyasamutpāda 6896:Metteyya/Maitreya 6814: 6806: 6798: 6790: 6782: 6774: 6766: 6643:Four Noble Truths 6516:Tibet & China 6512:India & Nepal 6293:978-0-230-62125-1 6280:Foltz, Richard C. 6209:. UK: Routledge. 5862:. pp. 54–60. 5832:Weinstein, John. 5434:The Asahi Shimbun 5306:. www2.kenyon.edu 5080:978-3-8050-0617-0 5045:978-90-04-34254-5 4983:978-90-04-11011-3 4962:978-1-84595-010-1 4368:, Egypt, in 2022. 3791:around 89 BCE by 3789:Abhayagiri Vihāra 3640:then the Burmese 3576:Mediterranean Sea 3394:Mahayana Buddhism 3110:Buddhism in Japan 3074:Tripitaka Koreana 3011:(Asuka-dera) and 2971:and dates to the 2935:The first of the 2878:Buddhism in Korea 2362:Chinese Turkestan 2308:Kingdom of Khotan 2264:or possibly even 2242:Buddhas of Bamyan 2080:A Chinese wooden 1965:Buddhist painting 1963:Remains of early 1811:in 332 BCE. 1699:Amaravati Marbles 1631:Pillars of Ashoka 1523: 1522: 1033:Art of South Asia 751: 750: 233:Four Noble Truths 9668: 9661:Buddhist culture 9623: 9613: 9612: 9582:Christmas Island 9268:Sovereign states 9253: 9246: 9239: 9230: 9229: 9216: 9215: 9204: 9203: 9043:Sacred languages 8891:Maya Devi Temple 8854:Mahabodhi Temple 8658:Secular Buddhism 8623:Engaged Buddhism 7463: 7311:Tibetan Buddhism 7262:Vietnamese Thiền 6861:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 6812: 6804: 6796: 6788: 6780: 6772: 6764: 6613: 6612: 6600: 6590: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6557: 6556: 6539: 6496: 6467: 6448: 6427: 6406: 6387: 6367: 6347: 6326: 6297: 6267: 6239: 6220: 6200: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6137: 6131: 6118: 6112: 6109: 6103: 6100: 6094: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6037:. 28 April 2023. 6027: 6018: 6017: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5986: 5971: 5970: 5969:. 20 April 2023. 5959: 5953: 5952: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5921:. Archived from 5911: 5905: 5904: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5844:on 1 June 2019. 5840:. Archived from 5829: 5823: 5822: 5816: 5814: 5797:(1–2): 165–166. 5782: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5764:"Prajnaparamita" 5760: 5754: 5753: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5703: 5692: 5691: 5671: 5660: 5659: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5543: 5537: 5526: 5520: 5509: 5500: 5499: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5431:Kotobank, Jōchō. 5428: 5422: 5421: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5367: 5361: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5218: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5173: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5144: 5138: 5135: 5129: 5126: 5120: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5102: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5031: 5025: 5024: 4992: 4986: 4971: 4965: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4925: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4830:(3/4): 281–302. 4815: 4809: 4808: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4757: 4751: 4740: 4734: 4731: 4725: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4605: 4480:in contemporary 4474: 4454: 4364:, discovered in 4297: 4282: 4178:for the goddess 4130:Reclining Buddha 4112:which hosts the 3904: 3892: 3874:Konbaung dynasty 3785:Devānampiyatissa 3501: 3481: 3425:Himachal Pradesh 3390:Tantric Buddhism 3364:Tibet and Bhutan 3347: 3330:Senju Kannon by 3327: 3307: 3264:Muromachi Period 3211:established the 2965:Seokguram Grotto 2911: 2841:Yungang Grottoes 2829:Longmen Grottoes 2783:Mahasthamaprapta 2763:Longmen Grottoes 2754: 2743:Qianlong Emperor 2739:Qianlong Emperor 2727:Qianlong Emperor 2723:Qianlong Emperor 2715:Tibetan Buddhism 2690:(1271–1368) and 2680:Neo-Confucianism 2542: 2505:Longmen Grottoes 2496:Yungang Grottoes 2464: 2448: 2428: 2232:Buddhist art in 1915: 1904:Northern Satraps 1896: 1833:edicts of Ashoka 1679:Mahabodhi Temple 1668:Amaravati School 1515: 1508: 1501: 991:Art of East Asia 753: 752: 743: 736: 729: 713: 712: 440:Sublime abidings 131: 108: 107: 101: 98: 89: 77: 74: 65:Kathmandu Valley 56: 45:, 1st century CE 34: 9676: 9675: 9671: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9666: 9665: 9636: 9635: 9634: 9629: 9601: 9569: 9560: 9541:Northern Cyprus 9527: 9520: 9262: 9257: 9227: 9222: 9210: 9192: 9144: 9059: 8974: 8711:Ordination hall 8672: 8574: 8545:Buddhist crisis 8457: 8154: 8106:Mahayana sutras 8082: 8078:Thích Nhất Hạnh 7909: 7782: 7722: 7672:Bodhisattva vow 7357: 7223: 7163: 7122:Taṇhā (Craving) 7057:Five hindrances 7008: 6900: 6830: 6684: 6629: 6601: 6584: 6546: 6536: 6464: 6445: 6424: 6403: 6384: 6370: 6364: 6350: 6344: 6323: 6303:'s writings in 6294: 6275: 6273:Further reading 6256: 6236: 6217: 6189: 6184: 6183: 6173: 6171: 6162: 6161: 6157: 6147: 6145: 6138: 6134: 6129:Wayback Machine 6119: 6115: 6110: 6106: 6101: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6069: 6065: 6046: 6042: 6029: 6028: 6021: 6014:livescience.com 6006: 6002: 5987: 5974: 5967:New York Review 5961: 5960: 5956: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5926: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5897: 5893: 5883: 5881: 5871: 5867: 5856: 5852: 5830: 5826: 5812: 5810: 5783: 5779: 5769: 5767: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5704: 5695: 5688: 5680:. River Books. 