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Bussa's rebellion

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was a central commercial point to which enslaved people from the Gold Coast were imported before further dispersal to other British colonies such as Jamaica and British Guiana. Enslaved people were imported from the Gold Coast to Barbados from the 17th century onward to about the early 19th century.
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Bussa, King Wiltshire, Dick Bailey and Johnny led the slaves into battle at Bailey's Plantation on Tuesday, 16 April. He commanded some 400 rebels, men and women, most of whom were believed to be Creole, born in the islands. He was killed in battle, his forces continued the fight until they were
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Among Bussa's collaborators were Joseph Pitt Washington Franklin (a free man), John and Nanny Grigg, a senior domestic slave, and Jackey on Simmons' Plantation, as well as other slaves, drivers and artisans. Jackey was a Creole driver who was an important figure. The planning was undertaken at a
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peoples of modern-day south-eastern Nigeria. It is also possible that Bussa had both ancestries since enslaved peoples trafficked before the rebellion (mid- to late 16th-century shift in colonial demand for enslaved Africans from the
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number of sugar estates, including Bailey's plantation, where it began. By February 1816, Bussa was an African driver, one of the few in his position. He and his collaborators decided to start the revolt on 14 April, Easter Sunday.
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in November 1815, which would have registered West Indian slaves. Historians believe that slaves interpreted some of the parliamentary proposals as preparatory to emancipation, and took action when emancipation did not take place.
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of the island's enslaved African population. The Bussa's Rebellion, along with other persistent slave rebellions throughout the Caribbean, had given the British Colonial government a further incentive to pass and enact the
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slavery had been legal since 1661. Not much is known about him and there are no earlier records of him, and virtually no biographical information about Bussa is available. Records show a slave named "Bussa" was a
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Sketch of a flag used by the Bussa rebels including the slogan "Happiness Remains for Ever with endeavourance... Britannia are happy to lead any such Sons as endeavourance and God Always saves endeavour" [
1258:. The rebellion takes its name from the African-born slave, Bussa, who led the rebellion. The rebellion, which was eventually defeated by the colonial militia, was the first of three mass slave rebellions in the 3097: 1383:
around the time of the rebellion. This position would have given Bussa more freedom of movement than the average slave and would have made it easier for him to plan and coordinate the rebellion.
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was working on schemes to ameliorate the conditions of slaves in the Caribbean. Preparation for this rebellion began soon after the House of Assembly discussed and rejected the
2815: 963: 1440:, created by Karl Broodhagen, was unveiled in Haggatt Hall, in the parish of St Michael. Many Barbadians attributed the statue to Bussa and nicknamed it "Bussa's Statue". 1412: 1376: 1234: 1673: 1822: 367: 312: 1476: 1651: 3081: 3041: 2472: 156: 1437: 1396: 1424:
defeated by superior firepower of the colonial militia. The rebellion failed but its influence was significant to the future of Barbados.
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This article is about the 1816 revolt in Barbados. For the 1915 revolt in Nigeria, see
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Bussa's Rebellion: How and Why did the Enslaved Africans of Barbados rebel in 1816
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and transported to Barbados in the late 18th century as a slave, where under the
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International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition
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in 1831–1832; these are often referred to as the "late slave rebellions".
