20:
447:
woodland range is 15 to 40 inches (0.38 to 1.02 m), with little precipitation in the summer. Growing season is 6–10 months. Temperatures range 75 to 96 °F (24 to 36 °C) in the summer, and 29 to 42 °F (−2 to 6 °C) in winter. The woodlands in the Sierra are characterized by a dominant overstory of
Foothill Pine (
589:
California oak woodland habitats contain some of the most wildlife in
California. More than half of the species of terrestrial vertebrates in California are found in oak woodlands. This includes more than 120 species of mammals, 147 species of birds, and 60 species of amphibians or reptiles. The most
581:
to survive compared to less resistant, deciduous oaks. The same cannot be said for Oregon white oak, which populate traditionally wetter, less fire-prone regions, resulting in the trees having little built-up fire resistance. Because of the lack of fires in these northern regions, white oaks can have
689:
makes ever more use of the wildland. This comprehensive survey includes oak woodland maps and inventory data for the ten oak types found in
California. By evaluating this new information against current State of California economic growth projections, the location and extent of oak woodlands most at
576:
The frequent fires seen within the region have resulted in species such as coastal live oak and
Englemann oak (which grow in drier, more fire prone regions) to have developed a resistance to low-intensity fires. This resiliency has resulted in coastal live oak emerging as the predominant species in
660:
Snags are the standing wood that is left when trees die and are home to wood-eating insects that are food for animals such as birds. Snags provide temporary refuge for small birds, bats, swallows, salamanders, and lizards. Similarly, downed wood provide refuge for animals that require moist areas,
446:
range, oak woodland is found on western slopes at elevations of 500 to 3,000 feet (150 to 910 m) in the northern part of the range, 800 to 4,000 feet (240 to 1,220 m) in the central part, and 1,250 to 5,000 feet (380 to 1,520 m) in the southern part. Annual precipitation in the oak
656:
Aspects of the
California oak woodland that are important for wildlife of these habitats are habitat corridors, snags and downed wood. Natural vegetation create habitat corridors that connect the patches of habitat that host species. Habitat corridors provide protection and food for animals that
569:
density which results from the diversity of tree species found in different woodland regions causes a wide range of understory grass and shrub density, and plant type. An example of this can be seen by the commonality of annual grasses in open woodlands, a phenomenon that is not seen in dense
590:
diversity occurs when there is both multiple levels of vegetation heights and varied spacing between vegetation to create complex habitat structure both vertically and horizontally because there are more places for species that live in different layers of the vegetation.
678:. This would make California's oak woodlands some of the most extensive old growth forests left in the state. However, most oaks of full tree size are more than one hundred years old, and few saplings are ever produced, because cattle often tear the plants to pieces.
418:
watershed, located in
Central California, is an example of a coast live oak ecosystem. This sub-category of California oak woodland consists primarily of coast wild oak and are predominantly found in coastal regions, but can extend to foothill ecosystems.
549:
Outside of the southern ranges of coastal wild oak are small areas of oak woodland characterized by
Englemann oak. These sites can coincide with coastal live oak, however they can also occur as stands composed almost entirely of Englemann oak.
242:) and interior live oak (or on west facing slopes facing the exterior ranges, particularly in Contra Costa and Alameda counties, coast live oak takes interior live oak's place), together with valley oak, canyon live oak, California scrub oak (
553:
Northern, wetter regions of
California are populated with oak woodlands formed from Oregon white oak. These woodlands are associated interior live oak and canyon live oak similar to coastal live oak woodlands, but differ with
669:
Blue oak woodlands cover about 2,939,000 acres (11,890 km) of the state, and of this area about 79%, or 2,322,000 acres (9,400 km), shows no evidence of past cutting of trees. Recent research by the
1220:
510:
In southern and central areas, the predominant oak species is coastal live oak which grow on coastal valleys and foothills. In drier regions within this range, coastal wild oak is associated with
236:
is found in the inner coast ranges and the Sierra Nevada foothills, surrounding the
Central Valley. It forms "one of the largest ecosystems in California". Primary species are blue oak (
1245:
712:
partnered with the
California Biodiversity Council to carry out the Agreement on Biological Diversity, started in 1991, to protect and expand the following oakland wood areas:
674:
Tree-Ring Laboratory has studied several unlogged stands of blue oak woodlands, and suggests that the state may harbor over 500,000 acres (2,000 km) of such
427:
The composition and characteristics of California oak woodlands varies across the state, but are defined by three main oak species throughout coastal regions:
813:
1156:
Proceedings of a Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Ecology, Management, and Urban Interface Issues : March 19-22, 1996, San Luis Obispo, California
1154:
1235:
743:
Due to residential and commercial development, 64% of California counties reported a decrease of greater than 5% in oak woodland area.
