2121:
186:
284:
tiers along the two sides, leaving all the middle stretch of the floor free. A cake is provided as a prize for the winner in the competition, and a bench of experts in deportment is appointed to award it. Sometimes there are as many as fifty contestants, male and female, and five hundred spectators. One at a time the contestants enter, clothed regardless of expense in what each considers the perfection of style and taste, and walk down the vacant central space and back again with that multitude of critical eyes on them (...) The negroes have a name for this grave deportment-tournament; a name taken from the prize contended for. They call it a Cake-Walk.
396:
463:
234:. These accounts describe any slaveowners in attendance as unaware that they were being mocked. One man recalled such a dance that his childhood nanny had described to him: "Sometimes the white folks noticed it, but they seemed to like it; I guess they thought we couldn't dance any better." A 1981 article by Brooke Baldwin concludes that the cakewalk was meant "to satirize the competing culture of supposedly 'superior' whites. Slaveholders were able to dismiss its threat in their own minds by considering it as a simple performance which existed for their own pleasure".
47:
218:
197:, including the dances that developed into the cakewalk. Louise Jones spoke of "Sech dancin' you never seen before. Slaves would set de flo' in turns, an' do de cakewalk mos' all night." Georgia Baker said that she sang cakewalk songs as a child, and was amused that as an adult, she "would be cakewalkin' to de same song." Estella Jones described nighttime parties with elaborate dress, some of which were attended by the slaveowners, who would judge the dancing and award cakes to the winners.
119:
105:
127:
344:, written by an English woman traveler. This version was more of a procession and less of a dance: "Just before the ball was declared finished a long procession of couples was formed who walked in their very best manner around the room three times before the criticizing eyes of a dozen old people, who selected the best turned-out pair, and gravely presented them with a large plum cake.
438:
in 1903. Prancing steps were the main steps shown in the "Cake Walk" segment, which featured two couples, and a solo dancer. All dancers were
African-American. 1903 was the same year that both the cakewalk and ragtime music arrived in Buenos Aires, Argentina, which may have influenced early styles of
635:
The original cakewalk dance inspired a fairground ride. The ride consists of two sides, customers walk along one side, around the end and back down the other. Each side has a central bridge mounted on cranks which give it an up and down motion as well as to and fro. On each end of the bridge section
639:
The first cakewalk ride is believed to have been built by
Plimson and Taylor in 1895. Traditional cakewalks had an organ attached and on some of them if the organ sped up the walk also sped up. Cakewalks, or to be precise the "dancing" customers, were considered to be good spectacles, which drew in
357:
wrote ragtime music for the show. Black dancers mingled with white cast members for the first instance of integration on stage in New York. According to Cook, the show was a resounding success: "My chorus sang like
Russians, dancing meanwhile like Negroes, and cakewalking like angels, black angels!
319:
and her husband
Charles E. Johnson were a hit with their specialty, a cakewalk danced as partners. Their production had an African-American cast, and featured women dancing, which was revolutionary for the time. The inclusion of women "made possible all sorts of improvisations in the Walk, and the
237:
Entertainer Tom
Fletcher, born in 1873, wrote in 1954 that his grandparents told him about the chalk-line walk/cakewalk as a child, but had no information about its origins. In their version, "there was no prancing, just a straight walk on a path made by turns and so forth, along which the dancers
576:
in referring to the fact that the latter's winners obtain their prize by doing no more than walking around in a circle. Though the dance itself could be physically demanding, it was generally considered a fun, recreational pastime, covertly mocking slaveholder dance parties. The phrase "takes the
283:
Our negroes in
America have several ways of entertaining themselves which are not found among the whites anywhere. Among these inventions of theirs is one which is particularly popular with them. It is a competition in elegant deportment. They hire a hall and bank the spectators' seats in rising
300:
explained the strangeness of a slave dance covertly mocking white slaveholders that later was adopted by whites unaware of the mockery: "If the cakewalk is a Negro dance caricaturing certain white customs, what is that dance, when, say, a white theater company attempts to satirize it as a Negro
358:
When the last note was sounded, the audience stood and cheered for at least ten minutes. This was the finale which
Witmark had said no one would listen to. It was pandemonium .... But did that audience take offense at my rags and lack of conducting polish? Not so you could notice it!"
265:
reported that an informal experiment with
African dancers undertaken in the 1950s turned up "no worthy African counterpart" to the cakewalk. The same book noted eyewitness reports of dances from South Africa, Ghana, and Nigeria that bore a resemblance to the cakewalk, with no elaboration.
