31:
518:
381:, the Court held that California's blanket primary violated a political party's First Amendment right of association. "Proposition 198 forces political parties to associate with—to have their nominees, and hence their positions, determined by—those who, at best, have refused to affiliate with the party, and, at worst, have expressly affiliated with a rival," wrote Justice
331:, in which only a political party's members can vote on its nominees, to a blanket primary, in which each voter's ballot lists every candidate regardless of party affiliation and allows the voter to choose freely among them. The candidate of each party who wins the most votes is that party's nominee for the general election.
334:
A blanket primary differs from an open primary in that in an open primary, even though voters are not required to declare party affiliation and are given a ballot listing all candidates of all parties, the voter is restricted to voting for the candidates of only one party for all races on the ballot.
385:
for the majority. "A single election in which the party nominee is selected by nonparty members could be enough to destroy the party." Justice Scalia went on to state for the Court that
Proposition 198 takes away a party's "basic function" to choose its own leaders and is functionally "both severe
6384:
397:
dissented. Stevens wrote: "This Court's willingness to invalidate the primary schemes of 3 States and cast serious constitutional doubt on the schemes of 29 others at the parties' behest is an extraordinary intrusion into the complex and changing election laws of the States."
3116:
6352:
6440:
6107:
3506:
358:, alleging that the blanket primary violated their First Amendment right of association. Jones countered that a blanket primary will intensify the election and allow for better representation in elected office. Siding with Jones, District Judge
3708:
2705:
6432:
2785:
7873:
5156:
8006:
3140:
7459:
6504:
373:
presented the following question: Does
California's voter-approved Proposition 198, which changes its partisan primary from a closed primary to a blanket primary, violate political parties' First Amendment right of association?
6496:
5164:
3562:
3183:
2793:
2606:
2673:
3226:
326:
In
California, candidates for public office could gain access to the general ballot by winning a qualified political party's primary. In 1996, voter-approved Proposition 198 changed California's partisan primary from a
3100:
1484:
6424:
5362:
5902:
722:
712:
707:
702:
694:
689:
684:
679:
5998:
5854:
3570:
3309:
2745:
789:
779:
774:
769:
756:
751:
746:
2761:
784:
717:
7766:
4994:
3594:
7974:
6464:
5410:
7758:
6320:
7291:
6607:
6336:
6123:
4363:
6631:
6376:
5330:
4387:
7841:
6591:
6240:
5148:
2809:
2352:
2331:
6344:
6328:
4634:
3768:
2582:
6448:
6099:
5378:
5370:
5140:
2261:
741:
7926:
7782:
6296:
6264:
6200:
6083:
5461:
5245:
3317:
3124:
2841:
3514:
8079:
4483:
6168:
5298:
7825:
6312:
3744:
2777:
2649:
7833:
7742:
6488:
5926:
5910:
5763:
5755:
5253:
3033:
7451:
6743:
3458:
6400:
6304:
5838:
5237:
4830:
810:
805:
3156:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
820:
815:
7344:
5695:
5261:
2825:
7005:
5418:
5322:
362:
held that the primary's burden on the parties' associational rights was not severe and was justified by substantial state interests. The Court of
Appeals affirmed.
5002:
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653:
648:
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638:
633:
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5534:
5526:
6288:
6115:
5565:
4790:
3956:
2697:
906:
7376:
7056:
6663:
6647:
6544:
4822:
3199:
2873:
2505:
898:
888:
883:
878:
851:
846:
841:
610:
535:
445:
407:
135:
83:
8074:
7966:
7857:
7368:
6930:
6826:
6256:
3788:
3041:
2737:
417:
127:
7918:
7817:
7593:
7171:
6368:
6208:
5846:
5494:
3797:
3293:
2753:
350:, and the Peace and Freedom Party have historically prohibited nonmembers from voting in their party's primary. Each political party filed suit against
6027:
5894:
5687:
5205:
4427:
3663:
3586:
2881:
2769:
7998:
7865:
6679:
6599:
5670:
5132:
5050:
2521:
2446:
312:
172:
5739:
5469:
4798:
2982:
2729:
2713:
2553:
914:
7645:
7400:
6751:
3716:
3148:
1170:
1012:
6978:
6280:
4906:
2574:
1464:
1459:
932:
97:
4303; 68 U.S.L.W. 4604; 2000 Cal. Daily Op. Service 5083; 2000 Daily
Journal DAR 6777; 2000 Colo. J. C.A.R. 3867; 13 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 479
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522:
7494:
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8064:
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5679:
5658:
5197:
4419:
3842:
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6834:
6564:
5878:
5747:
5095:
4379:
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3049:
2590:
2283:
873:
836:
8069:
6711:
6695:
5958:
5787:
5715:
3861:
3634:
3073:
3014:
2345:
2338:
2324:
2317:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
1597:
596:
7626:
7798:
7547:
7163:
6416:
5314:
5229:
5172:
4642:
3752:
2942:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
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1882:
1877:
1872:
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7416:
6913:
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3700:
3242:
3132:
2598:
2254:
2247:
2240:
619:
351:
300:
58:
35:
7950:
7179:
5990:
5518:
5346:
4859:
4560:
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4046:
3735:
2180:
7750:
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6615:
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62:
7408:
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946:
347:
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2918:
2614:
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2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
1814:
1554:
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6767:
6272:
6224:
6067:
5950:
5650:
5557:
4774:
4601:
2657:
2529:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
355:
154:
7669:
7155:
6810:
4978:
4875:
4766:
4729:
4008:
3578:
2430:
564:
123:
7910:
7556:
7392:
7352:
5597:
5026:
4922:
4673:
4267:
4194:
4081:
4030:
3522:
3065:
422:
343:
339:
54:
7443:
6783:
6512:
5269:
4806:
4129:
4105:
2545:
2399:
937:
7942:
7299:
7147:
7131:
4938:
4491:
4275:
3362:
2120:
588:
546:
7653:
7238:
6176:
6152:
5779:
5124:
5103:
4721:
4499:
4283:
4243:
4038:
4013:
3969:
3900:
3847:
3410:
3108:
2865:
2622:
7360:
7320:
6043:
5277:
4867:
4851:
4814:
4665:
4568:
4174:
4073:
3989:
3948:
3916:
3885:
3402:
3378:
2423:
7275:
6727:
5700:
4898:
4203:
4182:
4158:
3964:
3442:
983:
315:
209:
175:
7115:
6877:
6006:
4219:
3932:
3908:
3691:
3546:
2230:
973:
539:
449:
139:
75:
115:
6091:
6035:
5918:
5306:
4930:
4914:
4689:
4613:
4331:
4299:
3426:
3350:
2974:
2950:
2689:
2460:
8:
7564:
7535:
7475:
6970:
6472:
6192:
5886:
5870:
5814:
5066:
4962:
4681:
4235:
4227:
4113:
3984:
3218:
2630:
2415:
394:
335:
In a blanket primary, the voter is free to cross party lines from one race to the next.
