48:
883:
36:
313:
has led to a reevaluation of the "Clovis First" model and helped to lead the way for the acceptance of other pre-Clovis sites. Until the discovery of the
Buttermilk Creek complex, which appears to have unquestionable evidence of pre-Clovis habitation, there has been a lack of indisputable evidence of
552:
The integrity of the deposit, affected as it is by its vertisol soils, which undergo disturbance during opening and closing of cracks during moisture changes, has been questioned. Also, the very large errors and the researchers' assumptions about water content of the strata over thousands of years
548:
Samples for OSL dating were taken by hammering into the profile walls a copper pipe 10 centimetres (3.9 in) - 15 centimetres (5.9 in) long and 2.6 centimetres (1.0 in) in diameter. Each sample was examined using 3 different OSL dating techniques. The OSL dates helped to show that the
532:
The oldest weapons ever found in North
America were discovered at the site in 2016 by a team led by Prof. Michael Waters. These are the ancient spear points, about 3-4 inches long, and they are dated to 15,500 years BP. They were made of chert, and were discovered along with some other tools under
475:
The
Buttermilk Creek complex artifact assemblage is much larger and more varied than other North American sites advanced as having a pre-Clovis component. This is one of the main reasons why the claim of a pre-Clovis component at this site has been greeted with much more credibility than at most
523:
At the time of publication of the findings of the site in the journal
Science in 2011, there had been no comprehensive study on refitting (or rejoining) of artifacts; however, preliminary examination has shown that there are refits present in both the Buttermilk Creek complex and other horizons.
433:
Block A consists of 9 soil horizons. The findings of the excavations were analyzed and interpreted using a holistic approach that featured researchers from many different fields including: Steven L. Forman and James
Pierson who are experts in OSL dating; Lee C. Nordt, Steven G. Driese, Joshua M.
277:
They would have then used smaller antlers to pressure flake these items into spear points, knives, or other tools. Along with bifacial tools they also produced unifacial tools such as blades and bladelets by skillfully working and setting up a platform on blade core and then striking it with an
515:
The Clovis and
Buttermilk Creek assemblages also show examples of blades and bladelets. The presence of certain core reduction techniques in the Buttermilk Creek assemblage suggests that Clovis lithic technologies and tool kit could have evolved from the Buttermilk Creek complex.
489:
There has been use-wear analysis done on some of the artifacts found in the
Buttermilk Creek assemblage. The 4 artifacts that were analyzed for use-wear show polish and striations indicative of cutting, grooving, or incising of a hard material such as bone, wood, or antler.
458:
dates ranging from 14,000-17,500 BP taken from this layer. Lanceolate stemmed projectile points are found throughout this layer (OSL dated from around 15,500 to 13,500 years ago), beneath the Clovis horizon. Triangular lanceolate points are found by around 14,000 years ago.
592:
Waters, Michael R.; Forman, Steven L.; Jennings, Thomas A.; Nordt, Lee C.; Driese, Steven G.; Feinberg, Joshua M.; Keene, Joshua L.; Halligan, Jessi; Lindquist, Anna; Pierson, James; Hallmark, Charles T.; Collins, Michael B.; Wiederhold, James E. (25 March 2011).
453:
horizon is found below Folsom within a 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in) thick layer containing Clovis diagnostics. The
Buttermilk Creek complex is found below Clovis and defined within a 20 centimetres (7.9 in) thick layer containing artifacts. There were 18
294:
people who migrated from
Siberia across Beringia and down into the Americas from 13,200-12,800 BP. It is believed that Clovis peoples with their characteristic fluted lanceolate-shaped points quickly spread throughout all of North and South America.
462:
Excavations show that there was nearly continual habitation of the site beginning with the
Buttermilk Creek complex occupation and continuing through Clovis, Folsom, Golondrina, Dalton, Early Archaic, Late Archaic, and all the way through Late
261:
Early humans would have been attracted to the area surrounding Buttermilk Creek due its favorable climate, abundance of food resources, a year-round water source, but most importantly because the area was a source of very high quality Edward's
372:
Although all of these sites have evidence for pre-Clovis occupations, controversy has surrounded some of them or their findings have yet to be thoroughly published, which has kept them from being widely accepted as pre-Clovis sites.
