305:
633:, said that Nuffield was "a large-scale example of period-style architecture which has no justification whatever on grounds of consideration for the neighbours and represents missed opportunity of a really tragic kind". As the site was away from the "ancient colleges" of the city centre and in an area of "undistinguished nineteenth century commercial building", there had been a "rare opportunity" of building something "belonging ... to the twentieth century, and of showing that Oxford does not live only in the past". He said that the "compromise between contemporary needs and what is imagined to be the English collegiate tradition is quite unworthy of the educational enterprise the new foundation represents". He was, however, "thankful" that the building used smooth-faced stone "in the proper Oxford style" rather than rubble facing, which he said had been used elsewhere in Oxford "with extraordinarily unpleasing results".
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fifteenth, push through its top to steal the last laugh". Peter Sager, too, thought that the "high-rise library" could "easily stand on the Hudson". Sir Howard Colvin said that the "utilitarian function" of the tower "accorded ill with its original ornamental purpose", and that the architects had "failed to find a satisfactory solution" to the "repetitive uniformity of fenestration". Of the flèche, Colvin said that it "makes its contribution to the Oxford skyline without any overt reference to historical precedent". Geoffrey Tyack also disliked the tower, describing it as "an ungainly structure" that was "lit by a monotonous array of windows punched out of the wall surface"; however, he thought the hall was "an effective reinterpretation of the traditional collegiate pattern".
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438:. There were further changes to Harrison's second design, as not only had inflation between 1937 and 1949 reduced the value of Nuffield's original donation, but additional savings had to be made in the difficult post-war economic situation. A scale model, created in 1949 as work started, showed the alterations: a shortened tower, a plainer main entrance, and no arcades within the quadrangles. Further changes were made once work was under way, including the indefinite postponement of construction of the institute opposite the college. The plans of the tower were altered so that it would hold a library, instead of being purely ornamental, windows were added at regular intervals, and it was topped by a copper
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301:, to the immediate west of the hall and aligned north to south, would have the Warden's Lodging at the north end and the chapel at the south end; steps would lead down from the upper quadrangle into the lower quadrangle, again aligned east to west, with the main entrance at the far east end of the lower quadrangle. The proposed institute would face the main college entrance across Worcester Street. The sub-committee recommended that Harrison's plans be adopted in January 1939, and a model of the design was shown to Nuffield in June 1939 – he had been abroad for much of the intervening period.
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608:, construction of which began in 1960 (the year that Nuffield College was completed): St Catherine's, in his view, was "the most perfect piece of architecture of 20th-century Oxford" and made Nuffield "look even more absurd". Nevertheless, he "proposed forgiveness" for the "mighty tower", which "positively helps the famous skyline of Oxford", adding that it has "enough identity to be sure that one day it will find affection". He said that the tower had something of the architect
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However, although he was persuaded to put the remainder towards a college for social science studies instead, he still felt "cheated". He later described the college as "that bloody
Kremlin", "where left-wingers study at my expense". He was sufficiently pleased with the work of the college to leave it most of his remaining fortune (which was more than £3 million) when he died in 1963, although most of the bequest did not reach the college as it was needed to pay
612:' "felicitous manipulation of period details into a non-period whole and will, I prophesy, one day be loved", although he was less sure that this fate awaited the rest of the buildings. Simon Jenkins said of Pevsner's prophecy about the tower, "I doubt it"; he described it as "at best ungainly", with a "weak spire", and said that "vegetation was its best hope, as for the rest of Nuffield". The college, in his view "required a sense of humour".
285:. All but Holden and Maufe submitted photographs of their work, and the sub-committee then recommended Harrison, a decision confirmed after he was interviewed on 17 June 1938. At that time, Harrison had never worked in Britain: although he had qualified there, he had practised in Greece and Palestine. Indeed, the college seems to have been his only project in the country, and remains his best known work, along with his later
726:(GDP). This measures the social cost of construction or investment as a proportion of the economy's total output of goods and services, showing the equivalent social impact in current terms: how much contemporary Britons would need to forgo in order to invest a similar amount of the current British economy. As of January 2017, the latest year for which contemporary figures are available is 2015.