5672: 5663: 5656: 5640: 5636: 5626: 5624: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5604: 5602: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5582: 5580: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5527: 5523: 5510: 5503: 5496: 5480: 5476: 5472:Sanjūsangen-dō. 5468: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5402: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5287: 5285: 5284:. metmuseum.org 5280: 5279: 5275: 5265: 5263: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5240: 5230: 5228: 5220: 5215: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5176: 5171: 5167: 5157: 5155: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5081: 5065: 5061: 5046: 5032: 5028: 4993: 4989: 4972: 4968: 4951: 4947: 4902: 4898: 4863: 4859: 4836:10.2307/3249752 4816: 4812: 4801: 4797: 4774:10.2307/3249969 4758: 4754: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4728: 4721:Rock Edict Nb13 4718: 4714: 4704: 4702: 4695: 4661: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4628: 4624: 4614: 4612: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4491: 4484: 4475: 4466: 4455: 4423: 4375:Berenike Buddha 4361:Berenike Buddha 4352: 4315: 4308: 4298: 4289: 4283: 4144: 4138: 4007: 3997: 3971:in Angkor Thom 3925: 3923:Khmer sculpture 3915: 3908: 3905: 3896: 3893: 3817: 3751: 3665:Mataram Kingdom 3654:Richard Blurton 3580:Southeast Asian 3527: 3520: 3502: 3493: 3482: 3443: 3433: 3376: 3368:Main articles: 3366: 3359: 3348: 3339: 3328: 3319: 3308: 3205:Kamakura period 3116: 3098: 3082: 3062: 3027:The Goryeo era 3021: 2922: 2909: 2888: 2874: 2817:Bingling Temple 2805: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2760: 2755: 2707:Shunzhi Emperor 2656:Longxing Temple 2536: 2526: 2514:Bingling Temple 2481: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2471: 2465: 2456: 2449: 2440: 2429: 2418: 2417: 2401: 2395: 2318: 2296: 2222: 2202:Six Perfections 2074: 1930: 1916: 1907: 1897: 1887:leaf ornament. 1709: 1695: 1633: 1619: 1613: 1608: 1519: 1490: 1489: 1438: 1430: 1429: 1385: 1377: 1376: 1310: 1300: 1299: 1128: 1061: 1036: 994: 986: 937: 932: 924: 923: 845:Pre-Raphaelites 766: 747: 707: 700: 699: 590: 580: 579: 530: 520: 519: 485: 475: 474: 380: 370: 369: 340:Mahayana Sutras 320: 310: 309: 250:Five Aggregates 228: 227: 207: 206: 197:Later Buddhists 162: 106: 105: 104: 103: 102: 99: 90: 81: 80: 79: 75: 57: 48: 47: 46: 35: 26: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9674: 9664: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9631: 9630: 9628: 9627: 9617: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9600: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9573: 9571: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9532: 9530: 9522: 9521: 9519: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9272: 9270: 9264: 9263: 9256: 9255: 9248: 9241: 9233: 9224: 9223: 9221: 9220: 9208: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9154: 9152: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9091: 9090: 9085: 9075: 9069: 9067: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9057: 9056: 9055: 9050: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8984: 8982: 8976: 8975: 8973: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8961: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8909: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8867: 8866: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8840: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8778: 8777: 8775:Greco-Buddhist 8767: 8766: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8729: 8728: 8726:Burmese pagoda 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8682: 8680: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8584: 8582: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8508:Greco-Buddhism 8505: 8500: 8499: 8498: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8467: 8465: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8455: 8454: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8441:United Kingdom 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8386:Czech Republic 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8353: 8352: 8351: 8346: 8336: 8335: 8334: 8324: 8323: 8322: 8317: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8265: 8260: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8164: 8162: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8152: 8150:Abhidharmadīpa 8147: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8092: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8068:B. R. Ambedkar 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7988:Songtsen Gampo 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7919: 7917: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7907: 7902: 7901: 7900: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7864: 7863: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7792: 7790: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7780: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7732: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7703: 7702: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7681: 7680: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7667:Eight precepts 7664: 7654: 7653: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7627: 7626: 7625: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7604: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7562: 7561: 7556: 7546: 7541: 7540: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7455: 7445: 7440: 7438:Five Strengths 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7378: 7373: 