1182:. The appropriate level of task division was defined through experimental design of the production process. In contrast to Smith's view which was limited to the same functional domain and comprised activities that are in direct sequence in the manufacturing process, today's process concept includes cross-functionality as an important characteristic. Following his ideas, the division of labor was adopted widely, while the integration of tasks into a functional, or cross-functional, process was not considered as an alternative option until much later.
1369:(BPR) was originally conceptualized by Hammer and Davenport as a means to improve organizational effectiveness and productivity. It can involve starting from a "blank slate" and completely recreating major business processes, or it can involve comparing the "as-is" process and the "to-be" process and mapping the path for change from one to the other. Often BPR will involve the use of information technology to secure significant performance improvement. The term unfortunately became associated with corporate "downsizing" in the mid-1990s.
1459:
1980s saw the development of data-driven approaches as data storage and retrieval technologies improved. Data modeling, rather than process modeling was the starting point for building an information system. Business processes had to adapt to information technology because process modeling was neglected. The shift towards process-oriented management occurred in the 1990s. Enterprise resource planning software with workflow management components such as SAP, Baan,
1173:, one man would perform all the activities required during the production process, while Smith described how the work was divided into a set of simple tasks which would be performed by specialized workers. The result of labor division in Smith's example resulted in productivity increasing by 24,000 percent (sic), i.e. that the same number of workers made 240 times as many pins as they had been producing before the introduction of labor division.
978:
2376:
of these different programs all parading under the same name. Few are alike, and those varied programs have a wide variety of features—a mixture of the old and the new—with, in more cases than not, very little of the new. ... However, I have forewarned you there are almost as many different TQM programs as there are companies that have started them because that creates confusion about what to do in your own case.
2650:
1385:, modeling, and optimization) that strives to support the goals of an enterprise within and beyond multiple boundaries, involving many people, from employees to customers and external partners. A major part of BPM's enterprise support involves the continuous evaluation of existing processes and the identification of ways to improve upon it, resulting in a cycle of overall organizational improvement.
1128:. While decomposing processes into process classifications, categories can be helpful, but care must be taken in doing so as there may be crossover. At last, all processes are part of a largely unified customer-focused result, one of "customer value creation." This goal is expedited with business process management, which aims to analyze, improve, and enact business processes.
1479:(BMM) are widely used standards for business modeling. The Business Modeling and Integration Domain Task Force (BMI DTF) is a consortium of vendors and user companies that continues to work together to develop standards and specifications to promote collaboration and integration of people, systems, processes and information within and across enterprises.
1435:(74%) and social media (38%). Consequently, businesses need to have an effective online strategy to increase brand awareness and grow." (Paun, 2020) Customers engage and interact through social media and businesses who are effectively part of social media drive more successful businesses. The most common social media sites that are used for business are
1491:
their customers. The abundance of customer data collected through these channels as well as through call center interactions, emails, voice calls, and customer surveys has led to a huge growth in data analytics which in turn is utilized for performance management and improving the ways in which the company services its customers.
1243:
across time and space, with a beginning and an end, and clearly defined inputs and outputs: a structure for action. ... Taking a process approach implies adopting the customer's point of view. Processes are the structure by which an organization does what is necessary to produce value for its customers.
1351:
is the procedural movement of information, material, and tasks from one participant to another. Workflow includes the procedures, people and tools involved in each step of a business process. A single workflow may either be sequential, with each step contingent upon completion of the previous one, or
1276:
model, which also builds on a division of primary and secondary activities. According to
Rummler and Brache, a typical characteristic of a successful process-based organization is the absence of secondary activities in the primary value flow that is created in the customer oriented primary processes.
1042:
of a sequence of activities with interleaving decision points or as a process matrix of a sequence of activities with relevance rules based on data in the process. The benefits of using business processes include improved customer satisfaction and improved agility for reacting to rapid market change.
2375:
In fact, the term TQM has become so widely used that it has become the number one buzzphrase to describe a new type of quality-oriented management. Thus, the name TQM now covers a very broad tent encompassing all sorts of management practices. In my management advisory activities I run into scores
1430:
Creating a strong brand presence through social media is an important component to running a successful business. Companies can market, gain consumer insights, and advertise through social media. "According to a
Salesforce survey, 85% of consumers conduct research before they make a purchase online,
1160:
One man draws out the wire; another straights it; a third cuts it; a fourth points it; a fifth grinds it at the top for receiving the head; to make the head requires two or three distinct operations; to put it on is a peculiar business; to whiten the pins is another ... and the important business of
1420:
in the mid-1980s, first introduced by
Motorola. Six Sigma consists of statistical methods to improve business processes and thus reduce defects in outputs. The "lean approach" to quality management was introduced by the Toyota Motor Company in the 1990s and focused on customer needs and reducing of
1404:
Customer
Service is a key component to an effective business business plan. Customer service in the 21st century is always evolving, and it is important to grow with your customer base. Not only does a social media presence matter, but also clear communication, clear expectation setting, speed, and
1266:
a business process is a series of steps designed to produce a product or service. Most processes (...) are cross-functional, spanning the 'white space' between the boxes on the organization chart. Some processes result in a product or service that is received by an organization's external customer.