289:. Harrison was not given any restrictions or limitations on style; Nuffield agreed to Harrison's appointment, but was not consulted on the architectural style of the college before Harrison started work. When Nuffield's donation was announced, it was reported that the "general idea" was that the college buildings should be sited behind gardens, similar to the memorial gardens at
387:, Nuffield wrote to him on 15 August 1939 to say that he felt "obliged to adhere to my adverse judgement of the plans". The design was "un-English and out of keeping with the best tradition of Oxford architecture", said Nuffield, adding that "if a building of this type were to be erected, I would not allow my name to be associated therewith".
102:, who had worked in Greece and Palestine, was appointed by the University to design the buildings. His initial design, heavily influenced by Mediterranean architecture, was rejected by Nuffield, who called it "un-English" and refused to allow his name to be associated with it. Harrison reworked the plans, aiming for "something on the lines of
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innovation in planning that was highly effective". Colvin's view was that the failure to construct the college according to this "impressive" design led to it being Oxford's "most notable architectural casualty of the 1930s". Had it been built, he said, it "would have taken its place among the major architectural monuments of Oxford".
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architecture of modern Oxford said that it was "Oxford's biggest monument to barren reaction". The
Cotswold style was "taken absurdly out of context and mercilessly stretched", and did not "harmonise with the clumsy tower", whilst the spire " uneasily ... despite its elaborate base". An unnamed journalist wrote in
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a compromise would suit "a 20th century donor with an industrial background who sighs for romance, a committee of economists who are after results the governing committee of a
University steeped in its tradition". Nevertheless, Harrison agreed to attempt to satisfy Nuffield's desire for "something on the lines of
490:, with steps leading down from the upper quadrangle (to the east) to the lower quadrangle (to the west). Residential accommodation for students and fellows is located in the lower quadrangle, whilst the hall, library, and administrative offices are in the upper quadrangle. The buildings are two storeys high, with
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guide to the city and university, was more positive. He described the tower as "an exciting breakaway from the conventional", with its spire as a "secular contribution to the sky-line". He said that the buildings "make a picturesque group of gabled
Cotswold roofs", adding that "heir design is simple
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in 1959 that the main buildings of the quadrangles were "somewhat oddly wedded to small basins which irresistibly suggest a
Lilliputian Versailles". The same writer said that the tower rose "Manhattan-wise for 10 storeys through the twentieth century, only to have a diminutive spire, escaped from the
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of oak trusses. The tower, which would now contain the common room, was moved from the area of the former hall staircase to the east end of the chapel. When the plans were shown to
Nuffield in early 1940, the only change that he requested before giving his approval was for a "more conventional" tower
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domestic architecture", and produced a second design. The amount of accommodation provided was reduced. The main entrance was moved from the west to the south of the college, under the chapel; it was to have an arcaded vestibule, allowing the quadrangle to be seen from the street, as
Nuffield wanted.
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Harrison protested that the so-called Oxford architectural tradition was a vague concept and also an accident of history: there was no uniform style uniting the buildings of the university and colleges, but instead different designs had been used, with varying modifications, over many centuries. Only
587:
The architectural writer
Geoffrey Tyack has written that Nuffield College was Oxford's "most important architectural project of the immediate post-war years". Opinions about the architecture merits of the college have varied, although most have been unfavourable. The authors of a 1961 booklet on the
429:
The Second World War meant that construction work on the main college buildings could not begin until 21 April 1949, when the foundation stone was laid; work on the warden's residence had begun in
October 1948. Before the buildings were erected, the college operated from rented houses elsewhere
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said that
Harrison's first design was Oxford's "most notable architectural casualty of the 1930s"; it has also been described as a "missed opportunity" to show that Oxford did not live "only in the past". Reaction to the architecture of the college has been largely unfavourable. In the 1960s, it was
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The writer Miles Jebb considered the contrast between the hall's black and white floor and red-panelled roof to be "most effective". He thought that the enclosed layout of the college was "a principal attraction", but wrote that the tower's "palpably utilitarian function detracts from its aesthetic
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wrote that the architecture of the college was incongruous – it was "remarkable" that a college with connections to modern industry should be looking backwards in this way. "That a college devoted to modern scientific studies should be dressed up has already been the subject of puzzled comment by
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said that these are "almost puddles", and saw them as relics of Harrison's Mediterranean plan. The writer Peter Sager, however, thought that the pond represents the canal basin that previously occupied the site. The main entrance leads into the upper quadrangle, which has the hall on its east side.