7367: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7233: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7179: 7173: 7171: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7161: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7077:Mental factors 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7018: 7016: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6929:Mahamoggallāna 6926: 6921: 6916: 6910: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6844:Avalokiteśvara 6840: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6808: 6800: 6792: 6784: 6776: 6768: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6694: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6645: 6639: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6583: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6545: 6544:External links 6542: 6541: 6540: 6534: 6519: 6504: 6497: 6485:10.2307/777142 6468: 6462: 6449: 6443: 6428: 6423:978-1588393999 6422: 6407: 6401: 6388: 6382: 6368: 6363:978-0870993008 6362: 6348: 6343:978-0870998614 6342: 6327: 6321: 6308: 6298: 6292: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6254: 6241: 6234: 6221: 6215: 6202: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6155: 6132: 6113: 6104: 6095: 6086: 6063: 6040: 6019: 6000: 5972: 5954: 5936: 5906: 5891: 5865: 5850: 5824: 5777: 5755: 5749:978-1462909100 5748: 5725: 5719:978-8120612259 5718: 5693: 5687:978-6167339696 5686: 5661: 5655:978-1496998972 5654: 5634: 5612: 5590: 5564: 5538: 5521: 5517:978-0674391895 5501: 5494: 5474: 5462: 5450: 5438: 5423: 5417:978-8172112691 5416: 5396: 5383:978-0700716050 5382: 5362: 5351: 5338:978-0750622677 5337: 5317: 5295: 5273: 5247: 5238: 5213: 5195: 5186: 5174: 5165: 5139: 5130: 5121: 5112: 5103: 5094: 5079: 5059: 5044: 5026: 4987: 4977:, Brill 1999, 4966: 4952:Cotterell, A; 4945: 4896: 4857: 4810: 4795: 4768:(2): 111–113. 4752: 4749:978-1598840780 4735: 4726: 4712: 4693: 4655: 4643: 4639:978-0674391895 4622: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4552: 4550:Leela Attitude 4547: 4538: 4532:Gautama Buddha 4529: 4524: 4519: 4512: 4507: 4505:Buddhist music 4502: 4497: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4482:Vietnamese art 4476: 4469: 4467: 4456: 4449: 4422: 4419: 4351: 4348: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4300:The statue of 4299: 4292: 4290: 4284: 4277: 4240:Avalokitesvara 4137: 4134: 4114:Emerald Buddha 3996: 3993: 3961:Jayavarman VII 3939:, 12th century 3914: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3906: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3887: 3816: 3813: 3750: 3747: 3745:and Cambodia. 3566:empire in the 3547:Avalokitesvara 3526: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3503: 3496: 3494: 3483: 3476: 3470:Southeast Asia 3441:Vietnamese art 3432: 3429: 3421:Tabo Monastery 3365: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3358:(1686 to 1769) 3349: 3342: 3340: 3336:Sanjūsangen-dō 3329: 3322: 3320: 3309: 3302: 3241:Sanjūsangen-dō 3097: 3094: 3086:Joseon dynasty 3081: 3080:Joseon dynasty 3078: 3061: 3060:Goryeo dynasty 3058: 3020: 3017: 2921: 2918: 2873: 2870: 2839:province, the 2827:province, the 2804: 2801: 2793:(386–534) and 2757: 2756: 2749: 2748: 2747: 2711:Kangxi Emperor 2583:Zoroastrianism 2525: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2511: 2502: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2466: 2459: 2457: 2450: 2443: 2441: 2430: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2394: 2391: 2378:wall paintings 2295: 2292: 2221: 2218: 2206:Prajñāpāramitā 2186:Early Buddhist 2119:, were either 2073: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2041:Southern route 2037: 1998:Northern route 1951:Greco-Buddhist 1932: 1931: 1917: 1910: 1908: 1900:Mathura school 1898: 1891: 1857:Greco-Bactrian 1817:Mauryan Empire 1782:Bimaran casket 1778:Northern India 1727:Chinese Empire 1694: 1691: 1615:Main article: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1581:Southeast Asia 1536:. It includes 1521: 1520: 1518: 1517: 1510: 1503: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1450: 1445: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1317: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1273:Art of Oceania 1269: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1054: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1006: 979: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 933: 930: 929: 926: 925: 922: 921: 920: 919: 914: 909: 904: 894: 893: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 811: 810: 800: 799: 798: 793: 788: 786:Pre-Romanesque 778: 773: 767: 764: 763: 760: 759: 757:History of art 749: 748: 746: 745: 738: 731: 723: 720: 719: 718: 717: 702: 701: 698: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 591: 586: 585: 582: 581: 578: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 531: 526: 525: 522: 521: 518: 517: 512: 507: 505:Pratyekabuddha 502: 497: 492: 486: 481: 480: 477: 476: 473: 472: 467: 462: 460:Buddhist chant 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 381: 376: 375: 372: 371: 368: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 321: 318:Buddhist texts 316: 315: 312: 311: 308: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 246: 245: 235: 229: 226: 225: 220: 214: 213: 212: 209: 208: 205: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 163: 158: 157: 154: 153: 152: 151: 146: 141: 133: 132: 124: 123: 117: 116: 91: 84: 83: 82: 58: 51: 50: 49: 36: 29: 28: 27: 23: 