Campaign on granting Nizami the status of the national poet of Azerbaijan

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primary sources. Nezami is famous for his five monumental books of narrative poems collectively known as Panj-ganj or "Five Treasures", all considered Persian masterpieces. He also wrote a number of Persian lyric poems. // The above information about the poet is very basic, universally acknowledged, and found in countless literary and encyclopaedic publications over the past several centuries and has thus never been a point of contention. That is until recently. A number of politicians and activists in the newly established Azerbaijan Republic have attempted to deny Nezami's Iranian nationality and even his native language. Amazingly, the Iranian authorities seem to not have even noticed this distortion of history. // However, Siavash Lornejad and Ali Doostzadeh, in their book entitled On the Modern Politicization of the Persian Poet Nezami Ganjavi, have noticed the vulgarity of the claim and have traced it back to the ideologically inspired writings on Nezami Ganjavi done by some scholars of the Soviet era.

1327:

great representative of world literature, but is mainly interested in him as a 'poet of the Soviet Union', which he is considered to be because he was born in Gandzha in the territory of the present Azerbaidzhani Soviet Republic. The Soviet regime proclaims its ownership over Nizami also by 'interpreting'his works in accordance with the general pattern of Soviet ideology. Thus the leading Soviet journal Bolshevik stressed that Nizami's 'great merit'consisted in having undermined Islam by 'opposing the theological teaching of the unchangeable character of the world'. // Stalin himself intervened in the dispute over Nizami and gave an authoritative verdict on the matter. In a talk with the Ukrainian writer, Mikola Bazhan, Stalin referred to Nizami as 'the great poet of our brotherly Azerbaidzhani people'who must not be surrendered to Iranian literature, despite having written most of his poems in Persian.

2462:Выяснять этническую принадлежность каждого заслуживающего внимания автора, а затем расклассифицировать их по разным литературам — но такая задача, во-первых, была бы невыполнимой потому, что данных об этнической принадлежности старых писателей у нас нет и, вероятно, никогда не будет; во-вторых, это методологически было бы порочно до самой последней крайности. Следовательно, мы тогда строили бы литературу по признаку крови, по признаку расы. Едва ли нужно говорить, что так строить литературу мы не можем и не будем, я, во всяком случае, не буду, если кто-нибудь другой хочет — пожалуйста, его частное дело (…) Как провести раздел между персидской и таджикской литературой — я, скажу откровенно, не знаю. Если встать на такую позицию, что мы должны писателя отнести обязательно к тому месту, где он родился и где он большую часть своей жизни действовал, то этот принцип нас никуда не приведет 1441:

mankind's bright future life in the dark medieval night. . .. Speaking of Nizami, Comrade Stalin pointed out that the language of his works (Persian — S.P.) by no means served as a reason for linking him with the literature of Iran.' On the whole, the following pattern was suggested: Nizami wrote in Persian, but had been born and lived in the territory of the future Azerbaijan SSR. He reflected the aspirations of the people of Azerbaijan. He foresaw a brilliant future for the USSR. Because he predicted this not as a stranger, but as an Azerbaijani, he was doubly great. So the Azerbaijanis should be considered 'chosen' builders of socialism because they had a presentiment of a bright future and gave the world a progressive poet-prophet.''

2047:(translation: All this, taken together, makes us revise the established view of Persian literature in Orientalism*. Up until now all that was written in Persian language, irrespective of the place and circumstances of its creation, was considered as Persian literature. Besides, this whole intricate complex of literature is attributed to Iran, the latter being defined as the political entity which carries this name in the given time period. However, the transfer of this concept of the 20th century back for thousand years is of course a big methodological mistake. Persian literature was formed not only on the territory of contemporary Iran but dozens of different nations also contributed to its creation). 3186:Мы готовили таких специалистов <в "новообразованных государствах">, но, как показывает наше с ними общение, там очень много националистических тенденций, научных фальсификаций. (…). В их трудах присутствует националистическое начало, нет объективного взгляда, научного понимания проблем, хода исторического развития. Подчас — откровенная фальсификация. Например, Низами, памятник которому воздвигнут на Каменноостровском проспекте, объявляется великим азербайджанским поэтом. Хотя он по-азербайджански даже не говорил. А обосновывают это тем, что он жил на территории нынешнего Азербайджана — но ведь Низами писал свои стихи и поэмы на персидском языке! 2045:Все это, вместе взятое, заставляет пересмотреть укрепившиеся в востоковедении* взгляды на персидскую литературу. До сих пор под персидской литературой обычно понимают все, что написано на персидском языке, вне зависимости от того, где и в каких условиях эта литература сложилась. Затем весь этот сложный комплекс приписывают Ирану, понимая ' под этим ту политическую единицу, которая носит это название в данное время. Однако, такое перенесение понятия XX в. на тысячу лет назад, конечно, методологически грубо неправильно. Персидская литература сложилась не только на территории современного Ирана, в ее создании принимали участие десятки различных народов» 541:) were elaborated on; in 1929 he had declared that Nizami was native to Caucasus and that his poetry was honoured more in Azerbaijan than in Persia. According to Tamazishvili Yuri Marr did not claim that Nizami was an Azerbaijani poet but he was the only one whom the supporters of such view could refer to. Besides, Yuri Marr was enjoying the 'beams of fame' of his father who was quite influential in those years in academic and political circles. Later the Azerbaijanis would claim that academician N. A. Marr had also taken part in the revision of the "positions of the Bourgeoisie Orientalist science which distorted the image of the Azerbaijani poet". 2948:

collecting information from both secular and mystical sources about Majnun, Nizami portrayed such a vivid picture of this legendary lover that all subsequent poets were inspired by him, many of them imitated him and wrote their own versions of the romance. As we shall see in the following chapters, the poet uses various characteristics deriving from ‘Udhrite love poetry and weaves them into his own Persian culture. In other words, Nizami Persianises the poem by adding several techniques borrowed from the Persian epic tradition, such as the portrayal of characters, the relationship between characters, description of time and setting, etc.

2411:Азербайджанский фольклор. Во многих памятниках сохранились черты древнего фольклора: мидийские легенды (7 — 6 вв. до н. э.), записанные Геродотом и связанные с иранскими завоевательными войнами, религиозно-философские древние тексты в "Авесте" и др. … Многие памятники письменной азербайджанской литературы древнего периода до нас не дошли, но известно, что ещё в 5 в. в Кавказской Албании (на С. современного А.) существовала высокая культура; были написаны оригинальные и переводные религиозные книги и художественные произведения. … Вершиной азербайджанской поэзии 12 в. является творчество Низами Ганджеви, одного из корифеев мировой поэзии 1904:» (translation: However, despite all the prohibitions, persecutions and harassments the Azerbaijani nation managed to bring forward those who could portray its turbulent, courageous and furious soul. Early in the epoch of feudal lawlessness the Azerbaijani nation gave birth to such great artists as Nizami, Khakani and Fizuli. They were passionate patriots of their nation and champions of the independence of their country). Торжество азербайджанского искусства.— Правда. 18.04.1938, № 107 // Tamazishvili, A.O. (2004), "Iz istorii izučenija v SSSR tvorčestva Nizami Gjandževi: vokrug jubileja — E. È. Bertels, I. V. Stalin i drugie", ed. by 3298:(translation: "… If in 12th century 'the language had been of no importance' then Akhsitan wouldn't have emphasised that the poem Leyla and Mejnun, which he had ordered, was written exactly in Perian, i. e. he wouldn't have worried for the wide spread of Turkish language at the expense of Persian and Arabic languages. At the same time he indirectly implied that the population of Shirvan, which was under his rule, spoke Turkish (by 'Turkish-like words' Shah meant a common colloquial speech and wanted to demonstrate that this speech "was inappropriate for their Shah family"), while Nizami wrote his works also in his mother tongue»). 860:

wrote in Persian, but was born and lived on the territory of future Azerbaijan SSR; he reflected the aspirations of the Azerbaijani nation and foresaw a brilliant future for the USSR. The fact that he made his predictions not as a foreigner but as an Azerbaijani made him twice as great. For that reason the Azerbaijanis can be considered as 'elect' builders of socialism as they foresaw the bright future and granted a progressive poet-prophet to the world. Panarin notes that this was not in any way related to the true national renaissance of the Azerbaijani nation but was a mere ideological initiative.

