289:(more than 600,000 artifacts) and a significant number (150,000 - "The Gault Assemblage") of artifacts from the intact older strata. The findings from this part of the excavation are described more fully in "Evidence of an early projectile point technology in North America at the Gault Site, Texas, USA." A 2 by 3 m (22 by 32 sq ft) pavement of at least Clovis age with surrounding debris may represent early evidence of a structure or dwelling. More than 100 incised stones and one engraved bone have been recovered and the oldest, dating from the Clovis period, may represent the earliest portable art from a secure context in North America.
194:
40:
62:
and west margins of both continents. In the last several decades, with the location, investigation, and reporting of a growing number of sites with reliable dating, more and more
American archaeologists now believe the western hemisphere was occupied at least several thousand years prior to the appearance of
167:
at Gault. Letters in the Pearce archives contain reference to extensive looting at the Gault site in 1929, and this continued (it was actually a "pay-to-dig" site for many years), including the use of a backhoe, until 1998, when new owners stopped the practice. Fortunately, the looters and collectors
133:
and formal tools), suggesting that a large number of people aggregated at the site and/or people resided at the site for an extended period of time. This evidence calls into question the traditional view of Clovis groups as highly mobile, dedicated big game hunters. Additionally, faunal material from
61:
were the first to arrive about 13,500 calendar years ago and to have spread quickly throughout the
Americas. However, there was always a small archaeological minority who contended that the first Americans (in the broadest, two-continent, sense) had been here long before Clovis times on both the east
117:
toolstone (the
Edwards Plateau is geologically one of the largest chert bearing formations in North America) was readily available, weathering out of the banks of both modern and ancient watercourses; chert from the Edwards Plateau has been identified as being used for toolmaking as far away as the
156:
Henry Gault, from whom the site takes its name, put together a 250-acre farm in the
Buttermilk Creek Valley, starting in 1904. At some point in the early 20th century he found extra income as an informant for early archaeological explorations in Central Texas working with the first professional
52:
Probably the major issue troubling
American archaeology over the last several decades has been establishing when the first humans arrived in the western hemisphere. For nearly half a century the large majority of working archaeologists adhered to the notion that people making and using the
36:. Archaeological material covers about 16 hectares with a depth of up to 3 meters in places. About 30 incised stones from the Clovis period engraved with geometric patterns were found there as well as others from periods up to the Early Archaic. Incised bone was also found.
175:
investigations began in 1998, and continued through 2002, and from 2007 to 2015, under the auspices of
Michael Collins and Thomas Hester of the Texas Archaeological Research Laboratory at the University of Texas at Austin, the Gault School of Archaeological Research
78:, containing both the older and Clovis materials—in order to compare technologies in use in the same location under similar conditions—and show evidence of extended periods of occupation where a wide range of activities took place employing the whole array of
273:
occupations over an apparent span of more than 16,000 calendar years. Skeptics note that some of the lithic artifacts recovered from older layers of the site resemble post-Clovis artifacts, indicating that the stratigraphy of the site is disturbed.
229:, Barber, Angostura, Hoxie, and Gower. Clovis was by far the most abundantly represented of these manifestations. Of the 11 cultures possible to find represented on archaeological sites in central Texas, the Gault site has samples of all 11.