1247:
This definition contains certain characteristics that a process must possess. These characteristics are achieved by focusing on the business logic of the process (how work is done) instead of taking a product perspective (what is done). Following
Davenport's definition of a process, we can conclude
1499:
Business processes comprise a set of sequential sub-processes or tasks with alternative paths, depending on certain conditions as applicable, performed to achieve a given objective or produce given outputs. Each process has one or more needed inputs. The inputs and outputs may be received from, or
1248:
that a process must have clearly defined boundaries, input and output, consist of smaller parts and activities which are ordered in time and space, that there must be a receiver of the process outcome—a customer – and that the transformation taking place within the process must add customer value.
1552:
For example, if a recommendation to replace a given policy with a better one is made with proper justification and accepted in principle by business process owners, then corresponding changes in the consequent processes and procedures will follow naturally in order to enable implementation of the
1490:
and mobile technology, and the development of analytical techniques. Cloud-based technologies allow companies to purchase resources quickly and as required, independent of their location. Social media, websites and smart phones are the newest channels through which organizations reach and support
1289:
This definition also emphasizes the constitution of links between activities and the transformation that takes place within the process. Johansson et al. also include the upstream part of the value chain as a possible recipient of the process output. Summarizing the four definitions above, we can
1271:
The above definition distinguishes two types of processes, primary and support processes, depending on whether a process is directly involved in the creation of customer value or concerned with the organization's internal activities. In this sense, Rummler and Brache's definition follows Porter's
1037:
performed by people or equipment in which a specific sequence produces a service or product (that serves a particular business goal) for a particular customer or customers. Business processes occur at all organizational levels and may or may not be visible to the customers. A business process may
1458:
Advances in information technology over the years have changed business processes within and between business enterprises. In the 1960s, operating systems had limited functionality, and any workflow management systems that were in use were tailor-made for the specific organization. The 1970s and
1242:
a structured, measured set of activities designed to produce a specific output for a particular customer or market. It implies a strong emphasis on how work is done within an organization, in contrast to a product focus's emphasis on what. A process is thus a specific ordering of work activities
1055:
A business process begins with a mission objective (an external event) and ends with achievement of the business objective of providing a result that provides customer value. Additionally, a process may be divided into subprocesses (process decomposition), the particular inner functions of the
1396:
is the definition of the knowledge that employees and systems use to perform their functions and maintaining it in a format that can be accessed by others. Duhon and the
Gartner Group have defined it as "a discipline that promotes an integrated approach to identifying, capturing, evaluating,
1115:
A business made up of many process may be decomposed into various subprocesses, each of which have their own peculiar aspects but also contribute to achieving the objectives of the business. The business review analyzes processes, that usually include the mapping or modeling of processes and
2327:
Ask ten people what TQM is and you will hear ten different answers. There is no specification or standard for it, or certification programme to proclaim that you have it. What we understand by TQM probably depends on which of the thought leaders, (often referred to as 'gurus') we have come
1593:
reports, provided these are consciously used for day-to-day or periodical decision-making. With this understanding would hopefully come the willingness to invest time and other resources in business process improvement by introduction of useful and relevant reporting systems.
1532:
Typically, some process tasks will be manual, while some will be computer-based, and these tasks may be sequenced in many ways. In other words, the data and information that are being handled through the process may pass through manual or computer tasks in any given order.
1284:
a set of linked activities that take an input and transform it to create an output. Ideally, the transformation that occurs in the process should add value to the input and create an output that is more useful and effective to the recipient either upstream or downstream.
1277:
The characteristic of processes as spanning the white space on the organization chart indicates that processes are embedded in some form of organizational structure. Also, a process can be cross-functional, i.e. it ranges over several business functions.
1576:
occurring on the shop floor. This process should include systematic periodical analysis of rejections by reason and present the results in a suitable information report that pinpoints the major reasons and trends in these reasons for management to take
1470:
The world of e-business created a need to automate business processes across organizations, which in turn raised the need for standardized protocols and web services composition languages that can be understood across the industry. The
1581:
to control rejections and keep them within acceptable limits. Such a process of analysis and summarisation of line rejection events is clearly superior to a process which merely inquires into each individual rejection as it occurs.
1107:
Operational processes, which are business processes, are of a productive or "missional" nature. These processes generate a product or service to be delivered to customers. These are considered to be unique or specific to each
1161:
making a pin is, in this manner, divided into about eighteen distinct operations, which, in some manufactories, are all performed by distinct hands, though in others the same man will sometimes perform two or three of them.
1633:
and the organization's infrastructure strategies related to it, are a theoretical cornerstone of the business process concept, requiring "a framework for measuring the level of IT support for business processes."
1397:
retrieving, and sharing all of an enterprise's information assets. These assets may include databases, documents, policies, procedures, and previously un-captured expertise and experience in individual workers."
1267:
We call these primary processes. Other processes produce products that are invisible to the external customer but essential to the effective management of the business. We call these support processes.