1210:

aforementioned Iranian and Armenian factors had been conducive to rapid Azerbaijanization of historical heroes and historical political formations in the territory of Azerbaijan, hi particular, in 1938 the 800-year anniversary of Nizami was celebrated, and he was declared a great Azeri poet (Istoriia 1939: 88-91). In fact, he was a Persian poet and that was no wonder, since the Persians accounted for the entire urban population in those days (Diakonov 1995: 731). This was recognized in all the encyclopedias published in Russia before the 1930s, and only in 1939 did the

910:. Nizami's poems were translated into Azerbaijani and Russian languages. The Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR included in the work plan of 1938 the writing of a scientific monograph on the Life and Work of the Great Azerbaijani Poet Nizami. An active part in propagating Nizami's work was assigned to Yevgeni Bertels who headed the group engaged in the critical translation of the series of poems by Nizami called Khamsa and in 1940 published a book Great Azerbaijani poet Nizami: Epoch, Life and Work, adapted according to ideological standards of his time". 1613:Ю. Н. Марр еще в 1929 г. утверждал: "Низами является своим для Кавказа, в частности для той этнической группировки, которая до последнего времени сохранила персидскую традицию в своей литературе, то есть для Азербайджана, где гянджинский поэт все-таки более в почете, чем в Персии". Конечно, "свой для Азербайджана" — это не то же, что "азербайджанский", но в середине 1937 г. скончавшийся в 1935 г. Ю. Н. Марр был единственным из советских востоковедов, на чьи исследования могли опереться сторонники взгляда на Низами как поэта азербайджанского 1568:К промахам приходится отнести также замечание автора (стр. 27), что дух тюркизма должна была воспитывать в мальчике Низами его мать. Очевидно, взята эта догадка из Кочарлинского, который привел дилетантское соображение Шерра, что, если отец Низами, был пришлый человек из Кума, то его мать была гянджинка родом, "гянджяли бир гыз" (т. 1, 1925, стр. 65); полагаем, что ясное заявление самого Низами о благородном курдском происхождении его матери должно было бы предохранить Мик. Paфили от повторения несостоятельной гипотезы Шерра и Кочарлинского 3296:…если бы в XII столетии "язык не имел значения", то Ахситан не подчеркивал бы особо, чтобы его заказ-поэма "Лейли и Меджнун" был выполнен именно на фарси, то есть не опасался бы широкого распространения тюркского языка в ущерб персидскому и арабскому языкам. Тем самым он косвенно указывал, что население Ширвана, которым он правил, говорило на тюркском (под "тюрко-подобными словами" шах имел в виду простонародную речь и хотел продемонстрировать, что эта речь "не подобает их шахскому роду"), а Низами создавал произведения и на родном языке. 1570:». (Translation: Another mistake is the note of the author (p. 27) saying the spirit of Turkism must have been instilled in the young Nizami by his mother. This assumption is most probably taken from Kocharlinski who referred to an amateur depiction by Cher that while Nizami's father was a newcomer from Qom his mother was a Gyanjevi "гянджяли бир гыз" (т. 1, 1925, стр. 65); we consider that Nizami's clear statement about the noble Kurdish origin of his mother was supposed to guard M. Rafili against repeating an unsupported hypothesis). 914:

nizamology, and the works written about Nizami within the last decade have "for a number of times exceeded the volume of literature written in Western Europe within a century and a half". The politicised analysis of Nizami's works which was accepted in the USSR presupposed that the poet could dream of a communist society, which raised protests against Bertels in 1947. One of the main results of the jubilee campaign and of declaring Nizami as an Azerbaijani was the wide popularization of Nizami's writings in the Soviet Union.

1982:» (translation: "The sneaky enemies of the nation, nationalist-Mousavatists, panturkists and other betrayers wanted to steal Nizami from his nation for the sole reason that he wrote most of his works in the Iranian language. But the great genius of the working people, our father and leader comrade Stalin returned to the Azerbaijani nation its greatest poet Nizami"). Садых А. Москва! Сталин! — Декада азербайджанской литературы в Москве. Баку. 1940. (Вургун Самед. Доклад на вечере в Военно-политической академии им. Ленина.) 1615:» (translation: " Back in 1929, Yu.N. Marr asserted that "Nezami is its own for Caucasus, especially for the ethnic group that has kept the Persian tradition in its literature until recently, i.e. for Azerbaijan, where the Ganjian poet is more respected than in Persia." Of course, "its own for Azerbaijan" is not the same as "Azerbaijani," but in the middle of 1937, Marr who had died in 1935, was the only Soviet Orientalist on whose research could the proponents of the view of Nezami as an Azerbaijani poet lean"). 2032:

literatures of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan). This is clearly justified in the case of Armenia and Georgia, while it is rather more problematic to separate a special Azerbaijan literature from Persian literature. The 12th-century poet Nizami, usually considered one of the great Persian classics, Is In IVL an Azerbaijan poet, since he lived in a town now within the territory of the Soviet republic of Azerbaijan. Persian literature is called Persian-Tajik, thus anticipating the Soviet republic Tajikistan.

2922:» (translation: "Main, revolutionary result of this campaign for our native scholarship became attributing Nezami as an Azerbaijani poet, and his works as achievements of the Azerbaijani literature, while in the realm of the world Oriental Studies (and prior to this in the Soviet as well), the viewpoint of him as a representative of Persian literature"). Tamazishvili, A.O. (2004), "Iz istorii izučenija v SSSR tvorčestva Nizami Gjandževi: vokrug jubileja — E. È. Bertels, I. V. Stalin i drugie", ed. by 3429:Из истории изучения в СССР творчества Низами Гянджеви: вокруг юбилея — Е. Э. Бертельс, И. В. Сталин и другие // Наумкин В. В. (отв. ред.), Романова Н. Г., Смилянская И. М. Неизвестные страницы отечественного востоковедения : — М. : Вост. лит., 2004. Рос. акад. наук, Ин-т востоковедения, С.-Петерб. фил. арх. РАН. Стр. 173—199. (Tamazishvili, A.O. (2004), "Iz istorii izučenija v SSSR tvorčestva Nizami Gjandževi: vokrug jubileja — E. È. Bertels, I. V. Stalin i drugie", ed. by 3311:(translation: "who dares say "he is not a Turk" to a poet who calls a) the great and the beautiful - a Turk, b) beauty and greatness – Turkish, c) beautiful and great words – Turkish language, d) the country of greatness and beauty – Turkestan. In the epoch during which Nizami wrote, the language as such was of no importance; as for the feelings, spirituality and patriotic arguments proving the Turkish origin of the poet, there is not just one but thousands of those"»). 4701: 2080:Чрезвычайно любопытно, что одну из лучших своих поэм "Лейли и Меджнун" Низами намеревался писать не на фарсидском, а на родном, азербайджанском языке. На это имеются ясные намеки в начале поэмы, где Низами объясняет причины создания им "Лейли и Меджнун". Низами рассказывает здесь о том, как его желанию помешало появление посланца шаха с письмом, в котором он требовал от поэта создания новой поэмы, поставив условием — писать ее только на фарсидском языке. 22: 82: 791:; also a reference was made to the "special decision on Nizami's jubilee" in which the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR "firmly and decisively recognized Nizami as a great Azerbaijani poet". In Nizami's works "the life and the mode of life of the Azernbaijani nation were portrayed". The Azerbaijani authors explained the lack of any research on Nizami in Azerbaijan by "the plots of sneaky agents of 2920:главным, революционным для отечественной науки результатом этой кампании стало отнесение Низами к поэтам азербайджанским, а его творчества к достижениям азербайджанской литературы, в то время как в мировом востоковедении (а ранее и в советском) доминировал взгляд на него как представителя литературы персидской. Точки зрения, что Низами персидский поэт, и сегодня придерживаются ученые многих стран, в первую очередь — Ирана 1715:«Nizami Ganja'i, whose personal name was Ilyas, is the most celebrated native poet of the Persians after Firdausi… His nisbah designates him as a native of Ganja (Elizavetpol, Kirovabad) in Azerbaijan, then still a country with an Iranian population, and he spent the whole of his life in Transcaucasia; the verse in some of his poetic works which makes him a native of the hinterland of Qom is a spurious interpolation.» 2424: 636:, if in the Soviet Union a party member wrote an article on Nizami, this meant that each conscious resident of the Soviet Union was supposed to know who Nizami was. This was an instruction to all the directive organizations, all the authorities of republican, district and regional levels and in this regard the Academy of Sciences was to say its word without challenging its high scientific standing on this matter. 2303:

the issue of the formation of the Azeri people (Istoriia 1960). The paragraph on the "great Azeri poet" was supplemented by a portrait of Nizami Ganjevi, drawn by the artist, G. Khalykov, in the 1940s. Although an authentic portrait of the poet did not exist, in accordance with Muslim norms, the portrait in question met Baghirov's requirements, and has ever since been reproduced in all Azeri textbooks

2061:Каково этническое происхождение родителей Низами — не так уж существенно для его социальной биографии. Низами относился с большим уважением к своему азербайджанскому происхождению, был полон глубокой любви к своему народу, для него слово "тюрок" несовместимо со злом, жестокостью, несправедливостью. Могущество тюркских племен, их возвышение, он видит только в их гуманности в справедливости… 3309:…кто смеет сказать "он не тюрк" поэту, который называет а) красивого и великого — тюрком, б) красоту и величие — тюркизмом, в) красивое и великое слово — тюркским, г) страну красоты и величия — Туркестаном. В эпоху, когда жил Низами, язык как таковой не имел значения, с точки зрения же чувств, души, патриотических аргументов, доказывающих тюркское происхождение поэта, не одно, а тысячи. 2015:

the Orientalists. However in practice the lines blur. Thus the twelfth-century poet Nezami, who was born in what is now Soviet Azerbaijan and wrote in Persian, is studied as a great Azerbaijani writer. In addition, the Academy's Nezami Institute of Literature and Language has a section, established in 1976, dealing with the Azerbaijani language and literature of Iranian Azerbaijan.