529:, for a piano method in 1909. The Cake Walk dance originated from the two-step, a dance which was itself spawned by the popularity of Sousa's marches. Although it featured more improvisation than the two-step, it was still very formal compared to later African-American dances such as the
238:
made their way with a pail of water on their heads. The couple that was the most erect and spilled the least water or no water at all was the winner." He describes it being "revived with fancy steps by
Charlie Johnson, a clever eccentric dancer" and becoming known as the "Cake Walk".
147:. Alternative names for the original form of the dance were "chalkline-walk", and the "walk-around". It was originally a processional partner dance performed with comical formality, and may have developed as a subtle mockery of the mannered dances of white slaveholders.
304:
An exhibit at the 1876 Philadelphia
Centennial featured Black people singing folk songs and doing an old dance called the "chalk-line walk" in a plantation-like setting. The dance was "done in the original fashion", as described by Fletcher.
225:
Some secondhand accounts of the cakewalk describe it as a subtle mockery of the formal, mannered dancing practiced by slaveholding whites. The slaves would dress in handed-down finery and comically exaggerate the poised movements of
254:(1912), described these dances as consisting of "wild and hilarious jumping and gyrating, alternating with slow processions in which the dancers walked solemnly in couples," which he believed grew into the cakewalk style. The
138:
was a dance developed from the "prize walks" (dance contests with a cake awarded as the prize) held in the mid-19th century, generally at get-togethers on plantations where Black people had been enslaved, before and after
1294:
451:
464:
442:"Cakewalk King" Charles E. Johnson, who, with his wife Dora Jean, achieved fame cakewalking throughout the United States and Europe described his kind of dance as "simple, dignified and well-dressed".
258:
echoed this, stating that the dance spread from Florida to Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, and eventually New York, with the development of Florida into a winter tourist destination in the 1880s.
308:
In 1877, performer-showmen Harrigan and Hart produced "Walking for Dat Cake, An Exquisite Picture of Negro Life and Customs" as a feature sketch at New York's Theater Comique on lower Broadway.
301:
dance? I find the idea of white minstrels in blackface satirizing a dance satirizing themselves a remarkable kind of irony—which, I suppose, is the whole point of minstrel shows."
1316:
1302:
636:
is a gangway and sliding platform. The British rides were often given an American name such as "Old Tyme Brooklyn Cakewalk" or "American Cakewalk" or variations thereon.
1329:
A performance of Eugénie Fougère, the famous Parisian chantuese in the rag-time cake-walk "Hello, Ma Baby," with which she made such a sensation at the New York Theatre
108:
George Walker, Aida Overton Walker, and Bert Williams link arms and dance the cakewalk in the first Broadway musical to be written and performed by African Americans,
423:
after she returned from a tour in the United States. The ambiguous "cake walk" became very popular quickly and Fougère appeared on the 18 October 1903 cover of
589:
1915:
722:
130:
1915 sheet music cover (late for cakewalk music): "Ebony Echoes: A Good Old-Fashioned Cake-Walk" by Dan Walker. New York, NY: Shapiro, Bernstein & Co.
1345:
1349:
194:
1983:
2229:
140:
165:
The fluid and graceful steps of the dance may have given rise to the colloquialism that something accomplished with ease is a "cakewalk".
2058:
572:
term "cakewalk" was used as early as 1863 to indicate something that is very easy or effortless, although this metaphor may refer to the
493:
with two alternate heavy beats per bar, giving it an oompah rhythm. The music was adopted into the works of various composers, including
158:, where it was danced exclusively by men until the 1890s. At that point, Broadway shows featuring women began to include cakewalks, and
1945:
193:
There is extensive first-person testimony from emancipated slaves about the culture and dancing they developed among themselves on the
1172:
2120:
1052:
435:
2152:
830:
210:
1835:
1624:
1483:
1473:
1203:
1147:
1532:
2619:
1976:
677:
349:
271:
1132:
A Century of Musicals in Black and White: An Encyclopedia of Musical Stage Works By, About, Or Involving African Americans
2003:
1940:
1899:
1863:
1507:
1432:
1398:
1195:
1139:
1107:
936:
903:
664:
2629:
1969:
976:, 1971 and 1975. Albert Butler Ballroom Dance Service. New York, NY, p. 309 in 1975 edition. no ISBN or other ID.
1662:
2095:
1807:
2634:
2008:
311:
Thereafter it was performed in minstrel shows, exclusively by men until the 1890s. In the 1893 production of
1050:, New World Records 80265 Types and Stereotypes in American Musical Theater 1870-1900. Richard M. Sudhalter.
