843:
hours of encountering low temperatures. The toad is able to rapidly acclimate to the cold using physiological plasticity, though there is also evidence that more northerly populations of cane toads in the United States are better cold-adapted than more southerly populations. These adaptations have allowed the cane toad to establish invasive populations across the world. The toad's ability to rapidly acclimate to thermal changes suggests that current models may underestimate the potential range of habitats that the toad can populate. The cane toad has a high tolerance to water loss; some can withstand a 52.6% loss of body water, allowing them to survive outside tropical environments.
5592:
982:
1274:
cane fields. As a result, 102 toads were collected from Hawaiʻi and brought to
Australia. Queensland's sugar scientists released the toad into cane fields in August 1935. After this initial release, the Commonwealth Department of Health decided to ban future introductions until a study was conducted into the feeding habits of the toad. The study was completed in 1936 and the ban lifted, when large-scale releases were undertaken; by March 1937, 62,000 toadlets had been released into the wild. The toads became firmly established in Queensland, increasing exponentially in number and extending their range into the
1622:
768:
921:
736:
1479:
806:(0.067–0.079 in). The rate at which an egg grows into a tadpole increases with temperature. Tadpoles typically hatch within 48 hours, but the period can vary from 14 hours to almost a week. This process usually involves thousands of tadpoles—which are small, black, and have short tails—forming into groups. Between 12 and 60 days are needed for the tadpoles to develop into juveniles, with four weeks being typical. Similarly to their adult counterparts, eggs and tadpoles are toxic to many animals.
186:
640:
312:
161:
5534:
137:
1449:
attributed to the cane toad at the annual meeting of the
International Sugar Cane Technologists in Puerto Rico. However, there may have been other factors. The six-year period after 1931—when the cane toad was most prolific, and the white grub had a dramatic decline—had the highest-ever rainfall for Puerto Rico. Nevertheless, the cane toad was assumed to have controlled the white grub; this view was reinforced by a
123:
1124:(Australian water rats) in two years learnt how to eat cane toads safely. They select the largest toads, turn them over, remove the poisonous gallbladder, and eat the heart and other organs with "surgical precision". They remove the toxic skin and eat the thigh muscle. Other animals such as crows and kites turn cane toads inside out and eat non-poisonous organs, also thus avoiding the skin.
1718:, the cane toad has numerous advantages: they are plentiful, and easy and inexpensive to maintain and handle. The use of the cane toad in experiments started in the 1950s, and by the end of the 1960s, large numbers were being collected and exported to high schools and universities. Since then, a number of Australian states have introduced or tightened importation regulations.
1531:
67 specimens were subsequently imported from Hawaiʻi. Once the toads were established, a 1963 study concluded, as the toad's diet included both harmful and beneficial invertebrates, it was considered "economically neutral". Today, the cane toad can be found on all major islands in Fiji, although they tend to be smaller than their counterparts in other regions.
937:. Components of bufotoxin are toxic to many animals; even human deaths have been recorded due to the consumption of cane toads. Dogs are especially prone to be poisoned by licking or biting toads. Pets showing excessive drooling, extremely red gums, head-shaking, crying, loss of coordination, and/or convulsions require immediate veterinary attention.
810:
0.373 mm (0.0147 in) per day. Growth typically slows once the toads reach sexual maturity. This rapid growth is important for their survival; in the period between metamorphosis and subadulthood, the young toads lose the toxicity that protected them as eggs and tadpoles, but have yet to fully develop the parotoid glands that produce
1565:, the cabbages provided insufficient shelter and the toads rapidly left the immediate area for the superior shelter offered by the forest. A similar situation had previously arisen in the Australian cane fields, but this experience was either unknown or ignored in New Guinea. The cane toad has since become abundant in rural and urban areas.
973:. 200,000 metamorphs, tadpoles, and eggs in total were released in areas ahead of inevitable invasion fronts. Following invasion by wild cane toads, yellow-spotted monitors in control areas bereft of the "teacher toads" were virtually wiped out, but experimental areas still contained substantial populations of yellow-spotted monitors.
1530:
to combat insects that infested sugarcane plantations. The introduction of the cane toad to the region was first suggested in 1933, following the successes in Puerto Rico and Hawaiʻi. After considering the possible side effects, the national government of Fiji decided to release the toad in 1953, and
1273:
Following the apparent success of the cane toad in eating the beetles threatening the sugarcane plantations of Puerto Rico, and the fruitful introductions into Hawaiʻi and the
Philippines, a strong push was made for the cane toad to be released in Australia to negate the pests ravaging the Queensland
1209:
in the early 20th century in the hope that it would counter a beetle infestation ravaging the sugarcane plantations. The Puerto Rican scheme was successful and halted the economic damage caused by the beetles, prompting scientists in the 1930s to promote it as an ideal solution to agricultural pests.
743:
Considered the largest species in the
Bufonidae, the cane toad is very large; the females are significantly longer than males, reaching a typical length of 10–15 cm (4–6 in), with a maximum of 24 cm (9.4 in). Larger toads tend to be found in areas of lower population density. They
1448:
spp.), a sugarcane pest. Before this, the pests were manually collected by humans, so the introduction of the toad eliminated labor costs. A second group of toads was imported in 1923, and by 1932, the cane toad was well established. The population of white grubs dramatically decreased, and this was
481:
are highly toxic to most animals if ingested. Its toxic skin can kill many animals, both wild and domesticated, and cane toads are particularly dangerous to dogs. Because of its voracious appetite, the cane toad has been introduced to many regions of the
Pacific and the Caribbean islands as a method
842:
The cane toad is estimated to have a critical thermal maximum of 40–42 °C (104–108 °F) and a minimum of around 10–15 °C (50–59 °F). The ranges can change due to adaptation to the local environment. Cane toads from some populations can adjust their thermal tolerance within a few
747:
The skin of the cane toad is dry and warty. Distinct ridges above the eyes run down the snout. Individual cane toads can be grey, yellowish, red-brown, or olive-brown, with varying patterns. A large parotoid gland lies behind each eye. The ventral surface is cream-coloured and may have blotches in
1295:), in part because the cane fields provided insufficient shelter for the predators during the day, and in part because the beetles live at the tops of sugar cane—and cane toads are not good climbers. Since its original introduction, the cane toad has had a particularly marked effect on Australian
706:
The cane toad genome has been sequenced and certain
Australian academics believe this will help in understanding how the toad can quickly evolve to adapt to new environments, the workings of its infamous toxin, and hopefully provide new options for halting this species' march across Australia and
1588:
Initial releases into
Florida failed. Attempted introductions before 1936 and 1944, intended to control sugarcane pests, were unsuccessful as the toads failed to proliferate. Later attempts failed in the same way. However, the toad gained a foothold in the state after an accidental release by an
965:
Since 2011, experimenters in the
Kimberley region of Western Australia have used poisonous sausages containing toad meat in an attempt to protect native animals from cane toads' deadly impact. The Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation, along with the University of Sydney,
3884:, pp. 278–279. "After a completely successful method of killing white grubs by chemical means was found, the only opportunities for its use in Puerto Rico have been limited to small areas in pineapple plantations at elevations where the toad is even yet not present in sufficient abundance."
1424:
populations. A third introduction to the region occurred in 1884, when toads appeared in
Jamaica, reportedly imported from Barbados to help control the rodent population. While they had no significant effect on the rats, they nevertheless became well established. Other introductions include the
802:. The cane toad inhabits open grassland and woodland, and has displayed a "distinct preference" for areas modified by humans, such as gardens and drainage ditches. In their native habitats, the toads can be found in subtropical forests, although dense foliage tends to limit their dispersal.
809:
When they emerge, toadlets typically are about 10–11 mm (0.39–0.43 in) in length, and grow rapidly. While the rate of growth varies by region, time of year, and sex, an average initial growth rate of 0.647 mm (0.0255 in) per day is seen, followed by an average rate of
805:
The cane toad begins life as an egg, which is laid as part of long strings of jelly in water. A female lays 8,000–25,000 eggs at once and the strings can stretch up to 20 m (66 ft) in length. The black eggs are covered by a membrane and their diameter is about 1.7–2.0 mm
834:
achieve maturity when they are between 90 and 100 mm (3.5 and 3.9 in) in length. In tropical regions, such as their native habitats, breeding occurs throughout the year, but in subtropical areas, breeding occurs only during warmer periods that coincide with the onset of the
1750:
1168:
environments. The density of the cane toad is significantly lower within its native distribution than in places where it has been introduced. In South
America, the density was recorded to be 20 adults per 100 m (110 yd) of shoreline, 1 to 2% of the density in Australia.
1560:
and sweet potato yields were thought to be improving. As a result, these first releases were followed by further distributions across much of the region, although their effectiveness on other crops, such as cabbages, has been questioned; when the toads were released at
1751:
Frank SolĂs, Roberto Ibáñez, Geoffrey Hammerson, Blair Hedges, Arvin Diesmos, Masafumi Matsui, Jean-Marc Hero, Stephen Richards, Luis Coloma, Santiago Ron, Enrique La Marca, Jerry Hardy, Robert Powell, Federico Bolaños, Gerardo Chaves, Paulino Ponce (2009).
829:
As with rates of growth, the point at which the toads become sexually mature varies across different regions. In New Guinea, sexual maturity is reached by female toads with a snout–vent length between 70 and 80 mm (2.8 and 3.1 in), while toads in
851:
Most frogs identify prey by movement, and vision appears to be the primary method by which the cane toad detects prey; however, it can also locate food using its sense of smell. They eat a wide range of material; in addition to the normal prey of small
1412:. The Barbados introductions were focused on the biological control of pests damaging the sugarcane crops, and while the toads became abundant, they have done even less to control the pests than in Australia. The toad was introduced to Martinique from
1177:
The cane toad has been introduced to many regions of the world—particularly the Pacific—for the biological control of agricultural pests. These introductions have generally been well documented, and the cane toad may be one of the most studied of any
1501:
in 1930 as a biological control agent of pests in sugarcane plantations, after the success of the experimental introductions into Puerto Rico. It subsequently became the most ubiquitous amphibian in the islands. It still retains the common name of
3156:
1551:
crops. The first release occurred in 1937 using toads imported from Hawaiʻi, with a second release the same year using specimens from the Australian mainland. Evidence suggests a third release in 1938, consisting of toads being used for human
1721:
There are several commercial uses for dead cane toads. Cane toad skin is made into leather and novelty items. Stuffed cane toads, posed and accessorised, are merchandised at souvenir shops for tourists. Attempts have been made to produce
2198:
Rivera, Danielle; Prates, Ivan; Firneno, Thomas J.; Trefaut Rodrigues, Miguel; Caldwell, Janalee P.; Fujita, Matthew K. (16 December 2021). "Phylogenomics, introgression, and demographic history of South American true toads
1112:
are unaffected by the cane toads' toxins, so are able to kill them. The cane toad's normal response to attack is to stand still and let its toxin kill or repel the attacker, which allows the ants to attack and eat the toad.