959:. He published an article titled "Literature in Persian language in Central Asia" in which, based on the idea of integrity of Persian literature, he declared that he would consider as Persian all the literary works "written in so-called 'new-Persian language' irrespective of the ethnic origin of their authors and of the geographical location where these works originated". 1902:Но несмотря на все запреты и гонения, наперекор преследованиям, героический азербайджанский народ выдвигал из своей среды выразителей его мятежной, мужественной и гневной души. Ещё во время феодального бесправия он родил таких крупнейших художников, как Низами, Хакани, Физули. Они были пламенными патриотами своего народа, поборниками свободы и независимости своей страны 1608:» (translation: "Main, revolutionary result of this campaign for our native scholarship became attributing Nezami as an Azerbaijani poet, and his works as achievements of the Azerbaijani literature, while in the realm of the world Oriental Studies (and prior to this in the Soviet as well), the viewpoint of him as a representative of Persian literature"). 662:

poems in the Iranian language. Nizami himself confirms in his poems that he was forced to resort to the Iranian language since he wasn't allowed to turn to his nation in his native tongue. This was the part quoted by comrade Stalin who managed to grasp with genius scale of his mind and erudition all the outstanding creations in the history of mankind.

4058: 1803:Шамилов С., Луговской В., Вургун Самед (редакторы первоначального варианта «Антологии азербайджанской поэзии»). Поэты Азербайджана на русском языке. — Бакинский рабочий. 16.05.1937, № 112 // Tamazishvili, A.O. (2004), "Iz istorii izučenija v SSSR tvorčestva Nizami Gjandževi: vokrug jubileja — E. È. Bertels, I. V. Stalin i drugie", ed. by 1429:

Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks or Tajiks, but of an initiative by the ideological authorities. In fact, by forcing scholars to search the past for signs of a unique mission predesignated by history not only for Russia, but for the entire empire, they attributed a significant part of the Russians' Messianism to their oriental 'younger brothers'.

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the author was in possession of their collected works. Nozhat al-mājales is thus a mirror of the social conditions at the time, reflecting the full spread of Persian language and the culture of Iran throughout that region, clearly evidenced by the common use of spoken idioms in poems as well as the professions of some of the poets.

2850:

Khamsa, which is a collection of five long poems written by the Persian poet Nizami of Ganja. Nizami (1141—1209) lived and worked in Ganja in present-day Azerbaijan. He is widely recognized as one of the main poets of Medieval Persia, a towering figure who produced outstanding poetry, straddling mysticism, romances and epics».

1980:Подлые враги народа, националисты-мусаватисты, пантюркисты и прочие предатели хотели отнять Низами у своего родного народа лишь по той причине, что большинство своих произведений он писал на иранском языке. Но великий гений трудящихся, наш отец и вождь товарищ Сталин вернул азербайджанскому народу его величайшего поэта Низами 3114: 1235:Все написанное бывшим президентом Ирана Мухаммедом Хатами о том, что Низами Гянджеви является иранским поэтом, истинная правда. Низами писал и творил на фарси, у него нет ни одного произведения на азербайджанском языке». Об этом в беседе с журналистами заявил посол Исламской Республики Иран в Азербайджане Афшар Сулеймани 704:

question about Nizami was stressed more than once. Thus in 1947 the Deputy Chairman of State Planning Committee of Azerbaijan SSR (from 1970 the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Azerbaijan SSR) Ali Ibragimov characterised Stalin's role in promoting the studies of Nizami's literary heritage in the following way:

1965:Ибрагимов Мирза. Заключительное слово. — Низами Гянджеви. Материалы научной конференции посвящённой жизни и творчеству поэта (3-6 июня 1947 г.). Баку, 1947, с. 134. // Tamazishvili, A.O. (2004), "Iz istorii izučenija v SSSR tvorčestva Nizami Gjandževi: vokrug jubileja — E. È. Bertels, I. V. Stalin i drugie", ed. by 1651: 3108: 1606:Главным, революционным для отечественной науки результатом этой кампании стало отнесение Низами к поэтам азербайджанским, а его творчества к достижениям азербайджанской литературы, в то время как в мировом востоковедении (а ранее и в советском) доминировал взгляд на него как представителя литературы персидской 1952:Цитируется по: Самед Вургун, Расул Рза, Сулейман Рустам. Письмо бакинской интеллигенции товарищу Сталину. Литературный Азербайджан. Баку, 1939, № 4, с.3—12. // Tamazishvili, A.O. (2004), "Iz istorii izučenija v SSSR tvorčestva Nizami Gjandževi: vokrug jubileja — E. È. Bertels, I. V. Stalin i drugie", ed. by 3131: 1751:. Nizam-uddin Abu Mahommed Ilyas bin Yusuf, Persian poet, was born 535 A.H. (1141 A.D.). His native place, or at any rate the abode of his father, was in the hills of Kum, but as he spent almost all his days in Ganja in Arran (the present Elizavettpol) he is generally known as Nizami of Ganja or Ganjawi 848:

focused on the changes that these literatures and Eastern nations in general had undergone due to socialism. One could not make those conclusions based on the analysis of literary works, that's why the researchers had to cling to separate historical facts such as the birthplace of this or that author.

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But Neẓāmi’s Leyli o Majnun changed the image of Majnun decisively from the twelfth century onwards. Despite its simple structure and plot, the romance is among the most imitated works in Persian, and in other languages under Persian cultural and literary influence, such as Pashto, Urdu, Kurdish, and

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V. Minorsky: «review of G. H. Darab translation of Makhzan al-Asrar» 1945 Minorsky, BSOAS., 1948, xii/2, 441-5): «Whether Nizami was born in Qom or in Ganja is not quite clear. The verse (quoted on p. 14): "I am lost as a pearl in the sea of Ganja, yet I am from the Qohestan of the city of Qom", does

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On the one hand, the role of Turkic language in the consolidation of the local population was also recognized, but, on the other hand, biological, cultural and historical continuity, rooted in the very remote local past, was emphasized. This seemed sufficient to the author, who did not go deeper into

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Dr. Paola Orsatti (Associate Professor of Persian language and literature, Sapienza University of Rome). Back Cover Comments // Siavash Lornejad, Ali Doostzadeh. On the Modern Politicization of the Persian Poet Nezami Ganjavi. Edited by Victoria Arakelova. YEREVAN SERIES FOR ORIENTAL STUDIES, Yerevan

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The attempt to 'annex'an important part of Persian literature and to transform it into 'Azerbaidzhani literature' can be best exemplified by the way in which the memory of the great Persian poet Nizami (1141—1203) is exploited in the Soviet Union. The Soviet regime does not pay tribute to Nizami as a

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were 'appropriated' by the Soviet republics for creating an impression that the best part of the pre-Soviet cultural heritage of the nations, which once constituted a single civilization, was created within the boundaries of the future USSR. The Soviet propaganda offered the following scheme – Nizami

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of 1939 likewise called Nizami as an Azerbaijani poet (the author of the article was Yevgeni Bertels who had previously referred to Nizami as a Persian poet). The article in the official Soviet Encyclopaedia completed the process of revising Nizami's nationality in Soviet Oriental studies. After 1940

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Thus, as a proof for Nizami's Azerbaijani identity Bertels used the argument of methodological fallacy of ascribing to Iran a whole complex of Persian literature irrespective of the place of its creation and the ethnic origin of the author Azerbaijani commentators interpreted a number of parts within

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In 1937 the "Anthology of Azerbaijani poetry" was to be published in the USSR. In the initial version of it Nizami's poems were not included. However, on the 1st of August newspaper "Bakinskiy Rabochiy" published a note which said that the works on the anthology were completed and Nizami's poetry was

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mentions that in the self-determined republics the efforts directed at the formation of cultures of titular nations were doubled at that time. According to the national line of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks all the titular nations were supposed to have "great traditions" which according

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Shireen Hunter. Iran and Transcaucasia in the Post-Soviet Era // Central Asia meets the Middle East / David Menashri. — Routledge, 1998. "The problem is that Western scholars are accepting and legitimating these distortions. For instance, Alstadt refers to 'Azerbaijani Turkish literature from Nizami

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Beatrice Forbes Manz. Reviewed work(s): The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule by Audrey Altstadt. Russian Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Jul., 1994), pp. 453-455. "A clear discussion of existing controversies and of the ideological constraints behind the Soviet account of Azerbaijani

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Chelkowski, P. "Nezami's Iskandarnameh:"in Colloquio sul poeta persiano Nizami e la leggenda iranica di Alessandro magno, Roma,1977). "Nizami was a typical product of the Iranian culture. He created a bridge between Islamic Iran and pre-Islamic Iran and also between Iran and the whole ancient world.