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After Harrison's preliminary studies, it became clear that the proposed site could not contain a college and an institute for social science research as planned; Nuffield agreed to provide an additional plot of land on the opposite side of Worcester Street. Harrison proposed to build the college on
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as "one of the sweetest little sanctuaries in Oxford"; "very simple, almost stern" with a contrast between the black and white pews and the "rich colour" of the stained glass. However, she said that whilst Oxford colleges change in style over time as buildings are added or altered, "Nuffield was a
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A further delay in construction was announced in 1951, when labour and materials were restricted because of a government rearmament drive. Work to complete the quadrangle, including a hall, kitchen and the library tower, began in 1955 at a cost of £200,000. This money was donated to the college by
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Construction of the second design began in 1949 and was finished in 1960. Progress was hampered by post-war building restrictions, and the effects of inflation on Nuffield's donation led to various cost-saving changes to the plans. In one change, the tower, which had been planned to be ornamental,
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Colvin commented that, apart from the flèche which was similar to the initial plan, the college as finally built contained none of the elements that had given Harrison's first design "interest and distinction". The remaining "vestiges" of the first plan, he said, were the two main axes within the
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Colvin said that the "relationship between the principal buildings" was "elegantly worked out" and, "in a university of self-contained spaces", a design using two intersecting axes – one from the entrance to the hall and tower, the other from the chapel to the lodging – "represented an
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and the city (an area including the site of the proposed college) as "something between a refuse heap and a slum"; Nuffield had originally bought the canal basin to beautify that part of the city before he had the idea of building a college to accomplish this. As well as the land, Nuffield gave
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His plan was to create a college that specialised in engineering and business methods to provide a link between academia and industry, for which he initially offered the University £1 million; £100,000 was used for a physical chemistry laboratory (completed in 1941), of which he approved.
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stone. The tower, which has nine floors, is about 90 feet (27 m) tall, with the flèche taking the total height to about 150 feet (46 m). It was the first tower built in Oxford for 200 years. Work was carried out in the library in 1999 to extend the total shelf-length to just under 6
189:, east Oxford. For the creation of Nuffield College and for his other donations (which included funding a chair of Spanish studies and donating £2 million in 1936 for a school of medical research), he was described in 1949 by an editorial in
507:, from 1962, has been positioned on the lawn inside the college. Dalwood also designed the fountain in the pool in the upper quadrangle, although his plan for a spray of water was not implemented, "leaving the sculpture with no obvious purpose".
681:, a designation given to buildings of national importance and special interest. The kerbstones around the pool in the west quadrangle have been given separate Grade II listing, as an "integral part of the Nuffield College scheme".
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Administration of Nuffield's donation was the responsibility of the University, as the college did not become an independent body until after the Second World War. A sub-committee, consisting of three heads of Oxford colleges
458:. The tower was completed in 1956, and the college as a whole (without the institute on the site opposite, which is now used as a car park) was finished in 1960. Work was still under way when the college was incorporated by
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in Istanbul. The Warden's Lodging would have been "one of the most handsome and commodious of its kind". However, Colvin thought that the chapel design was better suited to Mediterranean sunlight than Oxford gloom.
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Harrison's second design of 1939, showing the proposed buildings for an institute of social science research on the left (which were never built). Financial constraints led to further changes being made during
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also disliked the college's design, referring to the "Cotswold dementia" of the architecture, and the college's "pokey windows and grotesque sugarloaf tower." The chapel was described by the travel writer
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Nuffield was dismayed by the model of Harrison's plans, as the buildings were not in the general Oxford collegiate style that he was known to favour. After a meeting with the University's Vice-Chancellor,
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college, although "no longer focussed on major architectural incidents", and the masonry around the main doors, cut to resemble the buildings of medieval Italy rather than those of Tudor England.
