40:
58:
357:
Mean maximum temperatures are below 20°C due to the effects of altitude, and are cooler than the surrounding lowlands. Average annual rainfall ranges from around 4,000 mm near the coast to 1,800 mm or less further inland. The highlands are an important source of water for both
Nigeria and Cameroon.
366:
The vegetation varies with elevation. Submontane forests extend from approximately 900 metres (2,953 ft) to 2,000 metres (6,562 ft) meters elevation. Above 2,000 metres (6,562 ft) elevation are distinct montane forests and patches of montane grassland, bamboo forest, and subalpine
585:
In the northern mountains, including the
Adamawa Plateau, Hosséré Vokré, and Alantika mountains, the climate is drier and rainfall is more seasonal. Submontane forests are generally absent, and the Afromontane forests transition directly to savanna. Afromontane forests on the Hosséré Vokré and
505:
Afromontane forests grow above 2000 meters elevation. Lower montane forests generally have a denser canopy than the submontane and upper montane forests, with fewer grasses in the shady understorey. Trees in the lower
Afromontane forests include species of
266:, a chain of extinct volcanoes, covering an area of 38,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi) in eastern Nigeria and western Cameroon. The highlands extend roughly southwest–northeast. In the southwest the ecoregion includes the
1466:
Lorelei
Verlhac, Kenji Izumi, Anne-Marie Lézine, Kévin Lemonnier, Guillaume Buchet, Gaston Achoundong, Barthélémy Tchiengué (2018). Altitudinal distribution of pollen, plants and biomes in the Cameroon highlands.
1293:
The forest is continually being cleared for firewood, timber and to create farmland, and many of the mountains have lost significant amounts of forest cover. There is very little formal environmental protection.
589:
The ericaceous belt is a transition between the upper montane forests and high-elevation grasslands, ranging from approximately 2750 up to 2950 meters elevation. Shrubs and stunted trees of genus
1513:
Bauer, Aaron M.; Chirio, Laurent; Ineich, Ivan; LeBreton, Matthew (2006). "New
Species of Cnemaspis (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Northern Cameroon, a Neglected Biodiversity Hotspot".
1500:
B. Larison, T. B. Smith, D. Mcniven, R. Fotso, M. Bruford, K. Holbrook,and A. Lamperti, Faunal
Surveys of Selected Montane and Lowland Areas of Cameroon, WWF Cameroon, 1996, unpubl.
1331:
1327:
1323:
1613:
1315:
1339:
1319:
371:
species, which have an archipelago-like distribution across the highlands of Africa and are distinct from the lowland flora. Typical afromontane tree species are
1335:
299:
601:
236:
90:
168:
334:
119:
326:
103:
17:
645:
346:
113:
1578:
1253:
In
Cameroon the mountains are quite heavily populated and used for farming and grazing; much of this ecoregion lies in the
871:
586:
Alantika mountains are mostly limited to stream valleys and ravines, separated by areas of montane savanna or grassland.
409:, along with species characteristic of the adjacent lowland plant communities, like semi-deciduous forests (species of
879:
330:
108:
403:
Submontane forests from 850 to 1600 meters elevation typically have an open canopy. Common trees include species of
1608:
1588:
887:
536:
are predominant from 2270 to 2500 meters elevation. In the upper montane forest from 2500 to 2945 meters elevation
333:
along the central and northern ends of the range. The
Cameroon Highlands form the boundary between the Guinean and
1593:
1583:
660:
1598:
919:
1526:
1311:
1118:
1016:
847:
788:
254:. This is an area of forest and grassland which has become more populous as land is cleared for agriculture.