1612:
in Hawaiʻi in 1932, and the population swelled to 105,517 after 17 months. The toads were sent to the other islands, and more than 100,000 toads were distributed by July 1934; eventually over 600,000 were transported.
1556:—many species of toad were found to be effective for this task, and were employed for about 20 years after the discovery was announced in 1948. Initial reports argued the toads were effective in reducing the levels of
966:
developed these sausage-shaped baits as a tool in order to train native animals not to eat the toads. By blending bits of toad with a nausea-inducing chemical, the baits train the animals to stay away from the amphibians.
553:, who mistakenly believed the cane toad to inhabit both terrestrial and marine environments. Other common names include "giant neotropical toad", "Dominican toad", "giant marine toad", and "South American cane toad". In
814:. Only an estimated 0.5% of cane toads reach adulthood, in part because they lack this key defense—but also due to tadpole cannibalism. Although cannibalism does occur in the native population in South America, the
932:
The skin of the adult cane toad is toxic, as well as the enlarged parotoid glands behind the eyes, and other glands across its back. When the toad is threatened, its glands secrete a milky-white fluid known as
2284:
1842:
Pramuk, Jennifer B.; Robertson, Tasia; Sites, Jack W.; Noonan, Brice P. (2007). "Around the world in 10 million years: biogeography of the nearly cosmopolitan true toads (Anura: Bufonidae)".
5524:
751:
Typically, juvenile cane toads have smooth, dark skin, although some specimens have a red wash. Juveniles lack the adults' large parotoid glands, so they are usually less poisonous. The
4931:
826:. They have also evolved to shorten their tadpole phase in response to the presence of older tadpoles. These changes are likely genetic, although no genetic basis has been determined.
962:
In addition to releasing toxin, the cane toad is capable of inflating its lungs, puffing up, and lifting its body off the ground to appear taller and larger to a potential predator.
1593:
in 1957, and deliberate releases by animal dealers in 1963 and 1964 established the toad in other parts of Florida. Today, the cane toad is well established in the state, from the
677:), because both are large and warty in appearance; however, the latter can be readily distinguished from the former by its vertical pupils and its silver-grey (as opposed to gold)
607:
was subsequently introduced as a synonym through misspelling by Pramuk, Robertson, Sites, and Noonan (2008). Though controversial (with many traditional herpetologists still using
5522:
2350:
1377:
The cane toad was introduced to various Caribbean islands to counter a number of pests infesting local crops. While it was able to establish itself on some islands, such as
524:, giving rise to its common name. The cane toad has many other common names, including "giant toad" and "marine toad"; the former refers to its size, and the latter to the
3355:
5367:
4701:
Doody, J. S.; Green, B.; Rhind, D.; Castellano, C. M.; Sims, R.; Robinson, T. (2009). "Population-level declines in Australian predators caused by an invasive species".
5151:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
4224:
723:
A recent split in the species into further subspecies may have occurred approximately 2.7 million years ago following the isolation of population groups by the rising
2141:
Vallinoto, Marcelo; Sequeira, Fernando; Sodré, Davidson; Bernardi, José A. R.; Sampaio, Iracilda; Schneider, Horacio (March 2010). "Phylogeny and biogeography of the
744:
have a life expectancy of 10 to 15 years in the wild, and can live considerably longer in captivity, with one specimen reportedly surviving for 35 years.
1466:, the latter appearance occurring in spite of the failure of the earlier introductions. On September 8, 2013, the cane toad was also discovered on the island of
1633:, the cane toad has been employed in a number of commercial and noncommercial applications. Traditionally, within the toad's natural range in South America, the
1345:
5523:
748:
shades of black or brown. The pupils are horizontal and the irises golden. The toes have a fleshy webbing at their base, and the fingers are free of webbing.
3041:
3329:
2114:
4935:
1213:
As a result, many countries in the Pacific region emulated the lead of Puerto Rico and introduced the toad in the 1930s. Introduced populations are in
450:
is morphologically indistinguishable from modern cane toads from northern South America. It was discovered in a floodplain deposit, which suggests the
1577:, but attempts (both deliberate and accidental) have been made to introduce the species to other parts of the country. These include introductions to
1602:
5221:
5322:
1798:
1601:, and they are gradually extending further northward. In Florida, the toad is a regarded as a threat to native species and pets; so much so, the
5966:
4423:
3738:
4291:
6075:
6050:
5847:
1677:
in China to lower the heart rates of patients. New research has suggested that the cane toad's poison may have some applications in treating
592:
1433:, which had an introduction before 1879 that led to the establishment of a solid population, which was apparently sufficient to survive the
6020:
3278:
4027:
Identifying Environmental Changes in Mt. Data Watershed, Bauko, Mt. Province, Northern Philippines: Implications to Sustainable Management
5574:
1205:
was made in 1844 in an attempt to reduce the rat population. Despite its failure to control the rodents, the cane toad was introduced to
3972:
6085:
6095:
5953:
5746:
4228:
955:, lasts less than an hour. As the cane toad excretes bufotenin in small amounts, and other toxins in relatively large quantities,
5979:
5798:
1931:
1095:
spp.) have also learned strategies allowing them to feed on cane toads, such as using their beak to flip toads onto their backs.
6070:
6045:
3998:
Arvin C. Diesmos; Mae L. Diesmos; Rafe M. Brown (2005). "Status and Distribution of Alien Invasive Frogs in the Philippines".
2015:
6040:
5311:
5292:
5210:
5167:
5133:
5081:
4975:
4868:
4638:
4544:
4525:
4481:
3982:
1714:
species were suitable, including the cane toad. As a result, toads were employed in this task for around 20 years. As a
5984:
5803:
1429:—possibly before 1916, although this initial population may have died out by 1934 and been reintroduced at a later date—and
466:, of both dead and living matter. Adults average 10–15 cm (4–6 in) in length; the largest recorded specimen had a
6030:
4763:
Easteal, Simon; van Beurden, Eric K.; Floyd, Robert B.; Sabath, Michael D. (June 1985). "Continuing Geographical Spread of
710:
Studies of the genome confirm its evolutionary origins in northern part of South America and its close genetic relation to
5699:
4024:
3253:
1684:
Other modern applications of the cane toad include pregnancy testing, as pets, laboratory research, and the production of
690:
In the United States, the cane toad closely resembles many bufonid species. In particular, it could be confused with the
3069:
1455:
article titled "Toads save sugar crop", and this led to large-scale introductions throughout many parts of the Pacific.
4495:
5891:
951:. The effects of bufotenin are thought to be similar to those of mild poisoning; the stimulation, which includes mild
6080:
4313:
3644:
943:, one of the chemicals excreted by the cane toad, is classified as a schedule 9 drug under Australian law, alongside
1259:. Since then, the cane toad has become a pest in many host countries, and poses a serious threat to native animals.
6065:
5899:
5759:
5566:
4986:
3679:
969:
Young cane toads that aren't lethal upon ingestion have also been used to teach native predators avoidance, namely
504:
669:
behind their eyes and the lack of a ridge between the nostril and the eye. Cane toads have been confused with the
5852:
5254:
Smith, K. G. (2005). "Effects of nonindigenous tadpoles on native tadpoles in Florida: evidence of competition".
3018:
538:
454:
habitat preferences have long been for open areas. The cane toad is a prolific breeder; females lay single-clump
341:
301:
5108:
5052:
3333:
5694:
5073:
3930:
5009:
6055:
5997:
4196:
1518:
of 'American frog', referring to its origins. It is also commonly known as "bullfrog" in Philippine English.
4947:
2968:
1700:
appeared in the toad's urine, the patient was deemed to be pregnant. The tests using toads were faster than
6060:
5429:
2145:
species complex (Amphibia, Bufonidae) revisited: implications for Neotropical diversification hypotheses".
687:, but their adult colleagues can be distinguished by the lack of bright colouring on the groin and thighs.
17:
4878:
Griffiths, Anthony (2007). "Cane toads reduce the abundance and site occupancy of Merten's water monitor (
6100:
6035:
5785:
5712:
5707:
5668:
5236:
5179:
4491:
4025:
Ranell Martin M. Dedicatoria; Carmelita M. Rebancos; Leticia E. Afuang; Ma. Victoria O. Espaldon (2010).
3531:
2205:
1590:
5355:
623:, Amphibian Species of the World and increasing numbers of scientific publications adopting its usage.
6090:
5582:
3304:
2119:
948:
818:
occurring in the unnaturally large population in Australia has produced tadpoles 30x more likely to be
31:
5904:
2059:
981:
5646:
5558:
4985:
Kidera, N.; Tandavanitj, N.; Oh, D.; Nakanishi, N.; Satoh, A.; Denda, T.; Izawa, M.; Ota, H. (2008).
4833:
3157:"Predation of top predators: cane toad consumption of bullet ants in a Panamanian lowland wet forest"
1283:
1133:
185:
5342:
5323:"How frogs and humans interact: Influences beyond habitat destruction, epidemics and global warming"
4582:
2757:"Rapid acclimation to cold allows the cane toad to invade montane areas within its Australian range"
794:(~5.4‰), and recent field observations found living tadpoles and toadlets at salinities of 27.5‰ on
462:. Its reproductive success is partly because of opportunistic feeding: it has a diet, unusual among
6105:
5839:
5091:
Lee, Julian C. (2001). Price, A. H (ed.). "Evolution of a Secondary Sexual Dimorphism in the Toad,
1776:
1515:
5878:
4648:
Crossland, Michael R.; Alford, Ross A.; Shine, Richard (2009). "Impact of the invasive cane toad (
2756:
4905:
3091:
Ward-Fear, Georgia; Rangers, Bunuba; Bruny, Miles; Everitt, Corrin; Shine, Richard (2024-04-08).
1630:
1329:
1268:
577:
543:
509:
3282:
2636:
Kozlov, Max (2021-08-25). "Australia's cane toads evolved as cannibals with frightening speed".
1289:
However, the toad was generally unsuccessful in reducing the targeted grey-backed cane beetles (
5971:
5608:
5337:
1291:
970:
5826:
4292:"Eating cane toads a win-win solution for Australia's environment and stomachs, says academic"
3356:"Australian water rats cut cane toads open with 'surgical precision' to feast on their hearts"
4593:
4500:
1792:
1562:
620:
525:
280:
3228:
3207:
3093:"Teacher toads: Buffering apex predators from toxic invaders in a remote tropical landscape"
698:), which can be distinguished by the presence of two bulbs in front of the parotoid glands.
