532:
representation must be converted or even discarded, regardless of the type of translation. Modern
Neutral formats are designed to solve this problem. Old neutral formats like IGES can have some translation issues like loss of the original color of the parts, or incorrect position of bodies. This is no longer the case with modern standards like STEP AP242, which embeds Validation Properties. Validation Properties are key characteristics of the model (Center of Gravity of a solid, wet area of a surface, PMI characteristics or even check points on a shape), stored by the emitting system and checked by the receiving system. This allows to control the quality of the imported data. Quality of exchange using STEP is so important that regular benchmarks are run by independent associations (AFNeT, PDES, inc., ProSTEP iViP) to check exchanges between various CAD and PLM systems.
519:
kernels, in which the translation inconsistencies can lead to anomalies in the data. The intermediate file formats are also limited in what they can describe, and they can be interpreted differently by both the sending and receiving systems. It is, therefore, important when transferring data between systems to identify what needs to be translated. If only the 3D model is required for the downstream process, then only the model description needs to be transferred. However, there are levels of detail. For example: is the data wireframe, surface, or solid; is the topology (
439:
license these toolkits, to add import and export capabilities to their products. There are also a significant number of companies that use the low-level translation toolkits as the basis for building standalone end-user translation and validation applications. These systems have their own proprietary intermediate format some of which will allow reviewing the data during translation. Some of these translators work stand-alone while others require one or both of the CAD packages installed on the translation machine as they use code (
413:. Parasolid can represent wireframe, surface, solid, cellular and general non-manifold models. It stores topological and geometric information defining the shape of models in transmitting files. These files have a published format so that applications can have access to Parasolid models without necessarily using the Parasolid kernel. Parasolid is capable of accepting data from other modeler formats. Its unique tolerant modeling functionality can accommodate and compensate for less accurate data.
515:
the extrinsic problems, extending its current capabilities to support 2-D parametric sections, 3-D parametric assemblies, and history-based modeling. Product data quality is a key issue to avoid intrinsic data exchange problems and simplify the integration of downstream applications in the design chain.
247:
and other CAD systems. The DXF is primarily 2D-based and its format is a tagged data representation of all the information contained in an AutoCAD drawing file, which means that each data element in the file is preceded by an integer number that is called a group code indicating the type of following
44:
Many companies use different CAD systems and exchange CAD data file format with suppliers, customers, and subcontractors. Such formats are often proprietary. Transfer of data is necessary so that, for example, one organization can be developing a CAD model, while another performs analysis work on the
561:
Two CAD/CAM/CAE PLM trends have been driving CAD Data
Exchange technology. One is the need for close interaction throughout today’s extended multiCAD enterprises. The other is the increased reliance on digital mockups to permit visualization, design in context, simulation and analysis of large scale
531:
Some translation methods are more successful than others at translating data between CAD systems. Native formats offer the simple translation of 3D solids, but even so there are few pitfalls to watch out for. If two CAD systems use different representations for one type of geometry at some point the
438:
Several companies specialize in CAD data translation software that can read from one CAD system and write the information in another CAD system format. There are a handful of companies that provide low-level software toolkits to directly read and write the major CAD file formats. Most CAD developers
569:
Current advances now allow an “Active Mockup.” This technology allows design in context with simulations such as dynamic clearance analysis and automatic generation of motion envelopes. Active mockups allow the edit of components from directly within the multi-CAD assembly. Multiple level-of-detail
527:
annotation to be transferred. With product models, retaining the assembly structure may be required. If drawings need to be translated, the wireframe geometry is normally not an issue; however text, dimensions and other annotation can be an issue, particularly fonts and formats. No matter what data
514:
Data quality can be addressed intrinsically and extrinsically. Intrinsic problems are those related to the CAD model’s structure before any translation process begins, while extrinsic problems relate to those issues appearing during translation. The development of STEP is the best solution to solve
137:
The different types of product information targeted by the exchange process may vary throughout the life cycle of the product. At earlier stages of the design process, more emphasis is given to the geometric and design intent aspects of the data exchange while metadata and application data are more
424:
An outdated format originated in late 1979 and initially published by the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1980 preceding the large-scale deployment of the CAD technology in the industry. This file format considers the product definition as a file of entities, with each entity being
292:
Corporation on behalf of the U.S. Air Force. PDES was designed to completely define a product for all applications over its expected life cycle, including geometry, topology, tolerances, relationships, attributes, and features necessary to completely define a part or assembly of parts. PDES can be
518:
As each CAD system has its own method of describing geometry, both mathematically and structurally, there is always some loss of information when translating data from one CAD data format to another. One example is when the translation occurs between CAD systems using different geometric modeling
211:
Neutral file exchange uses an intermediary neutral format to translate data between CAD systems. This method starts from a pre-processor embedded in the original CAD system, which generates the neutral file from the originating CAD format. The target CAD system post-processes the neutral file and
178:
Direct data translators provide a direct solution which entails translating the data stored in a product database directly from one CAD system format to another, usually in one step. There usually exists a neutral database in a direct data translator. The structure of the neutral database must be
578:
NC programming typically requires that the geometry received from a CAD system, whether in wireframe, surface, solid or combined formats, be free from any irregularities and inconsistencies that may have occurred in the CAD phase of geometry creation. Data exchange from CAD to CAM must therefore
337:
and data archiving. For data exchange, STEP defines the transitory form of the product data that is to be transferred between a pair of applications. It supports data sharing by providing access to and operation on a single copy of the same product data by more than one application, potentially
540:
of two models. It is really hard algorithmic problem to compare topological elements of two 3D models and restore their associativity to show groups of modified faces, because there are very different representation of geometry data in different CAD systems, but sometimes it is possible. For
265:
Created by the German
Association of the Automotive Industry in 1982 as an interoperability method for free-form surfaces. This format differs from other formats in that it only supports the communication of free-form curve and surface data with associated comments, but no other geometric or
52:
have emerged. They differ in their application aims, user interfaces, performance levels, and in data structures and data file formats. For interoperability purposes a requirement of accuracy in the data exchange process is of paramount importance and robust exchange mechanisms are needed.
535:
Some CAD systems have functionalities to compare geometry of two models. So, user can compare the model before and after translation from one CAD to another one to estimate quality of the translation, and to fix found defects. But often such functionalities can compare only
342:. Every year new parts are added or new revisions of older parts are released. This makes STEP the biggest standard within ISO. The 200-series parts STEP are called Application Protocols (AP), with the specific parts directly related to CAD systems:
293:
viewed as an expansion of IGES where organizational and technological data have been added. In fact, the later PDES contained IGES. The development of PDES under the guidance of the IGES organization and in close collaboration with the
565:
The ability to visualize medium if not large scale assemblies was one of the early successes of these CAD translation formats. Hardware improvements and the development of lightweight formats supported larger scale assemblies.
878:
Phebey, T. (1986-01-01). "The
Implementation of the VDAFS Geometric Data Interface on Computervision's CDS 4000 CAD/CAM System". In Encarnação, Prof Dr-Ing José; Schuster, Dr-Ing Richard; Vöge, Dr-Ing Ernst (eds.).
735:
Schuster, R. (1986-01-01). "Progress in the
Development of CAD/CAM Interfaces for Transfer of Product Definition Data". In Encarnação, Prof Dr-Ing José; Schuster, Dr-Ing Richard; Vöge, Dr-Ing Ernst (eds.).
170:, by way of image tracing), CAD-neutral formats or third-party CAD file translators between proprietary file formats. All have their advantages and disadvantages and may be error-prone.
326:
systems. It is a very comprehensive set of specifications covering many different product types and many life cycle phases. STEP uses the neutral ISO 10303-11 format, also known as an
203:
options. This option is limited by the fact that most CAD formats are proprietary therefore direct translators are typically unidirectional, partially functional and not standardized.
523:) information required; must the face and edge identifications be preserved on subsequent modification; must the feature information and history be preserved between systems; and is
586:, whether generated by the designer for use by manufacturing, or generated by the manufacturing organization for use by design, must be a part of the data exchange system.
349:
203 (Configuration controlled 3D designs of mechanical parts and assemblies) – Mainly used for 3D design and product structure. A subset of AP214 but most widely used.
562:
assemblies prior to the actual manufacture of the physical product. Ongoing advances in data exchange technology have enabled significant fulfillment of those needs.
938:
1072:
322:
The work with the ISO 10303 standard was initiated in 1984 and initially published in 1994, with the objective to standardize the exchange of product data between
579:
include tools for identifying and repairing those inconsistencies. These tools are typically included in the data exchange software of each CAM solution-set.
443:) from these systems to read/write the data. Some companies also use these low-level toolkits to create import or export plug-ins for other CAD applications.
179:
general, governed by the minimum required definitions of any of the modelling data types, and be independent of any vendor format. Major CAD systems, such as
338:
simultaneously. STEP may also be used to support the development of the archive product data itself. STEP consists of several hundred documents called
528:
is to be translated, there is also a need to preserve attributes (such as color and layer of graphical objects) and metadata stored within the files.
316:
302:
294:
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tensor product types of surfaces and corresponding curves. The VDA-FS specification is released in the German
Industrial Standard DIN 66301.
603:
63:
There are three options available for CAD data exchange: direct model translation, neutral file exchange and third-party translators.