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C. A. (Charles Ambrose) Storey and Franço de Blois (2004), «Persian Literature — A Biobibliographical Survey: Volume V Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period.», RoutledgeCurzon; 2nd revised edition (June 21, 2004). Стр. 363: «Nizami Ganja'i, whose personal name was Ilyas, is the most celebrated native poet

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The fact that numerous quatrains of some poets (e.g. Amir Šams-al-Din Asʿad of Ganja, ʿAziz Šarvāni, Šams Sojāsi, Amir Najib-al-Din ʿOmar of Ganja, Badr Teflisi, Kamāl Marāḡi, Šaraf Ṣāleḥ Baylaqāni, Borhān Ganjaʾi, Elyās Ganjaʾi, Baḵtiār Šarvāni) are mentioned together like a series tends to suggest

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Bertels tried to defend his stance declaring about the methodological absurdity of classifying writers according to their ethnic or territorial affiliation. However, after receiving new accusations in reactionary pan-Islamism and bourgeois cosmopolitanism from his colleagues he had to admit his 'big

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Accompanied by the politicised jubilee campaign and to a great extent thanks to this campaign a massive translation, scientific-research and publishing works of political and cultural importance were launched and enhanced in scale. According to Bertels by 1948 in the USSR a new science was created –

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According to the 'territoriality principle' Nizami, as a native of future Azerbaijan SSR, was to a certain extent a 'poet of Soviet Union' and his image was exploited for ideological purposes in this very sense. According to Sergei Panarin the research in the field of Eastern literatures in the USSR

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The jubilee celebrations, planned for autumn 1941, were postponed because of the war, although the jubilee conference took place in December 1941 in Ermitage in Leningrad at the time of the blockade. With the war being over the campaign was renewed. In May 1945 Nizami's museum opened in Baku; on the

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emphasizes that the final verdict supporting the stance that Nizami was a great Azerbaijani poet, who spoke against the oppressors but was forced to write in a foreign language, was made by Joseph Stalin. Nizami was not supposed to belong to the Persian literature notwithstanding the language of his

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Comrade Stalin spoke about Azerbaijani poet Nizami and quoted his works in order to break, using the very words of the poet, the groundlessness of the assertion that this great poet of our fraternal Azerbaijani nation was to be given to Iranian literature only because he supposedly wrote most of his

501:(1937). For affirming an equal status with other Transcaucasian republics Soviet Azerbaijan was to hold a jubilee celebration of an equivalent scale. In the framework of those all-Soviet jubilee campaigns the preparations for the 800th anniversary of Nizami as a great Azerbaijani poet were launched. 2947:

Ali Asghar Seyed-Gohrab, "Layli and Majnun: Madness and Mystic Longing" Brill Studies in Middle Eastern literature, Jun 2003, pg 76-77. : Although Majnun was to some extent a popular figure before Nizami's time, his popularity increased dramatically after the appearance of Nizami's romance. By

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and Franço de Blois (2004), «Persian Literature — A Biobibliographical Survey: Volume V Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period.», RoutledgeCurzon; 2nd revised edition (June 21, 2004). Pg 363: «Nizami Ganja'i, whose personal name was Ilyas, is the most celebrated native poet of the Persians after Firdausi.

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In addition to research expressly on Iran, additional pertinent work is done under the rubric Azerbaijani studies. In theory Soviet and Iranian Azerbaijan fall into separate categories, with the northern part belonging to the domain of Soviet history while the southern part belongs to the domain of

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So in studying oriental literature, scholars looked above all for indications of the transformation apparently experienced by the peoples of the East within the socialist context. And as analysis of literary works did not yield sufficiently convincing proof, recourse was made to fortuitous facts of

1286:«'Soviet Nationalism': An Ideological Legacy to the Independent Republics of Central Asia'». Dr. Bert G. Fragner (Austrian Academy of Sciences (Vienna): Executive Director (Institute of Iranian Studies)) // Willem van Schendel (PhD, Professor of Modern Asian History at the University of Amsterdam), 1237:" (Translation: 'The ambassador of the Islamic Republic of Iran to Azerbaijan Afshar Suleiman in the meeting with journalists declared, "All that was written by the former president of Iran Mohammad Khatami, on Nizami Ganjavi being an Iranian poet, is an absolute truth. Nizami wrote and composed in 1029:

by ascribing Nizami to Azerbaijani literature Altstadt continues the policies of Soviet falsifications of the history of Azerbaijani-Iranian relations. Reviewing the concept of the synthesis of Turkish and Iranian cultures in Nizami's works Lornejad and Doostzadeh conclude that there are no grounds

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In May 1939 a special ad hoc committee of the Council of People's Commissars of Azerbaijan SSR was established for preparing and holding the 800th jubilee anniversary of the "great Azerbaijani poet Nizami" which was to take place in 1941. In autumn the Anthology of Azerbaijani Poetry was published,

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During the jubilee anniversaries it was mentioned for many times that the Soviet authorities and Stalin personally returned Nizami to the Azerbaijanis. Thus in 1940 in the framework of the Decade of Azerbaijani Literature in Moscow the leading Azerbaijani poet Samad Vurgun made a report in which he

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convictions and being a patriot of Azerbaijan he considered the Persian identification of Nizami as ideologically unacceptable. However, by the end of the 1930s the solution of this question was beyond the competence of politicians on the Republican level. Besides, the attempt to label Nizami as an

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Kocharlinski brings Nizami as an example of a Tatar (later known as Azerbaijani) poet who wrote in Persian language in the light of a general trend of borrowing religion, language and literature from Persians by the Tatars (i.e. Azerbaijanis). At the same time Konchalovski, referring to an accepted

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In brief, Azerbaijan was in great need of its own history, and in 1940–1941 the Department of History of Azerbaijan was established and a course in the history of Azerbaijan was introduced to the curriculum of the Historical Faculty of the ASU (Ibragimov, Tokarzhevsky 1964: 27). By that time, both

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that this work "not only exposes multiple falsifications but also, based on a thorough research of Nizami's works, proves that Nizami was without doubt an Iranian poet". Paola Orsatti believes that the book demonstrates the historical inconsistency of attributing Nizami to the Azerbaijani culture.

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by S. Lornejad and A. Doostzadeh was published in the Yerevan volume on Orientalism. The book provided a detailed examination of the question of Nizami's identity and the process of his politicization which received a positive criticism from a number of famous Orientalists. G. Bournoutian mentions

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in the late 1930s and was arranged to coincide with the celebration of the 800th anniversary of the poet. The campaign was crowned with jubilee celebrations in 1947 but its effects continue up to this day: on one hand this process was beneficial for many cultures of the multi-cultural Soviet Union

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or Nizami Ganjavi, boils down to the project of enhancing the ethnic prestige. "Nationalization" of classical Persian poets, which was a part of general policy of nation-building in Soviet times, in a number of former Soviet republics has now become a matter of political speculations as well as a

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After the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia called Nizami an Azerbaijani poet in 1939 in subsequent works he began to be described not only as a 'crown' of Azerbaijani poets of the 12th century but also as an element in the chain of ancient Azerbaijani literature which includes authors not only from the

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Bertels published an article titled "preparations for Nizami's jubilee" in which he particularly noted the description by Nizami of a utopian country of universal happiness (at the end of his poem "Iskander Nameh"). Bertels presented this description as an anticipation of the establishment of the

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The question of studying Nizami's work at a larger scale in terms of studying his multifaceted and rich heritage was launched by the Soviet scholars in 1939 after our great leader comrade Stalin, an expert in history in general and in the history of the nations of the Soviet Union and in national

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Annemarie Schimmel, «And Muhammad Is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety (Studies in Religion)»,The University of North Carolina Press (November 30, 1985). Стр. 18: «In Persian sources, his search for knowledge takes precedence over world conquest. In the Iskandar-namah