5886:
5816:
5733:
5655:
5554:
5395:
5263:
4710:
4665:
4602:
3104:
2768:
2651:
1362:
1357:, however, are able to kill cane toads. The cane toad has also been linked to decreases in
1335:
1323:
997:
670:
5458:
Zug, G. R.; Lindgrem, E.; Pippet, J. R. (1975). "Distribution and ecology of marine toad,
5203:
A field guide to frogs of Australia: from Port Augusta to Fraser Island including Tasmania
5188:
Oliver, J. A.; Shaw, C. E. (1953). "The amphibians and reptiles of the Hawaiian Islands".
4029:. 4th Asian Rural Sociology Association (ARSA) International Conference. pp. 402–412.
3279:"American possums the solution to cane toads in Australia? – Science Show – 20 March 2010"
767:
8:
4860:
4556:
1692:
was conducted in the mid-20th century by injecting urine from a woman into a male toad's
1670:
1066:
1006:
996:
Many species prey on the cane toad and its tadpoles in its native habitat, including the
985:
632:
439:
150:
5660:
5399:
5267:
4714:
4669:
3108:
2874:
2772:
2655:
2115:"We've cracked the cane toad genome, and that could help put the brakes on its invasion"
1919:
1657:. When properly prepared, the meat of the toad is considered healthy and as a source of
5673:
5539:
5112:
5056:
5023:
4819:
4784:
4755:
4726:
4689:
2836:
2683:
2322:
2301:
2275:
2256:
2222:
2180:
2164:
1658:
1275:
1179:
1114:
1020:
584:
416:
404:
389:
324:
180:
1434:
786:, but cane toads do not live in the sea. However, laboratory experiments suggest that
429:
found throughout Central and South America, but it was formerly assigned to the genus
6025:
5940:
5720:
5446:
5442:
5411:
5378:
5307:
5288:
5206:
5163:
5129:
5077:
4971:
4864:
4722:
4681:
4634:
4627:
4610:
4540:
4521:
4477:
4007:
3978:
3650:
3640:
3176:
3122:
2841:
2823:
2784:
2687:
2675:
2667:
2327:
2309:
2260:
2248:
2240:
2172:
2160:
2147:
2067:
1855:
1753:
1511:
1440:
In 1920, the cane toad was introduced into Puerto Rico to control the populations of
1311:
1230:
1165:
956:
712:
467:
5116:
4730:
4693:
2184:
1817:
1704:; the toads were easier to raise, and, although the initial 1948 discovery employed
1299:. The population of a number of native predatory reptiles has declined, such as the
5945:
5725:
5488:
5438:
5403:
5347:
5271:
5104:
5048:
5027:
5013:
5005:
4891:
4811:
4776:
4751:
4718:
4673:
3208:"Toads fall victim to crows in NT – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)"
3168:
3112:
2921:
2831:
2815:
2776:
2659:
2647:
2638:
2317:
2293:
2230:
2214:
2156:
1851:
1771:
1693:
1451:
1366:
1317:
1305:
1222:
1082:
1029:
499:
5764:
4446:
Alcala, A. C. (1957). "Philippine notes on the ecology of the giant marine toad".
1238:
630:
and northwestern South America are sometimes considered to be a separate species,
5931:
5860:
5275:
4424:"The biological effects, including lethal toxic ingestion, caused by cane toads (
3739:"The biological effects, including lethal toxic ingestion, caused by Cane Toads (
1678:
1674:
1279:
1234:
1074:
815:
772:
647:
In Australia, the adults may be confused with large native frogs from the genera
573:
455:
400:
5407:
5386:
Van Volkenberg, H. L. (1935). "Biological Control of an Insect Pest by a Toad".
1820:. Frost, Darrel R. American Museum of Natural History, New York. 31 January 2011
1478:
665:. These species can be distinguished from the cane toad by the absence of large
5351:
3728:
Australian Environmental Pest Managers Association (AEPMA) (accessed July 2022)
2755:
McCann, Samantha; Greenlees, Matthew J.; Newell, David; Shine, Richard (2014).
2663:
1715:
1689:
1654:
1634:
1598:
1553:
1467:
1358:
1300:
1042:
783:
724:
678:
666:
5035:
Lampo, Margarita; De Leo, Giulio A. (1998). "The Invasion Ecology of the Toad
4677:
3172:
319:
Distribution of the cane toad, native distribution in blue, introduced in red
6014:
5811:
5631:
5542:
was created from a revision of this article dated 19 September 2006
5146:
4567:"Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America"
4515:
4011:
3654:
3180:
3126:
2827:
2819:
2788:
2671:
2313:
2305:
2244:
2226:
2176:
2168:
1964:
1762:
1706:
1413:
1245:
1194:
952:
691:
649:
550:
533:
459:
396:
337:
297:
170:
165:
80:
5492:
2780:
1661:. More recently, the toad's toxins have been used in a number of new ways:
311:
5790:
5596:
5415:
4963:
4685:
3997:
3046:
2845:
2679:
2297:
2252:
1837:
1835:
1638:
1594:
1548:
1421:
1402:
1296:
1141:
877:
795:
661:
591:(feminine) to conform with the rules of gender agreement as set out by the
483:
5450:
3954:
3723:
2926:
2909:
2331:
2235:
1132:
The cane toad is native to the Americas, and its range stretches from the
1027:
Predators outside the cane toad's native range include the rock flagtail (
912:), they also eat plants, dog food, cat food, feces, and household refuse.
5873:
5865:
5834:
5772:
5681:
5640:
2803:
2285:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
1701:
1697:
1666:
1574:
1498:
1486:
1441:
1390:
1226:
1206:
1137:
1011:
925:
897:
893:
627:
487:
55:
3974:
Pests: A Guide to the World's Most Maligned, Yet Misunderstood Creatures
3042:"Wild quolls take bait of cane-toad sausages, offering hope for species"
1832:
755:
are small and uniformly black, and are bottom-dwellers, tending to form
5958:
5751:
5060:
5018:
4823:
4788:
4566:
4422:
Australian Government, Department of the Environment (April 12, 2005).
3968:
3117:
3092:
1989:
1723:
1540:
1430:
1409:
1386:
1186:
1096:
905:
836:
759:. Tadpoles range from 10 to 25 mm (0.4 to 1.0 in) in length.
495:
100:
65:
5686:
2218:
1637:
would "milk" the toads for their toxin, which was then employed as an
1089:) have been reported as feeding on cane toads; some Australian crows (
5777:
4968:
The Biological Diversity of Trinidad and Tobago: A Naturalist's Notes
4554:
Bateman, Daniel (May 10, 2008). "Toad business the stuff of dreams".
4459:
Angus, R. (1994). "Observation of a Papuan Frogmouth at Cape York ".
1662:
1642:
1621:
1582:
1544:
1459:
1214:
1149:
1104:
1058:
1015:
940:
934:
909:
865:
811:
735:
683:
655:
521:
486:. The common name of the species is derived from its use against the
412:
392:
247:
227:
197:
105:
49:
5602:
5070:
Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species
4895:
4815:
4780:
2197:
716:
and other similar species of the genus. Recent studies suggest that
5925:
5625:
2804:"Rapid adaptation to cold in the invasive cane toadRhinella marina"
1463:
1417:
1398:
1378:
1354:
1340:
1190:
1153:
1109:
901:
791:
787:
554:
447:
421:
257:
217:
95:
90:
75:
70:
60:
3070:"First helicopter drops of cane toad sausages prompt design tweak"
1818:"Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.5"
920:
822:
in cannibalising their siblings, and 2.6x more likely to actually
5992:
4930:
4903:
Hardie, Alan (January 22, 2001). "It's tough selling toads ...".
2508:
1685:
1581:
and to Hawaiʻi, as well as largely unsuccessful introductions to
1578:
1557:
1426:
1382:
1218:
1202:
1161:
1034:
861:
752:
478:
443:
426:
408:
136:
110:
85:
4074:
4072:
2054:
2052:
681:. Juvenile cane toads may be confused with species of the genus
5738:
5321:
Tyler, Michael J.; Wassersug, Richard; Smith, Benjamin (2007).
5126:
The Cane Toad. The history and ecology of a successful colonist
4991:(Amphibia: Bufonidae) on Ishigakijima, southern Ryukyus, Japan"
4802:
1256:
1248:
1242:
1198:
1185:
Before the early 1840s, the cane toad had been introduced into
1157:
1121:
1117:
have also been seen successfully and safely eating cane toads.
1091:
1050:
944:
889:
885:
857:
853:
831:
799:
207:
122:
3637:
Cane toads : a tale of sugar, politics and flawed science
3489:
3487:
2140:
1867:
1865:
1746:
1744:
1649:
people. The toad has been hunted as a food source in parts of
508:
documented the trials and tribulations of the introduction of
4762:
4742:(Amphibia : Anura); a natural experiment in evolution".
4069:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2049:
1906:
1646:
756:
569:
520:
Historically, the cane toad was used to eradicate pests from
474:
4984:
3517:
3090:
2869:
2867:
639:
5109:
10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0928:EOASSD]2.0.CO;2
5053:
10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0388:tieott]2.0.co;2
4592:(Report). Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. Vol. 11.
4490:
4405:
3484:
1862:
1741:
1711:
1650:
1609:
1527:
1416:
before 1944 and became established. Today, they reduce the
1394:
1252:
1145:
1038:
869:
616:
463:
431:
237:
4842:
Freeland, W. J. (1985). "The Need to Control Cane Toads".
2754:
2409:
2134:
1841:
5010:
10.2984/1534-6188(2008)62[423:DHOTIC]2.0.CO;2
4700:
3707:
2864:
1497:
The cane toad was first introduced deliberately into the
1408:
The earliest recorded introductions were to Barbados and
881:
873:
5577:. Lists general information and resources for cane toad.
4738:
Easteal, Simon (1981). "The history of introductions of
2581:
2082:
928:: The large parotoid glands are visible behind the eyes.
3567:
3565:
2191:
2039:
2037:
1812:
1810:
1808:
5177:
McCarin, Julie (April 29, 2008). "Kisses for a toad".
4767:
in Australia: Range Expansion between 1974 and 1980".
4656:) depends on minor variation in reproductive timing".
4516:
Australian State of the Environment Committee (2002).
4474:
Tadpoles of South-Eastern Australia: A Guide with Keys
3511:
1710:
for the tests, it soon became clear that a variety of
1653:, and eaten after the careful removal of the skin and
790:
can tolerate salt concentrations equivalent to 15% of
778:
The common name "marine toad" and the scientific name
762:
5580:
4421:
4225:"Poisonous Bufo May Have Toad Hold On Temple Terrace"
4126:
3887:
3254:"The native animals that turn cane toads into tucker"
3138:
3136:
1282:. In 2010, one was found on the far western coast in
4831:
Fawcett, Anne (August 4, 2004). "Really caning it".
4647:
4535:
Barker, John; Grigg, Gordon; Tyler, Michael (1995).
4104:
4102:
3562:
3550:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
2034:
1871:
1805:
5479:: A natural history resumé of native populations".
5320:
4155:
4153:
4078:
3797:
3701:
3639:. Sydney, NSW: Sydney University Press. p. 3.