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The hall has a floor of black and white marble and arches made of concrete supporting an oak roof with red panels. The furniture in the hall was designed by, and the chairs were built by,
316:. There were no pitched roofs, battlements, or pinnacles. Instead, the proposed building had "a strongly Mediterranean character", inspired by medieval buildings in that region. White
293:, so that those entering Oxford from the west would be faced with a "beautiful vista of well-planned gardens seen through railings"; this idea did not form part of Harrison's designs.
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windows facing the quadrangles are arranged in close-set groups of three; at the east end of the upper quadrangle, the common room has a larger bay window. An abstract sculpture by
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Part of Harrison's first design of 1939; the view from the west end of the lower quadrangle, looking towards the upper quadrangle with the tower over the entrance to the hall
1980:
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the main site, with the institute on the second site. The hall was to be at the east end of the main site, aligned east to west, with a tower at the west end; the upper
21:
261:), was appointed to choose the architect; Emden appears to have played the major part in the group's work. Eight architects were initially asked to compete, including
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was the chosen building material; there were to be "stark" external walls and flat roofs, and a large semi-circular doorway at the main entrance, with facetted
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described as "Oxford's biggest monument to barren reaction". The tower has been described as "ungainly", and marred by repetitive windows. The travel writer
1975:
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was redesigned to hold the college's library. It was the first tower built in Oxford for 200 years and is about 150 feet (46 m) tall, including the
146:, although unimpressed with most of the college, thought that the tower helped the Oxford skyline and predicted it would "one day be loved". The writer
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The college presents a symmetrical front to New Road and the castle mound, with four small gables between a larger gable at either end. There are two
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from a quarry 10 miles (16 km) northwest of Oxford, but these were no longer available when Nuffield was built. The main building stone used is
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as "the greatest benefactor of the University since the Middle Ages". He donated land on New Road, to the west of the city centre near the mound of
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98:; he gave land for the college, as well as £900,000 (approximately £246 million in present-day terms) to build and endow it. The architect
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352:. The hall and its grand staircase, said Colvin, would have rivalled those of Christ Church. Although Harrison had not finished plans for the
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attraction", even though it made the "emphatic addition" to the skyline of Oxford that Nuffield wanted. A. R. Woolley, author of an
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doubted Pevsner's prediction, and claimed that "vegetation" was the "best hope" for the tower – as well as the rest of the college.
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above. There are pools in the centre of the quadrangles (the one in the lower quadrangle is the longer of the two); the writer
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Harrison's design had "little that was English, still less that was recognisably Oxonian", said the architectural historian
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404:. The staircase leading to the hall was removed, and the hall repositioned on ground level, without aisles but with a
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181:. Nuffield, known as William Morris before he was raised to the peerage, was an industrialist and the founder of
530:, hangs in the hall. The chapel, on the south side of the college, can seat forty people. It has five abstract
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763:£100,000 in 1937 would be worth approximately £36.2M in today's terms, adjusting for changes in GDP.
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are displayed over the fireplace, carved from a single piece of stone, and his portrait, painted by
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745:£900,000 in 1937 would be worth approximately £325M in today's terms, adjusting for changes in GDP.
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in 1958, thereby becoming a self-governing entity. The charter was presented to the college by the
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772:£200,000 in 1955 would be worth approximately £19M in today's terms, adjusting for changes in GDP.
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and depends for its effects upon its just proportions. It is at once traditional and original."
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wrote that the college was "a hodge-podge from the start". However, the architectural historian
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250:
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754:£1M in 1937 would be worth approximately £362M in today's terms, adjusting for changes in GDP.
736:£2M in 1936 would be worth approximately £774M in today's terms, adjusting for changes in GDP.
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66:. The main entrance to the college is in the middle of the building to the left of the tower.
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The tower, variously described as "exciting", "mighty", "ungainly", "clumsy" and "grotesque"
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Lord Nuffield: An Illustrated Life of William Richard Morris, Viscount Nuffield, 1877–1963
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hodge-podge from the start, with a faintly Levantine tower upon a Cotswold Gothic base".