204:
have been conducted in 15 areas, augmented by numerous machine-dug trenches and boreholes as well as the use of non-invasive geophysical procedures. The work in 1998–2002 focused on relatively undisturbed, early deposits beneath the looted
666:
Alexander, D. (2008) "Geoarchaeological investigation of natural formation processes to evaluate context of the Clovis component at the Gault site (41BL323), Bell County, Texas". Master's thesis, Texas A&M University. Texas A&M
32:. It bears evidence of human habitation for at least 20,000 years, making it one of the few archaeological sites in the Americas at which compelling evidence has been found for human occupation dating to before the appearance of the
101:(9,000 to 1200 years B.P.), and finally to Late Prehistoric (1200 to 500 years B.P.). A reason for this intensive and almost continuous occupation appears to be the site's location adjacent to two different but resource-rich
670:
Gilmer, A. (2013) "Geoarchaeological
Investigations of Site Formation Processes in Area 15 at the Gault Site, Bell County, Texas". Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Texas State University, San Marcos,
848:
Taylor-Montoya, John (2011) "Cultural
Transmission and Artifact Evolution During the Paleoindian Period on the Southern Great Plains of North America". Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Anthropology, Southern Methodist
244:
fill eventually exposing 12 m (130 sq ft) at bedrock. Unexpectedly, part of this area had escaped the looting and collecting and had intact archaeology just below the surface. Physical and cultural
113:) where water from Buttermilk Creek was available even in drought years, and where a wide variety of local food resources was concentrated. Another is that Gault was also a quarry site, where good quality Edwards
806:
Lohse, J.C., Hemmings, C.A., Collins, M.B. and
Yelacic, D.M. (2014) "Putting the specialization back in Clovis: what some caches reveal about skill and organization of production in the terminal Pleistocene".
757:
Dickens, W.A. (2005) "Biface reduction and blade manufacture at the Gault Site (41BL323): a Clovis occupation in Bell County, Texas". Ph.D. dissertation, Department of
Anthropology, Texas A&M University.
566:
Williams, Thomas J.; Collins, Michael B.; Rodrigues, Kathleen; Rink, William Jack; Velchoff, Nancy; Keen-Zebert, Amanda; Gilmer, Anastasia; Frederick, Charles D.; Ayala, Sergio J.; Prewitt, Elton R. (2018).
73:
materials that would show a diagnostic pattern of tool production and use. An attempt to define the characteristics of these older technologies can best be accomplished by investigating sites which are both
236:, evidence of which had been seen in two test units dug in 2002 and 2007. The excavation of a large block of Area 15 (48 m (520 sq ft)) penetrated 3.5 m (11 ft) from the surface to
681:
Luchsinger, H. (2002) "Micromorphological Analysis of the Sediments and Soils from the Gault Site, a Clovis Site in Central Texas". Thesis, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University.
361:
Lemke, Ashley K., et al., "EARLY ART IN NORTH AMERICA: CLOVIS AND LATER PALEOINDIAN INCISED ARTIFACTS FROM THE GAULT SITE, TEXAS (41BL323)", American Antiquity, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 113–33, 2015
160:
The first excavations were carried out at the Gault site in 1929, by Professor J. E. Pearce of the University of Texas. He was attracted by the large size and prolific artifact content of the
814:
Minchak, S.A. (2007) "Presence and Difference of Use Among 3A and 3B Clovis Blades at the Gault Site, Bell County, Texas". M.A. Thesis, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University.
773:
Lassen, R. (2013) "A Flute Runs Through It, Sometimes: Understanding Folsom Era Stone Tool Technology". Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee.
824:(2010) "Clovis lithic debitage from excavation area 8 at the Gault Site (41BL323), Texas: form and function". Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University.
770:
Gandy, J. (2013) "Analysis of Lithic Debitage from the Older-Than-Clovis Stratigraphic Layers of the Gault Site, Texas". MA Thesis, Department of Anthropology, Texas State University.
395:
Collins, M.B.; Stanford, D.J.; Lowery, D.L.; and Bradley, B.A. (2013). "North America Before Clovis: Variance in Temporal/Spatial Cultural Patterns, 27,000 to 13,000 Cal Yr B.P.".
880:
Collins, M.B., D.J. Stanford, D.L. Lowery, and B.A. Bradley (2013) "North America Before Clovis: Variance in Temporal/Spatial Cultural Patterns, 27,000 to 13,000 Cal Yr B.P." In
1043:
928:, edited by J. Clottes, pp. 120–121. Prehistoire, Art et Societies: Bulletin de la Societie Prehistorique Ariege-Pyrenees, LXV-LXVI, 2010–2011, Tarascon sur Ariege, France.