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Testing the Chains: Resistance to Slavery in the British West Indies,
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that shook public faith in slavery in the years leading up to the
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The slave revolt on 14 April 1816 in Barbados, also known as the
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Season of Emancipation in Barbados (14 April to 23 August)
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and emancipation of former slaves. It was followed by the
1336: 56: 1467: 1465: 1612:. Bridgetown, Barbados: Antilles Publications, 1984. 1339: 1462: 1333: 1330: 16:1816 failed slave revolt in British-ruled Barbados 1471: 203:~400 (actively fighting) ~5,000 (total rebelling) 3110: 1624:Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion 1619:Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1982. 1573:. Parliament of Barbados. 2009. Archived from 3035: 1816: 1667: 1228: 1436:In 1985, 169 years after his rebellion, the 19:"Bussa" redirects here. For other uses, see 1433:Bussa remains a popular figure in Barbados. 3042: 3028: 1823: 1809: 1674: 1660: 1235: 1221: 1521:The Critical Response to Kamau Brathwaite 272:Attack and capture of the Crête-à-Pierrot 1518: 1390: 3111: 1375:(a head officer among the slaves) on " 3023: 1804: 1655: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1407:The revolts arose at a time when the 276:Combat et prise de la Crête-à-Pierrot 2082:Regulator Movement in North Carolina 1092:Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion 43:Part of North American slave revolts 1559: 1523:. Praeger Publishers. p. 235. 1250:(14–16 April 1816) was the largest 1056:slave revolt in the Cherokee Nation 13: 1593: 1495: 14: 3175: 3154:Slave rebellions in North America 1831:Colonial conflicts involving the 1630: 1447:named Bussa as one of the eleven 1683: 1626:. 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2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2076:Pontiac's War 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2028:Carnatic Wars 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1998:Tuscarora War 1996: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1981: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1748:Frank Walcott 1746: 1744: 1743:Hugh Springer 1741: 1739: 1738:Clement Payne 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1637:Bussa profile 1635: 1634: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1546: 1540: 1532: 1530:0-275-97957-1 1526: 1522: 1515: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1468: 1466: 1461: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1393: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1347: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1219: 1218: 1216: 1215: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1182:Marcos Xiorro 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1172:Joseph Cinqué 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1137:Denmark Vesey 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1084: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1066: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1048: 