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Johan Christoph Burgel (Editor), Christine van Ruymbeke (Editor), Nizami: A Key to the Treasure of the Hakim (ISS), Leiden University Press (2010): «This "Key" to the Khamsa consists of thirteen essays by eminent scholars in the field of Persian Studies, each focusing on different aspects of the

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This was done to distance the Turkic groups from Islam, as well as to instill in them the pride in a glorious, albeit fictional, national identity by claiming the Persian or Byzantine heritage as their own. Hence, the great Persian poet Nezami became the national poet of Azerbaijan; the medieval

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This announcement by Bertels immediately made him an object of politicised criticism which accused him in adopting "false standpoints of Western-European orientalists" and bourgeois cosmopolitanism and for diverging from Marxist–Leninist views on the literature of nations of Central Asia and the

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According to Tamazishvili, presenting Nizami as an Azerbaijani poet and ascribing his work to the achievements of the Azerbaijani literature was "the most important revolutionary result for the Soviet science achieved by this 'jubilee' campaign". In Azerbaijan the acknowledgement of Nizami as an

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The exposition mostly consisted of paintings on the themes of Nizami's poems. Despite the lack of authentic portraits of Nizami the central painting of the exhibition was the portrait of the poet by painter Ghazanfar Khalikov which met Bagirov's requirements. Since the 1960s this portrait became

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The partisans of classical oriental studies were also made to take refuge in the hoary past. In some disciplines — ancient and medieval history, for instance — they had to completely give up studying the inherent features of a civilisation and concentrate all efforts on its formation. For those

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However, as noted by Tamazishvili, Bertels never mentioned Stalin's role in the question of the 'repatriation' of Nizami; there is no word about Stalin in Russian publications either, including the publications of Azerbaijani authors. Nevertheless, in Azerbaijan the role of Stalin regarding the

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Another problem is the historically changing concept of a nation. It is evident that IVL projects the present 15 Soviet republics back Into history. As early as In vol. 2 (the Middle Ages) there Is a special section devoted to the literatures of Caucasus and Transcaucasia (with chapters on the

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Nezami Ganjavi is one of the most famous Iranian poets of the classical period. He was born to native Iranian parents in the city of Ganja, which is now located in Azerbaijan Republic. At Nezami's time, Iranian ethnic elements and Persian culture and language were dominant in Ganja as noted by

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This book provides a full survey of the distortions – dictated by nationalistic purposes – which have been pervading the field of the studies on the Persian poet Nezami of Ganje since the Soviet campaign for Nezami's 800th birthday anniversary. The authors discuss, with critical accuracy, the

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4. Here are primary arguments from L. I. Klimovich's afterword to the Russian translation of Nizami's Iskander Namah: 'The flight of thought characteristic here of Nizami no doubt reflects the people's aspirations. … Nizami appears before us … as a thinker of genius who had given a glimpse of

1434:

From the 1960s to the 1980s, the paths of Soviet oriental studies and the Soviet East diverged even more. A new research school appeared — 'Third World studies'. Many scholars began to examine the political situation as well as the processes of social modernisation and economic growth in the

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It was up to the central power to solve these kinds of contradiction by arbitrary decisions. This makes clear that Soviet nationalism was embedded into the political structure of what used to be called 'Democratic Centralism'. The territorial principle was extended to all aspects of national

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declared that no one in the world doubts about Nizami being an Azerbaijani poet and that this can easily be proved. The perception of Nizami as a non-Azerbaijani poet Aliev explained by saying that Azerbaijani culture is so rich that other nations make attempts to attribute it to themselves.

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published a front-page article titled The triumph of Azerbaijani Art in which the same three poets – Nizami, his contemporary Khagani Shirvani and Fizuli of Baghdad were named as portrayers of "turbulent, brave and enraged soul" of the Azerbaijani nation, passionate patriots of their nation,

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Audrey L. Altstadt. The Azerbaijani Turks. Power and Identity under Russian Rule. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, 1992, p. 12. "Nizami Ganjevi is seen as an example of the interconnections between Turkish and Persian cultural strands and of Azerbaijan`s place in Turco-Persian

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However, as mentioned by Tamazishvili, by the end of Stalin's life the version of his role in 'returning' Nizami came to its demise as its further shameless exploitation could be of no use any more; as for Stalin himself, he was not interested in dubious laurels in the sphere of Nizamology,

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It is well known that Nizami wrote his poems in the Persian language. This fact was more than once used by the enemies of the Azerbaijani nation, bourgeoisie historians and Iranian nationalists for declaring Nizami as an Iranian poet, as though he had nothing in common with his motherland –

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in his book "Literature of Azerbaijani Tatars" called the poet a 'Tatar from Elizavetpol' (up until the 1930s the Azerbaijanis were called 'Tatars'). According to Soviet orientalist A. E. Krimsky Kocharlinski's theses were based on Jóhannes Sherr's assumptions on that Nizami's mother was an

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V. Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History, Cambridge University Press, 1957. С. 34: «The author of the collection of documents relating to Arran Mas'ud b. Namdar (c. 1100) claims Kurdish nationality. The mother of the poet Nizami of Ganja was Kurdish (see autobiographical digression in the

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This gave the impression that the greatest and best part of the pre-Soviet heritage of peoples once part of the same civilisation but recently divided by the magic line of the Soviet borders was created within the future USSR. And this was not the result of a national awakening among the

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Nizami is one of the brightest geniuses not only of the Azerbaijani nation but also of the whole humanity. He is a rare phenomenon in whom all the best genetic qualities have been accumulated – talent, wit, conscience, honour, sagacity and clairvoyance which were always inherent to our

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Lalita Sinha notes, that the scholars of Persian literature consider Nizami as the greatest representative of Persian literature. Dr. Lalita Sinha (Universiti Sains Malaysia, Senior Lecturer in Comparative Literature and Comparative Religion). Garden of Love. World Wisdom, Inc, 2008.

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In world Orientalism the dominant view was to consider Nizami as a representative of Persian literature. Soviet Orientalists also held the same view till the late 1930s. According to encyclopedic dictionaries published in Russia , Nizami was a Persian poet and a descendant of city of

2810:(Associate Professor, Near Eastern Studies at the University of Arizona, Tucson), Jerome W. Clinton (professor emeritus of Near Eastern studies and a scholar of Iranian culture and society), K. Allin Luthe. The Poetry of Nizami Ganjavi: Knowledge, Love, and Rhetoric. Palgrave, 2001 1302:

histories, not only in space but also in time: 'Urartu was the oldest manifestation of a state not only on Armenian soil but throughout the whole Union (and, therefore, implicitly the earliest forerunner of the Soviet state)', 'Nezami from Ganja is an Azerbaijani Poet', and so on.

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and A. Altstadt call Nizami a Persian poet and at the same time consider him as an example of synthesis of Turkish and Persian cultures. Criticising Altstadt's point of view the critics note that it translates the ideological views of Soviet Azerbaijani researchers. According to

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Yo'av Karny, «Highlanders : A Journey to the Caucasus in Quest of Memory», Published by Macmillan, 2000. Стр. 124: «In 1991 he published a translation into Khynalug of the famous medieval poet Nezami, who is known as Persian but is claimed by Azeri nationalists as their

2791:

A History of Literary Criticism in Iran, 1866—1951: Literary Criticism in the Works of Enlightened Thinkers of Iran--Akhundzadeh, Kermani, Malkom, Talebof, Maragheʼi, Kasravi, and Hedayat, Iraj Parsinejad (Tokio University of Foreign Studies), Ibex Publishers, Inc., 2003,

436:). At the same time the Azerbaijanis desperately needed proofs of their own autochthony, since being considered as a 'nation of newcomers' created a direct threat of deportations. As a result, a Chair of Azerbaijani history was established in the Faculty of History of the 2548:

introduction of Layli wa Majnun). In the 16th century there was a group of 24 septs of Kurds in Qarabagh, see Sharaf-nama, I, 323. Even now the Kurds of the USSR are chiefly grouped south of Ganja. Many place-names composed with Kurd are found on both banks of the Kur.»

2108:». Научно-исследовательская литература о жизни и творчестве Низами. — Литературный Азербайджан. 1939. № 3, с. 73-74. // Tamazishvili, A.O. (2004), "Iz istorii izučenija v SSSR tvorčestva Nizami Gjandževi: vokrug jubileja — E. È. Bertels, I. V. Stalin i drugie", ed. by 768:

The 'territorial principle' was one of the cornerstones of the ideology of "Soviet nationalism" which applied also to history. The national principle in the USSR presupposed the extrapolation of 15 republics back into the past. In particular this concept distinguished

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to Saeb Tabrizi'. Yet Nizami wrote in Persian and on Persian themes. Saeb Tabrizi was born and lived all his life in Isfahan, even if his forefathers had fled from Tabriz. It is amazing that any serious scholar can call Nizami's works 'Azerbaijani Turkish literature"

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issues in particular, at his meeting with writers spoke about Nizami and quoted his writings. After this, having received a bright, deep and scientifically correct directive, the Soviet scholars launched an exceptionally large research on Nizami's work and his epoch

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arguments put forward by Soviet scholars, and more recently by scholars from the Republic of Azerbaijan, which term Nezami as an "Azerbaijani poet" and his work as pertaining to an alleged "Azerbaijani literature;" and show the historic unsoundness of such theses.