2987:
2802:Mittan, Cinnamon S; Zamudio, Kelly R (2019-01-01).
1982:
4626:
4314:"Cane toad poison 'attacks prostate cancer cells'"
4045:
4033:
3899:
3875:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3393:
3305:"Killer ants are weapons of mass toad destruction"
3133:
2949:
2889:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2094:
1965:Australian State of the Environment Committee 2002
1912:
720:diverged between 2.75 and 9.40 million years ago.
5475:Zug, G. R.; Zug, P. B. (1979). "The Marine Toad,
5457:
4914:Hinckley, A. D. (1963). "Diet of the giant toad,
4351:
4324:
4099:
4089:
4087:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3493:
3472:
3453:
3441:
2593:
2443:
1958:
1603:Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
615:is gaining in acceptance with such bodies as the
502:in many of its introduced regions. The 1988 film
6012:
5573:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
5365:
4534:
4341:
4339:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4254:
4150:
4057:
3911:
3846:
3822:
3634:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3499:
3371:
3369:
3187:
2939:
2937:
2735:
2733:
2587:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2088:
2043:
707:other places it has spread as an invasive pest.
498:. The cane toad is now considered a pest and an
4387:
4000:Journal of Environmental Science and Management
3834:
3773:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3019:"Cane toad sausages served up in the Kimberley"
2552:
2495:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2267:
1877:
1397:before 1900 and in 1946, and on the islands of
5385:
4580:
4363:
4289:
4114:
4084:
3881:
3858:
3717:
3661:
3429:
3417:
3405:
3381:
2617:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2455:
2420:
2100:
1900:
1777:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T41065A10382424.en
4581:Brandt, Laura A.; Mazzotti, Frank J. (2005).
4375:
4336:
4266:
4242:
4177:
4165:
4138:
3577:
3366:
2999:
2934:
2801:
2730:
2718:
2605:
2513:
2426:
593:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
438:A fossil toad (specimen UCMP 41159) from the
4987:"Dietary habits of the introduced cane toad
4624:
4018:
3810:
3785:
3761:
3689:
3596:
2852:
2694:
2483:
2375:
1952:
1928:National Invasive Species Information Center
1797:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
626:Since 2016, cane toad populations native to
5575:United States National Agricultural Library
5427:: a potent hallucinogen of animal origin".
5034:
4629:Conservation biology in theory and practice
3949:
3947:
3731:
3710:, pp. 46–53. On snake populations see
3532:"Cane toad invasion raises alarm in Nantou"
3530:Sean Chang, Sean Chang (December 7, 2021).
3399:
2706:
2629:
2569:
2534:
2467:
2397:
2273:
2112:
1946:
1172:
1148:, and some of the continental islands near
5187:
3967:
3556:
3529:
1255:and many other Pacific islands, including
959:could result in serious illness or death.
532:. It was one of many species described by
310:
159:
135:
121:
5422:
5341:
5017:
4877:
4744:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
3116:
3039:
3005:
2925:
2835:
2321:
2234:
2113:Russo, Alice; White, Peter; Shine, Rick.
1970:
1775:
1608:Around 150 cane toads were introduced to
1108:likely can eat cane toads with impunity.
701:
5550:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
5533:
5366:Vanderduys, Eric; Wilson, Steve (2000).
5200:
5157:
5145:
4913:
4841:
4399:
4330:
4201:@ Florida Wildlife Extension at UF/IFAS"
3991:
3944:
3893:
3571:
3281:. Abc.net.au. 2010-03-19. Archived from
3154:
2392:
1889:
1883:
1620:
1477:
980:
919:
766:
734:
638:
5176:
4854:
4830:
4737:
4600:
4553:
4393:
4369:
4260:
4159:
4132:
4063:
3840:
3622:
3423:
3411:
3302:
2993:
2478:
2461:
2280:from its natural and introduced ranges"
1932:United States Department of Agriculture
568:is considered to constitute a distinct
14:
6013:
5474:
5067:
4902:
4471:
4445:
4381:
4227:. .tbo.com. 2007-11-02. Archived from
3961:
3505:
3435:
3387:
3205:
2910:"Fish and amphibians as bat predators"
2907:
2700:
2635:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2509:Invasive Species Specialist Group 2006
2345:
2343:
2341:
2274:Slade, R.W.; Moritz, C. (7 May 1998).
2016:"Rhinella horribilis (Wiegmann, 1833)"
1641:. The toxins may have been used as an
1037:(order Siluriformes), some species of
549:on an illustration by Dutch zoologist
5607:
5606:
5301:
5282:
5253:
5222:"Controlling Cane Toads Ecologically"
5219:
5123:
4962:
4625:Caughley, Graeme; Gunn, Anne (1996).
4564:
4458:
4357:
4345:
4277:
4248:
4183:
4171:
4144:
4120:
4108:
4093:
4051:
4039:
3931:"Killer Toad Found in New Providence"
3917:
3905:
3869:
3852:
3828:
3816:
3804:
3791:
3779:
3767:
3711:
3695:
3667:
3605:
3590:
3478:
3466:
3447:
3375:
3193:
3142:
3067:
2955:
2943:
2895:
2858:
2750:
2748:
2739:
2724:
2712:
2575:
2553:De LeĂłn, L.F.; Castillo, A. (2015). "
2528:
2489:
2449:
2437:
1976:
1895:
1339:; in contrast, the population of the
6076:Amphibians of the Northern Territory
6051:Amphibians of the Dominican Republic
5998:E6356CAD-ACF9-4336-A15A-E4E4F2B98639
5481:Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
5039:: from South America to Australia".
4601:Cameron, Elizabeth (June 10, 2009).
3353:
3155:Morrison, Colin R. (November 2018).
2022:. American Museum of Natural History
576:of the cane toad. In this case, the
6021:IUCN Red List least concern species
5090:
4796:Ely, C. A. (1944). "Development of
4795:
4565:Beltz, Ellin (September 10, 2007).
4290:Terzon, Emilia (11 November 2014).
3332:. Queensland Museum. Archived from
2969:"Poisons Standard (No.2) June 2020"
2540:
2403:
2338:
1763:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1605:recommends residents to kill them.
1041:(subfamily Threskiornithinae), the
763:Ecology, behaviour and life history
24:
5520:
4756:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb01645.x
2975:. Australian Government. June 2020
2745:
2557:(Cane Toad). Salinity Tolerance".
1872:Crossland, Alford & Shine 2009
1573:The cane toad naturally exists in
1539:The cane toad was introduced into
1526:The cane toad was introduced into
1493:, a corruption of 'American frog'.
1473:
1458:The cane toad has been spotted in
1393:, other introductions, such as in
595:, changing the binomial name from
557:English, they are commonly called
25:
6117:
6086:Amphibians of Trinidad and Tobago
5501:
4932:Invasive Species Specialist Group
4537:A Field Guide to Australian Frogs
4079:Tyler, Wassersug & Smith 2007
3303:Sweeney, Claire (31 March 2009).
992:) preying on a juvenile cane toad
5590:
5532:
5423:Weil, A. T.; Davis, W. (1994). "
4944:Global Invasive Species Database
4723:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00219.x
4406:Australian Associated Press 2006
4306:
4283:
4217:
4189:
3923:
3354:Zhou, Naaman (25 October 2019).
3040:McNeilage, Amy (19 March 2018).
2161:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00415.x
1856:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00348.x
1568:
505:Cane Toads: An Unnatural History
425:, which includes many true toad
184:
53:
6096:Fauna of the Rio Grande valleys
5287:. William Collins (Australia).
4520:. Australia: CSIRO Publishing.
4414:
3673:
3628:
3523:
3494:Zug, Lindgrem & Pippet 1975
3347:
3322:
3296:
3271:
3246:
3221:
3199:
3148:
3084:
3061:
3033:
3011:
2961:
2901:
2795:
2546:
2106:
2008:
1844:Global Ecology and Biogeography
1127:
5160:Frogs & Toads of the World
5153:. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii).
5074:University of California Press
3206:Bolton, Katrina (2007-09-15).
2588:Barker, Grigg & Tyler 1995
2089:Barker, Grigg & Tyler 1995
1160:). This area encompasses both
1004:), the banded cat-eyed snake (
730:
572:of its own, thus changing the
419:. It is a member of the genus
407:to various islands throughout
13:
1:
6071:Amphibians of New South Wales
6046:Amphibians of Central America
5567:Species Profile – Cane Toad (
4800:larvae in dilute sea water".
1729:
1665:has been used in Japan as an
1534:
1099:also prey on the amphibians.
470:of 24 cm (9.4 in).
6041:Amphibians described in 1758
5443:10.1016/0378-8741(94)90051-5
5430:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
5276:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.01.005
4539:. Surrey Beatty & Sons.
3068:Parke, Erin (15 June 2018).
2044:Vanderduys & Wilson 2000
1734:
1631:biological control for pests
1372:
1349:—known to be a prey item of
1333:, and the crocodile species
1262:
976:
561:, the French word for toad.
7:
6031:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
5408:10.1126/science.82.2125.278
5124:Lever, Christopher (2001).
5068:Lannoo, Michael J. (2005).
4492:Australian Associated Press
3803:Kennedy, Anthony quoted in
3680:Cane toad found on WA coast
3161:Journal of Tropical Ecology
2914:European Journal of Ecology
2020:Amphibians of the World 6.0
1591:Miami International Airport
915:
542:(1758). Linnaeus based the
515:
10:
6122:
5375:Queensland Museum Learning
5352:10.1163/157075407779766741
5302:Tyler, Michael J. (1989).
5283:Tyler, Michael J. (1976).
5235:(6): 20–23. Archived from
3536:Taiwan News of Taipeitimes
2664:10.1038/d41586-021-02317-9
2421:Brandt & Mazzotti 2005
2101:Brandt & Mazzotti 2005
1361:in the southern region of
1266:
1251:, most Caribbean islands,
32:Cane toad (disambiguation)
29:
5915:
5615:
5368:"Cane Toads (Fact Sheet)"
5220:Shine, Rick (July 2009).
5201:Robinson, Martyn (1998).
4834:The Sydney Morning Herald
4678:10.1007/s00442-008-1167-y
4652:) on an Australian frog (
3977:. ABC-CLIO. p. 236.
3635:Turvey, Nigel D. (2013).
3173:10.1017/S0266467418000342
1284:Broome, Western Australia
536:in his 18th-century work
473:The cane toad has poison
330:
323:
318:
309:
286:
279:
181:Scientific classification
179:
157:
148:
143:
134:
129:
120:
41:
27:World's largest true toad
6081:Amphibians of Queensland
5462:, in Papua New Guinea".
5158:Mattison, Chris (1987).
1953:Caughley & Gunn 1996
1629:Other than the use as a
1173:As an introduced species
675:Heleioporus australiacus
643:Light-coloured cane toad
6066:Amphibians of Mauritius
5493:10.5479/si.00810282.284
5256:Biological Conservation
5128:. Westbury Publishing.