913:
The
Engineering Design Revolution – The People, Companies and Computer Systems That Changed Forever the Practice of Engineering
119:
56:
The exchange process targets primarily the geometric information of the CAD data but it can also target other aspects such as
1092:
1044:
896:
753:
687:
670:
Nowacki, H.; Dannenberg, L. (1986-01-01). Encarnação, Prof Dr-Ing José; Schuster, Dr-Ing
Richard; Vöge, Dr-Ing Ernst (eds.).
524:
824:
Choi, G.-H.; Mun, D.-H.; Han, S.-H. (1 January 2002). "Exchange of CAD Part Models Based on the Macro-Parametric
Approach".
935:
410:
1058:
388:
242 (Managed model based 3D engineering) – the merging of the two leading STEP application protocols, AP 203 and AP 214.
1017:
333:. EXPRESS defines not only the data types but also relations and rules applying to them. STEP supports data exchange,
643:
583:
1009:
Dimitrov, L., & Valchkova, F. (2011). Problems with 3D data exchange between CAD systems using neutral formats.
327:
429:
in 1994, interest in further development of IGES declined, and Version 5.3 (1996) was the last published standard.
967:
Björk, Bo-Christer; Laakso, Mikael (2010). "CAD standardisation in the construction industry — A process view".
723:
Integrating advanced computer-aided design, manufacturing, and numerical control: Principles and implementations
1102:
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259:
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converts it into the target native format. Some neutral formats are defined by standards organizations such as
378:
323:
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data element. As most commercial application software developers have chosen to support Autodesk's native
582:
In a true PLM environment, CAD to CAM data exchange must provide for more than the transfer of geometry.
49:
919:
76:
87:) of a product, nowadays there are other pieces of information that can be retrieved from a CAD file:
1097:
402:
502:
520:
233:
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while others are proprietary but still widely used and are regarded as quasi industry standards.
45:
same model; at the same time a third organization is responsible for manufacturing the product.
998:
635:
The CAD guidebook : a basic manual for understanding and improving computer-aided design
359:
212 (Electrotechnical design and installation) – CAD systems for electrical installation and
353:
34:
30:
1073:"Geometry Comparison from LEDAS now supports all major MCAD formats with DATAKIT libraries"
851:"Product data interfaces in CAD/CAM applications: Design, implementation and experiences".
8:
23:
934:
Siemens. (2008, April). Parasolid XT Format Reference. Retrieved October 29, 2016, from
936:
http://www.plm.automation.siemens.com/de_de/Images/XT_Format_April_2008_tcm73-62642.pdf
833:
805:. Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. Vol. 2. IOS Press. pp. 615–624.
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Originated in 1988 under the Product Definition Data Interface (PDDI) study done by
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1018:
http://www.icmas.eu/Journal_archive_files/Vol6-Issue3-2011-PDF/127-130_Dimitrov.pdf
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There are at least three ways to exchange data between different CAD system: via a
127:
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non-geometric entities. Therefore, it is limited to representations by parametric
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represented in an application-independent format. After the initial release of
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210 (Electronic assembly, interconnect and packaging design) – CAD systems for
80:
490:
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377:
Application interpreted model for computerized numerical controllers) – CAD,
360:
26:
653:
252:
as the format for AutoCAD data interoperability, DXF has become less useful.
537:
499:: Import/export plug-ins for 3ds Max, Maya, CADMATIC and Visual Components.
367:
334:
308:
270:, but this covers the great majority of free-form CAD systems. It includes
60:, knowledge, manufacturing information, tolerances and assembly structure.
553:,) to compare 3D models and pinpoint all of the differences between them.
633:
279:
229:
459:
267:
188:
180:
883:. Symbolic Computation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 176–183.
740:. Symbolic Computation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 238–251.
674:. Symbolic Computation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 150–159.
426:
395:
312:
217:
147:
797:
Bondar Sergej; Shammaa Abdul; Stjepandić Josip; Tashiro Ken (2015).
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Design intent data – e.g. history trees, formulas, rules, guidelines
275:
240:
184:
91:
84:
57:
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displays support interactive performance even in huge assemblies.
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can directly read and/or write other CAD formats, simply by using
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important at later stages of the product and process development.
591:
587:
374:
366:
214 (Core data for automotive mechanical design processes) – How
244:
123:
255:
192:
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103:
revision level, file path on the computer or network storage
999:
http://www.designworldonline.com/cad-interoperability-today
993:
Yares, E. (2012, November 28). CAD Interoperability Today.
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instance, the component LEDAS Geometry Comparison based on
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159:
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Although initially targeted for the geometric information (
1059:"LEDAS Geometry Comparison Licensed for Inventor Plug-in"
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382:
298:
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167:
155:
38:
1045:"Comparing Drawings, Models and PCBs with PTC Creo View"
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243:
in 1982 as their data interoperability solution between
37:) authoring systems or between CAD and other downstream
493:: Import and export plug-ins for Rhino, SOLIDWORKS, ...