237:
581:
7774:
7704:
7585:
7510:
7267:
7222:
6954:
6901:
6775:
6703:
6248:
5771:
5642:
4954:
4705:
4617:
4544:
4355:
4307:
4291:
4259:
4097:
3924:
3813:
3490:
3474:
3466:
3450:
3261:
3234:
3184:
Valley Forge
Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
2966:
2849:
2794:
Valley Forge
Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
2513:
555:
452:
7982:
7384:
7123:
6759:
6536:
6143:
5970:
5822:
5581:
5546:
5221:
5087:
5034:
5018:
4745:
4467:
4403:
4323:
4166:
4064:
3301:
2926:
2857:
2817:
2681:
2489:
2481:
390:
201:
193:
7958:
7661:
7040:
6922:
6869:
6818:
6802:
6687:
6575:
6385:
Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of
Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy
6051:
5862:
5502:
5188:
5058:
4946:
4713:
4137:
3776:
3760:
3618:
3498:
3434:
3394:
3269:
2801:
2537:
2404:
1003:
951:
78:
7934:
7677:
7203:
7139:
7101:
6962:
6893:
6552:
6075:
5982:
5605:
5442:
5426:
5402:
4654:
4626:
4584:
4552:
3996:
3940:
3679:
3418:
3370:
3325:
3277:
3092:
2958:
2934:
2897:
978:
308:
233:
221:
168:
7990:
7064:
7048:
5942:
5830:
5707:
4058:
3655:
3175:
2990:
2665:
382:
378:
328:
245:
213:
8043:
4782:
3976:
3805:
2389:
988:
968:
359:
7723:
6938:
6719:
6528:
6232:
5617:
5573:
4889:
3538:
3482:
225:
8014:
6842:
4149:
573:
7311:
7106:
6305:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public
Utilities Comm'n of California
5238:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public
Utilities Comm'n of California
3872:
924:
304:
131:
94:
262:
Scalia, joined by Rehnquist, O'Connor, Kennedy, Souter, Thomas, Breyer
6353:
Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois
3769:
Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania
618:
119:
90:
6265:
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission
7927:
Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.
7783:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
5246:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
3877:
112:
6321:
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. U.S. Olympic Committee
517:
6297:
Zauderer v. Off. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio
6201:
Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council
5141:
Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association
4484:
American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland
6441:
Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co.
6108:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
3507:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
5371:
Board of Regents of the Univ. of Wisconsin System v. Southworth
5254:
Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.
998:
30:
6489:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
5999:
U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers
5927:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
5911:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
5764:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
5756:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
2706:
Levitt v. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty
6433:
Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States
3459:
Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Massachusetts, Inc.
2786:
Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan
7874:
Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party
6169:
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations
5157:
International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee
4831:
City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC
583:
Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party
8007:
BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board
6505:
Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA
6313:
Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico
3157:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan v. Acevedo Feliciano
151:
7460:
Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC
6744:
Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett
5262:
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra
3745:
Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal
3318:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
2842:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
2826:
Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind
2445:
8080:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
3603:
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission
3034:
Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist.
7345:
Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler
5453:
7377:
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.
6497:
Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States
6289:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
6116:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
1485:
List of candidates by number of primary votes received
6664:
FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee
6648:
Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC
6545:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
4823:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
3042:
Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette
2506:
County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union
408:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 530
7967:
California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited
7369:
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.
5165:
Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes
3957:
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd.
3563:
Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security
418:
Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume
5839:
Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Board of Ed. v. Doyle
5535:
USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International II
5495:
Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington
2674:
Board of Ed. of Central School Dist. No. 1 v. Allen
5895:United States v. National Treasury Employees Union
5688:West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
5566:Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans
5527:USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International I
4428:United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.
3587:Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah
3227:Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley
7999:Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation
7866:New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres
6827:Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee
6600:Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley
5051:Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York
4799:Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board
2522:McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union
620:United States presidential primaries and caucuses
8041:
5696:Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Community School Dist.
5470:Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight
4635:Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus
3141:Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich
2554:American Legion v. American Humanist Association
7646:Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath
7401:Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton
6752:American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock
6425:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
6209:Linmark Assoc., Inc. v. Township of Willingboro
5363:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
3717:Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru
3101:Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila
299:, 530 U.S. 567 (2000), was a case in which the
6979:National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo
6028:Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio
3841:
5435:Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association
2834:Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District
2431:
604:
7686:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
7602:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
7284:Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner
6851:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
5855:Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. Employees Local
5206:West Virginia State Board of Ed. v. Barnette
5011:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
4698:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
3571:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
3310:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
2746:Public Funds for Public Schools v. Marburger
2385:Graduated Random Presidential Primary System
503:, 530 U.S. at 598 (Stevens, J., dissenting).
8075:Democratic Party (United States) litigation
7495:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
6886:Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck
6393:Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.
5847:Givhan v. Western Line Consol. School Dist.
3611:Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo
3200:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
2874:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
2762:Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland
7625:
6217:Carey v. Population Services International
5903:Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr
5740:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
5590:Houston Community College System v. Wilson
4995:USPS v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns.
4436:City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.
4396:American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut
4122:Nat'l Socialist Party v. Village of Skokie
2983:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
2575:Walz v. Tax Comm'n of the City of New York
2498:Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary
2438:
2424:
611:
597:
7975:Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees
7188:Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia
6584:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
6465:Thompson v. Western States Medical Center
6257:Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n
5511:National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley
5411:Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association
5339:Communications Workers of America v. Beck
4348:United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film
4316:United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs
3672:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
3595:Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton
2890:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
2722:Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist
413:List of United States Supreme Court cases
7088:
7033:Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union
4212:United States v. One Book Called Ulysses
3349:
3192:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
3058:Good News Club v. Milford Central School
2459:
933:Conservative Political Action Conference
7897:
7767:New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York
7534:
7468:Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC
6736:Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan
6656:Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC
6608:FEC v. National Right to Work Committee
6521:Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman
6361:City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network
5395:Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n
5214:Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo
4452:United States v. American Library Ass'n
4412:United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.