22: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9673: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9616: 9608: 9607: 9604: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9574: 9572: 9567: 9563: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9551:South Ossetia 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9533: 9531: 9529: 9523: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9254: 9249: 9247: 9242: 9240: 9235: 9234: 9231: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9207: 9199: 9198: 9195: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9147: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9080: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9062: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8980:Miscellaneous 8977: 8971: 8970:Vegetarianism 8968: 8966: 8963: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8935: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8792:Buddha in art 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8771: 8768: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8675: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8581: 8577: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8514: 8511: 8510: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8460: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8446:United States 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8357: 8354: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8340: 8337: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8328: 8325: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8273: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8161: 8157: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8145: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8128: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8085: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8003:Padmasambhava 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7915:Major figures 7912: 7906: 7903: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7862: 7861:Western tulku 7859: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7785: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7725: 7719: 7716: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7704: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7685: 7682: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7662:Five precepts 7660: 7659: 7658: 7655: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7640:Dhamma vicaya 7638: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7631: 7628: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7487: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7408:Buddhābhiṣeka 7406: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7360: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7304: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7220: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7160: 7157: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7052:Enlightenment 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7042:Dhamma theory 7040: 7038: 7037:Buddha-nature 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6903: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6876:Samantabhadra 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6833: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6807: 6801: 6799: 6793: 6791: 6785: 6783: 6777: 6775: 6769: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6687: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6608: 6607: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6581: 6576: 6574: 6569: 6567: 6562: 6561: 6558: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6537: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6469: 6465: 6463:0-7230-0306-8 6459: 6455: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6436: 6435: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6408: 6404: 6402:0-13-183366-9 6398: 6394: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6375: 6374: 6373:Arts of Korea 6369: 6365: 6359: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6328: 6324: 6322:2-7118-3897-8 6318: 6314: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6255:9789627049067 6251: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6235:962-7049-05-0 6231: 6227: 6222: 6218: 6216:0-7007-1605-X 6212: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6143: 6136: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6117: 6108: 6099: 6090: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6055: 6051: 6044: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6024: 6015: 6011: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5902: 5895: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5765: 5759: 5751: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5729: 5721: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5689: 5683: 5679: 5678: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5657: 5651: 5647: 5646: 5638: 5622: 5616: 5600: 5594: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5506: 5497: 5495:9788881182091 5491: 5487: 5486: 5478: 5471: 5466: 5459: 5454: 5447: 5442: 5435: 5432: 5427: 5419: 5413: 5409: 5408: 5400: 5385: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5366: 5360: 5359:metmuseum.org 5355: 5340: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5321: 5305: 5299: 5283: 5277: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5242: 5226: 5223: 5216: 5214:0-395-65237-5 5210: 5206: 5199: 5190: 5181: 5179: 5169: 5153: 5152:Arts of Korea 5149: 5143: 5134: 5125: 