1259:
As we can note, Hammer & Champy have a more transformation-oriented perception and put less emphasis on the structural component – process boundaries and the order of activities in time and space.
1104:
Strategic processes, which are managerial, directive or steering processes. Management has an important role in each of these. This type of process is related to strategic planning, partnerships, etc.
2219:
1335:(i.e., the person responsible for the continuous improvement of the process) is considered as a prerequisite. Sometimes the process owner is the same person who is performing the process.
1935:"Book I. Of the Causes of Improvement in the Productive Powers of Labour, and of the Order According to Which Its Produce Is Naturally Distributed among the Different Ranks of the People"
1111:
Support processes, which are auxiliary in nature, support for operational and strategic processes. These are responsible for providing resources and are presented in most organizations.
2516:
von Rosing, M.; Foldager, U.; Hove, M.; et al. (2015). "Working with the
Business Process Management (BPM) Life Cycle". In von Rosing, M.; Scheer, A.-W.; von Scheel, H. (eds.).
1569:
status reports for supplier delivery follow-up as described in the section on effectiveness above. There are numerous examples of this in every possible business process.
1777:
von Scheel, H.; von Rosing, M.; Fonseca, M.; et al. (2014). "Phase 1: Process
Concept Evolution". In von Rosing, M.; Scheer, A.-W.; von Scheel, H. (eds.).
1202:
focused on standardization of processes, systematic training and clearly defining the roles of management and employees. His methods were widely adopted in the
2566:
Sidorova, A.; Torres, R.; Al
Beayeyz, A. (2014). "The Role of Information Technology in Business Process Management". In vom Brocke, J.; Rosemann, M. (eds.).
1116:
sub-processes down to a group of activities at different levels. Processes can be modeled using a large number of methods and techniques. For instance, the
1352:
parallel, with multiple steps occurring simultaneously. Multiple combinations of single workflows may be connected to achieve a resulting overall process.
1615:. Introducing a business process concept has a considerable impact on the structural elements of the organization and, thus also on the span of control.
1589:
and operatives should realise that process improvement often occurs with introduction of appropriate transaction, operational, highlight, exception or
1546:
2389:
1008:
1586:
1508:
1332:
2541:
Sezenias, E.; Farmakis, A.; Karagiannis, G.; et al. (2012). "A Holistic
Business Performance Measurement Framework". In Glykas, M. (ed.).
1206:, Russia and parts of Europe and led to further developments such as "time and motion study" and visual task optimization techniques, such as
1056:
process. Business processes may also have a process owner, a responsible party for ensuring the process runs smoothly from start to finish.
1262:
Rummler & Brache (1995) use a definition that clearly encompasses a focus on the organization's external customers, when stating that
1416:(TQM) emerged in the early 1980s as organizations sought to improve the quality of their products and services. It was followed by the
2413:
Palmer, N. (2015). "iBPM - Intelligent Business Process Management". In von Rosing, M.; Scheer, A.-W.; von Scheel, H. (eds.).
1507:
Business processes are designed to be operated by one or more business functional units, and emphasize the importance of the "
1658:
1381:" (BPM) can generally be defined as a discipline involving a combination of a wide variety of business activity flows (e.g.,
1001:
77:
1405:
accuracy. If the customer service provided by a business is not effective, it can be detrimental to the business success.
1067:
and create the primary value stream, e.g., taking orders from customers, opening an account, and manufacturing a component
1954:"It's Time to Engineer Re-engineering: Investigating the Potential of Simulation Modelling for Business Process Redesign"
1447:. Businesses with the strongest brand recognition and consumer engagement build social presences on all these platforms.
1255:
a collection of activities that takes one or more kinds of input and creates an output that is of value to the customer.
1199:
1472:
1117:
705:
2654:
2583:
2550:
2525:
2500:
2422:
2360:
2312:
2270:
2176:
2147:
2105:
2019:
1992:
1965:
1912:
1887:
1851:
1822:
1788:
1752:
1710:
1315:: The transformation taking place within the process must add value to the recipient, either upstream or downstream.
562:
1230:," as differentiated from manual workers – and how knowledge management would become part of an entity's processes.
994:
611:
2121:
2680:
1366:
1361:
2193:
1251:
Hammer & Champy's (1993) definition can be considered as a subset of Davenport's. They define a process as:
2616:
1450:
Resources: Paun, Goran (2020). Building A Brand: Why A Strong Digital Presence Matters. Forbes. Sourced from
1222:
focused much of his work on the simplification and decentralization of processes, which led to the concept of
2675:
1590:
982:
727:
637:
288:
1303:: It must consist of activities that are ordered according to their position in time and space (a sequence).
2461:
2258:
1668:
845:
631:
459:
1653:
1382:
1378:
835:
722:
672:
1059:
Broadly speaking, business processes can be organized into three types, according to von Rosing et al.:
2250:
A History of Managing for Quality: The Evolution, Trends, and Future Directions of Managing for Quality
865:
2670:
1549:. There is a cascading effect of improvements made at a higher level on those made at a lower level.