1047:Southern U.S. 1040: 1038: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1027: 1019: 1017: 1016: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1006: 998: 997: 992: 991: 990: 984: 983: 978: 977: 976: 974: 966: 965: 960: 959: 958: 956: 948: 947: 942: 941: 940: 938: 930: 929: 924: 923: 922: 916: 915: 914:George Boxley 910: 909: 908: 906: 898: 897: 892: 891: 890: 888: 880: 879: 874: 873: 872: 870: 862: 861: 860:Chatham Manor 856: 855: 854: 852: 848: 840: 839: 834: 833: 832: 830: 822: 821: 816: 815: 809: 808: 803:, victorious) 802: 799: 792: 791: 786: 785: 784: 782: 774: 773: 768: 767: 766: 764: 760: 752: 751: 746: 745: 744: 742: 738: 730: 729: 724: 723: 722: 720: 712: 711: 706: 705: 704: 702: 694: 693: 688: 687: 686: 684: 676: 675: 670: 669: 668: 666: 658: 657: 652: 651: 650: 648: 640: 639: 634: 633: 632: 630: 627: 619: 618: 613: 612: 611: 609: 605: 597: 596: 591: 590: 589: 587: 579: 578: 573: 572: 571: 569: 561: 560: 555: 554: 553: 551: 548: 540: 539: 534: 533: 527: 526: 521:, victorious) 520: 516: 509: 508:Pueblo Revolt 506: 503: 502: 501: 499: 491: 488: 485: 484: 483: 481: 473: 470: 467: 466: 465: 463: 459: 450: 447: 444: 443: 442: 440: 436: 428: 425: 422: 421: 420: 418: 410: 407: 404: 403: 402: 400: 399:Santo Domingo 392: 389: 386: 385: 379: 378: 369: 366: 365: 364: 363:United States 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 333:Latin America 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 294: 293: 289: 288:Ernest Hébert 285: 281: 277: 273: 268: 264: 263: 260: 257: 256: 252: 248: 247: 236: 233: 230: 227: 226: 224: 218: 215: 214: 212: 211: 206: 202: 196: 193: 192: 190: 189: 184: 181: 179: 173: 160: 158: 153: 148: 147: 145: 144: 139: 135: 131: 121: 120: 119: 118: 113: 107: 106: 101: 93: 90: 89: 84: 79: 76: 75: 71: 68: 67: 63: 59: 58: 51: 46: 41: 36: 33: 29: 22: 3091:birthday of 3060: 2852:Iraqi Revolt 2707:Matabeleland 2683:North Borneo 2677:Matabeleland 2629:Saskatchewan 2431:Upper Canada 2425:Lower Canada 2383:Persian Gulf 2299:Persian Gulf 2239:Newfoundland 2220:Polygar Wars 2190:Kandyan Wars 2142:Nootka Sound 1753:Errol Barrow 1712: 1623: 1616: 1609: 1579:. Retrieved 1575:the original 1570: 1561: 1549:. Retrieved 1539: 1520: 1514: 1485:. Retrieved 1481:the original 1422: 1418: 1406: 1395: 1381:Saint Philip 1372: 1354:of possible 1323: 1309:creolization 1289: 1252:slave revolt 1247: 1246: 1152:Gaspar Yanga 1103: 1098: 1089: 1080: 1071: 1062: 1053: 1044: 1034: 1032: 1023: 1013: 1011: 1002: 993: 988: 979: 970: 961: 952: 943: 934: 925: 920: 911: 902: 893: 884: 875: 866: 857: 844: 838:Igbo Landing 835: 826: 817: 812:19th century 787: 778: 769: 756: 747: 734: 725: 716: 707: 698: 689: 680: 671: 662: 653: 644: 635: 623: 614: 601: 592: 583: 574: 565: 556: 544: 535: 530:18th century 504: 495: 486: 477: 468: 455: 449:Gaspar Yanga 445: 432: 423: 414: 405: 396: 387: 275: 271: 231:214 executed 194:800 soldiers 177: 108: 103:Belligerents 55: 32: 2972:Suez Crisis 2870:Transjordan 2774:West Africa 2751:(1899–1902) 2745:(1898–1901) 2737:Six-Day War 2685:(1894–1905) 2673:(1891–1895) 2653:Mashonaland 2617:Mahdist War 2557:Shimonoseki 2487:(1847–1901) 2397:(1824–1901) 