4364:Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad
8042:
7503:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
6672:Republican Party of Minnesota v. White
6640:Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce
6632:Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm.
6624:FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life
6377:United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co.
6132:Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement
5732:Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
5680:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
5659:Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb
5627:American Communications Ass'n v. Douds
5331:Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson
5198:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
4508:Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n
4388:Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc.
3387:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
3007:Elk Grove Unif. School Dist. v. Newdow
377:In a 7-2 opinion delivered by Justice
7896:
7842:Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party
7759:Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte
7624:
7533:
7087:
6592:California Medical Association v. FEC
6241:Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association
5879:Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois
5149:Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund
5043:Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.
4380:Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.
3840:
3531:Bob Jones University v. United States
3348:
2591:Bob Jones University v. United States
2458:
2419:
592:
18:2000 United States Supreme Court case
8055:United States presidential primaries
7850:California Democratic Party v. Jones
7292:Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland
6712:FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.
6696:Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC
6481:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
5788:Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.
5716:Island Trees School District v. Pico
5387:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
4516:FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.
2810:School Dist. of Grand Rapids v. Ball
2379:California Democratic Party v. Jones
532:California Democratic Party v. Jones
524:California Democratic Party v. Jones
442:California Democratic Party v. Jones
371:California Democratic Party v. Jones
296:California Democratic Party v. Jones
278:Stevens, joined by Ginsburg (part I)
24:California Democratic Party v. Jones
7799:Christian Legal Society v. Martinez
7164:New York Times Co. v. United States
6417:44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island
6345:State University of New York v. Fox
6329:Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association
5315:Abood v. Detroit Board of Education
5230:Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins
5173:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
4643:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
3753:Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.
2943:Abington School District v. Schempp
2583:California v. Grace Brethren Church
13:
7417:Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox
6449:United States v. United Foods Inc.
6100:Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Assn.
5462:Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co
5379:United States v. United Foods Inc.
4594:Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project
3701:NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago
3243:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
3133:Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church
2599:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
8091:
8050:United States Supreme Court cases
7951:United Mine Workers v. Pennington
6835:McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n
6337:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
6124:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
6084:Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia Bar
5991:United Public Workers v. Mitchell
5959:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
5519:Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez
5347:Keller v. State Bar of California
4987:Org. for a Better Austin v. Keefe
4860:Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.
4561:Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition
4372:Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville
4047:Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus
3635:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
3125:Kreshik v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
3117:Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
3074:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
3015:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
2999:Santa Fe Ind. School Dist. v. Doe
2607:Corp. of Presiding Bishop v. Amos
542:567 (2000) is available from:
510:
167:The Court held that California's
8060:United States elections case law
7751:Roberts v. United States Jaycees
7436:Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC
6616:FEC v. National Conservative PAC
6409:Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.
5748:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
5724:Bethel School District v. Fraser
5096:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
4971:Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne
3664:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
3050:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
2882:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
2395:Rotating Regional Primary System
516:
365:
321:
63:Secretary of State of California
29:
7409:Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.
6998:NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.
6947:Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach
6457:Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly
6161:Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept.
5807:Pickering v. Board of Education
5635:Garner v. Board of Public Works
5355:Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n
4524:Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton
4340:Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton
4252:MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day
3893:Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten
348:Libertarian Party of California
8065:2000 in United States case law
8023:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
7337:Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts
7329:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
7260:Grosjean v. American Press Co.
7231:Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn
7180:Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart
6185:Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar
6060:Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson
5935:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
5299:Ry. Emps. Department v. Hanson
4090:Terminiello v. City of Chicago
4023:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
3728:Statutory religious exemptions
3627:Fulton v. City of Philadelphia
2919:McCollum v. Board of Education
2615:Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock
494:
482:
470:
458:
435:
1:
7826:Democratic Party v. Wisconsin
7791:Boy Scouts of America v. Dale
7743:Hishon v. King & Spalding
6768:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
6273:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
6225:Bates v. State Bar of Arizona
6068:Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown
5951:Heffernan v. City of Paterson
5651:Keyishian v. Board of Regents
5558:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
4775:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
4602:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
3286:Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.
2778:New York v. Cathedral Academy
2658:Everson v. Board of Education
2650:Cochran v. Board of Education
2530:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
2447:United States First Amendment
428:
356:California Secretary of State
311:violates a political party's
171:violates a political party's
7834:Tashjian v. Republican Party
7670:Bates v. City of Little Rock
7576:Protection from prosecution
7156:Lamont v. Postmaster General
6811:Bates v. City of Little Rock
4979:Coates v. City of Cincinnati
4876:Packingham v. North Carolina
4767:Lamont v. Postmaster General
3579:Employment Division v. Smith
7:
8070:California Democratic Party
7911:United States v. Cruikshank
7557:United States v. Cruikshank
7452:FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild
7393:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
7353:Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.
5598:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
5027:Ward v. Rock Against Racism
4923:Martin v. City of Struthers
4738:City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.
4268:Quantity of Books v. Kansas
4082:Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
4031:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
3555:O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz
3066:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
423:Nonpartisan blanket primary
401:
344:California Republican Party
340:California Democratic Party
301:United States Supreme Court
55:California Democratic Party
10:
8096:
7444:FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
6784:FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate
6513:Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.
6401:Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co.
5270:303 Creative LLC v. Elenis
4807:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
4130:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
4106:Gregory v. City of Chicago
2546:Town of Greece v. Galloway
2400:Interregional Primary Plan
574:Oyez (oral argument audio)
7943:Edwards v. South Carolina
7905:
7892:
7809:
7734:
7715:
7696:
7637:
7633:
7620:
7575:
7546:
7542:
7529:
7486:
7427:
7310:
7300:Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.
7249:
7214:
7148:Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.