1010:
2090:
1570:
604:
415:", with which she made a sensation at the New York Theatre. She is said to have introduced the dance in
2639:
2209:
2145:
2053:
1956:
1694:
185:
2259:
1753:
31:
17:
2294:
2197:
580:
One version of the cakewalk is sometimes taught, performed and included in competitions within the
573:
395:
1253:
2498:
2234:
1762:
506:
336:
2568:
1992:
1267:"Dusky troopers march & cake walk (b0319) - Historic American Sheet Music - Duke Libraries"
599:
A version of the cakewalk seen in vintage film clips from the early 1900s is kept alive in the
494:
144:
86:
63:
1366:
2219:
2138:
328:
151:
2269:
1083:
825:
623:
534:
515:
420:
408:
205:
246:
It has been suggested that the cakewalk originated in Florida, with the war dances of the
8:
2314:
1617:
How the Beatles Destroyed Rock 'n' Roll: An Alternative History of American Popular Music
1332:
1266:
949:
618:
614:
581:
450:
1885:
361:"Dusky troopers march & cake walk" was written by Will Hardy and published in 1900.
2473:
2289:
1782:
607:
and through cakewalk classes held in conjunction with Lindy Hop classes and workshops.
530:
2526:
2415:
1059:
2450:
2430:
2425:
2085:
1895:
1869:
1859:
1845:
1831:
1803:
1774:
1723:
1620:
1503:
1479:
1428:
1394:
1199:
1191:
1143:
1135:
932:
899:
660:
585:
498:
383:
369:
1929:
2624:
2563:
2553:
2367:
2028:
2023:
1891:
1841:
1766:
848:
593:
569:
553:
521:
455:
434:
Performances of the "Cake Walk", including a "Comedy Cake Walk" were filmed by the
354:
1638:
1592:
592:
ruled to remove the dance from competition on the basis that it was derogatory to
2531:
2445:
2349:
2299:
2274:
2264:
2048:
1935:
1851:
1826:
1813:
1540:
341:
321:
159:
1328:
681:
2372:
2080:
1924:
502:
490:
412:
247:
1950:
2613:
2583:
2483:
2400:
2382:
2319:
2309:
2244:
2177:
2169:
2110:
2100:
2038:
1855:
1799:
1778:
1225:
557:
155:
46:
1817:
1565:
1248:
Will Marion Cook, "Clorindy, the Origin of the Cakewalk" (1944). Printed in
1177:, University Press of Mississippi, 2002, pp. 205, 206. Retrieved 2011-05-19.
1108:"Don't you think you'd like to fondle me / words and music by Hughie Cannon"
1017:
746:
2578:
2182:
2161:
2043:
1770:
1751:
Baldwin, Brooke (1981). "The Cakewalk: A Study in Stereotype and Reality".
610:
364:
293:
288:
73:
2548:
2359:
2324:
2249:
2202:
1961:
1881:
649:
549:
217:
2536:
2516:
2506:
2440:
2410:
2392:
2344:
2279:
2070:
2013:
1786:
747:"jazz dance | Definition, History, Characteristics, Types, & Facts"
545:
331:, the largest commercial venue in New York City, on February 17, 1892.
276:
179:
110:
1692:
118:
2488:
2478:
2460:
2435:
2420:
2239:
2224:
2214:
2105:
2075:
600:
538:
510:
316:
2598:
2573:
2541:
2521:
2329:
2284:
2192:
2033:
1447:. Revised edition, 1987. Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 14, 15.
1174:
Out of Sight: The Rise of African American Popular Music, 1889-1895
588:
community, especially in the southern United States. In 2021, the
104:
2558:
2377:
2334:
2304:
2187:
2063:
208:, born in 1871, recounted a cakewalk at a ball in his 1912 novel
96:
1873:
723:"The Extraordinary Story Of Why A 'Cakewalk' Wasn't Always Easy"
2588:
2511:
2405:
2339:
2254:
2130:
1380:, DanceTime Publications, 2003, segments of the same name. DVD.
842:
840:
577:
cake" also comes from this practice, as could "piece of cake".