5116: 5107: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4824:Artibus Asiae 4821: 4814: 4806: 4805:The Silk Road 4799: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4762:Artibus Asiae 4756: 4750: 4746: 4739: 4730: 4724:(S. Dhammika) 4723: 4722: 4716: 4700: 4696: 4694:9780199340378 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4652: 4647: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4418: 4416: 4411: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4367: 4363: 4362: 4356: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4291: 4288: 4281: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4110:Wat Phra Kaew 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4013:Phra Atchana 4011: 4006: 4002: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3903: 3898: 3891: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3877: 3875: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3846: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3597: 3594:and southern 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3531: 3519: 3518:Guimet Museum 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3374:Bhutanese art 3371: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3310:The Asura in 3306: 3301: 3300: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3209:Minamoto clan 3206: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3041:Unified Silla 3034: 3030: 3025: 3019:Unified Silla 3016: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2990:Bangasayusang 2987: 2982: 2974: 2973:Unified Silla 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2929:Bangasayusang 2926: 2917: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2753: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2731:Yonghe Temple 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2672:Chan Buddhism 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2470: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2442: 2439:, 443 CE 2438: 2434: 2427: 2422: 2421: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2400: 2390: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2374:Serindian art 2371: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2326: 2325:Serindian art 2322: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2226: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2144:Serindian art 2141: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2105:Kushan Empire 2102: 2098: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1929:, 5th century 1928: 1924: 1921: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1895: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1871:. Meanwhile, 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853:Shunga Empire 1848: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1723:first entered 1721: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1646: 1642: 1639:Footprint of 1637: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1618: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1497: 1496: 1494: 1493: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1304: 1303: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1251:Pre-Columbian 1249: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1210:Art of Africa 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1127: 1126: 1125:Art of Europe 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1060: 1059: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1035: 1034: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 995: 993: 992: 987: 985: 984: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 966:South Arabian 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 938: 936: 928: 927: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 907:Conceptualism 905: 903: 900: 899: 898: 895: 891: 888: 886: 885:Expressionism 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 855:Impressionism 853: 852: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 825:Neoclassicism 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 809: 806: 805: 804: 801: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 783: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 768: 762: 761: 758: 755: 754: 744: 739: 737: 732: 730: 725: 724: 722: 721: 716: 711: 706: 705: 704: 703: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 592: 589: 584: 583: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 532: 529: 524: 523: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 487: 484: 479: 478: 471: 470:Vegetarianism 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 425:Recollections 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 395:Five precepts 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 382: 379: 374: 373: 366: 363: 361: 360:Chinese canon 358: 356: 355:Tibetan canon 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 322: 319: 314: 313: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 244: 241: 240: 239: 236: 234: 231: 230: 224: 221: 219: 216: 215: 211: 210: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 164: 161: 156: 155: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 136: 135: 134: 130: 126: 125: 122: 119: 118: 114: 110: 109: 94: 88: 70: 66: 62: 55: 44: 40: 33: 19: 9646:Buddhist art 9566:Dependencies 9496:Turkmenistan 9461:Saudi Arabia 9260:Art of Asia 9158:Bodhisattvas 9078:Christianity 9073:Baháʼí Faith 8938:Dharmachakra 8928:Prayer wheel 8918:Prayer beads 8769: 8686:Architecture 8565:969 Movement 8349:Saudi Arabia 8327:Central Asia 8320:South Africa 8142: 8125: 8058:Panchen Lama 7963:Buddhapālita 7559:Satipatthana 7554:Mindful Yoga 7467:Recollection 7381:Brahmavihara 7252:Japanese Zen 7247:Chinese Chan 7207:Animal realm 7014:Key concepts 6836:Bodhisattvas 6648:Three Jewels 6524: 6515: 6514:; Vol. Two: 6511: 6510:. Vol. One: 6507: 6500: 6476: 6472: 6453: 6433: 6412: 6392: 6372: 6352: 6332: 6312: 6283: 6245: 6225: 6206: 6195: 6172:. Retrieved 6168:the original 6158: 6146:. Retrieved 6140:Lokabandhu. 