511:
One overshot flake and 3 partial overshot flakes found in the Buttermilk Creek complex suggest the possibility that they were starting to develop the knapping technologies that would be indicative of later Clovis technology.
519:
There are however, some differences in the lithic reduction techniques seen in each assemblage. Unlike the Folsom and Clovis assemblages there is no evidence of fluting or channel flakes in the Buttermilk Creek assemblage.
245:
along with a group of graduate and undergraduate students began excavating the Debra L. Friedkin Site in Bell County, Texas in 2006. The site is located 250 metres (820 ft) downstream along Buttermilk Creek from the
549:
site's stratigraphy and cultural horizons are undisturbed and in the correct chronological order; thus helping to support the claim that the Buttermilk Creek complex at the site is evidence of a Pre-Clovis occupation.
545:(OSL). A total of 63 OSL dates have been obtained from the site, and along with diagnostic artifacts found in each stratigraphic layer they have helped to correctly identify the cultural horizons present at the site.
219:
peoples, who until recently were thought to be the first humans to explore and settle North America. The site's pre-Clovis occupation is supported by numerous lines of evidence including
645:
Waters, Michael R.; Forman, Steven L.; Jennings, Thomas A.; et al. (25 March 2011). "The Buttermilk Creek Complex and the Origins of Clovis at the Debra L. Friedkin Site, Texas".
504:
However, by analyzing the tool to debitage ratio amongst the 3 assemblages it appears that the Buttermilk Creek peoples were using the site for a greater diversity of tasks than the
486:
Tools were individually analyzed and included 5 blades, 14 bladelets, 12 bifaces, 1 discoidal core, 23 edge-modified tools, 3 radial break tools, and 1 piece of polished hematite.
230:, and an extensive stone tool assemblage. OSL is a technique that analyzes light energy trapped in sediment particles to identify the last time the soil was exposed to sunlight.
2137:
442:; Charles T. Hallmark who is a soil scientist; and archaeologists including Michael R. Waters, Thomas A. Jennings, Joshua L. Keene, Jessi Halligan, and Michael B. Collins.
2147:
399:
occupation is found within Block A, which consists of 52 adjacent 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) x 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) squares. Block A is buried under
2040:
195:. The assemblage dates to ~13.2 to 15.5 thousand years old. If confirmed, the site represents evidence of human settlement in the Americas that pre-dates the
2111:
1066:
553:
in regard to the OSL age estimates, have caused multiple critics to question the dating of the site and that of others of the complex nearby, such as Gault.
58:
380:
further their quest to identify who the first humans were to reach the New World, when and how they arrived here and where their point of origin was.
376:
At the Debra L. Friedkin site multiple lines of evidence support its pre-Clovis assignment. The discovery of the Buttermilk Creek complex has helped
403:
from a nearby slope and 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in) of clay sediment deposited gradually during flooding events from nearby Buttermilk Creek.
306:, Chile site which has radio-carbon dates going back to 14,600 BP calibrated. This was the first site widely accepted to have pre-Clovis deposits.
1088:
1609:
1039:
2085:
765:
Goebel, Ted; Waters, Michael R.; O'Rourke, Dennis H. (14 March 2008). "The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas".
2025:
1714:
964:
Those resulting in bifaces, blade production, end-thinning, edge-modified tools, radially broken tools, and lanceolate-shaped preforms.
1784:
1574:
1059:
1679:
533:
several feet of sediment. They are believed to have been used for hunting game in the area. These findings were published in 2018.
835:"Pre-Clovis projectile points at the Debra L. Friedkin site, Texas—Implications for the Late Pleistocene peopling of the Americas"
1474:
2142:
1549:
1484:
1464:
987:
Morrow, Juliet E.; Fiedel, Stuart J.; Johnson, Donald L.; Kornfeld, Marcel; Rutledge, Moye; Wood, W. Raymond (December 2012).