227:
1669:. Scottish Dance Teachers' Alliance. December 2020. p. 24
126:
2593:
1946:
Cakewalk and Ragtime composer Arthur Pryor at BasinStreet.com
1827:
Dances With Darwin, 1875-1910: Vernacular Modernity in France
704:
702:
700:
698:
416:
231:
837:
1290:
Sheet music covers for more cake walks can be viewed here:
1053:"Don't Give the Name a Bad Place – New World Records 80265"
154:
in Philadelphia, the cakewalk was adopted by performers in
1916:
Extraordinary Story Of Why A 'Cakewalk' Wasn't Always Easy
1717:
1715:
695:
678:"Basinstreet.com - Your Online Source for Historical Jazz"
1919:
68:
340:
carried an 1897 report of a cakewalk at a barn dance in
289:
Cakewalk in minstrelsy, musicals, and as a popular dance
1712:
1472:
Haskins, James; Haskins, Jim; Benson, Kathleen (1978).
200:
182:, which survived from the 18th into the 20th century.
1721:
1471:
150:
Following an exhibition of the cakewalk at the 1876
1847:Jazz Dance: The Story of American Vernacular Dance
931:, California: National Press Books, 1972, p. 207.
929:Black Dance in the United States from 1619 to 1970
263:Jazz Dance: The Story of American Vernacular Dance
590:Royal Scottish Official Board of Highland Dancing
2611:
1663:"Scottish Dance Teachers Alliance December 2020"
399:Eugénie Fougère on the 18 October 1903 cover of
324:" which became very popular across the country.
1796:One Hundred Years of the Negro in Show Business
1693:National Fairground and Circus Archive (2020).
1840:
1159:
997:
985:
411:was filmed in 1899 in the rag-time cake-walk "
2146:
1977:
1636:
1559:
1557:
1011:"How to tell a story : And other essays"
898:, University of Illinois Press, 1996, p. 19.
445:
1427:, Havana: Editorial Letras Cubanas, p. 237.
809:
807:
805:
768:
766:
403:dancing to the song 'Oh ! ce cake-walk'
1688:
1686:
1684:
1585:
1134:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1993. p. 92.
513:'s Cake-walk" as the final movement of his
367:mentioned the cake walk in his folk ballet
241:
2153:
2139:
1991:
1984:
1970:
1887:Blues People: Negro Music in White America
1554:
1513:
1445:The Smithsonian Collection of Classic Jazz
45:
1722:Carousel Roundabouts (10 November 2009).
1667:Dance SDTA Alliance: News – Dance matters
1355:
1252:(September 1947), pp. 61–65. Excerpt via
1188:The Devil's Music: A History of the Blues
802:
763:
1793:
1681:
1630:
1619:, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 30.
1456:
1450:
1393:, Pantheon Books, 2005, pp. 8, 89, 108.
915:
882:
870:
708:
449:
407:The French music hall singer and dancer
394:
350:Clorindy, or The Origin of the Cake Walk
216:
184:
168:
162:became very popular across the country.
125:
117:
103:
1750:
1519:
1461:. New York City: W. W. Norton & Co.
1035:
813:
796:
784:
772:
436:American Mutoscope and Biograph Company
14:
2612:
1941:article on Cakewalk at BasinStreet.com
831:The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man
720:
603:community through performances by the
519:suite for piano (published 1908), and
388:Now take your lady to the World's Fair
250:. Ethel L. Urlin, writing in the book
211:The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man
2134:
1965:
1880:
1502:, Doubleday and Company, 1978, p. 74
1500:Scott Joplin the Man Who Made Ragtime
1023:
721:Gandhi, Lakshmi (December 23, 2013).
380:Turn left and do the cakewalk prance,
378:Let me see you do the rag-time dance,
173:
51:Five dancers perform a cakewalk, 1903
1498:James Haskins with Kathleen Benson,
1338:
950:"page 13 text available at this url"
272:How to Tell a Story and Other Essays
1952:Cake Walk Victorian Fairground Ride
1850:. With a foreword and afterword by
1256:, 2008-04-10. Retrieved 2011-05-19.
201:Secondhand, oral-tradition accounts
178:The cakewalk was influenced by the
24:
2004:Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater
1639:"Introduction to Highland Dancing"
1563:
1459:An Introduction to America's Music
630:
475:Most cakewalk music is notated in
25:
2651:
1909:
1597:Streetswing Dance History Archive
657:African Folklore: An Encyclopedia
347:In July 1898, the musical comedy
320:original was soon changed into a
2160:
2119:
852:, February 1953. Vol. 8, p. 100.
353:opened on Broadway in New York.