6135: 6116: 6107: 6098: 6089: 6080: 6076: 6066: 6057: 6053: 6043: 6034: 6013: 6003: 5994: 5966: 5957: 5948: 5939: 5927:. Retrieved 5923:the original 5919:Camperspoint 5918: 5909: 5901:Arts of Asia 5900: 5894: 5882:. Retrieved 5878: 5868: 5860:Arts of Asia 5859: 5853: 5845: 5842:the original 5837: 5827: 5818: 5811:. Retrieved 5794: 5790: 5780: 5768:. Retrieved 5758: 5738: 5728: 5708: 5676: 5644: 5637: 5625:. Retrieved 5615: 5603:. Retrieved 5593: 5581:. Retrieved 5577:the original 5567: 5555:. Retrieved 5551:the original 5541: 5533: 5529: 5524: 5484: 5477: 5465: 5453: 5441: 5426: 5406: 5399: 5387:. Retrieved 5372: 5365: 5354: 5342:. Retrieved 5327: 5320: 5308:. Retrieved 5298: 5286:. Retrieved 5276: 5264:. Retrieved 5259: 5250: 5241: 5229:. Retrieved 5224: 5204: 5198: 5189: 5168: 5156:. 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Retrieved 4603: 4586: 4554: 4514: 4462: 4439: 4435:Allan Graham 4431:John Connell 4424: 4412: 4392: 4373: 4371: 4359: 4332: 4323:Agusan image 4306:lotus throne 4285:A Buddha in 4248: 4184: 4168:Bodhisattvas 4145: 4121: 4091: 4080: 4065: 4061:Bodhisattvas 4046: 4031: 4027: 3990: 3976: 3975:(gates) and 3972: 3956:Khmer Empire 3953: 3942: 3931:Bodhisattva 3878: 3871: 3860: 3849: 3841: 3818: 3807: 3803: 3800:Jetavanarama 3797: 3781:Anurādhapura 3766: 3724: 3704:Bodhisattvas 3700:Khmer Empire 3693: 3677:Manjusrigrha 3669:Central Java 3658: 3650:Pala dynasty 3635: 3600: 3560: 3455: 3451:Confucianism 3444: 3418: 3407: 3388: 3356:Hakuin Ekaku 3297: 3293:martial arts 3257: 3245:Senju Kannon 3202: 3195: 3191:Heian period 3164: 3148: 3140: 3117: 3114:Japanese art 3083: 3063: 3049:Tang dynasty 3038: 3005:Hwangnyongsa 2998: 2986:Baekje smile 2978: 2954:Northern Wei 2934: 2913: 2902:royal crowns 2889: 2865:Tang dynasty 2806: 2795:Tang dynasty 2791:Northern Wei 2704: 2617: 2601:Ming dynasty 2579:Nestorianism 2547: 2532: 2490: 2482: 2433:Northern Wei 2402: 2359: 2352: 2336:Central Asia 2334: 2294:Central Asia 2289: 2270: 2231: 2175: 2168:Japanese god 2137: 2094: 2086:Song dynasty 2040: 2002:Central Asia 1997: 1990: 1974: 1969:Ajanta Caves 1962: 1958: 1944: 1933: 1927:Ajanta Caves 1877: 1850: 1838: 1806: 1775: 1763:Central Asia 1748: 1687:Ajanta Caves 1676: 1664: 1649: 1627:Dharmachakra 1600:bodhisattvas 1593: 1577:Eastern Asia 1573:Central Asia 1570: 1526:Buddhist art 1525: 1524: 1453:Art movement 1420:Graphic arts 1410:Architecture 1314: 1285:Cook Islands 1271: 1270: 1242: 1241: 1208: 1207: 1123: 1122: 1056: 1055: 1031: 1030: 989: 988: 981: 980: 941:Mesopotamian 934: 897:Contemporary 420:Merit making 385:Three Jewels 325:Buddhavacana 255:Impermanence 243:Dharma wheel 24:Buddhist art 18: 9651:Art history 9625:Asia portal 9526:States with 9446:Philippines 9386:South Korea 9381:North Korea 9276:Afghanistan 9003:Dharma talk 8832:Asalha Puja 8628:Eschatology 8431:Switzerland 8411:New Zealand 8339:Middle East 8248:Philippines 8168:Afghanistan 7973:Bodhidharma 7958:Buddhaghosa 7878:Householder 7788:Monasticism 7741:Bodhisattva 7596:Prostration 7549:Mindfulness 7477:Anapanasati 7460:Kammaṭṭhāna 7257:Korean Seon 7197:Asura realm 7192:Human realm 7132:Ten Fetters 7087:Parinirvana 6989:Uppalavanna 6954:Mahākaccana 6939:Mahākassapa 6871:Kṣitigarbha 6866:Ākāśagarbha 6763:Suddhodāna 6708:Four sights 6635:Foundations 6473:Art Journal 6301:D. G. Godse 6174:11 December 6148:11 December 5734:John Miksic 5627:11 December 5605:11 December 5583:11 December 5557:11 December 5389:11 December 5344:12 December 5310:11 December 5288:11 December 4985:pp. 161–162 4877:: 171–219. 4545:Four sights 4395:Afghanistan 4350:Roman Egypt 4313:Philippines 4255:Muaro Jambi 4204:Boddhisatva 4081:During the 4074:kingdom of 4072:ethnic Thai 4015:Wat Si Chum 3965:Angkor Thom 3881:Shan people 3872:During the 3861:During the 3793:Vaţţagāmaņĩ 3783:founded by 3762:rock relief 3718:kingdom of 3716:ethnic Thai 3661:Shailendran 3631:Mahabharata 3568:Middle East 3553:inside the 3466:Cham people 3370:Tibetan art 3352:Bodhidharma 3039:During the 2819:caves near 2809:Mogao Caves 2660:Dule Temple 2550:Sui dynasty 2537: [ 2469:Bodhisattva 2366:Tarim Basin 2304:Mogao Caves 2273:of the Book 2266:Greco-Roman 2262:Hellenistic 2234:Afghanistan 2220:Afghanistan 2198:bodhisattva 2109:Tarim Basin 2082:Bodhisattva 2032:, in which 1920:bodhisattva 1829:Kalinga War 1788:in today's 1780:, with the 1751:Tarim Basin 1737:during the 1731:Han dynasty 1707:Mathura art 1689:paintings. 