5041:Ecological Applications
4906:Northern Territory News
4855:Grenard, Steve (2007).
3400:Lampo & De Leo 1998
3021:. ABC. 15 December 2011
2808:Conservation Physiology
2781:10.1111/1365-2435.12255
2355:(Cane Toad or Crapaud)"
1996:. Encyclopaedia of Life
1702:those employing mammals
1616:
1521:
1435:Soufrière Hills volcano
1330:Acanthophis antarcticus
1269:Cane toads in Australia
971:yellow-spotted monitors
846:
510:cane toads in Australia
5528:
5508:Listen to this article
4769:Journal of Herpetology
3747:www.environment.gov.au
3557:Oliver & Shaw 1953
2820:10.1093/conphys/coy075
2298:10.1098/rspb.1998.0359
2060:"Giant Burrowing Frog"
1626:
1494:
1292:Dermolepida albohirtum
1102:Opossums of the genus
1014:), various species of
993:
929:
775:
740:
702:Taxonomy and evolution
644:
492:Dermolepida albohirtum
382:giant neotropical toad
5527:
4594:University of Florida
4501:Sydney Morning Herald
4432:Australian Government
3684:Australian Geographic
3006:Weil & Davis 1994
2927:10.1515/eje-2015-0010
2559:Herpetological Review
1850:: 070817112457001––.
1770:: e.T41065A10382424.
1726:from toad carcasses.
1625:Cane toad merchandise
1624:
1481:
1405:, were unsuccessful.
1346:Amphibolurus gilberti
1201:. An introduction to
1055:Hydromys chrysogaster
984:
923:
770:
738:
642:
621:Encyclopaedia of Life
403:, but which has been
380:), also known as the
6056:Amphibians of Guyana
5559:More spoken articles
5229:Australasian Science
5205:. Reed New Holland.
5190:Zoologica (New York)
4496:"Toads to be juiced"
4494:(January 25, 2006).
4476:. Reed New Holland.
4320:. 17 September 2014.
3097:Conservation Letters
1363:Kakadu National Park
1336:Crocodylus johnstoni
1324:Pseudechis australis
998:broad-snouted caiman
671:giant burrowing frog
30:For other uses, see
6061:Amphibians of Japan
5400:1935Sci....82..278V
5330:Applied Herpetology
5268:2005BCons.123..433S
5162:. Blandford Press.
4861:John Wiley and Sons
4715:2009AnCon..12...46D
4703:Animal Conservation
4670:2009Oecol.158..625C
4633:. Wiley-Blackwell.
4557:Townsville Bulletin
4472:Anstis, M. (2002).
3882:Van Volkenberg 1935
3109:2024ConL...17E3012W
2883:Animaldiversity.org
2773:2014FuEco..28.1166M
2656:2021Natur.597...19K
2276:"Phylogeography of
1907:Easteal et al. 1985
1659:omega-3 fatty acids
1489:are referred to as
1115:Saw-shelled turtles
1079:Podargus strigoides
1047:Haliastur sphenurus
1033:), some species of
1007:Leptodeira annulata
990:Dacelo novaeguineae
986:Laughing kookaburra
633:Rhinella horribilis
151:Conservation status
6101:Frogs of Australia
6036:Agricultural pests
5529:
4970:. Prospect Press.
4950:on August 17, 2009
4658:Population Ecology
4654:Opisthodon ornatus
4607:Wildlife of Sydney
4135:, pp. 100–102
4054:, pp. 130–131
4042:, pp. 128–129
3908:, pp. 113–115
3896:, pp. 211–215
3574:, pp. 253–259
3520:, pp. 423–440
3518:Kidera et al. 2008
3481:, pp. 433–441
3469:, pp. 113–114
3450:, pp. 112–113
3388:Zug & Zug 1979
3118:10.1111/conl.13012
2973:Legislation.gov.au
2958:, pp. 134–136
2908:Mikula, P (2015).
2898:, pp. 130–132
2761:Functional Ecology
2701:Zug & Zug 1979
2612:Zug & Zug 1979
2600:Zug & Zug 1979
2452:, pp. 117–118
2064:Wildlife of Sydney
1627:
1495:
1437:eruption in 1995.
1321:, the land snakes
1276:Northern Territory
1180:introduced species
1087:Podargus papuensis
1021:Paraponera clavata
1002:Caiman latirostris
994:
930:
782:suggest a link to
776:
741:
645:
458:with thousands of
417:Northern Australia
6091:Fauna of Barbados
6008:
6007:
5609:Taxon identifiers
5525:
5394:(2125): 278–279.
5379:Queensland Museum
5313:978-0-670-90123-4
5306:. Penguin Books.
5294:978-0-00-211442-4
5212:978-1-876334-83-3
5169:978-0-7137-1825-6
5147:Linnaeus, Carolus
5135:978-1-84103-006-7
5083:978-0-520-23592-2
4977:978-976-95082-3-1
4884:Wildlife Research
4870:978-0-470-16510-2
4640:978-0-86542-431-9
4611:Australian Museum
4546:978-0-949324-61-0
4527:978-0-643-06749-3
4483:978-1-876334-63-5
3984:978-0-313-38426-4
3708:Doody et al. 2009
3145:, p. 138–139
2292:(1398): 769–777.
2219:10.1111/mec.16280
2206:Molecular Ecology
2148:Zoologica Scripta
2068:Australian Museum
1716:laboratory animal
1690:Pregnancy testing
1512:Visayan languages
1144:and southeastern
1134:Rio Grande Valley
713:Rhinella diptycha
494:), which damages
468:snout-vent length
368:
367:
352:
344:
174:
16:(Redirected from
6113:
6001:
6000:
5988:
5987:
5975:
5974:
5962:
5961:
5949:
5948:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5908:
5907:
5895:
5894:
5882:
5881:
5869:
5868:
5856:
5855:
5843:
5842:
5830:
5829:
5820:
5819:
5807:
5806:
5794:
5793:
5781:
5780:
5768:
5767:
5755:
5754:
5742:
5741:
5729:
5728:
5716:
5715:
5703:
5702:
5690:
5689:
5677:
5676:
5664:
5663:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5604:
5603:
5595:
5594:
5593:
5586:
5549:
5547:
5536:
5535:
5526:
5516:
5514:
5509:
5496:
5471:
5454:
5419:
5382:
5372:
5362:
5360:
5354:. Archived from
5345:
5327:
5317:
5304:Australian Frogs
5298:
5279:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5241:
5226:
5216:
5197:
5184:
5173:
5154:
5144:
5139:
5120:
5087:
5064:
5031:
5021:
4995:
4981:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4946:. Archived from
4934:(June 1, 2006).
4927:
4910:
4899:
4880:Varanus mertensi
4874:
4851:
4838:
4827:
4792:
4759:
4734:
4697:
4644:
4632:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4597:
4591:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4561:
4550:
4531:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4487:
4468:
4461:Australian Birds
4455:
4448:Silliman Journal
4442:
4440:
4438:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4379:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4360:, pp. 88–89
4355:
4349:
4343:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4193:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4111:, pp. 83–84
4106:
4097:
4091:
4082:
4076:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4022:
4016:
4015:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3951:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3927:
3921:
3920:, pp. 72–73
3915:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3856:
3855:, pp. 81–82
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3831:, pp. 78–79
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3782:, pp. 73–74
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3749:. April 12, 2005
3735:
3729:
3721:
3715:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3677:
3671:
3670:, pp. 78–79
3665:
3659:
3658:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3609:
3603:
3594:
3588:
3575:
3569:
3560:
3559:, pp. 65–95
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3508:, pp. 90–96
3503:
3497:
3496:, pp. 31–50
3491:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3364:
3363:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3203:
3197:
3196:, pp. 10–11
3191:
3185:
3184:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3120:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2871:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2839:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2767:(5): 1166–1174.
2752:
2743:
2737:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2648:Nature Portfolio
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2602:, pp. 14–15
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2511:
2506:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2476:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2424:
2418:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2390:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2359:
2347:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2238:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2120:The Conversation
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2070:. April 15, 2009
2056:
2047:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1814:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1748:
1470:in the Bahamas.
1367:local extinction
1353:—has increased.
1306:Varanus mertensi
1223:Papua New Guinea
1083:Papuan frogmouth
1071:Varanus salvator
1030:Kuhlia rupestris
1010:), eels (family
725:Venezuelan Andes
605:Rhinella marinus
544:specific epithet
500:invasive species
482:of agricultural
356:Rhinella marinus
350:
336:
314:
292:
189:
188:
168:
163:
162:
139:
125:
115:
52:
45:Temporal range:
39:
38:
21:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6106:Frogs of Brazil
6011:
6010:
6009:
6004:
5996:
5991:
5983:
5978:
5970:
5965:
5957:
5952:
5944:
5939:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5911:
5903:
5898:
5890:
5885:
5877:
5872:
5864:
5861:Observation.org
5859:
5851:
5846:
5838:
5833:
5825:
5823:
5815:
5810:
5802:
5797:
5789:
5784:
5776:
5771:
5763:
5758:
5750:
5745:
5737:
5732:
5724:
5719:
5711:
5706:
5700:Rhinella-marina
5698:
5693:
5685:
5680:
5674:Rhinella_marina
5672:
5667:
5661:Rhinella_marina
5659:
5654:
5647:Rhinella marina
5645:
5644:
5639:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5617:Rhinella marina
5611:
5601:
5591:
5589:
5581:
5569:Rhinella marina
5563:
5562:
5551:
5545:
5543:
5540:This audio file
5537:
5530:
5521:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5504:
5499:
5464:Pacific Science
5370:
5358:
5343:10.1.1.695.9111
5325:
5314:
5295:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5224:
5213:
5170:
5142:
5136:
5084:
4998:Pacific Science
4993:
4978:
4953:
4951:
4918:(L.) in Fiji".
4896:10.1071/wr07024
4871:
4857:Frogs and Toads
4850:(7–8): 211–215.
4816:10.2307/1438692
4781:10.2307/1564171
4641:
4615:
4613:
4589:
4571:
4569:
4547:
4528:
4506:
4504:
4484:
4436:
4434:
4417:
4412:
4411:
4404:
4400:
4392:
4388:
4380:
4376:
4368:
4364:
4356:
4352:
4344:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4297:
4295:
4288:
4284:
4276:
4267:
4259:
4255:
4247:
4243:
4234:
4232:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4209:
4207:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4182:
4178:
4170:
4166:
4158:
4151:
4143:
4139:
4131:
4127:
4119:
4115:
4107:
4100:
4092:
4085:
4077:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4050:
4046:
4038:
4034:
4023:
4019:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3966:
3962:
3957:. Binisaya.com.