279:briefly mentions the cakewalk:
1830:, Farnham: Ashgate Publishing,
1655:
1609:
1533:"Cakewalks - Early Syncopation"
1525:
1492:
1465:
1438:
1425:Diccionario de la MĂşsica Cubana
1417:
1404:
1383:
1371:
1322:
1295:"Historic American Sheet Music"
1284:
1259:
1242:
1218:
1209:
1180:
1165:
1153:
1124:
1100:
1076:
1048:DON’T GIVE THE NAME A BAD PLACE
1041:
1029:
1003:
991:
979:
966:
942:
921:
909:
888:
876:
864:
855:
819:
617:perform a cakewalk in the 1944
563:
315:, which ran from 1889 to 1897,
1190:, Da Capo Press, 1997, p. 31.
790:
778:
739:
714:
670:
655:Philip M. Peek, Kwesi Yankah,
574:carnival game of the same name
382:Turn the other way and do the
275:originally published in 1897,
13:
1:
2009:American Negro Ballet Company
1932:Brief article on the cakewalk
1744:
1695:"History of Fairground Rides"
1391:Tango The Art History of Love
972:Albert and Josephine Butler,
327:A Grand Cakewalk was held in
1936:Online Cake Walk Sheet Music
1925:Cakewalks in the Ragtime Era
1539:. 2007-04-03. Archived from
974:Encyclopedia of Social Dance
544:Cakewalk music incorporated
256:Encyclopedia of Social Dance
7:
2620:Dances of the United States
1699:The University of Sheffield
1571:Online Etymology Dictionary
1350:Le Figaro, 13 February 1903
1346:Le Journal, 20 January 1903
1171:Lynn Abbott, Doug Seroff,
390:And do the rag-time dance.
252:Dancing, Ancient and Modern
10:
2656:
1457:Crawford, Richard (2000).
1160:Stearns & Stearns 1994
1084:"Free to Dance Timeline @"
998:Stearns & Stearns 1994
986:Stearns & Stearns 1994
640:more potential customers.
446:Cakewalk as a musical form
29:
2497:
2459:
2391:
2358:
2168:
2117:
1999:
1844:; Stearns, Jean (1994) .
1842:Stearns, Marshall Winslow
1824:Gordon, Rae Beth (2009).
1754:Journal of Social History
1378:America Dances! 1897-1948
1226:"Black Broadway web site"
92:
82:
56:
44:
39:
32:Cakewalk (disambiguation)
2295:Lean wit It, Rock wit It
1414:, February 1953, p. 106.
1389:Robert Farris Thompson,
834:, 1912, Chapter 5, p. 50
643:
556:rhythm into the regular
419:(France) in 1900 in the
242:Alternative explanations
1794:Fletcher, Tom (1984) .
1763:Oxford University Press
751:Encyclopedia Britannica
507:Louis Moreau Gottschalk
337:Illustrated London News
2630:African-American dance
2569:Novelty and fad dances
1993:African-American dance
1537:Replay.web.archive.org
1215:African American Dance
495:Robert Russell Bennett
472:
429:Oh ! ce cake-walk
404:
393:
286:
222:
190:
145:Southern United States
131:
123:
115:
87:Southern United States
64:African-American music
1423:Orovio, Helio. 1981.
1130:Bernard L. Peterson,
896:Steppin' on the Blues
453:
398:
375:
373:, published in 1902.
329:Madison Square Garden
281:
221:Cakewalk poster, 1896
220:
188:
169:As a plantation dance
152:Centennial Exposition
129:
121:
107:
2635:Blackface minstrelsy
1771:10.1353/jsh/15.2.205
1728:Carousel Roundabouts
927:Lynne Fauley Emery,
826:James Weldon Johnson
799:, pp. 207, 208.
624:Meet Me in St. Louis
427:dancing to the song
206:James Weldon Johnson
189:Cakewalk dance, 1896
30:For other uses, see
2230:Chicken Noodle Soup
1724:"American Cakewalk"
1637:Kirsty Duncan PhD.
1333:Library of Congress
1363:Dances With Darwin
473:
405:
223:
191:
174:Firsthand accounts
132:
124:
122:Painting from 1913
116:
2640:Dance terminology
2607:
2606:
2431:Melbourne shuffle
2426:Liquid and digits
2260:Electric boogaloo
2128:
2127:
1836:978-0-7546-5243-4
1643:Electric Scotland
1625:978-0-19-534154-6
1564:Harper, Douglas.