656:
Waters, M.R., Pevny, C., and D. Carlson (2011) "Clovis Lithic Technology: Investigation of a stratified Workshop at the Gault Site, Texas". Texas A&M Press, College Station.
333:
125:
Additionally, the Clovis presence at the Gault site occurs in unprecedented abundance. A preliminary count of Clovis artifacts at the site numbers around 650,000 (including
723:
Anderson, J. (2013) "The Angostura Anomaly: A Comprehensive Analysis of This Unique Projectile Point Type". MA Thesis, Department of Anthropology, Texas State University.
134:
the Gault site includes an array of large, medium-sized and small game such as mammoth, bison, horse, deer, rabbit, birds, and turtles, suggesting a generalized diet.
917:
Lemke, A., D.C. Wernecke, and M.B. Collins (2015) "Early Art in North America: Clovis and Later Paleoindian Incised Artifacts from the Gault Site, Texas (41BL323)".
726:
Beers, J.D. (2006) "A Usewear Analysis of Clovis Informal Stone Tools from the Gault Site, Texas". MA Thesis, Department of Anthropology, The University of Wyoming.
1048:
185:. Currently a majority of the site is managed and administered by the GSAR on behalf of the Conservancy and tours and educational opportunities are available.
999:
924:
Wernecke, D.C., and M.B. Collins (2011) "Patterns and Process: Some Thoughts on the Incised Stones from the Gault Site, Central Texas, United States". In
370:
Collins, Michael B. et al., "Engraved Cobbles from Early Archeological Contexts in Central Texas. Current Research in the Pleistocene", 8, pp. 13-15, 1991
836:
Smallwood, A.M. (2006) "Use-Wear Analysis of the Clovis Biface Collection from the Gault Site in Central Texas". M.A. Thesis, Texas A&M University.
674:
Hildebrand, J., S.M. Wiggins, J.L. Driver, and M.R. Waters (2007) "Rapid Seismic Reflection Imaging at the Clovis Period Gault Site in Central Texas".
910:
Hester, T.R., M.B. Collins, and P.J. Headrick (1992) "Notes on South Texas Archeology: 1992–1994, Paleo-Indian Engraved Stones from the Gault Site".
684:(2003) "Paleoclimate Under the Microscope: Sediment Micromorphological Analysis at the Gault Site, a Paleoamerican Site in Central Texas".
448:
Hofman, J.L.; Todd, L.C.; & Collins, M.B. (1991). "Identification of Central Texas Edwards Chert at the Folsom and Lindenmeier Sites".
817:
Pevny, C.D., and D.L. Carlson (2007) "Evidence for Shifts Between Clovis Biface and Blade Production at the Gault Site (41BL323), Texas".
168:
apparently rarely dug into the earlier deposits below the Archaic midden due to the lower density of collectible or marketable artifacts.
901:
Collins, M.B., T.R. Hester, D. Olmstead, and P.J. Headrick (1991) "Engraved Cobbles from Early Archeological Contexts in Central Texas".
277:
Tools numbering in the thousands were removed from the site before professional excavations began, however a large quantity of tools and
799:
Lassen, R., and T. Williams (2015) "Variation in Flintknapping Skill Among Folsom-Era Projectile Point Types: A Quantitative Approach".
949:, edited by G.H. Farley and J.R. Chaote, pp. 45–50. Fort Hays State University, Fort Hays Studies, Special Issue No. 2, Hays, KS.
952:
Timperley, C., P.R. Owen, and E. Lundelius Jr. (2003) "Preliminary Comments on Faunal Material from the Gault Site, Central Texas".
483:
Collins, M.B. (2007). "Discerning Clovis subsistence from stone artifacts and site distributions on the Southern Plains periphery".