3953:
3952:
3945:
3936:
3934:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3916:
3912:
3904:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3880:
3876:
3868:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3802:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3778:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3722:
3718:
3706:
3702:
3694:
3690:
3686:, July 21, 2010
3678:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3647:
3633:
3629:
3621:
3612:
3604:
3597:
3589:
3578:
3570:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3541:
3539:
3528:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3504:
3500:
3492:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3374:
3367:
3352:
3348:
3339:
3337:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3314:
3312:
3301:
3297:
3288:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3263:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3238:
3236:
3235:. Ozanimals.com
3227:
3226:
3222:
3213:
3211:
3204:
3200:
3192:
3188:
3153:
3149:
3141:
3134:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3050:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2935:
2906:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2877:Rhinella marina
2873:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2800:
2796:
2753:
2746:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2555:Rhinella marina
2551:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2514:
2507:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2427:
2419:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2357:
2353:Rhinella marina
2349:
2348:
2339:
2272:
2268:
2196:
2192:
2143:Rhinella marina
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1992:Rhinella marina
1988:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1934:. June 15, 2009
1918:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1863:
1840:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1806:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1780:
1756:Rhinella marina
1749:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1679:prostate cancer
1675:cardiac surgery
1655:parotoid glands
1619:
1571:
1554:pregnancy tests
1543:to control the
1537:
1524:
1476:
1474:The Philippines
1375:
1365:and even their
1359:northern quolls
1280:New South Wales
1271:
1265:
1235:Ishigaki Island
1175:
1140:to the central
1130:
1075:tawny frogmouth
1024:(bullet ants).
979:
918:
876:and a range of
849:
816:rapid evolution
780:Rhinella marina
765:
739:Young cane toad
733:
704:
696:Bufo terrestris
667:parotoid glands
613:Rhinella marina
611:) the binomial
603:; the binomial
601:Rhinella marina
574:scientific name
539:Systema Naturae
518:
401:Central America
377:Rhinella marina
361:Chaunus marinus
351:Schneider, 1799
305:
294:
290:Rhinella marina
288:
275:
183:
175:
164:
160:
153:
116:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
47:
46:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6119:
6109:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6002:
5989:
5976:
5963:
5950:
5937:
5921:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5896:
5883:
5870:
5857:
5844:
5831:
5821:
5808:
5795:
5782:
5769:
5756:
5743:
5730:
5717:
5704:
5691:
5678:
5665:
5652:
5637:
5621:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5600:
5599:
5579:
5578:
5552:
5538:
5531:
5519:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:External links
5500:
5498:
5497:
5472:
5455:
5420:
5383:
5363:
5361:on 2016-06-04.
5318:
5312:
5299:
5293:
5280:
5262:(4): 433–441.
5251:
5217:
5211:
5198:
5185:
5174:
5168:
5155:
5140:
5134:
5121:
5103:(4): 928–935.
5088:
5082:
5065:
5047:(2): 388–396.
5032:
5004:(3): 423–430.
4982:
4976:
4960:
4928:
4911:
4900:
4875:
4869:
4852:
4839:
4828:
4793:
4760:
4735:
4698:
4664:(4): 625–632.
4645:
4639:
4622:
4598:
4583:Marine Toads (
4578:
4562:
4551:
4545:
4532:
4526:
4513:
4488:
4482:
4469:
4456:
4443:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4398:
4386:
4374:
4362:
4350:
4335:
4323:
4305:
4282:
4265:
4253:
4241:
4216:
4188:
4176:
4164:
4149:
4137:
4125:
4113:
4098:
4083:
4081:, pp. 6–7
4068:
4056:
4044:
4032:
4017:
3990:
3983:
3960:
3943:
3922:
3910:
3898:
3886:
3874:
3857:
3845:
3833:
3821:
3809:
3796:
3784:
3772:
3760:
3730:
3716:
3700:
3688:
3672:
3660:
3645:
3627:
3610:
3595:
3576:
3561:
3549:
3522:
3510:
3498:
3483:
3471:
3452:
3440:
3428:
3416:
3404:
3392:
3390:, pp. 1–2
3380:
3365:
3346:
3321:
3295:
3270:
3245:
3220:
3198:
3186:
3167:(6): 390–394.
3147:
3132:
3083:
3060:
3032:
3010:
3008:, pp. 1–8
2998:
2986:
2960:
2948:
2933:
2900:
2888:
2863:
2851:
2794:
2744:
2729:
2717:
2705:
2693:
2628:
2616:
2604:
2592:
2580:
2568:
2545:
2533:
2512:
2494:
2482:
2466:
2454:
2442:
2425:
2408:
2396:
2374:
2337:
2266:
2236:2027.42/171619
2213:(3): 978–992.
2190:
2155:(2): 128–140.
2133:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2048:
2033:
2007:
1981:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1911:
1899:
1888:
1876:
1861:
1831:
1804:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1635:Embera-Wounaan
1618:
1615:
1570:
1567:
1547:larvae eating
1536:
1533:
1523:
1520:
1475:
1472:
1468:New Providence
1374:
1371:
1267:Main article:
1264:
1261:
1174:
1171:
1129:
1126:
1043:whistling kite
978:
975:
953:hallucinations
924:Specimen from
917:
914:
856:, other small
848:
845:
764:
761:
732:
729:
703:
700:
517:
514:
440:La Venta fauna
388:, is a large,
366:
365:
364:
363:
358:
353:
345:
328:
327:
321:
320:
316:
315:
307:
306:
295:
284:
283:
277:
276:
272:R. marina
269:
267:
263:
262:
255:
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
177:
176:
158:
155:
154:
149:
146:
145:
141:
140:
132:
131:
127:
126:
118:
117:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6118:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6016:
5999:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5942:
5938:
5933:
5927:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5906:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5818:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5657:
5653:
5648:
5642:
5638:
5633:
5627:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5605:
5598:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5576:
5572:
5570:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5541:
5494:
5490:
5487:(284): 1–58.
5486:
5482:
5478:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5425:Bufo alvarius
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5369:
5364:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5324:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5305:
5300:
5296:
5290:
5286:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5252:
5242:on 2020-03-21
5238:
5234:
5230:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5208:
5204:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5175:
5171:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4992:
4990:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4964:Kenny, Julian
4961:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4939:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4920:Herpetologica
4917:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4876:
4872:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4750:(2): 93–113.
4749:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4631:
4630:
4623:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4588:
4586:
4579:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4523:
4519:
4514:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4433:
4429:
4427:
4420:
4419:
4407:
4402:
4395:
4390:
4383:
4378:
4371:
4366:
4359:
4354:
4347:
4342:
4340:
4333:, p. 145
4332:
4331:Mattison 1987
4327:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4263:, p. 101
4262:
4257:
4250:
4245:
4231:on 2013-02-03
4230:
4226:
4220:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4192:
4185:
4180:
4173:
4168:
4162:, p. 100
4161:
4156:
4154:
4146:
4141:
4134:
4129:
4123:, p. 119
4122:
4117:
4110:
4105:
4103:
4096:, p. 118
4095:
4090:
4088:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4066:, p. 103
4065:
4060:
4053:
4048:
4041:
4036:
4028:
4021:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3986:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3933:. Tribute 242
3932:
3926:
3919:
3914:
3907:
3902:
3895:
3894:Freeland 1985
3890:
3883:
3878:
3872:, p. 112
3871:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3854:
3849:
3842:
3837:
3830:
3825:
3818:
3813:
3806:
3800:
3793:
3788:
3781:
3776:
3769:
3764:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3734:
3727:
3726:
3720:
3714:, p. 20.
3713:
3709:
3704:
3697:
3692:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3669:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3646:9781743323595
3642:
3638:
3631:
3625:, p. 104
3624:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3607:
3602:
3600:
3593:, p. 113
3592:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3573:
3572:Hinckley 1963
3568:
3566:
3558:
3553:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3514:
3507:
3502:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3480:
3475:
3468:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3449:
3444:
3438:, p. 417
3437:
3432:
3425:
3420:
3413:
3408:
3402:, p. 392
3401:
3396:
3389:
3384:
3378:, p. 111
3377:
3372:
3370:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3336:on 2015-03-22
3335:
3331:
3325:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3285:on 2010-03-22
3284:
3280:
3274:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3234:
3232:
3224:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3071:
3064:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3036:
3020:
3014:
3007:
3002:
2995:
2990:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2957:
2952:
2946:, p. 134
2945:
2940:
2938:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2870:
2868:
2860:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2814:(1): coy075.
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2749:
2742:, p. 119
2741:
2736:
2734:
2727:, p. 118
2726:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2632:
2626:, p. 274
2625:
2620:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2590:, p. 380
2589:
2584:
2577:
2572:
2565:(2): 237–238.
2564:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2543:, p. 256
2542:
2537:
2531:, p. 116
2530:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2440:, p. 117
2439:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2406:, p. 928
2405:
2400:
2394:
2393:Robinson 1998
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2363:
2356:
2354:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2137:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2091:, p. 381
2090:
2085:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2021:
2017:
2011:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1967:, p. 107
1966:
1961:
1955:, p. 140
1954:
1949:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1915:
1909:, p. 185
1908:
1903:
1897:
1892:
1886:, p. 824
1885:
1884:Linnaeus 1758
1880:
1874:, p. 626
1873:
1868:
1866:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1800:
1794:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1727:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1707:Bufo arenarum
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1671:hair restorer
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1623:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:United States
1566:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:French Guiana
1411:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1239:DaitĹŤ Islands
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:French Guiana
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1120:In Australia
1118:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:water monitor
1064:
1063:Rattus rattus
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1003:
999:
991:
987:
983:
974:
972:
967:
963:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
936:
927:
922:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:invertebrates
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
844:
840:
838:
833:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
807:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
774:
769:
760:
758:
754:
749:
745:
737:
728:
726:
721:
719:
715:
714:
708:
699:
697:
693:
692:southern toad
688:
686:
685:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:
658:
657:
652:
651:
650:Limnodynastes
641:
637:
635:
634:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
587:) changes to
586:
582:
579:
578:specific name
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
551:Albertus Seba
548:
545:
541:
540:
535:
534:Carl Linnaeus
531:
527:
526:binomial name
523:
513:
511:
507:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
433:
428:
424:
423:
418:
415:, as well as
414:
410:
406:
402:
399:and mainland
398:
394:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:
373:
362:
359:
357:
354:
349:
346:
343:
339:
335:
332:
331:
329:
326:
322:
317:
313:
308:
303:
299:
293:
291:
285:
282:
281:Binomial name
278:
274:
273:
268:
265:
264:
261:
260:
256:
253:
252:
249:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
187:
182:
178:
172:
167:
166:Least Concern
156:
152:
147:
144:Adult female
142:
138:
133:
128:
124:
119:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5916:
5616:
5568:
5484:
5480:
5477:Bufo marinus
5476:
5467:
5463:
5460:Bufo marinus
5459:
5437:(1–2): 1–8.