1448:Art history 1425:Digital art 1415:Photography 1405:Calligraphy 1188:Anglo-Saxon 1168:Hellenistic 1113:Singaporean 875:Art Nouveau 835:Romanticism 803:Renaissance 771:Prehistoric 655:New Zealand 510:Bodhisattva 495:Four Stages 450:Monasticism 430:Mindfulness 400:Perfections 330:Early Texts 76: 1250 63:sculpture, 9640:Categories 9506:Uzbekistan 9481:Tajikistan 9396:Kyrgyzstan 9376:Kazakhstan 9296:Bangladesh 9286:Azerbaijan 9120:Psychology 9100:Gnosticism 9088:Comparison 9083:Influences 9065:Comparison 8948:Bhavacakra 8906:Kushinagar 8881:Pilgrimage 8827:Māgha Pūjā 8782:Bodhi Tree 8598:Buddhology 8588:Abhidharma 8580:Philosophy 8513:Menander I 8381:Costa Rica 8332:Uzbekistan 8173:Bangladesh 8127:Dhammapada 8111:Pali Canon 8073:Ajahn Chah 8053:Dalai Lama 7953:Kumārajīva 7948:Vasubandhu 7923:The Buddha 7831:Zen master 7766:Sakadagami 7746:Buddhahood 7677:Pratimokṣa 7492:Shikantaza 7448:Meditation 7423:Deity yoga 7294:Madhyamaka 7187:Deva realm 7082:Mindstream 7032:Bodhicitta 6944:Aṅgulimāla 6811:Devadatta 6787:Yaśodharā 6690:The Buddha 6680:Middle Way 6535:1588391264 6444:0870993747 6383:0870998501 5929:5 December 5884:6 February 5089:1087831059 4615:27 January 4495:Buddharupa 4440:In the UK 4427:Bill Viola 4403:Alexandria 4263:Singhasari 4200:Shailendra 4164:Shailendra 4160:Sri Vijaya 4140:See also: 4053:Sri Vijaya 3969:Lokeshvara 3863:Ava period 3839:Buddhism. 3777:Mahāvihāra 3696:Sri Vijaya 3689:Singhasari 3619:Brahmanism 3617:Buddhism, 3435:See also: 3221:Kei school 3100:See also: 2886:Korean art 2876:See also: 2431:A Chinese 2397:See also: 2344:Former Han 2329:terracotta 2298:See also: 2115:, such as 2090:royal ease 1954:syncretism 1925:, cave 1, 1865:Menander I 1861:Indo-Greek 1765:as far as 1759:Zhang Qian 1739:Kushan Era 1733:) through 1641:the Buddha 1540:and other 1530:visual art 1485:Naturalist 1465:Figurative 1384:Techniques 1352:Manichaean 1330:Protestant 1280:Australian 1076:Vietnamese 1066:Indonesian 971:Phoenician 917:Minimalism 902:Postmodern 865:Decorative 830:Revivalism 791:Romanesque 528:Traditions 465:Pilgrimage 405:Meditation 365:Post-canon 345:Pāli Canon 275:Middle Way 172:The Buddha 9656:Asian art 9592:Hong Kong 9546:Palestine 9471:Sri Lanka 9466:Singapore 9346:Indonesia 9188:Festivals 9168:Buddhists 9130:Theosophy 8933:Symbolism 8923:Hama yumi 8896:Bodh Gaya 8663:Socialism 8638:Evolution 8613:Economics 8451:Venezuela 8366:Australia 8361:Argentina 8285:Sri Lanka 8280:Singapore 8198:Indonesia 8160:Countries 8101:Tripiṭaka 8063:Ajahn Mun 7938:Nagarjuna 7933:Aśvaghoṣa 7816:Anagārika 7811:Śrāmaṇerī 7806:Śrāmaṇera 7801:Bhikkhunī 7761:Sotāpanna 7650:Passaddhi 7591:Offerings 7566:Nekkhamma 7443:Iddhipada 7363:Practices 7333:Theravada 7306:Vajrayana 7299:Yogachara 7269:Pure Land 7182:Six Paths 7169:Cosmology 6949:Anuruddha 6924:Sāriputta 6914:Kaundinya 6906:Disciples 6881:Vajrapāṇi 6733:Footprint 6698:Tathāgata 5803:0193-600X 5770:27 August 5488:. Skira. 5266:9 January 5231:9 January 5158:9 January 5013:0066-6637 5007:: 17–41. 4940:165514947 4932:0971-9458 4883:1059-3152 4844:0004-3648 4782:0004-3648 4631:Hindu Art 4595:Citations 4287:Borobudur 4271:Majapahit 4244:Vajrapani 4236:Vairocana 4214:found in 4187:Borobudur 4148:Indonesia 4136:Indonesia 4083:Ayutthaya 4076:Sukhothai 4068:Theravada 3933:Lokesvara 3919:Khmer art 3858:in 1287. 3749:Sri Lanka 3735:Indonesia 3720:Sukhothai 3712:Sri Lanka 3708:Theravada 3685:Borobudur 3615:Theravada 3551:Vajrapani 3543:Vairocana 3312:Kōfuku-ji 3237:Kofuku-ji 3159:Kōfuku-ji 3144:Silk Road 3054:Seokguram 3045:East Asia 2857:Chongqing 2797:(618–907) 2767:Vairocana 2713:promoted 2608:Mahācakra 2561:(today's 2451:A seated 2387:Kharoshti 2355:Silk Road 2312:Silk Road 2140:Silk Road 2117:Lokaksema 2084:from the 2053:Sri Lanka 2045:Theravada 1977:sandstone 1923:Padmapani 1798:Amaravati 1735:Silk Road 1575:and into 1552:, bells, 1480:Narrative 1390:Sculpture 1320:Christian 1308:Religions 1183:Byzantine 1096:Cambodian 1091:Malaysian 1046:Bhutanese 1004:Hong Kong 860:Symbolism 808:Mannerism 675:Sri Lanka 665:Singapore 620:Indonesia 560:Vajrayāna 535:Theravāda 490:Awakening 378:Practices 335:Tripiṭaka 305:Cosmology 280:Emptiness 260:Suffering 9615:Category 9536:Abkhazia 9486:Thailand 9441:Pakistan 9421:Mongolia 9416:Maldives 9411:Malaysia 9311:Cambodia 9206:Category 9135:Violence 9105:Hinduism 9053:Sanskrit 9008:Hinayana 8993:Amitābha 8953:Swastika 8822:Uposatha 8812:Holidays 8797:Calendar 8643:Humanism 8481:Kanishka 8471:Timeline 8295:Thailand 8263:Kalmykia 8258:Buryatia 8243:Pakistan 8228:Mongolia 8223:Maldives 8218:Malaysia 8183:Cambodia 8048:Shamarpa 8043:Nichiren 7993:Xuanzang 7928:Nagasena 7846:Rinpoche 7576:Pāramitā 7418:Devotion 7338:Navayana 7326:Dzogchen 7289:Nichiren 7237:Mahayana 7229:Branches 7107:Saṅkhāra 6856:Mañjuśrī 6813:(cousin) 6805:(cousin) 6773:(mother) 6765:(father) 6753:Miracles 6703:Birthday 6620:Glossary 6593:Buddhism 6282:(2010). 6264:27648216 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2034:Mahayana 1902:Buddha, 1885:acanthus 1841:Kambojas 1794:Pakistan 1786:Gandhara 1771:Han Wudi 1755:Dunhuang 1753:city of 1743:maritime 1720:Buddhism 1717:Mahāyāna 1683:Sigiriya 1660:aniconic 1645:Gandhara 1546:mandalas 1534:Buddhism 1470:Funerary 1443:Abstract 1395:Painting 1325:Catholic 1315:Buddhist 1290:Hawaiian 1193:Ottonian 1158:Scythian 1143:Etruscan 1138:Cycladic 1118:Bruneian 1071:Filipino 1016:Japanese 946:Egyptian 781:Medieval 685:Thailand 645:Mongolia 640:Malaysia 605:Cambodia 570:Navayana 550:Hinayana 545:Mahāyāna 455:Lay life 285:Morality 265:Not-self 223:Concepts 182:Councils 167:Timeline 139:Glossary 121:Buddhism 113:a series 111:Part of 61:Maitreya 43:Gandhara 9511:Vietnam 9426:Myanmar 9406:Lebanon 9336:Georgia 9291:Bahrain 9281:Armenia 9183:Temples 9163:Buddhas 9125:Science 9115:Judaism 9110:Jainism 9028:Lineage 8988:Abhijñā 8958:Thangka 8901:Sarnath 8886:Lumbini 8807:Funeral 8802:Cuisine 8678:Culture 8653:Reality 8603:Creator 8593:Atomism 8463:History 8436:Ukraine 8396:Germany 8315:Senegal 8305:Vietnam 8233:Myanmar 8033:Shinran 8023:Karmapa 7998:Shandao 7968:Dignāga 7893:Śrāvaka 7873:Donchee 7868:Kappiya 7826:Sayadaw 7796:Bhikkhu 