205:
1603:
1130:
1303:
1254:
1227:
1160:
1010:
48:
1232:
1112:
1100:
1040:
740:
1124:
1094:
1064:
1501:
608:
Subalpine grasslands grow above 2800 meters elevation, with many grasses, and herbs in the genera
1241:
1136:
1106:
1076:
1022:
964:
780:
1436:
1210:
1205:
1154:
1088:
1058:
828:
732:
684:
381:
39:
1218:
1196:
1082:
836:
716:
700:
692:
676:
546:
389:
325:
The ecoregion lies above 900 meters elevation, and is surrounded at lower elevations by the
315:
1184:
1070:
1052:
1004:
998:
932:
855:
804:
756:
724:
8:
1403:
1307:
1148:
944:
820:
748:
73:
1530:
1046:
986:
927:
311:
263:
703:
who live in the area. Seven species are endemic to the
Cameroon Highlands forests and
1270:
1142:
903:
708:
668:
641:
518:
451:). Grasses are abundant in the understorey. From 1600 to 2000 meters, trees from the
419:
396:
291:
271:
1522:
911:
812:
772:
464:
303:
283:
1552:
1378:
345:
is highest mountain in the chain, but its high-elevation forests are designated a
1472:
1278:
1190:
1028:
977:
952:
895:
621:
554:
385:
319:
295:
287:
1488:
1258:
1178:
1166:
956:
796:
704:
652:
524:
373:
342:
243:
1572:
863:
480:
452:
377:
367:
grasslands and shrublands. The ecoregion is characterized by the presence of
307:
275:
183:
170:
44:
1282:
616:
595:
429:
423:
78:
1265:, capital of the Northwest and base for visiting the mountains including
368:
267:
767:). Nine more montane endemic species are shared with Mount Cameroon and
1534:
972:
625:
610:
474:
279:
1414:
1302:
6.9% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include
1274:
1266:
1034:
629:
590:
578:
564:
493:
457:
405:
338:
239:
644:
species, along with several more that are also found in the nearby
550:
498:
484:
448:
439:
415:
247:
148:
57:
502:
grow in smaller numbers. Grasses remain common in the understory.
1262:
1203:
The following reptiles are also considered more or less endemic:
1172:
940:
568:
443:
251:
233:
153:
982:
435:
318:
to the north, and in the southeastern
Adamawa Plateau east of
1563:
768:
572:
558:
488:
411:
85:
242:
located on the range of mountains that runs inland from the
512:
996:
Forty species of amphibians are endemic to the ecoregion:
846:
Eleven small mammal species are endemic to the ecoregion:
1527:
10.1670/0022-1511(2006)40[510:NSOCSG]2.0.CO;2
1512:
472:, and Fabaceae – are also present. The Afromontane genus
1245:
is endemic to the Alantika Mountains and Hosséré Vokré.
294:. It continues northeast along the western flank of the
337:
ecoregions. The highest peak within the ecoregion is
1277:. In Nigeria the ecoregion is located mainly on the
262:
The Cameroonian Highlands forests extend across the
1471:, Volume 259, 2018, Pages 21-28. ISSN 0034-6667.
1614:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
1570:
1489:Endemic Bird Areas factsheet: Cameroon mountains
91:tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
651:Six species of birds are strictly endemic: the
478:is abundant, and Afromontane species including
1473:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2018.09.011
1281:, an area of agricultural and grazing land in
1248:
468:. Savanna and semi-deciduous forest species -
1564:Mission for the preservation of drill monkeys
939:The ecoregion is home to several endangered
1288:
1483:
1481:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
763:(sometimes considered a separate species
455:family predominate, including species of
329:at the southern end of the range, and by
646:Mount Cameroon and Bioko montane forests
335:Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic
120:Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic
114:Mount Cameroon and Bioko montane forests
62:Map of the Cameroonian Highlands forests
27:Forest ecoregion in Cameroon and Nigeria
1478:
137:38,000 km (15,000 sq mi)
14:
1571:
1494:
1451:
1394:
1392:
1469:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
1407:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
640:The ecoregion is home to a number of
1506:
1389:
286:. It extends northeast towards the
24:
1429:
1352:
1297:
961:Mandrillus leucophaeus leucophaeus
327:Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests
104:Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests
25:
1625:
1545:
1398:"Cameroonian Highlands forests".
699:which is a cultural icon for the
872:Mittendorf's striped grass mouse
470:Ficus, Lophira, Bridelia, Lannea
341:(3,011 metres (9,879 ft)).