5434:
5428:
5424:
5391:
5387:
5374:
5356:the original
5333:
5329:
5303:
5284:
5259:
5255:
5244:. Retrieved
5237:the original
5232:
5228:
5202:
5193:
5189:
5178:
5159:
5150:
5125:
5100:
5096:
5093:Bufo marinus
5092:
5069:
5044:
5040:
5037:Bufo marinus
5036:
5001:
4997:
4989:Bufo marinus
4988:
4967:
4952:. Retrieved
4948:the original
4943:
4938:Bufo marinus
4937:
4936:"Ecology of
4923:
4919:
4916:Bufo marinus
4915:
4904:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4856:
4847:
4843:
4837:. p. 9.
4832:
4807:
4801:
4798:Bufo marinus
4797:
4772:
4768:
4765:Bufo marinus
4764:
4747:
4743:
4740:Bufo marinus
4739:
4709:(1): 46–53.
4706:
4702:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4650:Bufo marinus
4649:
4628:
4614:. Retrieved
4606:
4585:Bufo marinus
4584:
4570:. Retrieved
4555:
4536:
4518:Biodiversity
4517:
4505:. Retrieved
4499:
4473:
4464:
4460:
4451:
4447:
4435:. Retrieved
4431:
4426:Bufo marinus
4425:
4415:Bibliography
4401:
4396:, p. 48
4394:Bateman 2008
4389:
4377:
4370:McCarin 2008
4365:
4353:
4348:, p. 85
4326:
4317:
4308:
4296:. Retrieved
4285:
4280:, p. 32
4261:Easteal 1981
4256:
4251:, p. 64
4244:
4233:. Retrieved
4229:the original
4219:
4208:. Retrieved
4204:
4199:Bufo marinus
4198:
4191:
4186:, p. 59
4179:
4174:, p. 58
4167:
4160:Easteal 1981
4147:, p. 57
4140:
4133:Easteal 1981
4128:
4116:
4064:Easteal 1981
4059:
4047:
4035:
4026:
4020:
4006:(2): 41–53.
4003:
3999:
3993:
3973:
3963:
3935:. Retrieved
3925:
3913:
3901:
3889:
3877:
3848:
3843:, p. 98
3841:Easteal 1981
3836:
3824:
3819:, p. 81
3812:
3807:, p. 72
3799:
3794:, p. 71
3787:
3775:
3770:, p. 67
3763:
3751:. Retrieved
3746:
3741:Bufo marinus
3740:
3733:
3724:
3719:
3703:
3698:, p. 83
3691:
3683:
3675:
3663:
3636:
3630:
3623:Easteal 1981
3608:, p. 77
3552:
3540:. Retrieved
3538:. Sean Chang
3535:
3525:
3513:
3501:
3474:
3443:
3431:
3426:, p. 96
3424:Easteal 1981
3419:
3414:, p. 94
3412:Easteal 1981
3407:
3395:
3383:
3360:The Guardian
3359:
3349:
3338:. Retrieved
3334:the original
3330:"Cane Toads"
3324:
3313:. Retrieved
3309:Times Online
3308:
3298:
3287:. Retrieved
3283:the original
3273:
3262:. Retrieved
3260:. 2019-10-31
3257:
3248:
3237:. Retrieved
3231:Bufo marinus
3230:
3229:"Cane Toad (
3223:
3212:. Retrieved
3210:. Abc.net.au
3201:
3189:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3074:. Retrieved
3063:
3051:. Retrieved
3047:The Guardian
3045:
3035:
3023:. Retrieved
3013:
3001:
2994:Fawcett 2004
2989:
2977:. Retrieved
2972:
2963:
2951:
2920:(1): 71–80.
2917:
2913:
2903:
2891:
2882:
2879:(Cane Toad)"
2876:
2861:, p. 10
2854:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2764:
2760:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2619:
2614:, p. 15
2607:
2595:
2583:
2571:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2536:
2492:, p. 81
2485:
2479:Cameron 2009
2464:, p. 55
2462:Grenard 2007
2457:
2445:
2399:
2365:. Retrieved
2361:
2352:
2289:
2283:
2278:Bufo marinus
2277:
2269:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2124:. Retrieved
2118:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2063:
2024:. Retrieved
2019:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1991:
1984:
1979:, p. 35
1972:
1960:
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1927:
1922:Bufo marinus
1921:
1920:"Cane Toad (
1914:
1902:
1891:
1879:
1847:
1843:
1822:. Retrieved
1793:cite journal
1781:. Retrieved
1767:
1761:
1755:
1720:
1705:
1683:
1639:arrow poison
1628:
1607:
1597:to north of
1589:importer at
1587:
1572:
1549:sweet potato
1538:
1525:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1490:
1482:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1422:mole cricket
1407:
1403:Grand Cayman
1376:
1350:
1344:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1312:V. mitchelli
1310:
1304:
1297:biodiversity
1290:
1288:
1272:
1212:
1184:
1176:
1131:
1128:Distribution
1119:
1103:
1101:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1028:
1026:
1019:
1005:
1001:
995:
989:
968:
964:
961:
957:toad licking
939:
931:
898:grasshoppers
850:
841:
828:
823:
819:
808:
804:
796:Coiba Island
779:
777:
750:
746:
742:
722:
717:
711:
709:
705:
695:
689:
682:
674:
660:
654:
648:
646:
631:
625:
612:
609:Bufo marinus
608:
604:
600:
597:Bufo marinus
596:
588:
580:
565:
563:
558:
546:
537:
529:
519:
503:
491:
484:pest control
472:
451:
442:of the late
437:
430:
420:
385:
381:
376:
375:
371:
369:
360:
355:
348:Bufo marinus
347:
333:
289:
287:
271:
270:
258:
48:13.8–0
36:
18:Bufo marinus
5917:Rana marina
5874:SeaLifeBase
5835:NatureServe
5773:iNaturalist
5682:AmphibiaWeb
5641:Wikispecies
5336:(1): 1–18.
5019:10125/22718
4603:"Cane Toad"
4437:October 29,
4384:, p. 3
4382:Hardie 2001
4372:, p. 8
4298:11 November
4205:Wec.ufl.edu
3753:October 29,
3542:October 16,
3506:Alcala 1957
3436:Lannoo 2005
2996:, p. 9
2715:, p. 6
2703:, p. 8
2624:Anstis 2002
2578:, p. 3
2362:Sta.uwi.edu
2126:26 December
2103:, p. 3
2046:, p. 1
1783:19 November
1698:spermatozoa
1667:aphrodisiac
1575:South Texas
1499:Philippines
1487:Philippines
1446:Phyllophaga
1425:release on
1391:Puerto Rico
1351:V. panoptes
1318:V. panoptes
1227:Philippines
1207:Puerto Rico
1138:South Texas
1097:Kookaburras
1012:Anguillidae
926:El Salvador
906:crustaceans
894:dragonflies
872:, and even
784:marine life
731:Description
628:Mesoamerica
555:Trinidadian
488:cane beetle
390:terrestrial
386:marine toad
334:Rana marina
130:Adult male
6015:Categories
5555:Audio help
5546:2006-09-19
5246:2019-11-05
5180:The Leader
5143:(in Latin)
4890:(8): 609.
4810:(4): 256.
4775:(2): 185.
4358:Tyler 1976
4346:Tyler 1976
4278:Lever 2001
4249:Lever 2001
4235:2010-04-26
4210:2010-04-26
4184:Lever 2001
4172:Lever 2001
4145:Lever 2001
4121:Lever 2001
4109:Tyler 1976
4094:Lever 2001
4052:Lever 2001
4040:Lever 2001
3969:Ross Piper
3937:2013-09-07
3918:Lever 2001
3906:Tyler 1989
3870:Tyler 1989
3853:Lever 2001
3829:Lever 2001
3817:Lever 2001
3805:Lever 2001
3792:Lever 2001
3780:Lever 2001
3768:Lever 2001
3712:Shine 2009
3696:Tyler 1976
3668:Tyler 1976
3606:Tyler 1976
3591:Tyler 1989
3479:Smith 2005
3467:Tyler 1989
3448:Tyler 1989
3376:Tyler 1989
3340:2012-07-31
3315:2009-03-31
3289:2010-04-26
3264:2023-10-06
3239:2011-11-12
3214:2011-11-12
3194:Angus 1994
3143:Tyler 1989
2956:Tyler 1989
2944:Tyler 1989
2896:Tyler 1989
2859:Lever 2001
2740:Tyler 1989
2725:Tyler 1989
2713:Lever 2001
2576:Lever 2001
2529:Tyler 1989
2490:Tyler 1976
2450:Tyler 1989
2438:Tyler 1989
1977:Kenny 2008
1896:Beltz 2007
1730:References
1724:fertiliser
1694:lymph sacs
1541:New Guinea
1535:New Guinea
1516:corruption
1442:white grub
1431:Montserrat
1410:Martinique
1387:Hispaniola
1241:of Japan,
1187:Martinique
1081:) and the
1065:) and the
910:gastropods
866:amphibians
837:wet season
820:interested
771:Cane toad
564:The genus
496:sugar cane
477:, and the
405:introduced
395:native to
5932:Q24813606
5840:2.1146759
5338:CiteSeerX
4012:0119-1144
3955:"kamprag"
3725:Meat Ant.
3655:857766002
3181:0266-4674
3127:1755-263X
2828:2051-1434
2789:1365-2435
2688:237305658
2672:0028-0836
2650:: 19–20.
2314:0962-8452
2306:1471-2954
2261:244131909
2245:0962-1083
2227:1365-294X
2177:0300-3256
2169:1463-6409
1735:Citations
1696:, and if
1673:, and in
1663:bufotenin
1643:entheogen
1583:Louisiana
1545:hawk moth
1483:R. marina
1460:Carriacou
1373:Caribbean
1355:Meat ants
1263:Australia
1231:Ogasawara
1215:Australia
1152:(such as
1150:Venezuela
1110:Meat ants
1105:Didelphis
1059:black rat
1016:killifish
977:Predators
941:Bufotenin
935:bufotoxin
902:true bugs
880:(such as
812:bufotoxin
718:R. marina
684:Uperoleia
662:Mixophyes
656:Cyclorana
585:masculine
530:R. marina
522:sugarcane
452:R. marina
413:Caribbean
393:true toad
372:cane toad
266:Species:
248:Bufonidae
204:Kingdom:
198:Eukaryota
42:Cane toad
6026:Rhinella
5972:11008704
5926:Wikidata
5626:Wikidata
5557: ·
5416:17792964
5149:(1758).
5117:85826932
4966:(2008).
4731:86177629
4694:23753852
4686:18853191
4616:June 18,
4572:June 15,
4318:ABC News
3971:(2011).
3311:. London
3258:ABC News
2846:30800317
2680:34433984
2646:(7874).