7132:Lovell v. City of Griffin
7100:
7096:
7083:
7016:
6989:
6912:
6861:
6794:
6563:
6142:
6017:
5969:
5798:
5669:
5616:
5545:
5484:
5288:
5187:
5114:
5077:
4939:Edwards v. South Carolina
4886:
4841:
4756:
4653:
4612:
4583:
4534:
4492:United States v. Kilbride
4476:United States v. Williams
4276:Ginzburg v. United States
4193:
4148:
4057:
4007:
3871:
3860:
3856:
3836:
3787:
3734:
3727:
3690:
3645:
3363:Reynolds v. United States
3357:
3344:
3253:
3210:
3167:
3084:
3025:
2908:
2641:
2564:
2471:
2467:
2454:
2370:
2307:
2271:
2228:
2178:
2169:
2119:
2041:
1813:
1553:
1544:
1477:
1452:
1406:
1368:
1327:
1169:
1011:
997:
961:
923:
829:
798:
731:
669:
626:
287:
282:
274:
266:
258:
253:
187:
182:
166:
161:
146:
107:
102:
70:
49:
42:
28:
23:
7654:Watkins v. United States
7239:Florida Star v. B. J. F.
6177:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
6153:Valentine v. Chrestensen
5780:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
5454:Compelled representation
5419:Knox v. SEIU, Local 1000
5125:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
5104:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
4722:United States v. Eichman
4674:United States v. O'Brien
4500:United States v. Stevens
4284:Memoirs v. Massachusetts
4244:Marcus v. Search Warrant
4039:United States v. Alvarez
3970:clear and present danger
3901:Schenck v. United States
3411:United States v. Ballard
3109:United States v. Ballard
3026:Private religious speech
2866:Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
2623:City of Boerne v. Flores
670:National opinion polling
7810:Primaries and elections
7361:Time, Inc. v. Firestone
7321:Beauharnais v. Illinois
7006:FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA
6044:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
5323:Ellis v. Railway Clerks
5278:Moody v. NetChoice, LLC
4868:City of Ladue v. Gilleo
4852:Schneider v. New Jersey
4815:Reed v. Town of Gilbert
4666:Stromberg v. California
4569:United States v. Hansen
4175:Elonis v. United States
4074:Cantwell v. Connecticut
3990:imminent lawless action
3949:Dennis v. United States
3917:Abrams v. United States
3886:Alien and Sedition Acts
3403:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
3379:Cantwell v. Connecticut
3085:Internal church affairs
122:1997), aff'd, 169 F.3d
7735:Membership restriction
7627:Freedom of association
7578:and state restrictions
7276:Houchins v. KQED, Inc.
6728:Citizens United v. FEC
5701:substantial disruption
5003:United States v. Grace
4899:Davis v. Massachusetts
4730:Barnes v. Glen Theatre
4204:Rosen v. United States
4183:Counterman v. Colorado
4159:Watts v. United States
3965:Yates v. United States
3515:Thomas v. Review Board
3443:Fowler v. Rhode Island
984:South Carolina primary
316:freedom of association
288:California's prop. 198
176:freedom of association
7487:Copyrighted materials
7116:Patterson v. Colorado
7025:Procunier v. Martinez
6878:Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner
6020:restriction of speech
6007:Broadrick v. Oklahoma
4220:Roth v. United States
3933:Whitney v. California
3909:Debs v. United States
3709:Hosanna-Tabor v. EEOC
3692:Ministerial exception
3646:Exclusion of religion
3547:Goldman v. Weinberger
974:New Hampshire primary
732:State opinion polling
89:120 S. Ct. 2402; 147
45:Decided June 26, 2000
43:Argued April 24, 2000
7090:Freedom of the press
6914:Official retaliation
6568:and political speech
6092:Freedman v. Maryland
6036:Cox v. New Hampshire
5919:Garcetti v. Ceballos
5307:Machinists v. Street
4931:Niemotko v. Maryland
4915:Thornhill v. Alabama
4791:Butterworth v. Smith
4690:Spence v. Washington
4332:Miller v. California
4300:Ginsberg v. New York
3648:from public benefits
3523:United States v. Lee
3427:Niemotko v. Maryland
3351:Free Exercise Clause
2975:Edwards v. Aguillard
2951:Epperson v. Arkansas
2698:Lemon v. Kurtzman II
2690:Tilton v. Richardson
2461:Establishment Clause
7899:Freedom to petition
7565:Presser v. Illinois
7536:Freedom of assembly
7476:Bartnicki v. Vopper
7057:Overton v. Bazzetta
6971:Gonzalez v. Trevino
6473:Nike, Inc. v. Kasky
6193:Bigelow v. Virginia
5887:Waters v. Churchill
5871:Rankin v. McPherson
5815:Perry v. Sindermann
5067:McCullen v. Coakley
4963:Adderley v. Florida
4682:Cohen v. California
4537:to criminal conduct
4460:Ashcroft v. ACLU II
4236:Smith v. California
4228:One, Inc. v. Olesen
4114:Cohen v. California
3985:Brandenburg v. Ohio
3219:McGowan v. Maryland
2631:Cutter v. Wilkinson
2565:Statutory religious
565:Library of Congress
395:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
238:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
210:Sandra Day O'Connor
7858:Clingman v. Beaver
7775:Dallas v. Stanglin
7705:Baggett v. Bullitt
7586:De Jonge v. Oregon
7511:Eldred v. Ashcroft
7268:Branzburg v. Hayes
7223:Time, Inc. v. Hill
6955:Nieves v. Bartlett
6931:Reichle v. Howards
6902:Murthy v. Missouri
6776:Thompson v. Hebdon
6704:Randall v. Sorrell
6249:Friedman v. Rogers
5772:Morse v. Frederick
5643:Speiser v. Randall
4955:Brown v. Louisiana
4706:Dallas v. Stanglin
4545:New York v. Ferber
4444:Ashcroft v. ACLU I
4356:Jenkins v. Georgia
4308:Stanley v. Georgia
4292:Redrup v. New York
4260:Jacobellis v. Ohio
4098:Feiner v. New York
3925:Gitlow v. New York
3814:Ramirez v. Collier
3491:Wisconsin v. Yoder
3475:Sherbert v. Verner
3467:Torcaso v. Watkins
3451:Braunfeld v. Brown
3262:Torcaso v. Watkins
3235:Braunfeld v. Brown
2967:Wallace v. Jaffree
2850:Agostini v. Felton
2738:Wheeler v. Barrera
2514:Van Orden v. Perry
2298:1900 • 1904 • 1908
1453:Constitution Party
830:Debates and forums
627:Election timelines
491:, 530 U.S. at 586.