388:
Excavations at the Debra L. Friedkin site include Block A located on terrace 2 and Block B on terrace 1. The two terraces are
1689:
833:
Waters, Michael R.; Keene, Joshua L.; Forman, Steven L.; Prewitt, Elton R.; Carlson, David L.; Wiederhold, James E. (2018).
1052:
567:
2070:
2045:
1995:
1459:
483:, microdebitage, and tools. The macrodebitage was counted, analyzed, and further subdivided into additional categories.
2152:
1819:
1599:
1424:
746:
542:
455:
427:
220:
1564:
141:
493:
There appears to be some connection between the Folsom, Clovis, and Buttermilk Creek assemblages at the site. The
2065:
2030:
1834:
1704:
1554:
1509:
899:
i.e., fragment and shatter, normal flakes, biface thinning flakes, endthinning flakes, and discoidal core flakes
286:
Beginning in the mid 20th century the consensus among archaeologists was that the first human colonizers of the
1975:
1769:
1744:
1664:
1356:
1100:
479:
The Buttermilk Creek complex has yielded 15,528 pre-Clovis stone artifacts which have been separated into macro
414:
of block A appears to be undisturbed and non-mixed based on multiple lines of evidence including: the lack of
1029:
1980:
1529:
331:
445:
The Folsom horizon in block A is defined within a 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in) thick layer containing 3
426:
present only on artifacts in the deepest layers of Block A, and proper chronological ordering of numerous
2075:
1844:
1429:
1414:
1288:
562:
247:
1684:
1439:
35:
1902:
1854:
224:
112:
1376:
1789:
1644:
1614:
1075:
572:
325:
188:
90:
2080:
1814:
1804:
1764:
1639:
1371:
1306:
974:
808:
242:
1749:
1469:
1316:
1259:
1193:
1178:
708:
Pringle, Heather (25 March 2011). "Texas Site Confirms Pre-Clovis Settlement of the Americas".
415:
215:, has provided archaeological evidence of a human presence in the Americas that pre-dates the
1943:
1877:
1824:
1719:
1619:
1386:
1351:
1341:
1282:
595:"The Buttermilk Creek Complex and the Origins of Clovis at the Debra L. Friedkin Site, Texas"
299:
1514:
1366:
1238:
151:
8:
2005:
1301:
1228:
1203:
1168:
1148:
2090:
1634:
1629:
1489:
1336:
1272:
1253:
1188:
1183:
1115:
947:
867:
834:
790:
672:
357:
212:
117:
1208:
919:
594:
2116:
1917:
1624:
1381:
1361:
1143:
1034:
1008:
951:
939:
872:
854:
782:
725:
690:
676:
664:
647:
614:
423:
238:
794:
321:
There are several known sites in the US with possible pre-Clovis remains including:
302:" model and has recently come under question by the discovery and acceptance of the
2060:
1897:
1849:
1799:
1739:
1654:
1579:
1569:
1544:
1499:
1346:
1296:
1277:
1267:
1218:
1213:
1000:
931:
862:
846:
774:
717:
656:
606:
505:
498:
271:
721:
501:, which shows that the site was used for the same purpose by each set of peoples.
1953:
1907:
1659:
1604:
1594:
1454:
1233:
1163:
1158:
1138:
1105:
750:
886:
This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under the
266:
stone. They would have made tools out of chert nodules using a technique called
254:
site excavated in 1998 and found to have deeply stratified deposits including a
2035:
2020:
2010:
1649:
1479:
1434:
1331:
1243:
1198:
988:
887:
450:
377:
350:
291:
267:
255:
216:
196:
1912:
1044:
1004:
989:"Pre-Clovis in Texas? A critical assessment of the "Buttermilk Creek Complex""
2131:
1892:
1887:
1779:
1729:
1724:
1709:
1699:
1694:
1444:
1321:
1133:
1110:
1012:
858:
618:
439:
365:
315:
192:
73:
60:
935:
778:
660:
610:
2095:
2050:
2000:
1990:
1970:
1938:
1839:
1794:
1774:
1559:
1539:
1504:
1419:
1404:
1223:
1095:
943:
876:
850:
786:
743:
729:
668:
446:
411:
274:
to remove flakes of chert until the nodules are reduced to bifacial shape.