460:
List of standalone end-user translation applications
799:"Advances in Parameterized CAD Feature Translation"
953:Radhakrishnan, P., & Subramanyan, S. (1994).
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627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
1084:
1016:(3), 127-130. Retrieved October 30, 2016, from
881:Product Data Interfaces in CAD/CAM Applications
803:Transdisciplinary Lifecycle Analysis of Systems
738:Product Data Interfaces in CAD/CAM Applications
672:Product Data Interfaces in CAD/CAM Applications
317:STandard for the Exchange of Product model data
616:
594:and other PMI through CAD and CAM into a CNC.
370:is represented in a text file for interchange.
295:International Organization for Standardization
725:. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference.
604:Comparison of CAD, CAM, and CAE file viewers
966:
631:
573:
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173:
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285:PDES (Product Data Exchange Specification)
787:. Kidlington, Oxford, UK: Academic Press.
421:(Initial Graphics Exchange Specification)
734:
509:
447:List of software toolkits for developers
206:
141:
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120:Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing
16:Method of CAD drawing file translation
1011:Proceedings in Manufacturing Systems,
785:Product design modeling using CAD/CAE
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485:List of plug-ins for CAD applications
106:system, the release information, etc.
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455:: SDK to read and write CAD formats.
29:used to translate between different
1042:
997:. Retrieved October 29, 2016, from
915:. Retrieved October 29, 2016, from
411:Siemens Digital Industries Software
66:
50:range of different CAD technologies
13:
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223:
94:– non-graphical attributes, e.g.:
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584:Product Manufacturing Information
826:International Journal of CAD/CAM
632:Schoonmaker, Stephen J. (2003).
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480:: Multi formats CAD translator.
474:: Multi formats CAD translator.
468:: Multi formats CAD translator.
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385:machining process information.
260:Verband der Automobilindustrie
1:
811:10.3233/978-1-61499-544-9-615
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505:: Import plug-ins for 3dsMax.
1093:Product lifecycle management
1030:"Compare Parts and Drawings"
981:10.1016/j.autcon.2009.11.010
889:10.1007/978-3-642-82426-5_16
865:10.1016/0010-4485(87)90208-9
746:10.1007/978-3-642-82426-5_21
680:10.1007/978-3-642-82426-5_13
545:kernel can be integrated in
7:
638:. New York: Marcel Dekker.
597:
10:
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969:Automation in Construction
783:Chang, K.-H. (2014).
917:http://www.cadhistory.net
403:geometric modeling kernel
911:Weisberg, D. E. (2008).
574:CAD to CAM Data Exchange
557:MultiCAD Digital Mockups
405:originally developed by
174:Direct model translation
114:Application data – e.g.
434:Third-party translators
409:and currently owned by
262:– Flächenschnittstelle)
234:Drawing eXchange Format
590:was designed to carry
401:Part of the Parasolid
301:) led to the birth of
97:part or detail numbers
1103:Computer-aided design
853:Computer-Aided Design
510:Data exchange quality
453:Datakit CrossCad/Ware
354:printed circuit board
207:Neutral file exchange
142:Data exchange options
100:author of the drawing
31:computer-aided design
1075:. February 17, 2015.
721:Xu, X. (2009).
491:Datakit CrossCad/Plg
466:Datakit CrossManager
48:Since the 1980s, a
941:2016-11-09 at the
922:2018-04-15 at the
290:McDonnell Aircraft
132:assembly structure
1043:Madhavi, Ramesh.
898:978-3-642-82428-9
755:978-3-642-82428-9
689:978-3-642-82428-9
551:Autodesk Inventor
503:Power translators
116:Numerical Control
20:CAD data exchange
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118:tool paths,
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955:CAD/CAM/CIM
268:polynomials
1087:Categories
610:References
478:Transmagic
407:Shape Data
189:Siemens NX
181:SolidWorks
73:wire frame
396:Parasolid
313:ISO 10303
197:File Open
41:systems.
939:Archived
920:Archived
838:11659726
654:50868192
598:See also
592:GD&T
276:B-Spline
241:Autodesk
185:PTC Creo
148:hardcopy
124:GD&T
92:Metadata
85:drawings
77:surfaces
58:metadata
588:STEP-NC
375:STEP-NC
328:EXPRESS
245:AutoCAD
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193:CATIA
893:ISBN
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684:ISBN
650:OCLC
640:ISBN
521:BREP
441:APIs
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299:ISO
250:DWG
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168:PCX
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156:GIF
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