479:, 530 U.S. at 579.
467:, 530 U.S. at 577.
386:and unnecessary."
198:Associate Justices
8037:
8036:
8033:
8032:
7983:McDonald v. Smith
7919:Thomas v. Collins
7888:
7887:
7884:
7883:
7818:Cousins v. Wigoda
7616:
7615:
7612:
7611:
7594:Thomas v. Collins
7525:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7385:McDonald v. Smith
7172:Pell v. Procunier
7124:Near v. Minnesota
7079:
7078:
7075:
7074:
6760:McCutcheon v. FEC
6537:Iancu v. Brunetti
6369:Edenfield v. Fane
6144:Commercial speech
5823:Arnett v. Kennedy
5582:Iancu v. Brunetti
5485:Government grants
5480:
5479:
5291:of others' speech
5289:Compelled subsidy
5222:Wooley v. Maynard
5183:
5182:
5088:Widmar v. Vincent
5035:Burson v. Freeman
5019:Frisby v. Schultz
4746:Virginia v. Black
4579:
4578:
4468:Nitke v. Gonzales
4404:People v. Freeman
4324:Kois v. Wisconsin
4167:Virginia v. Black
3843:Freedom of speech
3832:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3798:Sossamon v. Texas
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3302:Bowen v. Kendrick
3294:Larson v. Valente
3168:Taxpayer standing
2927:Zorach v. Clauson
2858:Mitchell v. Helms
2818:Aguilar v. Felton
2754:Meek v. Pittenger
2682:Lemon v. Kurtzman
2490:Lynch v. Donnelly
2482:Marsh v. Chambers
2413:
2412:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2309:Progressive Party
2043:Libertarian Party
1478:Results breakdown
1473:
1472:
1328:Libertarian Party
903:Libertarian Party
521:Works related to
391:John Paul Stevens
292:
291:
194:William Rehnquist
8087:
7959:Cox v. Louisiana
7894:
7893:
7662:NAACP v. Alabama
7635:
7634:
7622:
7621:
7544:
7543:
7531:
7530:
7102:Prior restraints
7098:
7097:
7085:
7084:
7041:Turner v. Safley
6923:Hartman v. Moore
6870:Marsh v. Alabama
6819:Buckley v. Valeo
6803:NAACP v. Alabama
6795:Anonymous speech
6688:McConnell v. FEC
6576:Buckley v. Valeo
6565:Campaign finance
6052:Kunz v. New York
5863:Connick v. Myers
5799:Public employees
5503:Rust v. Sullivan
5451:
5450:
5189:Compelled speech
5059:Hill v. Colorado
4947:Cox v. Louisiana
4884:
4883:
4714:Texas v. Johnson
4138:Snyder v. Phelps
3869:
3868:
3858:
3857:
3851:
3838:
3837:
3777:Tanzin v. Tanvir
3761:Zubik v. Burwell
3732:
3731:
3643:
3642:
3619:Tandon v. Newsom
3499:McDaniel v. Paty
3435:Kunz v. New York
3395:Jamison v. Texas
3346:
3345:
3270:McDaniel v. Paty
2802:Mueller v. Allen
2770:Wolman v. Walter
2538:Salazar v. Buono
2469:
2468:
2456:
2455:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2405:National Primary
2176:
2175:
1815:Republican Party
1555:Democratic Party
1551:
1550:
1512:Republican Party
1489:Democratic Party
1171:Republican Party
1013:Democratic Party
1009:
1008:
874:Republican Party
837:Democratic Party
766:Republican Party
738:Democratic Party
699:Republican Party
676:Democratic Party
613:
606:
599:
590:
589:
578:
572:
569:
563:
560:
554:
551:
545:
520:
504:
498:
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
456:
439:
183:Court membership
157:(9th Cir. 2001).
142:1133 (2000).
33:
32:
21:
20:
8095:
8094:
8090:
8089:
8088:
8086:
8085:
8084:
8040:
8039:
8038:
8029:
7935:NAACP v. Button
7901:
7880:
7805:
7730:
7711:
7692:
7678:NAACP v. Button
7629:
7608:
7577:
7571:
7538:
7517:
7482:
7428:Broadcast media
7423:
7420:(9th Cir. 2014)
7306:
7251:
7245:
7210:
7204:Tory v. Cochran
7140:Tucker v. Texas
7104:
7092:
7071:
7012:
6985:
6963:Egbert v. Boule
6908:
6894:Lindke v. Freed
6857:
6790:
6680:FEC v. Beaumont
6567:
6559:
6553:Vidal v. Elster
6138:
6076:NAACP v. Button
6019:
6013:
5983:Ex parte Curtis
5974:
5965:
5794:
5665:
5612:
5606:Vidal v. Elster
5548:
5541:
5486:
5476:
5449:
5443:Janus v. AFSCME
5427:Harris v. Quinn
5403:Locke v. Karass
5290:
5284:
5179:
5133:Brown v. Glines
5116:
5110:
5079:
5073:
4888:
4882:
4843:
4842:Content-neutral
4837:
4758:
4752:
4657:
4655:Symbolic speech
4649:
4627:Smith v. Goguen
4616:
4608:
4585:Strict scrutiny
4575:
4553:Osborne v. Ohio
4536:
4535:Speech integral
4530:
4495:(9th Cir. 2009)
4487:(6th Cir. 2009)
4471:(S.D.N.Y. 2005)
4399:(7th Cir. 1985)
4215:(S.D.N.Y. 1933)
4189:
4144:
4062:
4053:
4012:
4003:
3997:Hess v. Indiana
3941:Fiske v. Kansas
3896:(S.D.N.Y. 1917)
3875:
3863:
3852:
3845:
3820:
3783:
3723:
3686:
3680:Carson v. Makin
3647:
3641:
3419:Tucker v. Texas
3371:Davis v. Beason
3353:
3332:
3326:Trump v. Hawaii
3278:Harris v. McRae
3249:
3206:
3163:
3093:Watson v. Jones
3080:
3021:
2959:Stone v. Graham
2935:Engel v. Vitale
2910:
2904:
2898:Carson v. Makin
2637:
2566:
2560:
2473:
2472:Public displays
2463:
2450:
2444:
2414:
2409:
2358:
2303:
2267:
2231:Greenback Party
2224:
2165:
2115:
2037:
1809:
1546:
1540:
1469:
1448:
1402:
1364:
1323:
1165:
1001:
993:
979:Nevada caucuses
957:
938:Iowa State Fair
919:
825:
794:
727:
665:
622:
617:
576:
570:
567:
561:
558:
552:
549:
543:
513:
508:
507:
499:
495:
487:
483:
475:
471:
463:
459:
440:
436:
431:
404:
368:
324:
313:First Amendment
309:blanket primary
236:
234:Clarence Thomas
224:
222:Anthony Kennedy
212:
202:John P. Stevens
173:First Amendment
169:blanket primary
150:On remand, 242
98:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
8093:
8083:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8035:
8034:
8031:
8030:
8028:
8027:
8019:
8011:
8003:
7995:
7991:Meyer v. Grant
7987:
7979:
7971:
7963:
7955:
7947:
7939:
7931:
7923:
7915:
7906:
7903:
7902:
7890:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7882:
7881:
7879:
7878:
7870:
7862:
7854:
7846:
7838:
7830:
7822:
7813:
7811:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7803:
7795:
7787:
7779:
7771:
7763:
7755:
7747:
7738:
7736:
7732:
7731:
7729:
7728:
7719:
7717:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7709:
7700:
7698:
7697:Future Conduct
7694:
7693:
7691:
7690:
7682:
7674:
7666:
7658:
7650:
7641:
7639:
7631:
7630:
7618:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7610:
7609:
7607:
7606:
7598:
7590:
7581:
7579:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7569:
7561:
7552:
7550:
7540:
7539:
7527:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7515:
7507:
7499:
7490:
7488:
7484:
7483:
7481:
7480:
7472:
7464:
7456:
7448:
7440:
7431:
7429:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7421:
7413:
7405:
7397:
7389:
7381:
7373:
7365:
7357:
7349:
7341:
7333:
7325:
7316:
7314:
7308:
7307:
7305:
7304:
7296:
7288:
7280:
7272:
7264:
7255:
7253:
7247:
7246:
7244:
7243:
7235:
7227:
7218:
7216:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7208:
7200:
7192:
7184:
7176:
7168:
7160:
7152:
7144:
7136:
7128:
7120:
7111:
7109:
7094:
7093:
7081:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7069:
7065:Beard v. Banks
7061:
7053:
7049:Shaw v. Murphy
7045:
7037:
7029:
7020:
7018:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7010:
7002:
6993:
6991:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6983:
6975:
6967:
6959:
6951:
6943:
6935:
6927:
6918:
6916:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6898:
6890:
6882:
6874:
6865:
6863:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6855:
6847:
6839:
6831:
6823:
6815:
6807:
6798:
6796:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6780:
6772:
6764:
6756:
6748:
6740:
6732:
6724:
6716:
6708:
6700:
6692:
6684:
6676:
6668:
6660:
6652:
6644:
6636:
6628:
6620:
6612:
6604:
6596:
6588:
6580:
6571:
6569:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6557:
6549:
6541:
6533:
6525:
6517:
6509:
6501:
6493:
6485:
6477:
6469:
6461:
6453:
6445:
6437:
6429:
6421:
6413:
6405:
6397:
6389:
6381:
6373:
6365:
6357:
6349:
6341:
6333:
6325:
6317:
6309:
6301:
6293:
6285:
6277:
6269:
6261:
6253:
6245:
6237:
6229:
6221:
6213:
6205:
6197:
6189:
6181:
6173:
6165:
6157:
6148:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6128:
6120:
6112:
6104:
6096:
6088:
6080:
6072:
6064:
6056:
6048:
6040:
6032:
6023:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6003:
5995:
5987:
5978:
5976:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5955:
5947:
5943:Lane v. Franks
5939:
5931:
5923:
5915:
5907:
5899:
5891:
5883:
5875:
5867:
5859:
5851:
5843:
5835:
5831:Elrod v. Burns
5827:
5819:
5811:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5784:
5776:
5768:
5760:
5752:
5744:
5736:
5728:
5720:
5712:
5708:Healy v. James
5704:
5692:
5684:
5675:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5655:
5647:
5639:
5631:
5622:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5602:
5594:
5586:
5578:
5570:
5562:
5553:
5551:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5531:
5523:
5515:
5507:
5499:
5490:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5466:
5457:
5455:
5448:
5447:
5439:
5431:
5423:
5415:
5407:
5399:
5391:
5383:
5375:
5367:
5359:
5351:
5343:
5335:
5327:
5319:
5311:
5303:
5294:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5274:
5266:
5258:
5250:
5242:
5234:
5226:
5218:
5210:
5202:
5193:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5169:
5161:
5153:
5145:
5137:
5129:
5120:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5100:
5092:
5083:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5063:
5055:
5047:
5039:
5031:
5023:
5015:
5007:
4999:
4991:
4983:
4975:
4967:
4959:
4951:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4919:
4911:
4903:
4894:
4892:
4881:
4880:
4872:
4864:
4856:
4847:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4827:
4819:
4811:
4803:
4795:
4787:
4779:
4771:
4762:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4742:
4734:
4726:
4718:
4710:
4702:
4694:
4686:
4678:
4670:
4661:
4659:
4658:versus conduct
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4639:
4631:
4622:
4620:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4598:
4589:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4565:
4557:
4549:
4540:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4520:
4512:
4504:
4496:
4488:
4480:
4472:
4464:
4456:
4448:
4440:
4432:
4424:
4416:
4408:
4400:
4392:
4384:
4376:
4368:
4360:
4352:
4344:
4336:
4328:
4320:
4312:
4304:
4296:
4288:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4256:
4248:
4240:
4232:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4199:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4163:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4069:
4067:
4065:heckler's veto
4059:Fighting words
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4018:
4016:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3993:
3981:
3973:
3961:
3953:
3945:
3937:
3929:
3921:
3913:
3905:
3897:
3889:
3882:
3880:
3866:
3854:
3853:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3793:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3773:
3765:
3757:
3749:
3740:
3738:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3656:Locke v. Davey
3651:
3649:
3640:
3639:
3631:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3599:
3591:
3583:
3575:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3527:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3471:
3463:
3455:
3447:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3176:Flast v. Cohen
3171:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3153:
3145:
3137:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3097:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2991:Lee v. Weisman
2987:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2931:
2923:
2914:
2912:
2911:public schools
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2730:Sloan v. Lemon
2726:
2718:
2714:Hunt v. McNair
2710:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2666:Flast v. Cohen
2662:
2654:
2645:
2643:
2642:Public funding
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2477:
2475:
2474:and ceremonies
2465:
2464:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2277:
2274:Populist Party
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2184:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1015:
1006:
995:
994:
992:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
965:
963:
959:
958:
956:
955:
949:
940:
935:
929:
927:
921:
920:
918:
917:
912:
909:
904:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
870:
869:
868:
867:
862:
854:
849:
844:
839:
833:
831:
827:
826:
824:
823:
818:
813:
808:
802:
800:
796:
795:
793:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
763:
762:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
735:
733:
729:
728:
726:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
673:
671:
667:
666:
664:
663:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
630:
628:
624:
623:
616:
615:
608:
601:
593:
587:
586:
579:
547:Google Scholar
528:
512:
511:External links
509:
506:
505:
493:
481:
469:
457:
433:
432:
430:
427:
426:
425:
420:
415:
410:
403:
400:
383:Antonin Scalia
379:Antonin Scalia
367:
364:
329:closed primary
323:
320:
290:
289:
285:
284:
280:
279:
276:
272:
271:
268:
264:
263:
260:
256:
255:
251:
250:
249:
248:
246:Stephen Breyer
214:Antonin Scalia
199:
196:
191:
185:
184:
180:
179:
164:
163:
159:
158:
148:
144:
143:
109:
105:
104:
100:
99:
88:
72:
68:
67:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8092:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8025:
8024:
8020:
8017:
8016:
8012:
8009:
8008:
8004:
8001:
8000:
7996:
7993:
7992:
7988:
7985:
7984:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7972:
7969:
7968:
7964:
7961:
7960:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7940:
7937:
7936:
7932:
7929:
7928:
7924:
7921:
7920:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7908:
7907:
7904:
7900:
7895:
7891:
7876:
7875:
7871:
7868:
7867:
7863:
7860:
7859:
7855:
7852:
7851:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7839:
7836:
7835:
7831:
7828:
7827:
7823:
7820:
7819:
7815:
7814:
7812:
7808:
7801:
7800:
7796:
7793:
7792:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7772:
7769:
7768:
7764:
7761:
7760:
7756:
7753:
7752:
7748:
7745:
7744:
7740:
7739:
7737:
7733:
7726:
7725:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7714:
7707:
7706:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7695:
7688:
7687:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7659:
7656:
7655:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7638:Organizations
7636:
7632:
7628:
7623:
7619:
7604:
7603:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7591:
7588:
7587:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7574:
7567:
7566:
7562:
7559:
7558:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7549:
7548:Incorporation
7545:
7541:
7537:
7532:
7528:
7513:
7512:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7500:
7497:
7496:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7485:
7478:
7477:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7465:
7462:
7461:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7449:
7446:
7445:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7426:
7419:
7418:
7414:
7411:
7410:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7398:
7395:
7394:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7358:
7355:
7354:
7350:
7347:
7346:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7313:
7309:
7302:
7301:
7297:
7294:
7293:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7281:
7278:
7277:
7273:
7270:
7269:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7248:
7241:
7240:
7236:
7233:
7232:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7213:
7206:
7205:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7137:
7134:
7133:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7086:
7082:
7067:
7066:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7054:
7051:
7050:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7038:
7035:
7034:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7015:
7008:
7007:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6988:
6981:
6980:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6968:
6965:
6964:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6952:
6949:
6948:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6936:
6933:
6932:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6915:
6911:
6904:
6903:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6860:
6853:
6852:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6793:
6786:
6785:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6555:
6554:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6494:
6491:
6490:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6141:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6018:Licensing and
6016:
6009:
6008:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5972:
5968:
5961:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5671:School speech
5668:
5661:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5618:Loyalty oaths
5615:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5544:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5487:and subsidies
5483:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5445:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5287:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5113:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5076:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4885:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4840:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4783:Boos v. Barry
4780:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4757:Content-based
4755:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4533:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3977:Bond v. Floyd
3974:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3806:Holt v. Hobbs
3803:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3644:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3186:
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3149:Jones v. Wolf
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2390:Delaware Plan
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2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
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1024:
1022:
1019:
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1016:
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1005:
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989:Super Tuesday
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
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969:Iowa caucuses
967:
966:
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724:
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541:
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527:at Wikisource
526:
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497:
490:
485:
478:
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387:
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375:
372:
366:Supreme Court
363:
361:
360:David F. Levi
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
332:
330:
322:Prior history
319:
317:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:
286:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:Case opinions
252:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
200:
197:
195:
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190:Chief Justice
189:
188:
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181:
177:
174:
170:
165:
160:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
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96:
92:
86:
85:
80:
77:
73:
69:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
8021:
8013:
8005:
7997:
7989:
7981:
7973:
7965:
7957:
7949:
7941:
7933:
7925:
7917:
7909:
7872:
7864:
7856:
7849:
7848:
7840:
7832:
7824:
7816:
7797:
7789:
7781:
7773:
7765:
7757:
7749:
7741:
7724:In re Primus
7722:
7716:Solicitation
7703:
7684:
7676:
7668:
7660:
7652:
7644:
7600:
7592:
7584:
7563:
7555:
7509:
7501:
7493:
7474:
7466:
7458:
7450:
7442:
7434:
7415:
7407:
7399:
7391:
7383:
7375:
7367:
7359:
7351:
7343:
7335:
7327:
7319:
7298:
7290:
7282:
7274:
7266:
7258:
7250:Taxation and
7237:
7229:
7221:
7202:
7194:
7186:
7178:
7170:
7162:
7154:
7146:
7138:
7130:
7122:
7114:
7063:
7055:
7047:
7039:
7031:
7023:
7004:
6996:
6977:
6969:
6961:
6953:
6945:
6939:Wood v. Moss
6937:
6929:
6921:
6900:
6892:
6884:
6876:
6868:
6862:State action
6849:
6841:
6833:
6825:
6817:
6809:
6801:
6782:
6774:
6766:
6758:
6750:
6742:
6734:
6726:
6720:Davis v. FEC
6718:
6710:
6702:
6694:
6686:
6678:
6670:
6662:
6654:
6646:
6638:
6630:
6622:
6614:
6606:
6598:
6590:
6582:
6574:
6551:
6543:
6535:
6529:Matal v. Tam
6527:
6519:
6511:
6503:
6495:
6487:
6479:
6471:
6463:
6455:
6447:
6439:
6431:
6423:
6415:
6407:
6399:
6391:
6383:
6375:
6367:
6359:
6351:
6343:
6335:
6327:
6319:
6311:
6303:
6295:
6287:
6281:In re R.M.J.