251:
227:
208:
1948:
1829:
1809:
1674:
1534:
1524:
1409:
1153:
464:
419:
389:
343:
337:
310:
303:
184:
1985:
1882:
1754:
1669:
1494:
435:
396:
100:
1584:
1759:
1589:
407:
400:
287:
132:
1958:
1922:
1872:
1734:
1519:
494:
480:
298:
This theory for the colonization of the New World is known as the "
166:
1965:
1449:
1326:
1248:
809:"Oldest weapons ever discovered in North America pre-date Clovis"
975:
Oldest weapons ever discovered in North America pre-date Clovis.
1311:
826:
920:"Supporting Online Materials for The Buttermilk Creek complex"
541:
Due to poor preservation of organics the site was dated using
47:
2055:
882:
263:
158:
137:
105:
207:
The Buttermilk Creek complex found at the Debra L. Friedkin
2015:
986:
888:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
644:
591:
832:
764:
497:
found in all 3 horizons is characteristic of late stage
223:(OSL) dates ranging from 13,200-15,500 before present,
2138:
Paleo-Indian archaeological sites in the United States
418:sorting by size from the top to bottom of Block A,
16:Early archaeological site in Texas, United States
2129:
270:which employs the striking of hammer stones and
2148:Pre-Clovis archaeological sites in the Americas
1074:
1060:
406:The Buttermilk Creek complex is found within
760:
758:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
1030:Center for the Study of the First Americans
1067:
1053:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
1575:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
866:
755:
625:
434:Feinberg, and Anna Lindquist-who are all
349:The Schaefer and Hebior mammoth sites in
918:Waters, Michael R.; et al. (2011).
744:https://www.msu.edu/~doneycar/flint.html
902:
707:
527:
2130:
917:
470:
1048:
281:
568:Models of migration to the New World
536:
2046:Norse colonization of North America
524:These include a total of 5 refits.
13:
476:other potential pre-Clovis sites.
14:
2164:
1023:
993:Journal of Archaeological Science
742:Doney, Carl D. "Flint Knapping."
543:optically stimulated luminescence
278:antler billet to remove a blade.
221:optically stimulated luminescence
881:
46:
34:
2066:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
980:
967:
958:
202:
187:settlement along the shores of
977:ScienceDaily, 24 October 2018.
893:
801:
736:
701:
683:
585:
383:
1:
2143:Archaeological sites in Texas
722:10.1126/science.331.6024.1512
578:
233:
21:Place in Texas, United States
2031:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
1981:Eastern Agricultural Complex
973:Texas A & M University,
7:
1415:Bandelier National Monument
1289:List of Mississippian sites
1076:Pre-Columbian North America
563:Archaeology of the Americas
556:
10:
2169:
1835:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
1440:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
1149:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
2153:Western Stemmed Tradition
2104:
2076:Three Sisters agriculture
1931:
1863:
1395:
1124:
1082:
1005:10.1016/j.jas.2012.05.018
165:
148:
131:
123:
111:
99:
89:
54:
45:
40:Location of Salado, Texas
33:
26:
1615:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
1174:Buttermilk Creek complex
1040:Buttermilk Creek complex
573:Norte Chico civilization
326:Meadowcroft Rock Shelter
243:Texas A&M University
181:Buttermilk Creek complex
127:600 ft (183 m)
28:Buttermilk Creek complex
1815:Town Creek Indian Mound
1785:Sierra de San Francisco
1640:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
936:10.1126/science.1201855
779:10.1126/science.1153569
661:10.1126/science.1201855
611:10.1126/science.1201855
362:La Sena (Nebraska), and
211:archaeological site in
1470:Coso Rock Art District
1357:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
1260:List of Hopewell sites
851:10.1126/sciadv.aat4505
356:Lovewell (Kansas), at
314:pre-Clovis culture in
1878:Arlington Springs Man
1720:Portsmouth Earthworks
749:6 August 2011 at the
392:floodplain deposits.