534:. Coastal live oak woodland found in Southern California is associated with valley oak similar to drier northern sites, but also sees
1240:
705:
found that the prominent presence of oak trees in California oak woodlands creates areas of soil that are optimal for new growth.
1020:
1035:
713:
218:
214:
78:
1215:
1260:
780:
752:
39:
860:
724:. The methods used to ensure a healthy future for the California oak woodlands include maintenance and restoration of
685:
survey estimates that 750,000 acres (3,000 km) of California oak woodlands are seriously threatened by 2040 as a
573:
All three oak species which characterize California oak woodlands can be defined as "long-lived, slow-growing trees."
439:. The concentration of each of these oak species correlates with the location of the woodland throughout California.
877:
764:
1200:
1094:
702:
385:
is cited as one of the best examples of California oak woodlands. Much of this woodland is a relatively pristine
1255:
294:
is found in the interior valleys of northern, central and southern California, and is dominated by valley oak (
503:). It is often found on north facing slopes there is more moisture in the soils from protection from the sun (
1250:
1080:
104:
833:
807:
661:
such as amphibians, cover for nesting of multiple species of birds, and areas for dens for larger snags.
143:
736:, protection of wildlife species that have cultural and environmental value to the area, restoration of
313:
194:), and coast live oak, together with California black oak, canyon live oak, blue oak, Pacific madrone (
960:
709:
86:
769:
740:, and the habitat maintenance of "special status botanical species" and select endangered species.
610:
328:
94:
1048:
486:
284:
is found in north and south mountain ranges of California. It is dominant by interior live oaks (
175:
103:
occur where the oaks are more widely spaced due a combination of lack of available moisture, and
1192:
774:
671:
244:
1017:
Fifth symposium on oak woodlands: oaks in California's changing landscape. 2001 October 22–25
602:
415:
359:
272:), together with California buckeye, Pacific madrone, California bay, and California walnut (
1109:"Oak tree and grazing impacts on soil properties and nutrients in a California oak woodland"
1159:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 1997.
906:
729:
473:
443:
250:
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8:
646:
543:
527:
499:
461:
432:
364:
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137:
115:
111:
1076:
California's forest resources, 2001–2005: five-year Forest Inventory and Analysis report
1136:
382:
355:
318:
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is widespread in northern and southern California, and is dominated by coast live oak (
62:
935:
393:. An unusual characteristic of this Annadel forest is the high content of undisturbed
1128:
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347:
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1024:
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436:
183:
171:
1187:
Pavlik, Bruce M., Pamela C. Muick, Sharon G. Johnson, and Marjorie Popper (1991).
1083:, Pacific Northwest Research Station. pp. 40–46. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-763.
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511:
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54:
35:
24:
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migrate between patches such as deer, mountain lions, bobcats, or gray foxes.
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Californiaoaks.org | Oaks 2040: The Status and Future of Oaks in California
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733:
179:
50:
857:
539:
531:
504:
390:
378:
202:
66:
1108:
322:) and coast live oak, together with canyon live oak, MacDonald scrub oak (
1177:
California Native Plant Society–University of California Press; Berkeley.
758:
408:
397:
394:
333:
100:
1029:
1015:
Standiford, Richard B.; McCreary, Douglas; Purcell, Kathryn L. (2002).
737:
717:
400:
46:
1221:
UCanr.org | University of California Oak Woodland Management Program
288:
blue oaks, foothill pine, and shrubs in common with blue oak woodland.
479:
386:
81:. The dominant trees are oaks, interspersed with other broadleaf and
42:
1073:
Christensen, Glenn A.; Campbell, Sally J.; Fried, Jeremy S. (2008).
142:), and other California oaks. The foothill oak woodlands around the
777: – Part of the University of California Natural Reserve System
721:
90:
19:
694:
583:
404:
82:
664:
300:) and coast live oak, together with gray pine and Coulter pine (
837:
786:
761: – Lightly forested grassland where oak trees are dominant
638:
630:
58:
836:. University of Arkansas Tree-Ring Laboratory. Archived from
16:
Plant community found in the western United States and Mexico
326:) hybridized with valley or other oaks), Catalina ironwood (
1246:
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
1066:
1014:
755: – Ecoregion in the western United States and Mexico
720:
Watershed in Inimim Forest, Consumes River Preserve, and
1072:
182:. These woodlands are composed primarily of Oregon oak (
1182:
Oaks 2040: The Status and Future of Oaks in California.