1476:
1121:
1034:
870:
649:
591:
293:
125:
2631:
Slack et al., edited by: David Barnes (2000) The Open University, Understanding Business: Processes
1663:
1413:
1191:
885:
860:
596:
306:
240:
210:
1043:
Process-oriented organizations break down the barriers of structural departments and try to avoid
875:
855:
840:
795:
621:
366:
346:
297:
283:
278:
274:
235:
29:
2262:
2248:
1618:
Large organizations that are not organized as markets need to be organized in smaller units, or
1648:
1630:
935:
920:
850:
712:
616:
265:
165:
145:
135:
100:
2488:
1953:
1875:
1810:
2489:"Chapter 7: Communicating Your Process Through Effective Policies, Procedures, and Job Aides"
2164:
2135:
2093:
1839:
817:
699:
687:
579:
572:
547:
509:
484:
434:
341:
302:
50:
1934:
1778:
1740:
1698:
1745:
High Performance Through Business Process Management: Strategy Execution in a Digital World
1542:
1393:
1195:
1074:
880:
805:
790:
677:
667:
644:
584:
552:
454:
396:
158:
55:
8:
1619:
1562:
1514:
In general, the various tasks of a business process can be performed in one of two ways:
1501:
962:
945:
930:
780:
757:
742:
662:
626:
601:
557:
429:
419:
401:
269:
225:
140:
120:
2220:"Council Post: The Importance Of Evolving Customer Service And Communication Strategies"
2140:
Process Improvement and Organizational Learning: The Role of Collaboration Technologies
1643:
1453:
1321:: A process cannot exist in itself, it must be embedded in an organizational structure.
1070:
925:
800:
785:
752:
747:
737:
732:
682:
606:
514:
479:
170:
2518:
The Complete Business Process Handbook: Body of Knowledge from Process Modeling to BPM
2415:
The Complete Business Process Handbook: Body of Knowledge from Process Modeling to BPM
2169:
The Complete Business Process Handbook: Body of Knowledge from Process Modeling to BPM
1880:
The Complete Business Process Handbook: Body of Knowledge from Process Modeling to BPM
1780:
The Complete Business Process Handbook: Body of Knowledge from Process Modeling to BPM
2579:
2546:
2521:
2496:
2418:
2366:
2356:
2345:
2318:
2308:
2276:
2266:
2172:
2143:
2101:
2015:
1988:
1961:
1908:
1883:
1847:
1818:
1784:
1748:
1706:
1578:
1166:
1093:
905:
812:
768:
694:
567:
474:
444:
381:
175:
17:
2571:
2340:
1483:
1227:
775:
717:
542:
537:
499:
336:
331:
90:
2635:
2575:
2244:
2036:
2009:
1982:
1608:
1522:
1044:
910:
762:
655:
519:
449:
439:
356:
253:
220:
185:
105:
85:
2064:
Improving Performance: How to manage the white space on the organizational chart
1844:
Business Enterprise, Process, and Technology Management: Models and Applications
1153:
1566:
940:
469:
464:
391:
386:
376:
230:
205:
180:
2570:. International Handbooks on Information Systems. Springer. pp. 421–444.
2664:
2352:
1219:
1203:
1165:
Smith also first recognized how output could be increased through the use of
1064:
915:
351:
198:
2370:
2322:
2280:
1741:"Chapter 1: Business Process Management: What Is It and Why Do You Need It?"
1327:: A process regularly can, but not necessarily must, span several functions.
1100:
There are other definitions of the classification of processes proposed by
2604:
Business Process Change: 2nd Ed, A Guide for Business Managers and BPM and
1612:
1541:
The above improvement areas are equally applicable to policies, processes,
1487:
1207:
1146:
494:
371:
361:
73:
2347:
The Five Pillars of TQM: How to Make Total Quality Management Work for You
2191:
2077:
Business Process Reengineering: BreakPoint Strategies for Market Dominance
1124:
technique that can be used for drawing business processes in a visualized
1080:
Supporting processes, which support the core operational processes, e.g.,
2304:
1273:
1223:
1141:
An important early (1776) description of processes was that of economist
1089:
1085:
950:
489:
130:
115:
110:
1873:
1573:
1178:
2540:
2390:"Council Post: Building A Brand: Why A Strong Digital Presence Matters"
1876:"Process Tagging - A Process Classification and Categorization Concept"
1776:
1611:
is the number of subordinates a supervisor manages within a structural
1526:
1464:
1460:
1142:
1081:
43:
1565:
to ensure effective action. An example of this is the availability of
1290:
compile the following list of characteristics for a business process:
2605:
2254:
2194:"Contemporary management in a higher education institution in Serbia"
2037:
Process Innovation: Reengineering work through information technology
1440:
1417:
1039:
424:
326:
319:
2565:
1454:
Information technology as an enabler for business process management
1436:
1348:
1125:
260:
215:
2515:
2051:
Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution
1467:
emerged, as did business process management systems (BPMS) later.
1572:
Another example from production is the process of analyzing line
1482:
The most recent trends in BPM are influenced by the emergence of
1444:
1432:
1170:
1150:
95:
2493:
Effective Process Management: Improving Your Healthcare Delivery
1309:: There must be a recipient of the process' outcome, a customer.