150: • Summer (
74:30.89222°N 97.70972°W
2086:Transoceanic contact
1976:Container Revolution
1550:Gila Cliff Dwellings
1515:Etowah Indian Mounds
695:Texas Beyond History
528:Oldest weapons found
508:and Clovis peoples.
183:is the remains of a
2006:Green Corn Ceremony
1820:Turkey River Mounds
1610:Lake Jackson Mounds
1430:Blue Spring Shelter
930:(6024): 1599–2103.
773:(5869): 1497–1502.
655:(6024): 1599–1603.
605:(6024): 1599–1603.
471:Artifact assemblage
79:30.89222; -97.70972
70: /
2091:Underwater panther
1765:Rosenstock Village
1635:Marmes Rockshelter
1620:L'Anse aux Meadows
358:Lovewell Reservoir
309:The acceptance of
282:Clovis first model
213:Bell County, Texas
2125:
2124:
2117:Pre-Columbian era
1918:Spirit Cave mummy
1715:Plum Bayou Mounds
1625:Lynch Quarry Site
1144:Ancient Beringian
999:(12): 3677–3682.
697:. 1 October 2001.
537:Dating techniques
424:calcium carbonate
239:Michael R. Waters
177:
176:
2160:
2061:Projectile point
1898:Leanderthal Lady
1825:Upward Sun River
1800:Stallings Island
1790:Shell ring sites
1740:Recapture Canyon
1655:Moorehead Circle
1500:El Fin del Mundo
1485:Cueva de la Olla
1291:
1278:Maritime Archaic
1262:
1092:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1046:
1045:
1017:
1016:
984:
978:
971:
965:
962:
956:
955:
915:
900:
897:
891:
885:
880:
870:
845:(10): eaat4505.
839:Science Advances
830:
824:
823:
821:
819:
805:
799:
798:
762:
753:
740:
734:
733:
705:
699:
698:
691:"The Gault Site"
687:
681:
680:
642:
623:
622:
589:
499:lithic reduction
334:(South Carolina)
189:Buttermilk Creek
155:
85:
84:
82:
81:
80:
75:
71:
68:
67:
66:
63:
50:
38:
24:
23:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2112:Genetic history
2100:
1954:Ceremonial pipe
1927:
1908:Minnesota Woman
1865:
1859:
1680:Ocmulgee Mounds
1660:Morrison Mounds
1605:Kolomoki Mounds
1595:Kimball Village
1455:Candelaria Cave
1397:
1391:
1372:Suwannee Valley
1307:Old Cordilleran
1287:
1258:
1126:
1120:
1086:
1078:
1073:
1026:
1021:
1020:
985:
981:
972:
968:
963:
959:
916:
903:
898:
894:
831:
827:
817:
815:
807:
806:
802:
763:
756:
751:Wayback Machine
741:
737:
706:
702:
689:
688:
684:
643:
626:
590:
586:
581:
559:
539:
530:
473:
386:
284:
236:
205:
191:in present-day
173:
149:
78:
76:
72:
69:
64:
61:
59:
57:
56:
41:
29:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2166:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2036:Mound Builders
2033:
2028:
2023:
2021:Medicine wheel
2018:
2013:
2011:Horned Serpent
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1750:Roberts Island
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1685:Old Stone Fort
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1650:Moaning Cavern
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1600:Kincaid Mounds
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1480:Cuarenta Casas
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1435:Bluefish Caves
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1396:Archaeological
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1194:Caloosahatchee
1191:
1186:
1181:
1179:Caborn-Welborn
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1125:Archaeological
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1024:External links
1022:
1019:
1018:
979:
966:
957:
901:
892:
825:
800:
754:
735:
716:(6024): 1512.