650:
Mary S. Black, "Secrets of the Dirt: Uncovering the Ancient People of Gault", College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2019
399:. pp. Edited by K. Graf, C.V. Ketron and M. Waters, pp. 521–540. Center for the Study of the First Americans, College Station.
736:
Collins, M.B. (2007) "Discerning Clovis subsistence from stone artifacts and site distributions on the Southern Plains periphery"
884:, edited by K. Graf, C. V. Ketron and M. Waters, pp. 521–540. Center for the Study of the First Americans, College Station.
1038:
945:
Timperley, C., and E. Lundelius, Jr. (2008) "Dental Enamel Hypoplasia in Late Pleistocene Equus from Texas and New Mexico". In
498:
137:
One of the most significant finds at the Gault site is that it is one of only twenty mammoth kill sites in the United States.
859:
Williams, Thomas J. (2016) "The Morphology and Technology of Clovis Flat-Backed Cores from the Gault Site (41bl323), Texas".
93:(13,500 to 13,000 years B.P.), as well as the entire subsequent occupational sequence of the Central Texas region, from late
522:
Aynesworth, K.H. (2 June 1930). "Letter to J.E. Pearce" (Document). MS. TARL, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.
141:
707:(2016) "A Comparison of Instrumental Techniques at Differentiating Outcrops of Edwards Plateau Chert at the Local Scale".
157:
archaeologist in Texas, J.E. Pearce, as well as avocational archaeologists (Alex Dienst, Kenneth Aynesworth and others).
873:
Collins, M.B., and B.A. Bradley (2008) "Evidence for Pre-Clovis Occupation at the Gault Site (41BL323), Central Texas".
1053:
790:(2018) "A Comparative Study of Overshot Flaking Between Clovis and Other Components From the Gault Site, Texas".
270:
266:
214:
161:
98:
352:
Pfeiffer, Leslie S., "The Gault Site", Central States Archaeological Journal, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 24–24, 2005
281:
remained. Currently, the number recovered is estimated at ca. 2.6 million from 3% of the site. This includes
776:(2015) "The Folsom-Midland Component of the Gault Site, Central Texas: Context, Technology, and Typology".
140:
The national significance of the Gault site was recognized on May 29, 2018, by its official listing in the
938:
Lemke, A., and C. Timperley (2008) "Preliminary Analysis of Turtle Materials from the Gault Site, Texas".
298:
145:
75:
69:
Most of these sites are widely spaced geographically and do not contain an extensive array of associated
632:
J.E. Pearce Archives, Texas Archeological Research Laboratory (TARL), The University of Texas at Austin
246:
85:
The Gault site contains strata which date to prior to the appearance of Clovis (more than 13,500 years
743:
Collins, M. B., and C. A. Hemmings (2005) "Lesser-Known Clovis Diagnostic Artifacts I: The Bifaces".
232:
Excavations in 2007–2014 in Area 15 of the Gault Site specifically targeted an occupation predating
303:
201:
29:
569:"Evidence of an early projectile point technology in North America at the Gault Site, Texas, USA"
318:
285:
from all the main cultural periods in Central Texas with the largest quantities belonging to the
693:
Speer, C.A. (2014) "LA-ICP-MS Analysis of Clovis Period Projectile Points from the Gault Site.
313:
282:
180:
894:
Collins, M.B., T.R. Hester, and P.J. Headrick (1992) "Engraved Cobbles from the Gault Site".
28:
on the Williamson-Bell County line along Buttermilk Creek about 250 meters upstream from the
653:
Collins, M. B. (2002) "The Gault Site, Texas and Clovis Research". Athena Review 3(2):24–36.
971:
827:(2012) "Distinguishing taphonomic processes from stone tool use at the Gault site, Texas".
580:
761:(2007) "Clovis Biface Lithic Technology at the Gault Site (41BL323), Bell County, Texas".