1485:978-0-385-11155-3
1410:"Cakewalk King",
1204:978-0-306-80743-5
1148:978-0-313-26657-7
846:"Cakewalk King",
516:Children's Corner
509:. Debussy wrote "
499:John Philip Sousa
370:The Ragtime Dance
102:
101:
57:Stylistic origins
16:(Redirected from
2647:
2527:Dancehall dances
2155:
2148:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2123:
2029:Dancing for eels
2024:Chicago stepping
1986:
1979:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1953:
1905:
1892:Harper Perennial
1877:
1821:
1790:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1690:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1634:
1628:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1593:"Cakewalk Dance"
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:on April 3, 2007
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1421:
1415:
1408:
1402:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1359:
1353:
1342:
1336:
1326:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1301:. Archived from
1299:Library.duke.edu
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1271:Library.duke.edu
1263:
1257:
1254:Homepage.mac.com
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1230:Theatredance.com
1222:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1184:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1058:. Archived from
1057:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
970:
964:
963:
961:
960:
946:
940:
925:
919:
913:
907:
892:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
861:Baldwin, p. 211.
859:
853:
844:
835:
823:
817:
811:
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
761:
760:
758:
757:
743:
737:
736:
734:
733:
718:
712:
706:
693:
692:
690:
689:
680:. Archived from
674:
668:
653:
615:Margaret O'Brien
594:persons of color
570:American English
522:The Little Nigar
489:
488:
487:
486:
471:
470:
469:
467:
425:Paris qui Chante
401:Paris qui Chante
355:Will Marion Cook
160:grotesque dances
93:Derivative forms
83:Cultural origins
49:
37:
36:
21:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2493:
2455:
2387:
2354:
2265:Gangsta Walking
2164:
2159:
2129:
2124:
2115:
1995:
1990:
1951:
1912:
1902:
1866:
1852:Brenda Bufalino
1810:
1747:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1720:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1691:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1635:
1631:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1562:
1555:
1546:
1544:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1470:
1466:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1422:
1418:
1409:
1405:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1360:
1356:
1343:
1339:
1327:
1323:
1308:
1306:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1185:
1181:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1092:
1090:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
980:
971:
967:
958:
956:
948:
947:
943:
926:
922:
914:
910:
894:Jacqui Malone,
893:
889:
881:
877:
869:
865:
860:
856:
845:
838:
824:
820:
812:
803:
795:
791:
783:
779:
771:
764:
755:
753:
745:
744:
740:
731:
729:
719:
715:
707:
696:
687:
685:
676:
675:
671:
659:, 2003, p. 33.
654:
650:
646:
633:
631:Fairground ride
566:
485:
480:
479:
478:
477:
476:
465:
462:
461:
448:
421:Théâtre Marigny
409:Eugénie Fougère
392:
389:
387:
381:
379:
342:Ashtabula, Ohio
322:grotesque dance
313:The Creole Show
291:
261:The authors of
244:
203:
176:
171:
78:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2653:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1922:
1911:
1910:External links
1908:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1878:
1864:
1838:
1822:
1808:
1791:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1711:
1680:
1654:
1629:
1608:
1584:
1553:
1524:
1522:, p. 210.
1512:
1491:
1484:
1464:
1449:
1437:
1416:
1403:
1382:
1370:
1354:
1337:
1331:from the U.S.
1321:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1283:
1258:
1241:
1217:
1208:
1186:Giles Oakley,
1179:
1164:
1162:, p. 118.
1152:
1123:
1112:Lcweb2.loc.gov
1099:
1075:
1040:
1038:, p. 212.
1028:
1016:
1002:
990:
978:
965:
941:
920:
908:
887:
885:, p. 108.
875:
863:
854:
836:
818:
816:, p. 208.
801:
789:
787:, p. 209.
777:
775:, p. 207.
762:
738:
713:
711:, p. 103.
694:
669:
647:
645:
642:
632:
629:
586:Highland dance
565:
562:
503:Claude Debussy
491:time signature
481:
447:
444:
413:Hello, Ma Baby
376:
290:
287:
248:Seminole Tribe
243:
240:
202:
199:
175:
172:
170:
167:
156:minstrel shows
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
77:
76:
71:
66:
60:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2652:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2401:Electro dance
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2320:Shoulder Lean
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:Cupid Shuffle
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2220:Cabbage Patch
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2122:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2039:Hip-hop dance
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1901:0-688-18474-X
1897:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1865:0-306-80553-7
1861:
1857:
1856:Da Capo Press
1853:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1800:Da Capo Press
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1615:Elijah Wald,
1612:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1560:
1558:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1509:
1508:0-385-11155-X
1505:
1501:
1495:
1487:
1481:
1478:. Doubleday.