700:
682:
624:
583:
582:
580:
577:
576:
575:
570:
565:
558:
555:
538:
535:
529:
526:
472:
469:
385:
382:
378:archaeologists
370:
369:
363:
360:
354:
351:Kenosha County
347:
341:
335:
329:
328:(Pennsylvania)
283:
280:
272:antler billets
268:flint knapping
235:
232:
204:
201:
197:Clovis culture
175:
174:
171:
169:
163:
162:
156:
146:
145:
135:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
115:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
93:
87:
86:
52:
51:
43:
42:
39:
31:
30:
27:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2165:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:Falcon dancer
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:Miscellaneous
1930:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1903:Melbourne Man
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:La Brea Woman
1891:
1889:
1888:Kennewick Man
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1780:Serpent Mound
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1730:Pueblo Bonito
1728:
1726:
1725:Poverty Point
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1710:Pinson Mounds
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1700:Painted Bluff
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:Horr's Island
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:Effigy Mounds
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:Crystal River
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1387:Weeden Island
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1352:Safety Harbor
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1342:Poverty Point
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:Paleo-Indians
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1283:Mississippian
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
976:
970:
961:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
896:
889:
884:
878:
874:
869:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
829:
814:
810:
804:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
761:
759:
752:
748:
745:
739:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
704:
696:
692:
686:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
649:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
588:
584:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
554:
550:
546:
544:
534:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
507:
502:
500:
496:
491:
487:
484:
482:
477:
468:
466:
460:
457:
452:
448:
443:
441:
440:geophysicists
437:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
393:
391:
381:
379:
374:
367:
366:Paisley Caves
364:
361:
359:
355:
352:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
323:
322:
319:
317:
316:North America
312:
307:
305:
301:
296:
293:
289:
279:
275:
273:
269:
265:
259:
257:
253:
249:
244:
240:
231:
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
200:
198:
194:
193:Salado, Texas
190:
186:
182:
170:
168:
164:
160:
157:
153:
147:
143:
142:Central (CST)
139:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:
116:
114:
110:
107:
104:
102:
98:
95:United States
94:
92:
88:
83:
55:Coordinates:
53:
49:
44:
37:
32:
25:
19:
2096:Water glyphs
2051:Oasisamerica
2041:N.A.G.P.R.A.
2001:Folsom point
1991:Effigy mound
1971:Clovis point
1939:Aridoamerica
1840:Wickiup Hill
1795:Spiro Mounds
1775:Salmon Ruins
1770:Russell Cave
1565:Helen Blazes
1560:Grimes Point
1540:Fort Juelson
1530:Fort Ancient
1505:El Vallecito
1465:Chaco Canyon
1405:Angel Mounds
1367:Steed-Kisker
1317:Paleo-Arctic