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said, "A very happy and solemn event is taking place now – we are unveiling a monument to the prominent son of East, to the prominent son of Azerbaijan – poet and thinker Nizami. The head of the Iranian Philology Department and the dean of the Oriental Faculty of

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Caucasus. In April 1949, at an open party meeting in the Institute of Oriental Studies, devoted to the struggle against cosmopolitanism, it was announced that Bertels "was helping to spread new bourgeois-nationalistic concepts about supposed dominance of

1557:Вакиф считается основателем татарской литературы» (translation: "Famous Nizami, who wrote in Persian his amazing poems filled with sublime feelings of love, was a Tatar born in Elizavetpol (…) Vaqif is considered to be the founder of Tatar literature."). 787:

the plans for the release of which had been announced earlier. The foreword to the anthology contained arguments proving that Nizami was an Azerbaijani poet, which also included references to Yuri Marr, the letter being characterised as a leading Soviet

2716:. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. Excerpt one:"Nizami Gandjawi, Djamal al-Din Abu Muhammad Ilyas b. Yusuf b. Zaki Muʾayyad, one of the greatest Persian poets and thinkers." 2653:. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. Excerpt one:"Nizami Gandjawi, Djamal al-Din Abu Muhammad Ilyas b. Yusuf b. Zaki Muʾayyad, one of the greatest Persian poets and thinkers." 2406: 2400: 2989:. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland, & London, 1999, p. 93. "Nizami Ganjevi, one of Iran`s greatest poets, today he is recognized as an example of the amalgamation of Turkic and Iranian culture, and of Azerbaijan`s contribution to it." 2029:. Writing the History of World Literature in the USSR // Culture & History, v5. Københavns universitet. Center for sammenlignende kulturforskning, Københavns universitet. Humanistiske forskningscenter. Museum Tusculanum Press, 1989. p. 19-38. « 1824:"). Антология азербайджанской поэзии на русском языке. — Бакинский рабочий. 01.08.1937. № 177. // Tamazishvili, A.O. (2004), "Iz istorii izučenija v SSSR tvorčestva Nizami Gjandževi: vokrug jubileja — E. È. Bertels, I. V. Stalin i drugie", ed. by 1269:

The Azerbaijani delegate insisted that the Persian poet Nizami was actually a classic of Azerbaijani literature because he was a "Turk from Gandzha", and that Mirza Fath Ali Akundov was not a gentry writer, as some proletarian critics has charged

1926:И. К. Луппол (философ, академик АН СССР). Архив РАН. ф. 456. оп. 1.Д. 18, л. 70-71. Cited from: Tamazishvili, A.O. (2004), "Iz istorii izučenija v SSSR tvorčestva Nizami Gjandževi: vokrug jubileja — E. È. Bertels, I. V. Stalin i drugie", ed. by 2910:

Richard N. Frye Reviewed work(s): The Turkic Languages and Literatures of Central Asia: A Bibliography by Rudolf Loewenthal. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 21, (Dec., 1958). Стр. 186: «…publications on the Persian poet, Nizami (page

2828:(editor), Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies, American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. Nationalism and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. University of Michigan Press, 1996. 2558:

not expressly mean that he was born in Qom. On the other hand, Nizami's mother was of Kurdish origin, and this might point to Ganja where the Kurdish dynasty of Shaddad ruled down to AH. 468; even now Kurds are found to the south of Ganja.»

2317:(Азербайджан, Баку, 25 ноября /корр. Trend Life Эльдар Гусейнзаде/) «Юбилей Газанфара Халыгова — автора художественного образа выдающегося поэта и мыслителя Низами, признанного во всем мире, будет отмечен в Баку во второй половине декабря». 1620:

V. M. Sisoev in "Начальный Очерк Истории Азербайджана (Северного)" for the schools of the USSR (Archaeological Committee of Azerbaijan, 1925) calls Nizami a poet of both Persia and Azerbaijan and considers him a representative of Persian

830:"wall of one of the halls comrade Stalin's words were engraved in golden letters about Nizami being a great Azerbaijani poet who had to resort to the Iranian language as he was not permitted to turn to his nation in his native tongue". 2012:. Soviet and Russian Scholarship on Iran. // Iranian Studies, Vol. 20, No. 2/4, Iranian Studies in Europe and Japan (1987), pp. 223—271. Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of International Society for Iranian Studies. « 1011:

Beyond the boundaries of the former Soviet Union in the biggest national and biographical encyclopaedias of the world Nizami is recognized as a Persian poet while the Azerbaijani version is not even considered. Most leading experts in

1846:Ягубов А. Л. Научная работа в Азербайджане.— Бакинский рабочий. 28.02.1938. № 48 // Tamazishvili, A.O. (2004), "Iz istorii izučenija v SSSR tvorčestva Nizami Gjandževi: vokrug jubileja — E. È. Bertels, I. V. Stalin i drugie", ed. by 2938:

His great humanism, strong character, sensibility, drama, colorful description of nature, rich language, and the poetic genius created a new standard of literary achievements and captured the imagination of countless imitators"

834:

canonical for the Azerbaijani textbooks while Ghazanfar Khalikov was acknowledged in modern Azerbaijan as the creator of Nizami's artistic image. The campaign was crowned with celebrations that took place in Baku in May 1947.

1136:, under the rule of which Nizami lived, is regarded as an Azerbaijani national state. Also the applicability of the concept "Iran" to that epoch, given the absence of a state with that name on the political map, is rejected; 3861: 2091:В СНК Азербайджанской ССР. — Бакинский рабочий. 04.05.1939, № 100. // Tamazishvili, A.O. (2004), "Iz istorii izučenija v SSSR tvorčestva Nizami Gjandževi: vokrug jubileja — E. È. Bertels, I. V. Stalin i drugie", ed. by 2775:

Christine van Ruymbeke (University of Cambridge, Doctorat en Iranologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium). Science and Poetry in Medieval Persia: The Botany of Nizami's Khamsa. Cambridge University Press, 2007.

2278:Азербайджанские издания Низами к 1953 г.: Лирик шеирпэр, Бакы, 1947; Сиррлар хэзинэси, Бакы, 1947; Хосров вэ Ширин, Бакы, 1947; Лейли вэ Мэчнун, Бакы, 1942; Едди кезэл, Бакы, 1941; Искэндернамэ, Ьиссэ 1—2, Бакы, 1941. 1016:

also hold this view. Most of the researchers of Persian literature consider Nizami as a typical representative of the Iranian culture, a poet who influenced the Islamic culture of Iran and of the whole ancient world.

1518:. Siavash Lornejad: Ali Doostzadeh, On the Modern Politicization of the Persian Poet Nezami Ganjavi (Yerevan Series for Oriental Studies—l), Yerevan: "Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies", 2012, 215 pp. (review) // 530:

Azerbaijani could be assessed by the Soviet authorities as a nationalistic act; also objections could be expected on the part of scientists and first of all those from the prominent Leningrad school of Orientalism.