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The pool in the lower quadrangle, looking east towards the upper quadrangle and the hall
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in one, and the hall, library and administrative offices in the other. The chapel has
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kilometres (3.7 mi). The library contains paintings of "Spring" and "Winter" by
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956:"Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.K. Pound Amount, 1830 to Present"
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Monetary values are inflated to contemporary values using changes in the British
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was founded in 1937 after a donation to the University by the car manufacturer
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Morrell, J. B. "The non-medical sciences 1914–1939", in Harrison. pp. 144, 158
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A History of the County of Oxford Volume III – The University of Oxford
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Richards, J. M. (August 1952). "Recent Building in Oxford & Cambridge".
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upon Lord Nuffield's recommendation. Until it was required for books, the
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compared the college unfavourably to the designs of the Danish architect
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Writing in 1952, after the first section of the buildings was complete,
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on the north and south sides of the main body of the hall, as in a
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on 6 June 1958, at the first lunch to be served in the hall.
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and parts of southern France. In the hall, there were to be
1437:. Nuffield College, Oxford. 15 January 2001. Archived from
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The corner of New Road (right) and Worcester Street (left)
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1576:"Nuffield College, kerbstones surrounding pool (1047053)"
425:, with the Nuffield flèche rising above the tree at left
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Looking through the west gate into the lower quadrangle
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The flat roofs were replaced with pitched roofs with
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Buildings and structures of the University of Oxford
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Gray, Patience (17 April 1960). "Students At Home".
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with a bronze crucifix. The roofs are finished with
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199:, on the site of the largely disused basin of the
118:, with residential accommodation for students and
1829:; Sherwood, Jennifer (1974). "Nuffield College".
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336:design, showed (in Colvin's view) influences of
1264:"Nuffield College, New Road, Oxford (1278775)"
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1920:Woolley, A. R. (1983). "Nuffield College".
1854:Oxford & Cambridge: An Uncommon History
1750:. In Salter, H. E.; Lobel, Mary D. (eds.).
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1877:New Oxford: A guide to the modern city
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1952:Panoramic photographs of the college
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1986:Grade II listed buildings in Oxford
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636:The architectural correspondent of
324:demonstrating the influence of the
16:College of the University of Oxford
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1671:, ed. (1992). "Nuffield College".
1581:National Heritage List for England
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1499:"New Wave Of Building At Oxford".
1435:"Annual Report 1999–2000: Library"
1269:National Heritage List for England
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1762:Institute of Historical Research
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1895:Oxford: an architectural guide
1722:England's Thousand Best Houses
1310:"Addition To Oxford Skyline".
1294:. 8 September 1951. p. 6.
1037:. 14 October 1937. p. 11.
1019:. 14 October 1937. p. 15.
606:St Catherine's College, Oxford
534:windows that were designed by
104:Cotswold domestic architecture
1:
1922:The Clarendon Guide to Oxford
1875:Smith, David L., ed. (1961).
1636:Harrison, Brian, ed. (1994).
1503:. 23 October 1959. p. 5.
1314:. 7 November 1955. p. 4.
1237:. 18 October 1948. p. 3.
1233:"Building Nuffield College".
954:Officer, Lawrence H. (2017).
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664:Rooms in the lower quadrangle
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567:and "Summer" and "Autumn" by
72:buildings of Nuffield College
596:The architectural historian
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133:The architectural historian
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1898:. Oxford University Press.
1801:. Oxford University Press.
1673:The Encyclopaedia of Oxford
1518:. 23 April 1959. p. 3.
1015:"Lord Nuffield's College".
992:. 22 April 1949. p. 5.
699:University of Oxford portal
684:
413:Construction and completion
10:
2012:
1346:"New Charters Presented".
1837:. Yale University Press.
1350:. 7 June 1958. p. 4.
1996:Nuffield College, Oxford
1947:Nuffield College website
1892:Tyack, Geoffrey (1998).
1835:The Buildings of England
1033:"Lord Nuffield's Gift".
717:
548:Collyweston stone slates
154:Lord Nuffield's donation
1758:Victoria County History
1644:Oxford University Press
671:Oxford University Press
556:Stonesfield stone slate
421:View from the tower of
106:", as Nuffield wanted.
