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469:, for example with the Pen Technique, developed by Patrizio Migliarini, which allows the musician to play jazz and funky rhythms with a completeness and dynamic richness close to that of a drums, through the use of metal brushes. Another way of playing the cajón is to use an ordinary bass drum pedal, thus turning the cajón into an indirect percussion instrument which can be played with the feet. This enables the player to beat it just like a pedal-
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in coastal Peru. The instrument reached a peak in popularity by 1850, and by the end of the 19th century cajón players were experimenting with the design of the instrument by bending some of the planks in the cajón's body to alter the instrument's patterns of sound vibration. After slavery the cajón
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The player sits astride the box, tilting it at an angle while striking the head between their knees. The percussionist can play the sides with the top of their palms and fingers for additional sounds. Some harder hitting players use protective drumming gloves to protect their hands from bruises and
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recounts her mother's story that the cajón originated as "the box of the people who carried fruit and worked in the ports," putting it down to play on whenever they had a moment. Another theory is that enslaved people used boxes as musical instruments to subvert
Spanish colonial bans on music in
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The cajón is the most widely used Afro-Peruvian musical instrument since the late 19th century. Enslaved people of west and central
African origin in the Americas are considered to be the source of the cajón drum. Currently, the instrument is common in musical performance throughout some of the
473:, thus leaving the hands (and one other foot) free to play other instruments. On the other hand, it also restricts the player's standard cajón-playing position, as when the cajón is placed on the ground, in the bass drum location, it is hard for the performer to slap it with her or his hands.
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Given that the cajón comes from musicians who were enslaved in the
Spanish colonial Americas, there are two complementary origin theories for the instrument. It is possible that the drum is a direct descendant of a number of boxlike musical instruments from west and central Africa, especially
417:, etc. The cajón is often used as a bass drum by bands instead of a full drum kit when performing in minimalist settings, as the cajón can simultaneously serve as both a bass drum and a seat for the drummer. Though occasionally played by some bands in place of the
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inch) thick wood are generally used for five sides of the box. A thinner sheet of plywood is nailed on as the sixth side, and acts as the striking surface or head. The striking surface of the cajón drum is commonly referred to as the
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pedal to the instrument, enabling them to play it with a single foot. There are also lap cajons (which are smaller and more portable) that sit on the lap of the musician.
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brought a cajón to Spain to use it in his own music, after being impressed by the rhythmic possibilities of the instrument. According to percussion historians, it was
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743:"Secretary General Insulza Welcomed Musician that OAS will Pay Tribute to in a Ceremony to Declare the Peruvian Cajón as "Instrument of Perú for the Americas""
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311:, a musical ensemble founded in 1969, the cajón began to be more important than the guitar and, indeed, became "a new symbol of Peruvian blackness".
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Tompkins, William David: "Afro-Peruvian
Traditions" in "Music of the African Diaspora in the Americas," p. 493. Springer US Press, 2005
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287:. These instruments were adapted by enslaved people from the Spanish shipping crates at their disposal. In port cities like
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is cut on the back side. The modern cajón may have rubber feet, and has several screws at the top for adjusting
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After a short 1977 visit to a diplomat’s party and a TV presentation in Lima along with
Peruvian percussionist
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shipping crates and small dresser drawers became similar instruments. Peruvian musician and ethnomusicologist
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The instrument has been played not only with hands, but also with plastic and metal brushes, as used for
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who introduced the cajón into
Spanish flamenco, later used with Paco de Lucía in the percussion of "
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In the 2000s (decade), the cajón was heard extensively in
Coastal Peruvian musical styles such as
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appeared to have been performed without the cajón, especially due to the influence of
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playing a modified cajón; traditional cajones have the hole at the back, opposite the
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traditional frame drum serves the same purpose, and has a unique playing style.
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This article is about the musical instrument. For the city in
California, see
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Feldman, Heidi: "Black
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predominantly
African areas, essentially disguising their instruments.
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as well. The term cajón is also applied to other box drums used in
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Americas and Spain. The cajón was developed during the periods of
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declared the cajón an "Instrument of Peru for the Americas".
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from the original on 2021-12-21 – via www.youtube.com.