2477:

Kirakos Gandzakats'i's History of the Armenians / translation from Classical Armenian by Robert Bedrosian. — New York: 1986. — p. 197 Excerpt: "This city was densely populated with Iranians and a small number of

1552:

F. Kocharlinski. Literature of the Azerbaijani Tatars. Tbilisi 1903, p. 3-5, 15:«Знаменитый Низами, написавший на персидском языке свои чудные и проникнутые возвышенным чувством любви поэмы, был татарин родом из

4053: 1887:Искусство азербайджанского народа. — Правда. 05.04.1938. // Tamazishvili, A.O. (2004), "Iz istorii izučenija v SSSR tvorčestva Nizami Gjandževi: vokrug jubileja — E. È. Bertels, I. V. Stalin i drugie", ed. by 3965: 1290:(PhD. held the chair of Turkish Studies in the University of Leiden). Identity Politics in Central Asia and the Muslim World: Nationalism, Ethnicity and Labour in the Twentieth Century. I.B.Tauris, 2001. 469:) within the framework of the general policy of weakening the connection of Turkish nations with Islam and developing in them а sense of pride towards their glorious, albeit fictional, national identity. 1121:"The history of Azerbaijani literature" (The Institute of Literature after Nizami at Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences 2007) repeats the Soviet scheme which derives the Azerbaijani literature from 2578:

The opinion that Nizami is a Persian poet is reflected in the leading national and biographical encyclopaedias outside the former Soviet Union – there Nizami is described exclusively as a Persian poet:

521:

Analyzing the sequence of events Tamazishvili comes to a conclusion that the initial idea of recognizing Nizami as an Azerbaijani poet occurred to the First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party

877:

from 1947 to 1952 created a range of musical compositions based on the motives of Nizami's poems (ballet Seven Beauties and a suite with the same title as well as a symphonic poem Leyla and Mejnun,

495:

republics, among them the 1000th anniversary of the Armenian national epic poem David of Sasun (1939, the poem was completed by the 10th century) and the 750th anniversary of Georgian classic poem

563:'s translation of Nizami's poetry. The foreword to the edition said, "Among the Azerbaijani poets Nizami's image gloriously stands out". On the opening day of the decade the editorial article of 1112:

In the opening article to the three-volume collection of Nizami's compositions published in Baku in 1991 doctor of philology Aliev Rustam Musa-ogli characterises the poet in the following way:

3284:Адиль Багиров, к.п.н. Присвоение и отторжение культурного и исторического наследия Азербайджана иранским и армянским правительствами на примере великого азербайджанского поэта Низами Гянджеви 4471: 394:

Persian poet born in 535 in Hidżra (1141 A.D.). His motherland, or at least the place where his father lived, was in the highlands of Qom, but as he lived almost all his days in Gyanja in

42: 1004:, and was under the influence of Persian culture. What is known about Nizami's ethnic roots is that his mother was Kurdish . Some researchers believe that his father was from the city of 2248:В 30-е годы в СССР стало принятым считать Низами Гянджеви (ок. 1141 — ок, 1209) не иранским, но азербайджанским деятелем. Иная точка зрения рассматривалась как грубая политическая ошибка 1089:

I. M. Steblin-Kamensky, speaking of this monument characterises the description of Nizami as an Azerbaijani poet as a fruit of nationalist tendencies and as an "outright falsification".

3682: 3009:

history would have been a great help here. As it is, the reader is not certain whether Altstadt is presenting her own view of Azerbaijani history or that of Soviet Azerbaijani scholars"

943:

which "portrays the religious, philosophical, social and everyday beliefs of the ancient Azerbaijanis" . This scheme was dominant in encyclopaedias throughout the whole Soviet period.

4440: 1061:

After the break-up of the Soviet Union some encyclopaedias in Russian language continue to refer to Nizami as an Azerbaijani poet. Most Russian scholars however, describe Nizami as a

613:

took the most active part in this process; he had earlier called Nizami a Persian poet but in the beginning of February 1939 published an article "Genius Azerbaijani poet Nizami" in

3433:, N. G. Romanova, I. M. Smiljanskaja (eds.), Neizvestnye stranicy otečestvennogo vostokovedenija: , Oriental Studies Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg: 173-99.) 313:

culture in the first place; on the other hand this brought to an extreme politicization of the question on Nizami's cultural-national identity in the USSR and in modern Azerbaijan.

2926:, N. G. Romanova, I. M. Smiljanskaja (eds.), Neizvestnye stranicy otečestvennogo vostokovedenija: , Oriental Studies Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg: 173-99. 2112:, N. G. Romanova, I. M. Smiljanskaja (eds.), Neizvestnye stranicy otečestvennogo vostokovedenija: , Oriental Studies Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg: 173-99. 2095:, N. G. Romanova, I. M. Smiljanskaja (eds.), Neizvestnye stranicy otečestvennogo vostokovedenija: , Oriental Studies Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg: 173-99. 1969:, N. G. Romanova, I. M. Smiljanskaja (eds.), Neizvestnye stranicy otečestvennogo vostokovedenija: , Oriental Studies Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg: 173-99. 1956:, N. G. Romanova, I. M. Smiljanskaja (eds.), Neizvestnye stranicy otečestvennogo vostokovedenija: , Oriental Studies Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg: 173-99. 1943:, N. G. Romanova, I. M. Smiljanskaja (eds.), Neizvestnye stranicy otečestvennogo vostokovedenija: , Oriental Studies Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg: 173-99. 1930:, N. G. Romanova, I. M. Smiljanskaja (eds.), Neizvestnye stranicy otečestvennogo vostokovedenija: , Oriental Studies Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg: 173-99. 1908:, N. G. Romanova, I. M. Smiljanskaja (eds.), Neizvestnye stranicy otečestvennogo vostokovedenija: , Oriental Studies Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg: 173-99. 1891:, N. G. Romanova, I. M. Smiljanskaja (eds.), Neizvestnye stranicy otečestvennogo vostokovedenija: , Oriental Studies Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg: 173-99. 1850:, N. G. Romanova, I. M. Smiljanskaja (eds.), Neizvestnye stranicy otečestvennogo vostokovedenija: , Oriental Studies Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg: 173-99. 1828:, N. G. Romanova, I. M. Smiljanskaja (eds.), Neizvestnye stranicy otečestvennogo vostokovedenija: , Oriental Studies Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg: 173-99. 1807:, N. G. Romanova, I. M. Smiljanskaja (eds.), Neizvestnye stranicy otečestvennogo vostokovedenija: , Oriental Studies Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg: 173-99. 1689:» (translation: "Psychological analysis – the unique feature of Nizami distinguishing him from all the other "poets of Persia" and bringing him closer to the European literature"). 1503:, N. G. Romanova, I. M. Smiljanskaja (eds.), Neizvestnye stranicy otečestvennogo vostokovedenija: , Oriental Studies Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg: 173-99. 3053:(Assistant Professor of Literature at Yale-NUS College, specialises in the literatures of the Persian and Islamic world in a comparative context). Форум «Наука и псевдонаука» // « 2149: 1939:Правда. 03.04.1939, № 92. // Tamazishvili, A.O. (2004), "Iz istorii izučenija v SSSR tvorčestva Nizami Gjandževi: vokrug jubileja — E. È. Bertels, I. V. Stalin i drugie", ed. by 1375:Тамазишвили А. О. Послесловие . — Иранистика в России и иранисты. М., 2001, с. 185—186. (Tamazishvili, A.O. (2001), "Posleslovie", Iranistika v Rossii i iranisty, Moscow: 182-92) 4283: 1775:

Persian poets and thinkers of Central Asia, such as Rudaki, became the national poets and philosophers of Uzbekistan, while Rumi was transformed into a great Turkish mystic poet

2106:Подлые агенты фашизма, буржуазные националисты, великодержавные шовинисты делали всё возможное, чтобы скрыть от азербайджанского народа наследие великого его сына поэта Низами 1105:. According to Sergei Rumyantsev and Ilham Abbasov in modern Azerbaijan Nizami has occupied a firm place along with many other heroes and cultural figures from Dede Korkut to 2483:

Kirakos Gandzakets' Patmut'iwn Hayots' , edited by K.A. Melik'-Ohanjanyan, (Erevan, 1961), p. 235: "Ays k'aghak's bazmambox lts'eal parsko'k', ayl sakaw ew k'ristone'iwk'..."

1423:

history like the birth place or residence of an author. With their help even cultural figures who wrote only in Arabic or Persian were claimed by the future Soviet republics.

755:

If it hadn't been for the Soviet authority the greatest genius of Azerbaijani nation and the genius of all mankind would not have been known even to the Azerbaijani nation.

1579:

Krimsky repeats the characteristic of Nizami as a Persian poet in his work Persia and its Literature of 1900, second edition of 1906 and also in the third edition of 1912.

3501:"Присвоение и отторжение культурного и исторического наследия Азербайджана иранским и армянским правительством на примере великого азербайджанского поэта Низами Гянджеви" 3960: 3145:Брагинский Владимир Иосифович, д.филол.н. The Comparative Study of Traditional Asian Literatures: From Reflective Traditionalism to Neo-Traditionalism. Routledge, 2001. 1048:

notes, that in most of the books on Persian literature published in Azerbaijan the significance of Persian poets born in the territory of the South Caucasus, among them

593:. Both Nizami, Khakani and Fizuli were passionate patriots of their nation, while they served the foreign newcomer only because they were forced to yield to their power. 2887:

of the Persians after Firdausi. His nisbah designates him as a native of Ganja (Elizavetpol, Kirovabad) in Azerbaijan, then still a country with an Iranian population…»

2868:

Walter G. Andrews, Mehmet Kalpakli. The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early-modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society. Duke University Press, 2005,

2596: 3423:Послесловие . — Иранистика в России и иранисты. М., 2001, с. 185—186. (Tamazishvili, A.O. (2001), "Posleslovie", Iranistika v Rossii i iranisty, Moscow: 182-92) 2437:Зияддин Багатур оглы Геюшев. Очерки по истории азербайджанской философии, Зияддин Багатур оглы Геюшев. Изд-во Академии наук Азербайджанской ССР, 1966. Стр. 5-7. 813:

Soviet scholars and encyclopaedias acknowledged Nizami as an Azerbaijani poet. Any other point of view started to be considered as a serious political mistake.