1156:, Smith described the production of a pin in the following way:
2649:
2468:. Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
2098:
Business Process Management: Concepts, Languages, Architectures
1703:
Business Process Management: Concepts, Languages, Architectures
1556:
977:
1939:
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
1073:, the processes that oversee operational processes, including
1984:
The Age of Discontinuity: Guidelines for Our Changing Society
1377:
Though the term has been used contextually to mixed effect, "
1218:
In the latter part of the twentieth century, management guru
1169:. Previously, in a society where production was dominated by
898:
60:
1815:
Business Process Engineering: Advancing the State of the Art
1297:: It must have clearly defined boundaries, input and output.
2167:. In von Rosing, M.; Scheer, A.-W.; von Scheel, H. (eds.).
2162:
1960:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 313–329.
1878:. In von Rosing, M.; Scheer, A.-W.; von Scheel, H. (eds.).
1846:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 187–212.
1817:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 187–212.
2636:
Operations and Production Systems with Multiple Objectives
2438:
1622:– which can be defined according to different principles.
2100:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 25–72.
2094:"Chapter 2: Evolution of Enterprise Systems Architecture"
504:
1705:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1–24.
1561:
Business processes must include up-to-date and accurate
2192:
Nikolić, B.; Dakić, J.; Ružić-Dimitrijević, L. (2013).
1951:
1874:
von Rosing, M.; Kemp, N.; Hove, M.; Ross, J.W. (2014).
1842:. In Elzinga, D.J.; Gulledge, T.R.; Lee, C.-Y. (eds.).
1837:
1813:. In Elzinga, D.J.; Gulledge, T.R.; Lee, C.-Y. (eds.).
1176:
Smith did not advocate labor division at any price or
1536:
1425:
Creating a Strong Brand Presence through Social Media
1033:
is a collection of related, structured activities or
2543:
Business Process Management: Theory and Applications
2087:
2085:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1372:
2001:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1597:
2520:. Vol. 1. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 265–341.
2417:. Vol. 1. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 349–361.
2344:
2124:, page 6, published 2008, accessed 2 February 2020
1941:. University Press; Thomas Nelson and Peter Brown.
1928:
1926:
1924:
1882:. Vol. 1. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 123–172.
1625:
1494:
1431:and among the most used channels for research are
1355:
1238:Davenport (1993) defines a (business) process as:
2559:
2082:
1860:
1811:"Chapter 8: BPR Methodologies: Methods and Tools"
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
2662:
2534:
2509:
2480:
2185:
2171:. Vol. 1. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 79–88.
2156:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1761:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
23:Systematic collection of tasks within a business
2165:"Phase 4: What Is Business Process Management?"
2120:Chartered Institute of Management Accountants,
1974:
1945:
1921:
1783:. Vol. 1. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 1–10.
1194:greatly influenced and improved the quality of
2201:Online Journal of Applied Knowledge Management
1831:
1681:
1280:Johansson et al. (1993). define a process as:
2462:"Analytics & Business Process Management"
2406:
2127:
2007:
1980:
1797:
1719:
1077:, budgetary oversight, and employee oversight
1002:
1956:. In Scholz-Reiter, B.; Stickel, E. (eds.).
1738:
1557:Reporting as an essential base for execution
1063:Operational processes, which constitute the
2486:
2431:
1408:
1185:
2453:
2412:
2133:
2011:Management Challenges for the 21st Century
1009:
995:
2568:Handbook on Business Process Management 1
2439:"Business Modeling & Integration DTF"
2355:: Truman Talley Books/Dutton, p. 4,
2142:. Idea Group Publishing. pp. 17–28.
2091:
1932:
1905:Gestión por procesos y riesgo operacional
1902:
1696:
2459:
2307:: Pira International, Ltd., p. 10,
2049:Michael Hammer and James Champy (1993).
1808:
1504:, or internal or external stakeholders.
1500:sent to other business processes, other
2217:
2122:Topic Gateway No. 48: Change Management
2040:. Harvard Business School Press, Boston
1388:
2663:
2624:Howard Smith and Peter Fingar (2003).
2339:
2298:
2292:
2163:Swenson, K.D.; von Rosing, M. (2015).
1840:"Chapter 3: Business Process Modeling"
2243:
2237:
1659:Business Process Definition Metamodel
1226:. He also coined the concept of the "
1511:" rather than the individual units.
1233:
1198:in the early twentieth century. His
1338:
1200:Principles of Scientific Management
1149:factory. Inspired by an article in
1038:often be visualized (modeled) as a
13:
2613:E. Obeng and S. Crainer S (1993).
2596:
2218:Plumlee, Daniel (3 January 2020).
2075:Henry J. Johansson et al. (1993).
1952:Giaglis, G.M.; Paul, R.J. (2012).
1838:Chand, D.R.; Chircu, A.M. (2012).
1602:
1537:Policies, processes and procedures
1473:Business Process Modeling Notation
1118:Business Process Modeling Notation
14:
2692:
2642:
1373:Business process management (BPM)
983:Business and economics portal
2648:
2387:
1598:Supporting theories and concepts
1213:
976:
2621:. Financial Times Prentice Hall
2381:
2333:
2211:
2136:"Chapter 2: What Is a Process?"