302:. Northern outliers include the
56:
38:
1553:"Cameroonian Highlands forests"
1437:"Cameroonian Highlands forests"
1379:"Cameroonian Highlands forests"
661:white-throated mountain-babbler
544:are predominant, together with
237:tropical moist broadleaf forest
1487:BirdLife International (2024)
880:Dieterlen's brush-furred mouse
13:
1:
1579:Cameroonian Highlands forests
1491:. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
1345:
1312:Bayang-Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary
1119:Leptodactylodon erythrogaster
1017:Phrynobatrachus steindachneri
888:Eisentraut's brush-furred rat
789:black-capped woodland warbler
508:Astropanax, Alchornea, Myrica
331:Guinean forest–savanna mosaic
246:and forms the border between
226:Cameroonian Highlands forests
109:Guinean forest–savanna mosaic
33:Cameroonian Highlands forests
1131:Leptodactylodon polyacanthus
951:), an endemic subspecies of
729:Phyllastrephus poliocephalus
562:, and shrubs and herbs like
306:to the northeast, Nigeria's
257:
7:
1439:. The Encyclopedia of Earth
1304:Gashaka-Gumti National Park
1249:Urban areas and settlements
1228:Leptosiaphos ianthinoxantha
1161:Leptopelis nordequatorialis
1011:Phrynobatrachus cricogaster
920:Hartwig's soft-furred mouse
49:Gashaka Gumti National Park
10:
1630:
1402:. Accessed 7 August 2021.
1113:Leptodactylodon boulengeri
848:Eisentraut's striped mouse
433:) and savanna (species of
352:
230:Cameroon Highlands forests
18:Cameroon Highlands forests
1332:River Nwum Forest Reserve
1328:Ngel-Nyaki Forest Reserve
1324:Mai Samari Forest Reserve
1101:Leptodactylodon axillaris
1041:Cardioglossa melanogaster
981:) and several species of
777:Arizelocichla tephrolaema
761:Cisticola chubbi discolor
741:green-breasted bushshrike
214:
204:
199:
162:
141:
133:
128:
96:
84:
72:
67:
55:
37:
32:
1415:"Map of Ecoregions 2017"
1289:Conservation and threats
1125:Leptodactylodon mertensi
1095:Astylosternus rheophilus
1065:Cardioglossa trifasciata
635:
361:
1609:Subtropical rainforests
1589:Afrotropical ecoregions
1316:Santchou Faunal Reserve
1242:Ancylodactylus alantika
1233:Angel's five-toed skink
1137:Leptodactylodon perreti
1107:Leptodactylodon bicolor
1077:Astylosternus nganhanus
1023:Phrynobatrachus werneri
876:Lemniscomys mittendorfi
781:Cameroon olive greenbul
721:Bradypterus bangwaensis
1594:Ecoregions of Cameroon
1584:Afromontane ecoregions
1559:. World Wildlife Fund.
1557:Terrestrial Ecoregions
1515:Journal of Herpetology
1385:. World Wildlife Fund.
1383:Terrestrial Ecoregions
1340:Nguroje Forest Reserve
1320:Gangoro Forest Reserve
1223:Trioceros quadricornis
1206:Atractaspis coalescens
1155:Hyperolius riggenbachi
1089:Astylosternus montanus
1059:Cardioglossa schioetzi
949:Gorilla gorilla diehli
785:Phyllastrephus poensis
755:) and a subspecies of
753:Cossyphicula isabellae
733:yellow-breasted boubou
685:Mount Kupe bush-shrike
673:Platysteira laticincta
538:Podocarpus milanjianus
382:Podocarpus milanjianus
310:to the northwest, the
1599:Ecoregions of Nigeria
1336:Kakara Forest Reserve
1219:four-horned chameleon
1197:Wolterstorffina mirei
1083:Astylosternus perreti
991:Cercopithecus preussi
884:Lophuromys dieterleni
837:Cameroon olive-pigeon
793:Phylloscopus herberti
745:Malaconotus gladiator
717:Bangwa forest warbler
713:Arizelocichla montana
547:Myrsine melanophloeos
390:Myrsine melanophloeos
1237:Lacertaspis lepesmei
1185:Werneria bambutensis
1071:Cardioglossa venusta
1053:Cardioglossa pulchra
1005:Petropedetes perreti
999:Petropedetes parkeri
965:Preuss's red colobus
933:Sylvisorex isabellae
856:Mount Oku hylomyscus
805:white-tailed warbler
737:Laniarius atroflavus
725:grey-headed greenbul
697:Tauraco bannermani),
689:Telophorus kupeensis
228:, also known as the
1604:Forests of Cameroon
1308:Korup National Park
1211:Pfeffer's chameleon
1149:Hyperolius ademetzi
969:Pilocolobus preussi
945:Cross River gorilla
916:Otomys occidentalis
868:Lamottemys okuensis
852:Hybomys eisentrauti
833:Nesocharis shelleyi
829:Shelley's oliveback
749:mountain robin-chat
605:, are predominant.