8:
750:
Collins, M. B., and J. C. Lohse (2004) "The Nature of Clovis Blades and Blade Cores". In
250:
584:
829:
Contemporary lithic analysis in the Southeast: problems, solutions, and interpretations
601:
568:
465:
606:
411:
254:
110:
70:
58:
596:
588:
457:
226:
119:
754:, edited by D. Madsen, pp. 159–183. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
461:
106:
21:
182:. In 2007, the site was purchased and donated to The Archaeological Conservancy
839:(2015) "Building experimental use-wear analogues for Clovis biface functions".
412:"Evidence for Pre-Clovis Occupation at the Gault Site (41BL323), Central Texas"
286:
258:
172:
90:
86:
63:
33:
852:
Wiederhold, J. (2007) "Maximizing Tool Use: Endscrapers from the Gault Site".
783:(2016) "The Spectrum of Variation in Folsom-Era Projectile Point Technology."
556:
Haynes, Gary (2015). The Millennium Before Clovis. PaleoAmerica,1(2), 134-162.
193:
39:
1032:
1014:
1001:
752:
Entering America: Northeast Asia and Berengia Before the Last Glacial Maximum
635:
Dienst, Alex MS. Map of archaeological sites, Bell County Museum, Belton, TX.
328:
94:
25:
183:
729:
Bradley, B.A., M.B. Collins, and C.A. Hemmings (2010) "Clovis Technology".
610:
592:
222:
218:
126:
54:
700:(2014) "Experimental sourcing of Edwards Plateau chert using LA-ICP-MS".
323:
308:
262:
210:
130:
976:
469:
79:
981:
435:
Edwards Plateau Vegetation: Plant Ecological Studies in Central Texas
102:
217:
times was documented, including the technology styles identified as
991:
986:
278:
241:
233:
177:
382:
The Cambridge World Prehistory, Vol. 2, East Asia and the Americas
237:
43:
Part of the Gault site; the tent covers the 2007–2014 excavation.
947:
Unlocking the Unknown: Papers Honoring Dr. Richard J. Zakrzewski
394:
533:
206:
171:
Limited test excavations were conducted in 1991, and sustained
164:
179:
and the Prehistory Research Project at Texas State University
966:
114:
926:
L’Art Pleistocene dans le Monde, Actes Du Congres IFRAO 2010
565:
831:, pp. 55–78. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
811:, p. 15. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
380:
Collins, M.B. (2014). "Initial Peopling of the Americas".
740:, pp. 59–87. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
487:. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. pp. 59–87.
738:. Foragers of the Terminal Pleistocene in North America
447:
1044:
Paleo-Indian archaeological sites in the United States
257:
material evidencing this older occupation followed by
485:
Foragers of the Terminal Pleistocene in North America
809:Clovis Caches: Recent Discoveries and New Research
409:
253:are consistent in showing a coherent sequence of
1030:
432:
197:Gault site: the 2007–2014 excavation at bedrock.
20:is an extensive, multicomponent site located in
1049:Pre-Clovis archaeological sites in the Americas
384:. pp. 903–922. Cambridge University Press.
209:. A sequence of cultural materials from early
841:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
521:
600:
192:
38:
967:Gault School of Archaeological Research
482:
437:. Baylor University Press, Waco, Texas.
433:Amos, B.B.; and Gehlbach, F.R. (1988).
410:Collins, M.B.; and Bradley, B. (2008).