2114:
2069:
2056:
2043:
2028:
1626:Information management concepts
1495:Importance of the process chain
1367:Business process re-engineering
1362:Business process re-engineering
1356:Business process re-engineering
1896:
1:
2460:Ross, M. (July–August 2013).
2062:Rummler & Brache (1995).
1674:
1136:
638:management information system
289:Chief human resources officer
2576:10.1007/978-3-642-45100-3_18
2545:. Springer. pp. 75–98.
2495:. HC Pro. pp. 105–128.
2487:Rohde, K.R. (October 2009).
2066:. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco
1903:Pardo Álvarez, José Manuel.
1669:Business process outsourcing
632:Enterprise resource planning
460:Financial statement analysis
7:
2626:Business Process Management
2305:Leatherhead, United Kingdom
1747:. Springer. pp. 1–28.
1654:Business process automation
1637:
1383:business process automation
1379:business process management
1343:
1145:in his famous example of a
1050:
10:
2697:
2628:. The Third Wave, MK Press
2014:. Routledge. p. 208.
1987:. Routledge. p. 420.
1958:Business Process Modelling
1545:(sub-processes/tasks) and
1359:
1331:Frequently, identifying a
1131:
15:
2441:. Object Management Group
2034:Thomas Davenport (1993).
1699:"Chapter 1: Introduction"
1477:Business Motivation Model
1122:business process modeling
294:Chief information officer
126:Limited liability company
2638:. John Wiley & Sons.
2301:Total Quality Management
1664:Business process mapping
1414:Total quality management
1409:Total quality management
1192:Frederick Winslow Taylor
1186:Frederick Winslow Taylor
307:Chief technology officer
241:Mergers and acquisitions
211:Constitutional documents
36:Management of a business
16:Not to be confused with
2079:. John Wiley & Sons
367:Environmental economics
347:International economics
298:Chief marketing officer
284:Chief financial officer
279:Chief operating officer
275:Chief executive officer
236:International trade law
30:Business administration
2681:Management cybernetics
2634:Malakooti, B. (2013).
2602:Paul's Harmon (2007).
2008:Drucker, P.F. (2007).
1981:Drucker, P.F. (2017).
1649:Business method patent
1631:Information management
1287:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1163:
936:International business
921:Business judgment rule
266:Chief business officer
166:Annual general meeting
146:State-owned enterprise
136:Privately held company
1739:Kirchmer, M. (2017).
1521:by means of business
1418:Six Sigma methodology
1282:
1264:
1253:
1240:
1158:
1096:, and safety training
612:Customer relationship
548:Business intelligence
510:Financial institution
485:International finance
435:Cash conversion cycle
342:Development economics
303:Chief product officer
51:Management accounting
2676:Enterprise modelling
2657:at Wikimedia Commons
2299:Holmes, Ken (1992),
2255:Milwaukee, Wisconsin
1502:organizational units
1486:, the prevalence of
1394:Knowledge management
1389:Knowledge management
1196:industrial processes
1075:corporate governance
1071:Management processes
553:Business development
397:Economic development
159:Corporate governance
56:Financial accounting
2134:Kock, N.F. (1999).
1543:detailed procedures
1325:Cross-functionality
963:Business statistics
946:International trade
931:Business operations
627:Electronic business
532:Types of management
420:Financial statement
402:Economic statistics
270:Chief brand officer
226:Corporate liability
141:Sole proprietorship
121:Joint-stock company
2259:ASQC Quality Press
2092:Weske, M. (2012).
1933:Smith, A. (1827).
1697:Weske, M. (2012).
1644:Business functions
1579:corrective actions
1190:American engineer
926:Consumer behaviour
728:Product life-cycle
515:Capital management
480:Managerial finance
171:Board of directors
2653:Media related to
2610:. Morgan Kaufmann
2053:, Harper Business
1809:Chen, M. (2012).
1547:work instructions
1234:Other definitions
1171:handcrafted goods
1094:technical support
1031:business function
1019:
1018:
906:Business analysis
475:Corporate finance
445:Capital budgeting
382:Knowledge economy
176:Supervisory board
18:Business strategy
2688:
2671:Business process
2655:Business process
2652:
2590:
2589:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2350:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2245:Juran, Joseph M.