6279:
6271:
6263:
6255:
6247:
6239:
6233:In re Primus
6231:
6223:
6215:
6207:
6199:
6191:
6183:
6175:
6167:
6159:
6151:
6130:
6122:
6114:
6106:
6098:
6090:
6082:
6074:
6066:
6058:
6050:
6042:
6034:
6026:
6005:
5997:
5989:
5981:
5975:similar laws
5957:
5949:
5941:
5933:
5925:
5917:
5909:
5901:
5893:
5885:
5877:
5869:
5861:
5853:
5845:
5837:
5829:
5821:
5813:
5805:
5786:
5778:
5770:
5762:
5754:
5746:
5738:
5730:
5722:
5714:
5706:
5694:
5686:
5678:
5657:
5649:
5641:
5633:
5625:
5604:
5596:
5588:
5580:
5574:Matal v. Tam
5572:
5564:
5556:
5533:
5525:
5517:
5509:
5501:
5493:
5468:
5460:
5441:
5433:
5425:
5417:
5409:
5401:
5393:
5385:
5377:
5369:
5361:
5353:
5345:
5337:
5329:
5321:
5313:
5305:
5297:
5276:
5268:
5260:
5252:
5244:
5236:
5228:
5220:
5212:
5204:
5196:
5171:
5163:
5155:
5147:
5139:
5131:
5123:
5102:
5094:
5086:
5080:public forum
5065:
5057:
5049:
5041:
5033:
5025:
5017:
5009:
5001:
4993:
4985:
4977:
4969:
4961:
4953:
4945:
4937:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4907:Hague v. CIO
4905:
4897:
4890:public forum
4874:
4866:
4858:
4850:
4844:restrictions
4829:
4821:
4813:
4805:
4797:
4789:
4781:
4773:
4765:
4759:restrictions
4744:
4736:
4728:
4720:
4712:
4704:
4696:
4688:
4680:
4672:
4664:
4641:
4633:
4625:
4600:
4592:
4567:
4559:
4551:
4543:
4522:
4514:
4506:
4498:
4490:
4482:
4474:
4466:
4458:
4450:
4442:
4434:
4426:
4420:Reno v. ACLU
4418:
4410:
4402:
4394:
4386:
4378:
4370:
4362:
4354:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4322:
4314:
4306:
4298:
4290:
4282:
4274:
4266:
4258:
4250:
4242:
4234:
4226:
4218:
4210:
4202:
4181:
4173:
4165:
4157:
4150:True threats
4136:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4104:
4096:
4088:
4080:
4072:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4014:false speech
3995:
3983:
3975:
3963:
3960:(1955; 1961)
3955:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3715:
3707:
3699:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3633:
3625:
3617:
3609:
3601:
3593:
3585:
3577:
3569:
3561:
3553:
3545:
3539:Bowen v. Roy
3537:
3529:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3489:
3483:Cruz v. Beto
3481:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3409:
3401:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3260:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3217:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3072:
3064:
3056:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2864:
2856:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2760:
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1803:
1407:Reform Party
1395:
962:Major events
943:
659:
582:
531:
523:
500:
496:
488:
484:
476:
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464:
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455: (2000).
441:
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283:Laws applied
241:
229:
226:David Souter
217:
205:
103:Case history
82:
57:, et al. v.
53:
15:
8015:Doe v. Reed
7196:Lowe v. SEC
6843:Doe v. Reed
4614:Overbreadth
4407:(Cal. 1988)
3862:Unprotected
2909:Religion in
2121:Green Party
1547:conventions
1369:Green Party
925:Straw polls
911:Green Party
799:Fundraising
267:Concurrence
134:. granted,
8044:Categories
7312:Defamation
7252:privileges
7107:censorship
5549:as speaker
5547:Government
5078:Designated
4009:Defamation
3873:Incitement
2567:exemptions
2181:Whig Party
947:Ames, Iowa
429:References
352:Bill Jones
305:California
303:held that
147:Subsequent
95:U.S. LEXIS
93:502; 2000
59:Bill Jones
5971:Hatch Act
5115:Nonpublic
4618:Vagueness
4195:Obscenity
3211:Blue laws
1545:National
1004:primaries
389:Justices
120:E.D. Cal.
91:L. Ed. 2d
71:Citations
6990:Boycotts
3878:sedition
2449:case law
999:Caucuses
944:defunct:
530:Text of
402:See also
259:Majority
128:9th Cir.
113:F. Supp.
65:, et al.
7215:Privacy
7017:Prisons
5699:(1969,
3988:(1969,
3968:(1957,
2371:Reforms
2171:Defunct
860:debates
275:Dissent
270:Kennedy
162:Holding
130:1999);
8026:(2011)
8018:(2010)
8010:(2002)
8002:(1999)
7994:(1988)
7986:(1985)
7978:(1979)
7970:(1972)
7962:(1965)
7954:(1965)
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7821:(1975)
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6958:(2019)
6950:(2018)
6942:(2014)
6934:(2012)
6926:(2006)
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6889:(2019)
6881:(1972)
6873:(1946)
6854:(2021)
6846:(2010)
6838:(1995)
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6822:(1976)
6814:(1960)
6806:(1958)
6787:(2022)
6779:(2019)
6771:(2015)
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865:forums
577:
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556:Justia
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354:, the
346:, the
342:, the
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204:
5117:forum
3254:Other
952:Texas
856:2020
538:
501:Jones
489:Jones
477:Jones
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138:
108:Prior
7105:and
4063:the
3876:and
3736:RFRA
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