290:, and north to the
210:Critical/endangered
206:Conservation status
180: /
1215:Trioceros pfefferi
1047:Cardioglossa oreas
928:Bioko forest shrew
900:Myosorex okuensis,
860:Hylomyscus grandis
801:Urolais epichlorus
693:Bannerman's turaco
681:Ploceus bannermani
677:Bannerman's weaver
665:Kupeornis gilberti
347:separate ecoregion
312:Alantika Mountains
264:Cameroon Highlands
1271:Kilum-Ijim Forest
1143:Afrixalus lacteus
904:Rumpi mouse shrew
841:Columba sjostedti
817:Cyanomitra oritis
757:Chubb's cisticola
709:Cameroon greenbul
669:banded wattle-eye
620:and the families
519:Elaeis guineensis
397:Syzygium staudtii
292:Bamenda Highlands
272:Bakossi Mountains
222:
221:
16:(Redirected from
1621:
1560:
1539:
1538:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1485:
1476:
1464:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1411:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1375:
1261:. Towns include
943:, including the
924:Praomys hartwigi
912:western vlei rat
825:Cinnyris ursulae
821:Ursula's sunbird
813:Cameroon sunbird
809:Poliolais lopezi
773:western greenbul
304:Mambilla Plateau
300:Tchabal Gangdaba
284:Mount Manengouba
195:
194:
192:
191:
190:
185:
181:
178:
177:
176:
173:
60:
42:
30:
29:
21:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1569:
1568:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1486:
1479:
1465:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1397:
1390:
1377:
1376:
1353:
1348:
1300:
1298:Protected areas
1291:
1279:Mambila Plateau
1259:Adamawa Regions
1251:
1191:Werneria tandyi
1029:Phrynobatrachus
987:Preuss's monkey
978:Pan troglodytes
953:western gorilla
896:Oku mouse shrew
657:Apalis bamendae
638:
622:Caryophyllaceae
602:Erica silvatica
555:Prunus africana
516:, and the palm
386:Prunus africana
364:
355:
296:Adamawa Plateau
288:Mambila Plateau
260:
188:
186:
182:
179:
174:
171:
169:
167:
166:
158:
124:
63:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1627:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1547:
1546:External links
1544:
1541:
1540:
1521:(4): 510–519.
1505:
1493:
1477:
1450:
1428:
1406:
1388:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1250:
1247:
1179:Bufo villiersi
1167:Xenopus amieti
957:mainland drill
892:L. eisentrauti
797:green longtail
705:Mount Cameroon
653:Bamenda apalis
637:
634:
525:Nuxia congesta
374:Nuxia congesta
363:
360:
354:
351:
343:Mount Cameroon
259:
256:
244:Gulf of Guinea
220:
219:
216:
212:
211:
208:
202:
201:
197:
196:
164:
160:
159:
157:
156:
151:
145:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
126:
125:
123:
122:
117:
111:
106:
100:
98:
94:
93:
88:
82:
81:
76:
70:
69:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1626:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1438:
1432:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1400:DOPA Explorer
1395:
1393:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1239:). The gecko
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1001:
1000:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:Mount Oku rat
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:
613:
612:
606:
604:
603:
598:
597:
592:
587:
583:
581:
580:
575:
574:
570:
566:
561:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:Olea capensis
527:
526:
521:
520:
515:
514:
509:
503:
501:
500:
495:
491:
490:
486:
482:
481:Olea capensis
477:
476:
471:
467:
466:
461:
459:
454:
453:Euphorbiaceae
450:
446:
445:
441:
437:
432:
431:
426:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
407:
401:
399:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:Olea capensis
375:
370:
359:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
316:Hosséré Vokré
313:
309:
308:Obudu Plateau
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:Mount Nlonako
273:
269:
265:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
238:
235:
231:
227:
217:
213:
209:
207:
203:
198:
193:
165:
161:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
121:
118:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
99:
95:
92:
89:
87:
83:
80:
77:
75:
71:
66:
59:
54:
50:
46:
45:Chappal Waddi
41:
36:
31:
19:
1556:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1496:
1468:
1441:. Retrieved
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1409:
1399:
1382:
1301:
1292:
1283:Taraba State
1252:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
995:
990:
976:
968:
960:
948:
938:
931:
923:
915:
907:
899:
891:
883:
875:
867:
859:
851:
845:
840:
832:
824:
816:
808:
800:
792:
784:
776:
764:
760:
752:
744:
736:
728:
720:
712:
696:
688:
680:
672:
664:
656:
650:
639:
617:Anthospermum
615:
609:
607:
600:
596:Erica mannii
594:
593:, including
588:
584:
577:
563:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
523:
517:
511:
507:
504:
497:
479:
473:
469:
463:
456:
434:
430:Anthocleista
428:
424:Allanblackia
410:
404:
402:
395:
372:
365:
356:
324:
261:
229:
225:
223:
200:Conservation
79:Afrotropical
765:C. discolor
648:ecoregion.