1107:
DAHLGREN, R.A.; SINGER, M.J.; HUANG, X. (1997-10-01).
1095:
Oaks 2040: The Status and Future of Oaks in California
422:
161:
653:) can commonly be found in California oak woodlands.
1184:
Published by the California Oak Foundation, Oakland.
61:. Oak woodland is widespread at lower elevations in
1106:
878:"Native Plant Series #4: Coast Live Oak Woodlands"
876:Program, Morro Bay National Estuary (2018-06-22).
1191:Cachuma Press and the California Oak Foundation;
1175:Plant Life in the World's Mediterranean Climates.
1227:
362:foothills. It consists mostly of Engelmann oak (
936:"Coastal Oak Woodland & Wildlife Habitat"
701:and nutrient level. A study performed by the
665:Status and future of California oak woodlands
23:California oak woodland on the east flank of
346:is found in a few locations in the northern
834:"Ancient Blue Oak Woodlands of California"
789:, a type of managed oak ecosystem in Spain
577:cleared regions, as the trees have higher
316:, and is made up primarily of island oak (
1205:University of California Press; Berkeley.
1028:
372:
827:
825:
403:, testifying to the absence of historic
18:
1180:Gaman, Tom and Firman, Jeffrey (2006).
1167:
907:"North American Oak Woodland | Wrangle"
875:
1228:
811:, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
522:; whereas wetter areas are defined by
994:
990:
988:
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984:
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822:
714:King Range National Conservation Area
1010:
1008:
1006:
930:
928:
926:
690:risk of development are identified.
224:), Coulter Pine and ponderosa Pine (
79:California Central Valley grasslands
477:), and understory plants including
423:Ecology of California oak woodlands
162:California oak-woodland communities
13:
1236:California chaparral and woodlands
977:
894:
882:Morro Bay National Estuary Program
831:
781:Sierra Nevada lower montane forest
753:California chaparral and woodlands
693:Management practices, such as the
248:), gray pine, California buckeye (
170:is found in Northern California's
40:California chaparral and woodlands
14:
1277:
1209:
1003:
923:
783: – Biotic zone in California
118:are dominated by coast live oak (
765:Cedar hemlock douglas-fir forest
697:(or the lack thereof) can lower
582:the threat of being outgrown by
124:), but also include valley oak (
1241:Plant communities of California
1201:A Natural History of California
1147:
1100:
1087:
1041:
999:(2nd ed.). pp. 12–13.
732:and improvement, protection of
716:, Cache Creek Management Area,
703:University of California, Davis
368:) together with coast live oak.
1093:Tom Gaman and Jeffrey Firman.
953:
869:
851:
800:
623:Sylvilagus audubonii vallicola
1:
1198:Schoenherr, Allan A. (1992).
1049:"Help Preserve Oak Woodlands"
793:
85:trees, with an understory of
65:; in interior valleys of the
1081:United States Forest Service
961:"Coastal Live Oak Woodlands"
105:low-intensity frequent fires
7:
809:Blue Oak: Quercus douglasii
746:
687:burgeoning state population
586:growing in the understory.
146:are dominated by blue oak (
77:; and in a ring around the
10:
1282:
1173:Dallman, Peter R. (1998).
314:California Channel Islands
282:Interior live oak woodland
1261:Trees of Northern America
997:Sierra Nevada Wildflowers
710:Bureau of Land Management
651:Crotalus viridis oreganus
593:Among these species, the
465:), California Black Oak (
130:), California black oak (
858:Annadel State Park facts
806:C. Michael Hogan (2008)
770:California native plants
603:Beechey ground squirrels
329:Lyonothamnus floribundus
203:Umbellularia californica
95:California native plants
1125:10.1023/A:1005812621312
635:Lynx rufus californicus
599:Callipepla californicus
544:California black walnut
487:Heteromeles arbutifolia
471:), California Buckeye (
377:The headwaters area of
264:Coast live oak woodland
254:), and western redbud (
32:California oak woodland
1193:Los Olivos, California
775:Blue Oak Ranch Reserve
672:University of Arkansas
459:), Interior Live Oak (
373:Examples of occurrence
344:Engelmann oak woodland
212:), coast Douglas fir (
188:), interior live oak (
28:
1256:Forests of California
995:Wiese, Karen (2013).