1239:Glacial Kame
1224:Fort Ancient
1173:
1116:Post-Classic
1087:
996:
992:
982:
969:
960:
927:
923:
895:
842:
838:
828:
816:. Retrieved
813:ScienceDaily
812:
803:
770:
766:
738:
713:
709:
703:
694:
685:
652:
646:
602:
598:
587:
551:
547:
540:
531:
522:
518:
514:
510:
503:
492:
488:
485:
478:
474:
461:
449:points. The
444:
432:
412:stratigraphy
405:
394:
387:
375:
371:
320:
308:
300:Clovis First
297:
285:
276:
260:
252:Paleo-Indian
237:
228:stratigraphy
209:Paleo-Indian
206:
203:Introduction
180:
178:
18:
2081:Thunderbird
1949:Black drink
1913:Peñon woman
1850:Winterville
1830:Velda Mound
1810:Taos Pueblo
1705:Parkin Park
1690:Orwell site
1675:Nodena site
1570:Holly Bluff
1545:Four Mounds
1535:Fort Center
1460:Casa Grande
1410:Anzick site
1302:Monongahela
1229:Fort Walton
1204:Coles Creek
1169:Belle Glade
1154:Anishinaabe
465:Prehistoric
420:pedogenesis
390:Pleistocene
384:Excavations
353:, Wisconsin
344:Cactus Hill
338:Page-Ladson
311:Monte Verde
304:Monte Verde
225:undisturbed
185:paleolithic
77: /
2132:Categories
2026:Metallurgy
1986:Eden point
1883:Buhl Woman
1755:Rock Eagle
1745:River Styx
1670:Mummy Cave
1665:Moundville
1645:Mesa Verde
1630:Marksville
1377:Tchefuncte
1337:Plaquemine
1273:Las Palmas
1189:Calf Creek
1184:Cades Pond
1035:Gault Site
818:26 October
579:References
436:geologists
397:pre-Clovis
346:(Virginia)
248:Gault site
234:Background
65:97°42′35″W
62:30°53′32″N
2071:Stickball
1760:Rock Hawk
1590:Key Marco
1382:Troyville
1362:St. Johns
1347:Red Ocher
1106:Formative
1013:0305-4403
952:206531951
859:2375-2548
677:206531951
619:0036-8075
408:vertisols
401:colluvium
368:(Oregon).
340:(Florida)
290:were the
288:New World
258:horizon.
133:Time zone
124:Elevation
1959:Chanunpa
1944:Ballgame
1923:Vero man
1873:Anzick-1
1845:Windover
1805:SunWatch
1735:Rassawek
1555:Glenwood
1445:Brewster
1297:Mogollon
1268:La Jolla
1254:Hopewell
1214:Deptford
1127:cultures
944:21436451
890:license.
877:30397643
795:36149744
787:18339930
747:Archived
730:21436417
669:21436451
557:See also
495:debitage
481:debitage
422:forming
416:artifact
167:ZIP code
2108:Related
1966:Chunkey
1866:remains
1855:Wupatki
1695:Paquime
1585:Huápoca
1450:Cahokia
1420:Bastian
1327:Patayan
1249:Hohokam
1234:Fremont
1209:Comondú
1164:Baytown
1159:Avonlea
1139:Alachua
1111:Classic
1101:Archaic
1089:Periods
924:Science
868:6200361
767:Science
710:Science
648:Science
599:Science
430:dates.
91:Country
1525:Folsom
1490:Cutler
1425:Benson
1312:Oneota
1244:Glades
1219:Folsom
1199:Clovis
1096:Lithic
1011:
950:
942:
875:
865:
857:
793:
785:
728:
675:
667:
617:
506:Folsom
451:Clovis
447:Folsom
410:. The
332:Topper
292:Clovis
256:Clovis
217:Clovis
113:County
2056:Piasa
1864:Human
1495:Eaker
1398:sites
1332:Plano
1134:Adena
948:S2CID
791:S2CID
673:S2CID
264:Chert
241:from
172:76571
161:(CDT)
159:UTC-5
138:UTC-6
106:Texas
101:State
2016:Kiva
1009:ISSN
940:PMID
873:PMID
855:ISSN
820:2018
783:PMID
726:PMID
665:PMID
615:ISSN
395:The
250:; a
179:The
118:Bell
1520:Eva
1001:doi
932:doi
928:331
863:PMC
847:doi
775:doi
771:319
718:doi
714:331
657:doi
653:331
607:doi
603:331
456:OSL
438:or
428:OSL
152:DST
2134::
1007:.
997:39
995:.
991:.
946:.
938:.
926:.
922:.
904:^
871:.
861:.
853:.
841:.
837:.
811:.
789:.
781:.
769:.
757:^
724:.
712:.
693:.
671:.
663:.
651:.
627:^
613:.
601:.
597:.
467:.
318:.
199:.
1068:e
1061:t
1054:v
1015:.
1003::
954:.
934::
879:.
849::
843:4
822:.
797:.
777::
732:.
720::
679:.
659::
621:.
609::
154:)
144:)
140:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