1696:The Colleges of Oxford
1548:. 2010. Archived from
724:Gross Domestic Product
665:
620:
584:
515:
483:
426:
379:
309:
233:
220:on Nuffield's estate.
166:
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1852:Sager, Peter (2005).
1619:Yale University Press
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291:Christ Church, Oxford
239:Sir William Beveridge
231:
185:, which was based in
161:
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1957:22 July 2020 at the
1766:University of London
1694:Jebb, Miles (1996).
1669:Hibbert, Christopher
1441:on 24 September 2009
1080:Hull, Peter (1993).
986:"Nuffield College".
834:Architectural Review
713:Notes and references
630:Architectural Review
627:, the editor of the
598:Sir Nikolaus Pevsner
144:Sir Nikolaus Pevsner
126:windows designed by
80:University of Oxford
42:51.752833; -1.262917
1858:Thames & Hudson
1552:on 22 December 2012
1200:Colvin, pp. 174–175
1143:Colvin, pp. 169–170
448:Nuffield Foundation
326:Muslim architecture
287:University of Ghana
33: /
1820:jan morris oxford.
1748:"Nuffield College"
1744:Loveday, Alexander
1607:Colvin, Sir Howard
1542:"Listed Buildings"
1324:Tyack, pp. 300–301
666:
621:
585:
569:Edward Middleditch
522:. Lord Nuffield's
516:
484:
456:Senior Common Room
442:, or small spire.
427:
380:
310:
283:Hubert Worthington
259:Lady Margaret Hall
243:University College
234:
167:
68:
1905:978-0-19-817423-3
1867:978-0-500-51249-4
1827:Pevsner, Nikolaus
1808:978-0-19-280136-4
1775:978-0-7129-1064-4
1735:978-0-14-103929-9
1653:978-0-19-822974-2
1095:978-0-7478-0203-7
1086:Osprey Publishing
540:Patrick Reyntiens
464:Duke of Edinburgh
314:Sir Howard Colvin
263:Louis de Soissons
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528:Sir Arthur Cope
520:Edward Barnsley
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271:Austen Harrison
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209:railway station
169:The history of
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1796:
1779:. Retrieved
1752:
1721:
1695:
1672:
1659:23 September
1657:. Retrieved
1638:
1612:
1599:Bibliography
1587:28 September
1585:. Retrieved
1579:
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1550:the original
1536:
1515:
1509:
1500:
1482:
1474:The Observer
1473:
1455:
1445:30 September
1443:. Retrieved
1439:the original
1429:
1420:
1399:Jebb, p. 153
1347:
1341:
1320:
1311:
1291:
1285:
1275:28 September
1273:. Retrieved
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960:. Retrieved
857:Smith, p. 28
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644:The Observer
642:
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432:Banbury Road
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354:common rooms
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279:Edward Maufe
247:Alfred Emden
235:
224:First design
214:
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201:Oxford Canal
190:
168:
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88:Oxford Canal
71:
69:
25:51°45′10.2″N
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1831:Oxfordshire
1791:Morris, Jan
499:The square-
488:quadrangles
350:Doric style
255:Linda Grier
203:. In 1937,
116:quadrangles
40: /
28:1°15′46.5″W
1970:Categories
962:10 January
779:References
654:Jan Morris
575:Assessment
536:John Piper
299:quadrangle
175:university
140:Jan Morris
128:John Piper
1885:255123538
1700:Constable
1556:26 August
1516:The Times
1501:The Times
1348:The Times
1312:The Times
1292:The Times
1235:The Times
1035:The Times
1017:The Times
989:The Times
638:The Times
590:The Times
501:mullioned
474:Buildings
400:ends and
338:Byzantium
334:polygonal
322:voussoirs
205:The Times
192:The Times
58:, facing
1955:Archived
1793:(2001).
1746:(1954).
1720:(2009).
1609:(1983).
685:See also
560:Clipsham
393:Cotswold
346:basilica
76:colleges
60:New Road
1911:26 June
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544:reredos
492:dormers
452:fellows
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253:; and
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718:Notes
550:from
398:gable
257:from
249:from
241:from
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1913:2009
1900:ISBN
1881:OCLC
1862:ISBN
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