2365:Cape Colony 2263:Cape Colony 2222:(1799–1805) 2216:(1799–1803) 2204:(1798–1800) 2192:(1796–1818) 2166:Cape Colony 2156:(1793–1806) 2138:(1788–1934) 2034:Nova Scotia 2004:Yamasee War 1975:(1694–1700) 1949:Child's War 1937:2nd Tangier 1931:1st Tangier 1927:(1655–1739) 1877:Saint Kitts 1855:(1593–1603) 1581:15 November 1352:West Africa 1305:Slave Coast 1276:Baptist War 1274:and by the 996:Baptist War 427:Bayano Wars 382:Before 1700 368:colonial US 174:Bussa  157:James Leith 3113:Categories 3077:Africa Day 2876:Pink's War 2768:Somaliland 2605:Basutoland 2359:Guadeloupe 2341:Xhosa Wars 2323:Seychelles 2305:Guadeloupe 2293:Martinique 2160:Rohilkhand 2124:Gold Coast 2094:Rohilkhand 2052:Bengal War 1889:Pequot War 1487:16 October 1456:References 1443:1998, the 1402:Bridgetown 1400:(1985) in 1362:, sold to 1286:Background 1197:Nat Turner 1167:John Brown 946:Vesey Plot 788:1791–1804 701:Montserrat 629:Saint John 608:New France 343:New France 234:170 exiled 83:St. Philip 3072:Crop Over 3008:Falklands 3004:(1963–67) 2998:(1962–66) 2992:(1962–90) 2980:(1962–76) 2968:(1955–59) 2962:(1954–59) 2956:(1952–60) 2950:(1948–60) 2944:(1946–50) 2936:Indonesia 2932:(1945–46) 2930:Indochina 2926:(1944–48) 2914:(1936–39) 2908:(1936–39) 2896:(1931–32) 2890:(1930–31) 2884:(1927–30) 2866:(1922–24) 2864:Kurdistan 2848:(1919–20) 2824:(1916–17) 2804:Nyasaland 2800:(1914–15) 2794:(1914–15) 2782:(1903–04) 2776:(1901–02) 2770:(1900–20) 2733:(1897–98) 2727:(1897–98) 2709:(1896–97) 2679:(1893–94) 2643:(1886–89) 2619:(1881–99) 2613:(1880–81) 2607:(1880–81) 2601:(1879–80) 2589:(1875–76) 2575:Abyssinia 2571:(1866–71) 2565:(1864–65) 2553:(1863–64) 2545:Kagoshima 2541:(1857–58) 2535:(1857–59) 2529:(1856–60) 2523:(1856–57) 2517:(1854–56) 2515:Åland War 2499:(1848–49) 2475:(1845–50) 2469:(1845–46) 2463:(1845–72) 2457:(1839–42) 2451:(1839–42) 2445:(1839–41) 2433:(1837–38) 2427:(1837–38) 2421:(1831–33) 2415:(1831–32) 2409:(1828–32) 2403:(1824–26) 2379:(1817–18) 2355:(1814–16) 2349:(1812–15) 2343:(1811–79) 2337:(1810–11) 2317:Mauritius 2289:(1808–09) 2271:(1806–07) 2247:(1803–05) 2210:(1798–99) 2180:(1795–96) 2174:(1795–96) 2150:(1789–92) 2126:(1781–82) 2120:(1779–84) 2114:(1775–82) 2108:(1775–83) 2096:(1773–74) 2090:(1769–73) 2084:(1765–71) 2078:(1763–66) 2072:(1762–63) 2060:(1758–61) 2054:(1756–65) 2048:(1756–63) 2042:(1754–63) 2036:(1749–55) 2030:(1746–63) 2024:(1744–48) 2018:(1740–42) 2012:(1722–25) 2006:(1715–17) 2000:(1711–15) 1994:(1702–13) 1969:(1688–97) 1963:(1688–91) 1951:(1686–90) 1945:(1675–78) 1921:(1654–60) 1915:(1654–67) 1909:(1649–53) 1903:(1641–53) 1891:(1634–38) 1861:(1609–46) 1081:(Spanish 1045:(off the 1024:(off the 935:(British 903:(Spanish 763:New Spain 759:Louisiana 741:New Spain 737:Louisiana 717:(British 699:(British 681:(British 663:(British 645:(British 604:Louisiana 584:(British 566:(British 519:New Spain 498:New Spain 480:New Spain 462:New Spain 451:'s Revolt 439:New Spain 348:New Spain 197:3 cannons 2996:Malaysia 2918:Ethiopia 2816:Peshawar 2581:Manitoba 2563:Duar War 1859:Virginia 1291:Barbados 1072:1843–44 994:1831–32 937:Barbados 869:Virginia 829:Virginia 672:1760–61 458:Veracruz 251:a series 249:Part of 186:Strength 77:Location 2990:Sarawak 