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Street musician playing a decorated cajón in London, England
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4hands Handmade Cajón Golden Colibri with guitar strings
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Cantaoras: Music, Gender and Identity in Flamenco Song
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Percussionist Jesse Benns playing with Drumming Gloves
693:"La percusión. Orígenes, familias, técnicas, étnicas"
385:. The modern cajón is often used to accompany a solo
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427:, the cajón has become a popular instrument in the
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745:. Organization of American States. 30 October 2014
718:"National Directoral Resolution 798 August 2 2001"
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271:was spread to a much larger audience including
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604:. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 21–22.
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393:. The cajón is becoming rapidly popular in
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303:While early 20th century versions of the
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169:; "box, crate, drawer") is a box-shaped
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670:. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 50.
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458:blisters. Some percussionists attach a
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844:List of percussion instruments by type
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564:. Atlanta Institute of Music and Media
562:"Cajon Basics | What You Need to Know"
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1230:Struck idiophones played by hand
1225:Unpitched percussion instruments
1184:List of vibraphone manufacturers
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189:), but have made their way into
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27:Box-shaped percussion instrument
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598:Feldman, Heidi Carolyn (2006).
354:Example percussion setup, with
340:Organization of American States
86:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
840:List of percussion instruments
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505:DavisDrum BeatBox Davis Pro M1
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1189:List of timpani manufacturers
1179:List of marimba manufacturers
634:. Rough Guides. p. 566.
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381:and certain styles of modern
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1210:Peruvian musical instruments
1169:List of cymbal manufacturers
213:Sheets of 13 to 19 mm (
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144:Sounds of a cajón in use
631:The Rough Guide to Peru
831:Percussion instruments
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601:Black Rhythms of Peru
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429:folk music of Ireland
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253:Origins and evolution
171:percussion instrument
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63:Percussion instrument
1101:Percussion groupings
951:Unpitched percussion
795:How to Build a Cajón
537:Jawbone (instrument)
197:, such as the Cuban
195:Latin American music
92:(Percussion vessels)
32:El Cajon, California
1133:Percussion ensemble
1113:Marching percussion
861:Keyboard percussion
532:Afro-Peruvian music
183:Afro-Peruvian music
106:Related instruments
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852:Pitched percussion
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289:Matanzas, Cuba
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187:música criolla
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749:16 December
568:8 September
411:world music
383:Cuban Rumba
316:Caitro Soto
297:Susana Baca
209:Description
51:Leon Mobley
1204:Categories
1159:Drum stick
1064:Wood block
1039:Tambourine
1029:Snare drum
899:Vibraphone
728:2014-03-02
703:2023-02-22
548:References
328:Pepe Ébano
318:, Spanish
309:Perú Negro
283:, and the
244:percussive
240:sound hole
121:Wood block
1019:Mark tree
984:Castanets
959:Bass drum
904:Xylophone
889:Tubaphone
471:bass drum
467:drum kits
460:bass drum
371:Zamacueca
360:bass drum
97:Developed
77:idiophone
1108:Drum kit
1059:Triangle
1054:Timbales
927:Steelpan
917:Handbell
874:Crotales
869:Carillon
769:Archived
526:See also
379:Flamenco
320:flamenco
285:Antilles
273:Criollos
191:flamenco
154:Spanish:
1092:Octapad
1044:Tam-tam
1014:Maracas
1004:Cymbals
999:Cowbell
964:Bodhrán
937:Timpani
922:Handpan
884:Marimba
542:Festejo
477:Gallery
436:bodhrán
422:bodhrán
367:Tondero
305:festejo
293:codfish
268:slavery
228:⁄
218:⁄
179:plywood
1009:Djembe
989:Claves
974:Cabasa
969:Bongos
674:
638:
608:
281:Angola
247:timbre
116:Cymbal
90:111.24
1147:Other
1034:Taiko
1024:Parai
994:Conga
979:Cajón
932:Tabla
395:blues
391:piano
356:cajón
150:cajón
38:Cajón
18:Cajon
751:2015
672:ISBN
636:ISBN
606:ISBN
570:2021
415:jazz
407:funk
403:rock
373:and
238:. A
236:tapa
175:Peru
165:KHON
55:tapa
399:pop
389:or
223:to
163:ka-
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