1477:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1433:959-10-0048-0
1430:
1426:
1420:
1413:
1407:
1400:
1399:0-375-40931-9
1396:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1317:
1315:
1305:on 2012-03-14
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1212:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:0-306-80743-2
1193:
1189:
1183:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:0-313-26657-3
1137:
1133:
1127:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1065:on 2012-03-20
1061:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1037:
1032:
1026:, p. 86.
1025:
1020:
1012:
1006:
1000:, p. 13.
999:
994:
988:, p. 11.
987:
982:
975:
969:
955:
951:
945:
938:
937:0-87484-203-4
934:
930:
924:
918:, p. 41.
917:
916:Fletcher 1984
912:
905:
904:0-252-02211-4
901:
897:
891:
884:
883:Fletcher 1984
879:
872:
871:Fletcher 1984
867:
858:
851:
850:
843:
841:
833:
832:
827:
822:
815:
810:
808:
806:
798:
793:
786:
781:
774:
769:
767:
752:
748:
742:
728:
724:
717:
710:
709:Fletcher 1984
705:
703:
701:
699:
684:on 2015-04-19
683:
679:
673:
666:
665:0-203-49314-1
662:
658:
652:
648:
641:
637:
628:
626:
625:
620:
616:
612:
608:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
575:
571:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:
518:
517:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
484:
468:
459:
458:
452:
443:
440:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
402:
397:
391:
385:
374:
372:
371:
366:
362:
359:
356:
352:
351:
345:
343:
339:
338:
332:
330:
325:
323:
318:
314:
309:
306:
302:
299:
295:
285:
280:
278:
274:
273:
267:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
239:
235:
233:
229:
219:
215:
213:
212:
207:
198:
196:
187:
183:
181:
166:
163:
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
142:
137:
128:
120:
113:
112:
106:
98:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
59:
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
27:Type of dance
19:
2468:
2270:Harlem shake
2183:Breakdancing
2162:Street dance
2044:Breakdancing
2018:
1886:
1882:Jones, LeRoi
1846:
1825:
1795:
1758:
1752:
1731:. Retrieved
1727:
1702:. Retrieved
1698:
1671:. Retrieved
1666:
1657:
1646:. Retrieved
1642:
1632:
1616:
1611:
1600:. Retrieved
1596:
1587:
1577:11 September
1575:. Retrieved
1569:
1545:. Retrieved
1541:the original
1536:
1527:
1520:Baldwin 1981
1515:
1499:
1494:
1475:Scott Joplin
1474:
1467:
1458:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1424:
1419:
1411:
1406:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1362:
1357:
1340:
1324:
1307:. Retrieved
1303:the original
1298:
1286:
1275:. Retrieved
1273:. 2010-03-16
1270:
1261:
1250:Theatre Arts
1249:
1244:
1233:. Retrieved
1229:
1220:
1211:
1187:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1155:
1131:
1126:
1115:. Retrieved
1111:
1102:
1091:. Retrieved
1087:
1078:
1067:. Retrieved
1060:the original
1047:
1043:
1036:Baldwin 1981
1031:
1019:
1005:
993:
981:
973:
968:
957:. Retrieved
953:
944:
928:
923:
911:
895:
890:
878:
873:, p. 5.
866:
857:
847:
829:
821:
814:Baldwin 1981
797:Baldwin 1981
792:
785:Baldwin 1981
780:
773:Baldwin 1981
754:. Retrieved
750:
741:
730:. Retrieved
726:
716:
686:. Retrieved
682:the original
672:
656:
651:
638:
634:
622:
611:Judy Garland
609:
598:
579:
567:
564:Modern times
558:march rhythm
543:
535:Black Bottom
526:
525:, subtitled
520:
514:
482:
474:
456:
441:
433:
428:
424:
406:
400:
377:
368:
365:Scott Joplin
363:
360:
348:
346:
335:
333:
326:
312:
310:
307:
303:
298:Blues People
297:
294:Amiri Baraka
292:
282:
270:
269:In his book
268:
262:
260:
255:
251:
245:
236:
224:
209:
204:
192:
177:
164:
149:
141:emancipation
135:
133:
109:
2549:Headbanging
2360:House dance
2325:Stanky Legg
2315:Running man
2290:Laffy Taffy
2203:Power moves
2096:Stick dance
2081:Set de flo'
1765:: 205–218.