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2131:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2089:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2060:
2054:
2047:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1930:
1919:
1918:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1871:
1858:
1857:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1806:
1795:
1794:
1774:
1759:
1758:
1736:
1717:
1716:
1694:
1525:systems such as
1484:cloud technology
1401:Customer Service
1339:Related concepts
1228:knowledge worker
1045:functional silos
1023:business process
1011:
1004:
997:
981:
980:
958:Business process
500:Financial market
337:Labour economics
332:Public economics
91:Corporation sole
26:
25:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2661:
2660:
2645:
2599:
2597:Further reading
2594:
2593:
2586:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2396:
2386:
2382:
2363:
2338:
2334:
2315:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2283:
2273:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2216:
2212:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2090:
2083:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2044:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1950:
1946:
1931:
1922:
1915:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1872:
1861:
1854:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1807:
1798:
1791:
1775:
1762:
1755:
1737:
1720:
1713:
1695:
1682:
1677:
1640:
1628:
1609:span of control
1605:
1603:Span of control
1600:
1559:
1539:
1523:data processing
1497:
1456:
1427:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1375:
1364:
1358:
1346:
1341:
1236:
1216:
1188:
1139:
1134:
1053:
1027:business method
1015:
975:
968:
967:
911:Business ethics
901:
891:
890:
831:
823:
822:
533:
525:
524:
520:Venture capital
450:Commercial bank
440:Insider dealing
415:
407:
406:
357:Planned economy
322:
312:
311:
256:
254:Corporate title
246:
245:
221:Corporate crime
201:
191:
190:
186:Audit committee
161:
151:
150:
106:Holding company
86:Corporate group
81:
74:Business entity
66:
65:
46:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2694:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2659:
2658:
2644:
2643:External links
2641:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2622:
2617:Re-engineering
2611:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2558:
2551:
2533:
2526:
2508:
2501:
2479:
2452:
2430:
2423:
2405:
2380:
2361:
2332:
2313:
2291:
2271:
2236:
2210:
2184:
2177:
2155:
2148:
2126:
2113:
2106:
2081:
2068:
2055:
2042:
2027:
2020:
2000:
1993:
1973:
1966:
1944:
1920:
1913:
1895:
1888:
1859:
1852:
1830:
1823:
1796:
1789:
1760:
1753:
1718:
1711:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1627:
1624:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1587:process owners
1567:purchase order
1558:
1555:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1519:
1496:
1493:
1455:
1452:
1410:
1407:
1390:
1387:
1374:
1371:
1360:Main article:
1357:
1354:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1235:
1232:
1215:
1212:
1187:
1184:
1167:labor division
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1097:
1078:
1068:
1052:
1049:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1006:
999:
991:
988:
987:
986:
985:
970:
969:
966:
965:
960:
955:
954:
953:
943:
941:Business model
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
902:
897:
896:
893:
892:
889:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
832:
829:
828:
825:
824:
821:
820:
815:
810:
809:
808:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
772:
771:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
709:
708:
697:
692:
691:
690:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
659:
658:
650:Human resource
647:
642:
641:
640:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
592:Communications
589:
588:
587:
577:
576:
575:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
534:
531:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
470:Public finance
467:
465:Financial risk
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
416:
413:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
399:
394:
392:Macroeconomics
389:
387:Microeconomics
384:
379:
377:Market economy
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
323:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
309:
300:
291:
286:
281:
272:
263:
257:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
238:
233:
231:Insolvency law
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
206:Commercial law
202:
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
183:
181:Advisory board
178:
173:
168:
162:
157:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
82:
72:
71:
68:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
47:
42:
41:
38:
37:
33:
32:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2693:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2608:Professionals
2607:
2601:
2600:
2587:
2585:9783642451003
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2552:9783642284090
2548:
2544:
2537:
2529:
2527:9780127999593
2523:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2502:9781601466549
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2440:
2434:
2426:
2424:9780127999593
2420:
2416:
2409:
2395:
2391:
2388:Paun, Goran.
2384:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2362:9780525937258
2358:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2314:9781858020112
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2272:9780873893411
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2178:9780127999593
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2151:
2149:9781878289582
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2117:
2109:
2107:9783642286162
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2021:9781136386312
2017:
2013:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1994:9781560006183
1990:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1967:9783642803178
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1916:
1914:9788481439489
1910:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1889:9780128004722
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1853:9781466602502
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1824:9781461550914
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1792:
1790:9780128004722
1786:
1782:
1781:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1756:
1754:9783319512594
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1712:9783642286162
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1509:process chain
1505:
1503:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1463:, Oracle and
1462:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1353:
1350:
1336:
1334:
1333:process owner
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:Peter Drucker
1214:Peter Drucker
1211:
1209:
1205:
1204:United States
1201:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1108:organisation.