2541:Ely 1944
2404:Lee 2001
2253:34784086
2201:Rhinella
2185:84074871
2074:June 17,
2026:19 April
1938:June 17,
1558:cutworms
1464:Dominica
1418:mosquito
1399:Dominica
1379:Barbados
1303:lizards
1237:and the
1191:Barbados
1166:semiarid
1162:tropical
1154:Trinidad
916:Defences
864:, other
862:reptiles
792:seawater
788:tadpoles
753:tadpoles
566:Rhinella
516:Taxonomy
479:tadpoles
448:Colombia
422:Rhinella
411:and the
338:Linnaeus
325:Synonyms
298:Linnaeus
259:Rhinella
244:Family:
228:Amphibia
218:Chordata
214:Phylum:
208:Animalia
194:Domain:
171:IUCN 3.1
5993:ZooBank
5959:2422757
5905:1432725
5752:5216933
5632:Q321087
5544: (
5515:minutes
5451:8170151
5396:Bibcode
5388:Science
5264:Bibcode
5061:2641079
5028:9234254
4954:July 2,
4824:1438692
4789:1564171
4711:Bibcode
4666:Bibcode
4507:July 7,
3105:Bibcode
3076:2 March
3053:2 March
3025:2 March
2837:6379050
2769:Bibcode
2652:Bibcode
2367:11 June
2332:9628036
2323:1689048
2000:June 4,
1824:June 4,
1688:goods.
1686:leather
1645:by the
1579:Florida
1510:in the
1508:kamprag
1491:kamprag
1485:in the
1427:Antigua
1383:Jamaica
1343:lizard
1301:varanid
1257:Hawaiʻi
1219:Florida
1203:Jamaica
1193:, from
1073:). The
1057:), the
1049:), the
1035:catfish
1018:, and
890:earwigs
886:beetles
858:mammals
854:rodents
757:schools
581:marinus
559:crapaud
464:anurans
444:Miocene
427:species
409:Oceania
254:Genus:
234:Order:
224:Class:
169: (
5985:207134
5879:130865
5804:773729
5739:333309
5713:112083
5583:Portal
5449:
5414:
5340:
5310:
5291:
5209:
5166:
5132:
5115:
5097:Copeia
5080:
5059:
5026:
4974:
4867:
4844:Search
4822:
4803:Copeia
4787:
4729:
4692:
4684:
4637:
4543:
4524:
4480:
4010:
3981:
3653:
3643:
3179:
3125:
2979:7 June
2844:
2834:
2826:
2787:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2639:Nature
2330:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2225:
2183:
2175:
2167:
1712:anuran
1669:and a
1452:Nature
1341:agamid
1315:, and
1249:Caotun
1246:Nantou
1243:Taiwan
1229:, the
1225:, the
1199:Guyana
1158:Tobago
1142:Amazon
1122:rakali
1092:Corvus
1051:rakali
945:heroin
908:, and
832:Panama
800:Panama
679:irises
659:, and
589:marina
547:marina
475:glands
456:spawns
5967:IRMNG
5946:4RDX9
5900:WoRMS
5892:15580
5866:85322
5824:NAS:
5817:41065
5791:10333
5778:67129
5726:4S7NY
5597:Frogs
5371:(PDF)
5359:(PDF)
5326:(PDF)
5285:Frogs
5240:(PDF)
5225:(PDF)
5113:S2CID
5057:JSTOR
5024:S2CID
4994:(PDF)
4820:JSTOR
4785:JSTOR
4727:S2CID
4690:S2CID
4590:(PDF)
4294:. ABC
3103:(3).
3072:. ABC
2684:S2CID
2358:(PDF)
2302:eISSN
2257:S2CID
2223:eISSN
2181:S2CID
2165:eISSN
1647:Olmec
1610:Oʻahu
1599:Tampa
870:birds
824:do so
773:spawn
570:genus
397:South
238:Anura
5980:ITIS
5954:GBIF
5853:8386
5848:NCBI
5812:IUCN
5799:ITIS
5760:GISD
5747:GBIF
5708:BOLD
5470:(1).
5447:PMID
5412:PMID
5308:ISBN
5289:ISBN
5207:ISBN
5196:(5).
5164:ISBN
5130:ISBN
5101:2001
5078:ISBN
4972:ISBN
4956:2009
4926:(4).
4882:)".
4865:ISBN
4682:PMID
4635:ISBN
4618:2009
4574:2009
4541:ISBN
4522:ISBN
4509:2009
4478:ISBN
4454:(2).
4439:2015
4300:2014
4008:ISSN
3979:ISBN
3755:2015
3651:OCLC
3641:ISBN
3544:2022
3177:ISSN
3123:ISSN
3078:2019
3055:2019
3027:2019
2981:2020
2842:PMID
2824:ISSN
2785:ISSN
2676:PMID
2668:ISSN
2369:2022
2328:PMID
2310:ISSN
2249:PMID
2241:ISSN
2203:)".
2173:ISSN
2128:2018
2076:2009
2028:2020
2002:2012
1940:2009
1826:2012
1799:link
1785:2021
1768:2009
1651:Peru
1617:Uses
1595:Keys
1528:Fiji
1522:Fiji
1514:, a
1504:bakĂ®
1462:and
1420:and
1401:and
1395:Cuba
1389:and
1327:and
1278:and
1253:Fiji
1197:and
1189:and
1164:and
1156:and
1146:Peru
1039:ibis
947:and
882:ants
874:bats
847:Diet
617:IUCN
460:eggs
432:Bufo
370:The
342:1758
302:1758
56:Preęž’
5941:CoL
5887:TSA
5786:ISC
5765:113
5734:EoL
5721:CoL
5695:ASW
5687:229
5669:AFD
5656:ADW
5489:doi
5485:284
5439:doi
5404:doi
5348:doi
5272:doi
5260:123
5105:doi
5095:".
5049:doi
5014:hdl
5006:doi
4892:doi
4812:doi
4777:doi
4752:doi
4719:doi
4674:doi
4662:158
3169:doi
3113:doi
2922:doi
2832:PMC
2816:doi
2777:doi
2660:doi
2644:597
2318:PMC
2294:doi
2290:265
2231:hdl
2215:doi
2157:doi
1852:doi
1772:doi
1563:Wau
1506:or
1136:in
949:LSD
599:to
446:in
384:or
6017::
5995::
5982::
5969::
5956::
5943::
5928::
5902::
5889::
5876::
5863::
5850::
5837::
5827:48
5814::
5801::
5788::
5775::
5762::
5749::
5736::
5723::
5710::
5697::
5684::
5671::
5658::
5643::
5628::
5513:22
5483:.
5468:29
5466:.
5445:.
5435:41
5433:.
5410:.
5402:.
5392:82
5390:.
5377:.
5373:.
5346:.
5332:.
5328:.
5270:.
5258:.
5233:30
5231:.
5227:.
5194:38
5192:.
5111:.
5099:.
5076:.
5072:.
5055:.
5043:.
5022:.
5012:.
5002:62
5000:.
4996:.
4942:.
4924:18
4922:.
4888:34
4886:.
4863:.
4859:.
4848:16
4846:.
4818:.
4808:56
4806:.
4783:.
4773:19
4771:.
4748:16
4746:.
4725:.
4717:.
4707:12
4705:.
4688:.
4680:.
4672:.
4660:.
4609:.
4605:.
4498:.
4465:28
4463:.
4450:.
4430:.
4428:)"
4338:^
4316:.
4268:^
4203:.
4152:^
4101:^
4086:^
4071:^
4002:.
3946:^
3860:^
3745:.
3743:)"
3682:,
3649:.
3613:^
3598:^
3579:^
3564:^
3534:.
3486:^
3455:^
3368:^
3358:.
3307:.
3256:.
3233:)"
3175:.
3165:34
3163:.
3159:.
3135:^
3121:.
3111:.
3101:17
3099:.
3095:.
3044:.
2971:.
2936:^
2916:.
2912:.
2881:.
2866:^
2840:.
2830:.
2822:.
2810:.
2806:.
2783:.
2775:.
2765:28
2763:.
2759:.
2747:^
2732:^
2682:.
2674:.
2666:.
2658:.
2642:.
2563:46
2561:.
2515:^
2497:^
2469:^
2428:^
2411:^
2377:^
2360:.
2340:^
2326:.
2316:.
2308:.
2300:.
2288:.
2282:.
2255:.
2247:.
2239:.
2229:.
2221:.
2211:31
2209:.
2179:.
2171:.
2163:.
2153:39
2151:.
2117:.
2066:.
2062:.
2051:^
2036:^
2018:.
1930:.
1926:.
1924:)"
1864:^
1848:17
1846:.
1834:^
1807:^
1795:}}
1791:{{
1766:.
1760:.
1743:^
1681:.
1585:.
1385:,
1381:,
1369:.
1309:,
1286:.
1233:,
1221:,
1217:,
1182:.
904:,
900:,
896:,
892:,
888:,
884:,
868:,
860:,
839:.
798:,
727:.
653:,
636:.
619:,
528:,
512:.
435:.
340:,
300:,
106:Pg
50:Ma
5585::
5571:)
5561:)
5553:(
5548:)
5517:)
5510:(
5495:.
5491::
5453:.
5441::
5418:.
5406::
5398::
5381:.
5350::
5334:4
5316:.
5297:.
5278:.
5274::
5266::
5249:.
5215:.
5183:.
5172:.
5138:.
5119:.
5107::
5086:.
5063:.
5051::
5045:8
5030:.
5016::
5008::
4980:.
4958:.
4940:"
4909:.
4898:.
4894::
4873:.
4826:.
4814::
4791:.
4779::
4758:.
4754::
4733:.
4721::
4713::
4696:.
4676::
4668::
4643:.
4620:.
4596:.
4587:)
4576:.
4560:.
4549:.
4530:.
4511:.
4486:.
4467:.
4452:4
4441:.
4302:.
4238:.
4213:.
4197:"
4014:.
4004:9
3987:.
3940:.
3757:.
3657:.
3546:.
3362:.
3343:.
3318:.
3292:.
3267:.
3242:.
3217:.
3183:.
3171::
3129:.
3115::
3107::
3080:.
3057:.
3029:.
2983:.
2930:.
2924::
2918:1
2885:.
2875:"
2848:.
2818::
2812:7
2791:.
2779::
2771::
2690:.
2662::
2654::
2423:.
2371:.
2351:"
2334:.
2296::
2263:.
2233::
2217::
2199:(
2187:.
2159::
2130:.
2078:.
2030:.
2004:.
1994:"
1990:"
1942:.
1858:.
1854::
1828:.
1801:)
1787:.
1774::
1758:"
1754:"
1444:(
1085:(
1077:(
1069:(
1061:(
1053:(
1045:(
1000:(
988:(
694:(
673:(
583:(
490:(
374:(
304:)
296:(
173:)
111:N
101:K
96:J
91:T
86:P
81:C
76:D
71:S
66:O
61:ęž’
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.