460:, Alchornea
369:Afromontane
268:Rumpi Hills
187: /
163:Coordinates
1573:Categories
1443:August 20,
1421:August 20,
1346:References
985:including
973:chimpanzee
701:Kom people
626:Asteraceae
611:Alchemilla
542:Astropanax
534:Astropanax
475:Astropanax
320:Ngaoundéré
280:Mount Kupe
1417:. Resolve
1275:Lake Nyos
1255:Northwest
1176:species,
1038:species,
1035:Phrynodon
1032:species,
908:M. rumpii
630:Lamiaceae
591:Ericaceae
579:Impatiens
565:Isoglossa
494:Meliaceae
458:Macaranga
420:Symphonia
406:Alchornea
339:Mount Oku
258:Geography
240:ecoregion
215:Protected
142:Countries
129:Geography
941:primates
551:Syzygium
499:Clematis
485:Syzygium
465:Mallotus
449:Fabaceae
440:Bridelia
416:Santiria
248:Cameroon
184:6°N 11°E
149:Cameroon
1535:4498534
1263:Bamenda
1173:Xenopus
926:), and
854:), the
835:), and
642:endemic
569:Pavetta
444:Lophira
353:Climate
252:Nigeria
234:montane
232:, is a
154:Nigeria
97:Borders
68:Ecology
1533:
1338:, and
1269:, the
983:guenon
886:) and
771:: the
691:) and
628:, and
576:, and
532:, and
510:, and
496:, and
462:, and
447:, and
436:Lannea
282:, and
1531:JSTOR
769:Bioko
636:Fauna
573:Rubus
559:Ixora
489:Maesa
412:Ficus
362:Flora
189:6; 11
86:Biome
74:Realm
47:, in
1445:2021
1423:2021
1273:and
1257:and
1231:and
614:and
599:and
540:and
513:Ilex
427:and
394:and
314:and
250:and
224:The
218:6.9%
175:11°E
134:Area
1523:doi
1502:PDF
1267:Oku
1225:),
1217:),
993:).
971:),
963:),
936:).
918:),
910:),
894:),
878:),
870:),
862:),
843:).
827:),
819:),
811:),
803:),
795:),
787:),
779:),
747:),
739:),
731:),
723:),
715:),
683:),
675:),
667:),
659:),
322:.
298:to
172:6°N
1575::
1555:.
1529:.
1519:40
1517:.
1480:^
1453:^
1391:^
1381:.
1354:^
1342:.
1334:,
1330:,
1326:,
1322:,
1318:,
1314:,
1310:,
1306:,
1285:.
1209:,
1200:.
1194:,
1188:,
1182:,
1170:,
1164:,
1158:,
1152:,
1146:,
1140:,
1134:,
1128:,
1122:,
1116:,
1110:,
1104:,
1098:,
1092:,
1086:,
1080:,
1074:,
1068:,
1062:,
1056:,
1050:,
1044:,
1026:,
1020:,
1014:,
1008:,
1002:,
955:,
902:)
759:,
707::
632:.
624:,
582:.
571:,
567:,
557:,
553:,
549:,
528:,
522:.
492:,
487:,
483:,
442:,
438:,
422:,
418:,
414:,
400:.
388:,
384:,
380:,
376:,
349:.
278:,
274:,
270:,
1537:.
1525::
1475:.
1447:.
1425:.
1235:(
1221:(
1213:(
989:(
975:(
967:(
959:(
947:(
930:(
922:(
914:(
906:(
898:(
890:(
882:(
874:(
866:(
858:(
850:(
839:(
831:(
823:(
815:(
807:(
799:(
791:(
783:(
775:(
751:(
743:(
735:(
727:(
719:(
711:(
695:(
687:(
679:(
671:(
663:(
655:(
392:,
116:,
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