607:Spermophilus beecheyi
360:San Gabriel Mountains
215:Pseudotsuga menziesii
176:Northern Coast Ranges
110:The oak woodlands of
38:found throughout the
22:
1168:General bibliography
965:polyland.calpoly.edu
730:watershed management
615:Thomomys bottae mewa
560:California black oak
474:Aesculus californica
251:Aesculus californica
209:Calocedrus decurrens
136:), canyon live oak (
1251:Flora of California
1189:Oaks of California.
1030:10.2737/psw-gtr-184
647:Pacific rattlesnake
611:Botta pocket gopher
500:Cercis occidentalis
462:Quercus chrysolepis
352:Southern California
310:Island oak woodland
292:Valley oak woodland
275:Juglans californica
257:Cercis occidentalis
200:), California bay (
168:Oregon oak woodland
116:Northern California
112:Southern California
1053:Audubon California
863:1997-10-11 at the
816:2012-02-28 at the
726:old-growth forests
676:old growth forests
619:Audubon cottontail
389:with considerable
383:Annadel State Park
356:Santa Rosa Plateau
206:), incense cedar (
63:coastal California
29:
536:interior live oak
468:Quercus kelloggii
456:Quercus douglasii
348:Peninsular Ranges
324:Q. berberidifolia
245:Q. berberidifolia
234:Blue oak woodland
197:Arbutus menziesii
152:) and gray pine (
121:Quercus agrifolia
75:Peninsular Ranges
71:Transverse Ranges
53:and northwestern
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595:California quail
570:woodland areas.
437:Oregon white oak
429:coastal live oak
354:, including the
312:is found on the
172:Klamath-Siskiyou
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865:Wayback Machine
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843:
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832:Stahle, David.
830:
823:
818:Wayback Machine
805:
801:
796:
749:
667:
565:The variety of
556:Pacific madrone
528:canyon live oak
497:), and Redbud (
450:Pinus sabiniana
425:
375:
227:Pinus ponderosa
178:, and southern
164:
155:Pinus sabiniana
55:Baja California
36:plant community
25:Sonoma Mountain
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1210:External links
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1038:on 2022-10-22.
1019:. Albany, CA:
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666:
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532:California bay
424:
421:
374:
371:
370:
369:
365:Q. engelmannii
341:
338:Pinus muricata
307:
303:Pinus coulteri
289:
286:Q. wislizeni),
279:
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144:Central Valley
139:Q. chrysolepis
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433:Englemann oak
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1119:(1): 45–64.
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1057:. Retrieved
1055:. 2015-07-02
1052:
1043:
1016:
996:
968:. Retrieved
964:
955:
944:. Retrieved
942:. 2018-08-26
939:
914:. Retrieved
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885:. Retrieved
881:
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842:. Retrieved
838:the original
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540:Coulter pine
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505:slope effect
498:
491:
490:), Dogwood (
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391:biodiversity
379:Yulupa Creek
376:
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343:
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269:Q. agrifolia
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239:Q. douglasii
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191:Q. wislizeni
189:
184:
167:
153:
149:Q. douglasii
148:
138:
133:Q. kelloggii
132:
126:
119:
114:and coastal
109:
101:Oak savannas
99:
67:Coast Ranges
31:
30:
911:wrangle.org
759:Oak savanna
738:valley oaks
409:agriculture
398:bunch grass
395:prehistoric
334:bishop pine
185:Q. garryana
1230:Categories
1059:2022-10-21
970:2022-10-21
946:2022-10-11
916:2022-10-04
887:2022-10-04
844:2008-11-10
794:References
718:Yuba River
645:) and the
627:Odocoileus
516:valley oak
401:understory
83:coniferous
47:California
1133:1573-515X
683:Oaks 2040
625:), deer (
484:, Toyon (
480:Ceanothus
416:Morro Bay
407:or other
387:ecosystem
297:Q. lobata
221:menziesii
127:Q. lobata
91:geophytes
89:, herbs,
43:ecoregion
1141:93723661
1036:Archived
861:Archived
814:Archived
747:See also
722:Fort Ord
584:conifers
520:blue oak
1266:Quercus
940:UC Oaks
695:grazing
629:spp),
579:fitness
442:In the
405:grazing
332:), and
87:grasses
49:in the
1139:
1131:
787:Dehesa
639:coyote
631:bobcat
567:canopy
524:tanoak
493:Cornus
435:, and
93:, and
59:Mexico
1137:S2CID
34:is a
1129:ISSN
1021:USDA
708:The
681:The
558:and
542:and
530:and
518:and
495:spp.
482:spp.
414:The
358:and
219:var.
73:and
1121:doi
1025:doi
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381:in
350:of
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