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1065:core business
1062:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1000:
998:
993:
992:
990:
989:
984:
979:
974:
973:
972:
971:
964:
961:
959:
956:
952:
949:
948:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
916:Business plan
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
900:
895:
894:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
846:Communication
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
827:
826:
819:
816:
814:
811:
807:
806:administrator
804:
803:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
770:
767:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
707:
704:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
689:
688:administrator
686:
685:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
657:
654:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
639:
636:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
597:Configuration
595:
593:
590:
586:
583:
582:
581:
578:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
529:
528:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
411:
410:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
352:Mixed economy
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
321:
316:
315:
308:
304:
301:
299:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
276:
273:
271:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
255:
250:
249:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:Corporate law
195:
194:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
160:
155:
154:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
83:
79:
75:
70:
69:
62:
59:
57:
54:
52:
49:
48:
45:
40:
39:
35:
34:
31:
28:
27:
19:
2625:
2614:
2603:
2567:
2561:
2542:
2536:
2517:
2511:
2492:
2482:
2470:. Retrieved
2465:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2433:
2414:
2408:
2397:. Retrieved
2393:
2383:
2374:
2346:
2341:Creech, Bill
2335:
2326:
2300:
2294:
2284:, retrieved
2249:
2239:
2227:. Retrieved
2223:
2213:
2204:
2200:
2187:
2168:
2158:
2139:
2129:
2116:
2097:
2076:
2071:
2063:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2035:
2030:
2010:
2003:
1983:
1976:
1957:
1947:
1938:
1904:
1898:
1879:
1843:
1833:
1814:
1779:
1744:
1702:
1629:
1617:
1613:organization
1606:
1584:
1571:
1560:
1551:
1540:
1531:
1513:
1506:
1498:
1488:social media
1481:
1469:
1457:
1449:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1412:
1400:
1392:
1376:
1365:
1347:
1330:
1324:
1319:Embeddedness
1318:
1313:Value-adding
1312:
1306:
1300:
1295:Definability
1294:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1217:
1208:Gantt charts
1189:
1177:
1175:
1164:
1159:
1154:Encyclopédie
1140:
1114:
1099:
1058:
1054:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1020:
957:
836:Architecture
830:Organization
796:Supply chain
622:Earned value
495:Stock market
372:Open economy
362:Econometrics
101:Conglomerate
2472:23 February
2445:23 February
2207:(1): 72–81.
1620:departments
1527:ERP systems
1475:(BPMN) and
1274:value chain
1224:outsourcing
1090:call center
1086:recruitment
951:Trade route
866:Engineering
861:Development
713:Performance
656:development
617:Distributed
490:Liquidation
131:Partnership
116:Corporation
111:Cooperative
2665:Categories
2399:2023-08-22
2286:2013-10-20
2261:, p.
1675:References
1574:rejections
1553:policies.
1465:JD Edwards
1461:PeopleSoft
1421:wastage.
1143:Adam Smith
1137:Adam Smith
1082:accounting
818:Technology
700:Operations
580:Commercial
573:innovation
563:Capability
455:Derivative
44:Accounting
2606:Six Sigma
2466:Analytics
1585:Business
1441:Instagram
1151:Diderot's
1040:flowchart
886:Structure
871:Hierarchy
791:Strategic
678:Materials
668:Knowledge
645:Financial
585:Marketing
430:Factoring
425:Insurance
327:Commodity
320:Economics
2371:28508067
2353:New York
2343:(1994),
2323:27644834
2281:32394752
2247:(1995),
2229:9 August
1638:See also
1518:manually
1437:Facebook
1433:websites
1349:Workflow
1344:Workflow
1307:Customer
1126:workflow
1051:Overview
876:Patterns
856:Conflict
841:Behavior
781:Security
758:Resource
743:Property
706:services
663:Incident
602:Conflict
558:Capacity
261:Chairman
216:Contract
2615:Making
2328:across.
1563:reports
1445:Twitter
1132:History
851:Culture
801:Systems
786:Service
765:
753:Records
748:Quality
738:Project
733:Product
723:Process
702:
683:Network
652:
634:
607:Content
414:Finance
96:Company
2619:Happen
2582:
2549:
2524:
2499:
2421:
2394:Forbes
2369:
2359:
2321:
2311:
2279:
2269:
2224:Forbes
2175:
2146:
2104:
2018:
1991:
1964:
1911:
1886:
1850:
1821:
1787:
1751:
1709:
1591:M.I.S.
1443:, and
1179:per se
813:Talent
769:crisis
695:Office
568:Change
2197:(PDF)
1301:Order
1120:is a
1035:tasks
1029:, or
899:Trade
881:Space
776:Sales
718:Power
673:Legal
543:Brand
538:Asset
61:Audit
2580:ISBN
2547:ISBN
2522:ISBN
2497:ISBN
2474:2018
2447:2018
2419:ISBN
2367:OCLC
2357:ISBN
2319:OCLC
2309:ISBN
2277:OCLC
2267:ISBN
2231:2021
2173:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2102:ISBN
2016:ISBN
1989:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1909:ISBN
1884:ISBN
1848:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1785:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1707:ISBN
1607:The
763:Risk
78:list
2572:doi
2263:596
1147:pin
505:Tax
2667::
2578:.
2491:.
2464:.
2392:.
2373:,
2365:,
2351:,
2325:,
2317:,
2303:,
2275:,
2265:,
2257::
2253:,
2222:.
2203:.
2199:.
2138:.
2096:.
2084:^
1937:.
1923:^
1907:.
1862:^
1799:^
1763:^
1743:.
1721:^
1701:.
1683:^
1439:,
1210:.
1092:,
1088:,
1084:,
1047:.
1025:,
1021:A
2588:.
2574::
2555:.
2530:.
2505:.
2476:.
2449:.
2427:.
2402:.
2233:.
2205:1
2181:.
2152:.
2110:.
2024:.
1997:.
1970:.
1917:.
1892:.
1856:.
1827:.
1793:.
1757:.
1715:.
1010:e
1003:t
996:v
305:/
296:/
277:/
268:/
80:)
76:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.