379:
1031:
731:International Monographs in Prehistory
867:
142:National Register of Historic Places
954:Current Research in the Pleistocene
940:Current Research in the Pleistocene
903:Current Research in the Pleistocene
896:Current Research in the Pleistocene
875:Current Research in the Pleistocene
854:Current Research in the Pleistocene
819:Current Research in the Pleistocene
763:Current Research in the Pleistocene
686:Current Research in the Pleistocene
426:
416:Current Research in the Pleistocene
144:. The site is also registered as a
13:
621:
14:
1065:
960:
888:
801:Journal of Archaeological Science
709:Journal of Archaeological Science
695:Journal of Archaeological Science
225:, Wilson, St. Mary's Hall, Cody,
146:Texas State Antiquities Landmark
639:
626:
559:
550:
526:
515:
491:
97:(13,000 to 9,000 years ago) to
47:
977:The Archaeological Conservancy
476:
441:
403:
388:
373:
364:
355:
346:
188:
1:
1039:Archaeological sites in Texas
717:
462:10.1080/2052546.1991.11909647
339:
7:
972:Prehistory Research Project
534:"Gault School :: Home"
299:Archaeology of the Americas
292:
10:
1070:
676:Archaeological Prospection
660:
644:
334:Settlement of the Americas
151:
1054:Western Stemmed Tradition
18:Gault archaeological site
932:
704:, 342, pp. 199–213.
702:Quaternary International
304:Buttermilk Creek Complex
240:through culture-bearing
30:Buttermilk Creek complex
992:Prehistoric Texas Trail
843:, 7(1), pp. 13–26.
319:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
593:10.1126/sciadv.aar5954
198:
44:
1015:30.89226°N 97.70975°W
882:Paleoamerican Odyssey
778:Plains Anthropologist
711:: Reports 7: 389–393.
450:Plains Anthropologist
397:Paleoamerican Odyssey
196:
42:
982:Texas Beyond History
249:evidence as well as
105:(the uplands of the
1020:30.89226; -97.70975
1011: /
585:2018SciA....4.5954W
538:www.gaultschool.org
503:Brazos Trail Region
314:Cooper's Ferry site
251:luminescence dating
57:and its associated
987:Bell County Museum
919:American Antiquity
269:, and Middle/Late
199:
45:
868:Older-than-Clovis
861:Lithic Technology
792:Lithic Technology
780:60(234): 150–171.
173:geoarchaeological
111:Blackland Prairie
64:diagnostic Clovis
59:lithic technology
1061:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1004:
615:
614:
604:
573:Science Advances
563:
557:
554:
548:
547:
545:
544:
530:
524:
523:
519:
513:
512:
510:
509:
495:
489:
488:
480:
474:
473:
456:(137): 297–308.
445:
439:
438:
430:
424:
423:
407:
401:
400:
392:
386:
385:
377:
371:
368:
362:
359:
353:
350:
120:Lindenmeier site
1069:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1002:
1000:
998:
997:
963:
935:
921:80(1): 113–133.
891:
870:
720:
678:14(4): 245–260.
663:
647:
642:
629:
624:
622:Further reading
619:
618:
579:(7): eaar5954.
564:
560:
555:
551:
542:
540:
532:
531:
527:
520:
516:
507:
505:
497:
496:
492:
481:
477:
446:
442:
431:
427:
408:
404:
393:
389:
378:
374:
369:
365:
360:
356:
351:
347:
342:
295:
191:
154:
107:Edwards Plateau
50:
22:Florence, Texas
12:
11:
5:
1067:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
995:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
962:
961:External links
959:
958:
957:
950:
943:
934:
931:
930:
929:
922:
915:
908:
907:
906:
890:
889:Incised Stones
887:
886:
885:
878:
869:
866:
865:
864:
863:41(2):139-153.
857:
850:
846:
845:
844:
834:
833:
832:
825:
815:
812:
804:
797:
796:
795:
788:
787:2(2): 150–158.
781:
771:
768:
767:
766:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
724:
719:
716:
715:
714:
713:
712:
705:
691:
690:
689:
679:
672:
668:
662:
659:
658:
657:
654:
651:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
636:
633:
628:
625:
623:
620:
617:
616:
558:
549:
525:
514:
490:
475:
440:
425:
402:
387:
372:
363:
354:
344:
343:
341:
338:
337:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
294:
291:
190:
187:
153:
150:
109:and the lower
55:Clovis "point"
49:
46:
34:Clovis culture
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1066:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1027:
1024:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
955:
951:
948:
944:
941:
937:
936:
927:
923:
920:
916:
913:
909:
904:
900:
899:
897:
893:
892:
883:
879:
876:
872:
871:
862:
858:
855:
851:
847:
842:
838:
837:
835:
830:
826:
823:
822:
821:24: 131–133.