7771:Anāgāmi 7728:Nirvana 7694:Samadhi 7581:Paritta 7522:Tonglen 7517:Mandala 7472:Smarana 7453:Mantras 7401:Upekkha 7371:Bhavana 7321:Shingon 7274:Tiantai 7127:Tathātā 7117:Śūnyatā 7112:Skandha 7102:Saṃsāra 7097:Rebirth 7072:Kleshas 7062:Indriya 6964:Subhūti 6849:Guanyin 6803:Ānanda 6795:Rāhula 6675:Nirvana 6615:Outline 6305:Marathi 5148:"Crown" 4852:3249752 4790:3249969 4478:Quan Âm 4340:Palawan 4327:Chicago 4251:Sumatra 4228:Plaosan 4216:Kalasan 4212:Kinnara 4191:Mandala 4152:Sumatra 4126:Wat Pho 4102:Bangkok 3979:towers 3856:Mongols 3821:Myanmar 3815:Myanmar 3804:nikāyas 3769:Mahinda 3673:Kalasan 3596:Vietnam 3506:Quan Âm 3447:Vietnam 3431:Vietnam 3410:thankas 3288:Ikebana 3284:Chanoyu 3217:samurai 3203:In the 3009:Hōkō-ji 2833:Luoyang 2779:Guanyin 2771:Kasyapa 2664:Tiantai 2648:Sichuan 2382:reliefs 2281:Taliban 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The 3681:Mendut 3557:temple 3555:Mendut 3549:, and 3514:Nguyễn 3458:Champa 3403:Nepali 3332:Tankei 3280:haikus 3276:sumi-e 3253:Raijin 3233:Tankei 3231:, and 3229:Kaikei 3207:, the 3197:busshi 3183:Shinto 3155:pagoda 3136:Haniwa 3112:, and 3066:Goryeo 2945:Baekje 2891:Korean 2884:, and 2849:Shanxi 2845:Datong 2803:Legacy 2775:Ananda 2684:Zhu Xi 2682:under 2676:Gongbi 2668:Huayan 2591:Taoism 2575:Wuzong 2569:, and 2500:Shanxi 2340:Persia 2314:, and 2250:schist 2246:stucco 2194:arhats 2190:duḥkha 2182:āgamas 2125:Kushan 2063:, and 2014:Bhutan 1986:Ladakh 1940:muslin 1936:Yaksas 1855:, the 1845:Dharma 1825:Ashoka 1705:, and 1670:(see: 1629:, and 1554:stupas 1550:vajras 1362:Taoist 1295:Papuan 1261:Muisca 1222:Yoruba 1198:Viking 1153:Celtic 1148:Dacian 1133:Minoan 1041:Indian 1021:Korean 1009:Taiwan 890:Cubism 850:Modern 820:Rococo 796:Gothic 680:Taiwan 660:Russia 600:Brazil 595:Bhutan 515:Buddha 435:Wisdom 218:Dharma 9597:Macau 9516:Yemen 9476:Syria 9451:Qatar 9431:Nepal 9366:Japan 9341:India 9331:Egypt 9316:China 9150:Lists 9018:Kalpa 9013:Iddhi 8876:Music 8871:Mudra 8837:Vassa 8817:Vesak 8787:Budai 8733:Candi 8716:Stupa 8648:Logic 8401:Italy 8300:Tibet 8238:Nepal 8208:Korea 8203:Japan 8193:India 8188:China 8133:Sutra 8088:Texts 8038:Dōgen 8028:Hōnen 8013:Atiśa 7978:Zhiyi 7888:Achar 7856:Tulku 7851:Geshe 7836:Rōshi 7821:Ajahn 7776:Arhat 7736:Bodhi 7706:Vīrya 7623:Sacca 7618:Satya 7613:Sādhu 7601:Music 7544:Merit 7537:Terma 7497:Zazen 7433:Faith 7386:Mettā 7067:Karma 7027:Bardo 6994:Asita 6984:Khema 6974:Upāli 6959:Nanda 6797:(son) 6771:Māyā 6748:Films 6625:Index 6489:JSTOR 6083:: 58. 5050:JSTOR 5017:JSTOR 4936:S2CID 4887:JSTOR 4848:JSTOR 4786:JSTOR 4384:Egypt 4344:Luzon 4267:Chola 4122:prang 4120:with 4049:Khmer 4042:Gupta 3981:Bayon 3948:Funan 3867:mudra 3852:Bagan 3845:Gupta 3727:Islam 3646:Gupta 3638:Funan 3584:Burma 3398:Tibet 3354:, by 3272:Eisai 3268:Dogen 3249:Fūjin 3225:Unkei 3187:Jōchō 3179:Hindu 3171:Heian 3138:art. 3132:Kofun 3128:Yayoi 3124:Jōmon 3120:Japan 3096:Japan 2967:is a 2949:Silla 2906:gogok 2899:Silla 2872:Korea 2855:near 2843:near 2837:Henan 2831:near 2825:Gansu 2811:near 2567:Korea 2563:Xi'an 2541:] 2518:Gansu 2509:Henan 2467:Tang 2405:China 2393:China 2285:Hadda 2258:Gupta 2236:(old 2214:devas 2192:) of 2171:Fūjin 2164:Roman 2026:Japan 2022:Korea 2018:China 2010:Tibet 2006:Nepal 1981:Gupta 1869:arhat 1792:, in 1585:Hindu 1475:Naïve 1437:Types 1372:Vodun 1367:Vodou 1337:Hindu 1266:Inuit 1227:Benin 1178:Roman 1163:Greek 1101:Khmer 1051:Newar 690:Tibet 630:Korea 625:Japan 615:India 610:China 575:Newar 500:Arhat 290:Karma 144:Index 78:–1350 69:Nepal 9436:Oman 9401:Laos 9356:Iraq 9351:Iran 9048:Pāḷi 9033:Māra 8943:Flag 8344:Iran 8268:Tuva 8213:Laos 7841:Lama 7689:Śīla 7657:Śīla 7645:Pīti 7635:Sati 7586:Puja 7507:Koan 7413:Dāna 7004:Yasa 6891:Tārā 6530:ISBN 6458:ISBN 6439:ISBN 6418:ISBN 6397:ISBN 6378:ISBN 6358:ISBN 6338:ISBN 6317:ISBN 6288:ISBN 6260:OCLC 6250:ISBN 6230:ISBN 6211:ISBN 6176:2014 6150:2014 5931:2018 5886:2022 5815:2019 5799:ISSN 5772:2017 5744:ISBN 5714:ISBN 5682:ISBN 5650:ISBN 5629:2014 5607:2014 5585:2014 5559:2014 5513:ISBN 5490:ISBN 5412:ISBN 5391:2014 5378:ISBN 5346:2014 5333:ISBN 5312:2014 5290:2014 5268:2007 5233:2007 5209:ISBN 5160:2007 5085:OCLC 5075:ISBN 5040:ISBN 5009:ISSN 4979:ISBN 4958:ISBN 4928:ISSN 4879:ISSN 4840:ISSN 4778:ISSN 4745:ISBN 4707:2021 4689:ISBN 4635:ISBN 4617:2014 4388:Isis 4372:The 4358:The 4336:Cebu 4321:The 4224:Sari 4220:Sewu 4208:Tara 4180:Tara 4156:Java 4154:and 4106:Siam 4096:and 4003:and 3921:and 3835:and 3743:Laos 3683:and 3621:and 3613:and 3605:and 3603:Pali 3588:Siam 3572:Rome 3486:Trần 3439:and 3383:Yama 3372:and 3316:Nara 3270:and 3251:and 3181:and 3173:and 3167:Nara 3151:Nara 3130:and 3084:The 2975:era. 2696:Qing 2692:Ming 2688:Yuan 2666:and 2658:and 2640:Ming 2638:and 2636:Yuan 2632:Song 2624:Liao 2585:and 2554:Tang 2380:and 2254:clay 2101:Ming 2095:The 2065:Laos 2028:and 1725:the 1589:Jain 1587:and 1556:and 1458:List 1357:Sikh 1347:Jain 1256:Maya 1237:Luba 1232:Kuba 1217:Igbo 1081:Thai 635:Laos 540:Pāli 9568:and 8770:Art 8706:Wat 7242:Zen 6481:doi 4918:doi 4832:doi 4770:doi 4681:doi 4249:In 4038:Mon 3825:Mon 3779:at 3667:of 3642:Mon 3423:in 3295:). 3260:Zen 2916:). 2847:in 2835:in 2823:in 2654:in 2646:in 2628:Jin 2606:of 2539:yue 2252:or 2216:). 2131:or 1761:to 1528:is 1203:Rus 1108:Lao 912:Pop 41:of 9642:: 8272:ru 6487:. 6475:. 6258:. 6081:32 6079:. 6075:. 6056:. 6052:. 6033:. 6022:^ 6012:. 5993:. 5975:^ 5965:. 5947:. 5917:. 5877:. 5836:. 5817:. 5805:. 5795:35 5793:. 5789:. 5696:^ 5664:^ 5504:^ 5258:. 5219:; 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