2942:Sarawak 2834:Nigeria 2822:Mohmand 2810:Nigeria 2761:century 2419:Malacca 2413:Jamaica 2371:Algiers 2311:Reunion 2257:Surinam 2232:century 2178:Grenada 2172:Jamaica 2064:Jamaica 1985:century 1925:Jamaica 1853:Ireland 1846:century 1833:English 1783:Related 1324:Bussa ( 1280:Jamaica 1266:in the 1127:Carolta 1015:Amistad 851:Georgia 781:Curaçao 779:(Dutch 719:Bahamas 683:Jamaica 568:Jamaica 547:British 446:c. 1570 338:Bahamas 308:Maroons 297:Context 178:† 85:Parish) 3010:(1982) 2986:(1962) 2984:Brunei 2974:(1956) 2938:(1945) 2920:(1943) 2902:(1935) 2878:(1925) 2872:(1923) 2860:(1921) 2854:(1920) 2842:(1919) 2836:(1918) 2830:(1917) 2828:Quebec 2818:(1915) 2812:(1915) 2806:(1915) 2788:(1906) 2739:(1899) 2721:(1897) 2715:(1897) 2703:(1896) 2697:(1896) 2691:(1895) 2667:(1891) 2661:(1891) 2655:(1890) 2649:(1888) 2647:Hazara 2637:(1885) 2631:(1885) 2625:(1882) 2595:(1879) 2583:(1870) 2577:(1868) 2559:(1864) 2547:(1863) 2511:(1854) 2505:(1852) 2493:(1848) 2491:Ceylon 2481:(1847) 2479:Canton 2439:(1839) 2391:(1823) 2389:Guiana 2385:(1819) 2373:(1816) 2367:(1815) 2361:(1815) 2331:(1810) 2325:(1810) 2319:(1810) 2313:(1810) 2307:(1810) 2301:(1809) 2295:(1809) 2283:(1807) 2277:(1807) 2265:(1806) 2259:(1804) 2253:(1804) 2241:(1800) 2198:(1798) 2186:(1795) 2184:Ceylon 2168:(1795) 2162:(1794) 2144:(1789) 2132:(1786) 2102:(1774) 2066:(1762) 1957:(1687) 1939:(1664) 1933:(1662) 1913:Acadia 1897:(1641) 1885:(1628) 1883:Quebec 1879:(1626) 1873:(1622) 1867:(1612) 1865:Swally 1527:  1428:Legacy 1387:Revolt 1373:ranger 1036:Creole 798:French 626:Danish 91:Result 2888:Tirah 2798:Tochi 2587:Perak 2353:Nepal 2275:Egypt 2202:Malta 2130:Assam 1973:Ghana 1871:Ormuz 1713:Bussa 1551:7 May 1320:Bussa 1187:Maria 1104:1859 1090:1849 1054:1842 1033:1841 1026:Cuban 1012:1839 980:1831 962:1825 944:1822 926:1816 912:1815 894:1811 876:1811 858:1805 836:1803 818:1800 770:1795 748:1795 726:1791 708:1787 690:1768 654:1741 636:1739 615:1733 593:1731 575:1730 557:1730 536:1712 328:Haiti 60:] 3002:Aden 2978:Oman 2960:Oman 2759:20th 2335:Java 2230:19th 1983:18th 1955:Siam 1844:17th 1583:2011 1553:2022 1525:ISBN 1489:2020 1356:Igbo 1300:Igbo 1207:Tula 1083:Cuba 973:Cuba 905:Cuba 505:1680 487:1616 469:1601 406:1526 388:1521 323:Cuba 69:Date 3068:Day 2347:USA 1608:. 1278:in 1254:in 282:by 57:sic 3115:: 1645:, 1569:. 1497:^ 1475:. 1464:^ 849:, 761:, 739:, 606:, 517:, 460:, 437:, 401:) 253:on 3043:e 3036:t 3029:v 1835:/ 1824:e 1817:t 1810:v 1675:e 1668:t 1661:v 1585:. 1555:. 1533:. 1491:. 1451:. 1346:/ 1343:ə 1340:s 1337:ʌ 1334:b 1331:ˈ 1328:/ 1236:e 1229:t 1222:v 1063:( 1003:( 971:( 953:( 885:( 867:( 845:( 827:( 796:( 757:( 735:( 624:( 602:( 545:( 513:( 496:( 478:( 456:( 433:( 415:( 397:( 274:( 30:. 23:.

Index

Bussa (disambiguation)
Bussa rebellion

sic
St. Philip
British Empire
British Empire
British Leeward Islands
British Empire
James Leith

a series
North American slave revolts

Haitian Revolution
Auguste Raffet
Ernest Hébert
Atlantic slave trade
Maroons
Slavery among indigenous peoples
Slavery in Canada
Cuba
Haiti
Latin America
Bahamas
New France
New Spain
British and French Caribbean
British Virgin Islands
United States

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