954:Archive.org
550:syncopation
195:plantations
2614:Categories
2537:Folk dance
2507:Air guitar
2474:Charleston
2461:Jazz dance
2441:Rebolation
2416:Industrial
2411:Hard dance
2393:Rave dance
2235:Crank That
2071:Juba dance
2014:Buck dance
1930:Britannica
1809:0306762196
1745:References
1733:23 October
1704:23 October
1648:2007-04-05
1602:2007-04-01
1566:"cakewalk"
1547:2011-05-19
1309:2011-05-19
1277:2011-05-19
1235:2011-05-19
1117:2011-05-19
1093:2011-05-19
1069:2011-05-19
1024:Jones 1999
959:2011-05-19
756:2021-05-26
732:2019-07-23
688:2014-01-31
584:-inspired
552:, and the
546:polyrhythm
531:Charleston
527:A Cakewalk
454:The basic
277:Mark Twain
180:ring shout
111:In Dahomey
2489:Tap dance
2479:Lindy Hop
2436:Para Para
2421:Jumpstyle
2275:John Wall
2240:Crip Walk
2225:Cat Daddy
2215:Bird Walk
2106:Tap dance
2086:Slow drag
2076:Lindy Hop
2059:Strutting
1884:(1999) .
1818:10325447M
1779:0022-4529
605:Hot Shots
601:Lindy Hop
539:Lindy Hop
511:Golliwogg
384:slow drag
317:Dora Dean
18:Cake walk
2599:Waacking
2574:Pantsula
2564:Moonwalk
2554:Grinding
2542:Clogging
2522:Capoeira
2469:Cakewalk
2451:X-Outing
2368:Footwork
2330:Twerking
2285:Krumping
2210:Boogaloo
2193:Downrock
2091:Stepping
2054:Boogaloo
2034:Get down
2019:Cakewalk
1874:93040957
1673:25 March
1361:Gordon,
621:musical
582:Scottish
554:habanera
460:rhythm.
457:habanera
136:cakewalk
40:Cakewalk
2625:Ragtime
2559:Moshing
2532:Flexing
2446:Wu-tang
2378:Jacking
2350:Wu-tang
2335:Turfing
2305:Popping
2300:Locking
2280:Jerkin'
2198:Freezes
2188:Toprock
2170:Hip-hop
2064:Popping
2049:Locking
1957:YouTube
1787:3787107
1088:Pbs.org
1013:. 1897.
439:tango.
232:waltzes
228:minuets
143:in the
97:Ragtime
2517:Budots
2512:Azonto
2406:Hakken
2373:Hustle
2340:Uprock
2255:Dougie
2178:2 step
1898:
1872:
1862:
1834:
1816:
1806:
1785:
1777:
1623:
1506:
1482:
1431:
1397:
1367:p. 177
1202:
1194:
1146:
1138:
935:
902:
663:
2594:Tango
2589:Gwoka
2584:Salsa
2499:Other
2484:Swing
2383:Vogue
2310:Robot
2111:Vogue
2101:Swing
1783:JSTOR
1761:(2).
1412:Ebony
1063:(PDF)
1056:(PDF)
849:Ebony
644:Notes
417:Paris
2579:Pogo
1896:ISBN
1870:LCCN
1860:ISBN
1832:ISBN
1804:ISBN
1775:ISSN
1735:2020
1706:2020
1675:2021
1621:ISBN
1579:2012
1504:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1429:ISBN
1395:ISBN
1348:and
1344:See
1200:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1136:ISBN
933:ISBN
900:ISBN
661:ISBN
613:and
568:The
537:and
505:and
466:Play
334:The
230:and
134:The
74:Reel
2345:Wop
2250:Dab
1955:on
1920:NPR
1918:at
1767:doi
727:NPR
619:MGM
296:in
69:Jig
2616::
1894:.
1890:.
1868:.
1858:.
1854:.
1814:OL
1812:.
1802:.
1798:.
1781:.
1773:.
1759:15
1757:.
1726:.
1714:^
1697:.
1683:^
1665:.
1641:.
1595:.
1568:.
1556:^
1535:.
1365:,
1297:.
1269:.
1228:.
1198:,
1142:,
1110:.
1086:.
952:.
839:^
828::
804:^
765:^
749:.
725:.
697:^
627:.
596:.
560:.
548:,
541:.
533:,
501:,
497:,
431:.
214:.
2154:e
2147:t
2140:v
1985:e
1978:t
1971:v
1904:.
1876:.
1820:.
1789:.
1769::
1737:.
1708:.
1677:.
1651:.
1627:.
1605:.
1581:.
1550:.
1510:.
1488:.
1435:.
1401:.
1352:.
1335:.
1312:.
1280:.
1238:.
1206:.
1150:.
1120:.
1096:.
1072:.
962:.
939:.
906:.
759:.
735:.
691:.
667:.
483:4
386:–
114:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