820:
816:
813:
810:
805:
802:
798:
793:
789:
786:
782:
779:
775:
774:
772:
769:
764:
760:
759:
756:
753:
749:
746:
742:
739:
735:
732:
728:
725:
722:
721:
710:
706:
703:
699:
698:
696:
692:
687:
683:
682:
680:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:
655:
652:
649:
648:
634:
631:
630:
612:
608:
603:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
562:
553:
539:
535:
529:
518:
504:
500:
494:
486:
479:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
444:
436:
429:
421:
417:
413:
406:
398:
391:
383:
376:
367:
358:
349:
345:
335:
332:
330:
329:Paisley Caves
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
290:
288:
284:
280:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:stratigraphic
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
195:
186:
184:
181:
178:
174:
169:
166:
163:
158:
149:
147:
143:
138:
135:
132:
128:
123:
122:in Colorado.
121:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
72:
67:
65:
60:
56:
41:
37:
35:
31:
27:
26:United States
23:
19:
996:
956:20: 117–119.
953:
946:
942:25: 115–117.
939:
925:
918:
911:
902:
895:
881:
874:
860:
856:24: 147–150.
853:
840:
828:
818:
808:
800:
794:43(2):84-92.
791:
785:PaleoAmerica
784:
777:
762:
751:
747:32(2): 9–20.
744:
737:
733:, Ann Arbor.
730:
708:
701:
694:
688:20: 126–128.
685:
675:
640:Bibliography
576:
572:
561:
552:
541:. Retrieved
537:
528:
517:
506:. Retrieved
502:
499:"Gault Site"
493:
484:
478:
453:
449:
443:
434:
428:
419:
415:
405:
396:
390:
381:
375:
366:
357:
348:
276:
231:
200:
170:
159:
155:
139:
136:
124:
84:
80:lithic tools
68:
53:distinctive
51:
48:Significance
17:
15:
1018: /
914:19(4): 3–5.
849:University.
803:4: 164–173.
667:University.
324:Monte Verde
309:Cactus Hill
263:PaleoIndian
211:Paleoindian
202:Excavations
189:Excavations
95:Paleoindian
66:materials.
1033:Categories
1006:97°42′35″W
1003:30°53′32″N
877:25: 70–72.
765:24: 78–80.
718:Technology
697:52: 1–11.
627:References
543:2019-09-22
508:2020-05-09
340:References
287:Clovis-age
227:Golondrina
103:ecosystems
76:stratified
912:La Tierra
905:8: 13–15.
745:La Tierra
283:artifacts
213:to early
89:) and to
898:9: 3–4.
611:30009257
470:25669062
422:: 70–72.
293:See also
279:debitage
265:, Early
242:alluvial
661:Geology
645:General
602:6040843
581:Bibcode
271:Archaic
267:Archaic
261:, Late
238:bedrock
215:Archaic
162:Archaic
152:History
99:Archaic
671:Texas.
609:
599:
468:
259:Clovis
255:lithic
234:Clovis
223:Folsom
219:Clovis
207:midden
176:(GSAR)
165:midden
127:flakes
91:Clovis
71:lithic
933:Fauna
466:JSTOR
131:cores
115:chert
74:well-
607:PMID
87:B.P.
16:The
597:PMC
589:doi
458:doi
1035::
605:.
595:.
587:.
575:.
571:.
536:.
501:.
464:.
454:36
452:.
420:25
418:.
414:.
221:,
148:.
129:,
82:.
24:,
613:.
591::
583::
577:4
546:.
511:.
472:.
460::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