2434:

The fact that the scheme was dominant in Soviet sources is also evident in the following monographs, articles and textbooks (in reverse chronological order):

3972: 3955: 1822:

At that time the enemies of the nation had their dirty involvement with the anthology(...) they did their best to make it look as thin and feeble as possible

3173:Стеблин-Каменский Иван Михайлович (заведующий Кафедрой иранской филологии, декан Восточного факультета Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета). 1417:

specialising in cultural creation studies, it was impossible. But this did not prevent the introduction of such limitations into the blueprint for research.

4093: 2878:

the fourth in a series of five mesnevi poems (a hamse or "pentad") intended to match the famed thirteenth-century hamse of the Persian poet Nizami of Ganja

2739: 4601: 2901:

Hailed by scholars of Persian literature as the greatest exponent of romantic epic poetry in Persian literature (Levy 1969, XI), Nizami is also referred…

2841:

The most important classical poet of this period is Shaikhi. His version of IChusrau we Shirin of the Persian poet Nizami is more than a mere translation

413: 4163: 3572: 195: 2428: 3872: 3209: 1499:

Tamazishvili, A.O. (2004), "Iz istorii izučenija v SSSR tvorčestva Nizami Gjandževi: vokrug jubileja — E. È. Bertels, I. V. Stalin i drugie", ed. by

4360: 3844: 2464:». — Архивный фонд МГ ИВ АН СССР. Цит. по: Иранистика в России и иранисты / Рос. акад. наук. Ин-т востоковедения; . М. : ИВ РАН, 2001. С. 184. 1597:

Tamazishvili, A.O. (2004), "Iz istorii izučenija v SSSR tvorčestva Nizami Gjandževi: vokrug jubileja — E. È. Bertels, I. V. Stalin i drugie" :

1042:

considers this kind of work to be absolutely essential given the process of appropriation of the Iranian heritage of the ancient and modern times.

3034:. On the Modern Politicization of the Persian Poet Nezami Ganjavi. Edited by Victoria Arakelova. YEREVAN SERIES FOR ORIENTAL STUDIES, Yerevan 2012 2373: 2271: 3667: 2961: 2769:. «NizamI (Abu Yusuf Muhammad Ilyas ibn Yusuf Nizam ad-Dîn) (535-598l\ 141—1202). A Persian poet and mystic, he was born in Ganja in Azerbaijan». 2697:

The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia, Ulrich Marzolph (Akademie der Wissenschaften, Göttingen), Richard van Leeuwen, Hassan Wassouf, ABC-CLIO, 2004,

4323: 3866: 2754: 1874: 1069: 235: 773:

from Persian literature classifying Nizami as an Azerbaijani poet based on the fact that he lived in the territory which later formed part of

551:

On 5 April 1938, a Decade of the Azerbaijani Art was held in Moscow, and for this occasion an anthology of Azerbaijani poetry, edited by poet

367:

in central Iran (this fact was subsequently questioned and the contemporary scientists tend to consider Gyanja as his birthplace) . Thus, the

4263: 3247:. С кого начинается Родина? Парадоксы формирования национальной идентичности путем аппроприации «экстерриториального» национального героя. « 1818:В своё время к антологии приложили свою подлую руку враги народа (…) они сделали всё, чтобы антология выглядела возможно более тощей и хилой 899:). In 1985 in Baku a metro station called Nizami Ganjavi opened in the place where according to the tradition the poet's grave was located. 719:

mentioned that Stalin had returned to the Azerbaijani people their greatest poet Nizami whom "the sneaky enemies of the nation, nationalist-

4179: 3248: 2591:

Neẓāmī (Persian poet) — greatest romantic epic poet in Persian literature, who brought a colloquial and realistic style to the Persian epic

2191: 1399:«The Soviet East as a New Subject of Oriental» // State, Religion, and Society in Central Asia: A Post-Soviet Critique. Ithaca Press (GB). 2644:

Neẓāmi's Five Treasures (Panj ganj). Eliās Abu Mo-ḥammad Neẓāmi of Ganja was born around 1141 of a Kurdish mother and a father named Yusof

869:

Azerbaijani poet resulted in the creation of multiple works of art – poet Samad Vurgun wrote the drama Farhad and Shirin (1941), composer

440:

and rapid Azerbaijanization of historical heroes and preceding historical-political entities on the territory of Azerbaijan was launched.

369: 227: 2503:

His nisbah designates him as a native of Ganja (Elizavetpol, Kirovabad) in Azerbaijan, then still a country with an Iranian population…»

1745: 386: 2772:

Besides, this characteristic of Nizami is vividly portrayed in the following contemporary monographs (in reverse chronological order):

1214:

called Nizami a "great Azeri poet" for the first time (Cf. Brokgauz, Efron 1897: 58; Granai 1917: 195; BSE 1939: 94). In the 1940s the

3046: 2514: 1588:

The emergence of the first statements in the USSR about Nizami's Azerbaijani identity is directly expressed in the following quotes:

537:

For supporting the inclusion of Nizami into the list of Azerbaijani poets the views of Orientalist Yuri Marr (the son of academician

2675: 2495: 350:

also mentions that in 1934 on the First Congress of Soviet Writers the representative of the Azerbaijani delegation called Nizami a

4174: 4072: 3714: 1258:. The Soviet Union as a Communal Apartment // Stalinism: New Directions. Rewriting Histories. Sheila Fitzpatrick. Routledge, 2000. 1206:. The Value of the Past: Myths, Identity and Politics in Transcaucasia. National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka, Japan, 2001. P.102-103 264: 3460: 534:

included in it despite all the efforts of "the enemies of the nation" to make the anthology look as thin and feeble as possible".

4725: 4293: 4136: 3991: 826:

Nizami's works were translated into Azerbaijani language (all were published in Azerbaijani translations between 1941 and 1947).

545: 207: 3066: 2299:. The Value of the Past: Myths, Identity and Politics in Transcaucasia. National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka, Japan, 2001. p.112 723:, panturkists and other betrayers wanted to steal for the sole reason that he wrote most of his works in the Iranian language". 4037: 3834: 3565: 240: 138: 3099:

This viewpoint is reflected in those encyclopaedias which define Nizami as an Azerbaijani poet who wrote in Persian language:

605:

In Azerbaijan they realised that they could achieve success only by the involvement of Orientalists, and primarily those from

3125: 2839:

History of Muslim Philosophy, M. M. SHARIF (Director of the Institute of Islamic Culture, Lahore Pakistan). 1963. Глава 54: «

2357: 2218: 223: 3525: 481:" jubilee celebrations were held throughout the whole Soviet Union – the Russians were celebrating the 100th anniversary of 774: 526: 4395: 4318: 3544: 3514:"Politicization of the background of Nizami Ganjavi: Attempted de-Iranization of a historical Iranian figure by the USSR" 3446: 3270:Издан второй том шеститомника «История азербайджанской литературы», подготовленный в Институте литературы им. Низами НАНА 2189:Культура народов Закавказья в эпоху феодализма. Академия Наук СССР. Институт Истории. Издательство «НАУКА». Москва. 1966. 2170:Г. З. Анчабадзе (ведущий научный сотрудник Института истории и этнологии АН Грузии). Краткий исторический очерк «Вайнахи» 1540:. The Value of the Past: Myths, Identity and Politics in Transcaucasia. National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka, Japan, 2001. 1391: 888: 497: 215: 3500: 2154:Вершиной развития гуманистической литературы на языке фарси явилось творчество Омара Хайяма (около 1048 — после 1122) и 4735: 892: 231: 219: 3177: 2451:Бертельс Е. Э. Литература на персидском языке в Средней Азии. — Советское востоковедение. Вып. V. М.-Л., 1948, с. 200. 4407: 4152: 3908: 3558: 3489: 3358: 3150: 2896: 2873: 2858: 2833: 2815: 2797: 2781: 2766: 2729:

Nizami, Jamal al-Din Abu Muhammad II- yas ibn Yusuf ibn Zaki Muayyad (d. ca. 1209) Persian poet. Author of the Khamsa

2724: 2702: 2687: 2661: 2243: 1791: 1768: 1356: 1295: 1263: 1086: 573:

Early in the epoch of feudal lawlessness the Azerbaijani nation gave birth to greatest artists. The names of Nizami,

64: 2609:

Nisami, Nezami, eigentlich Abu Mohammed Iljas Ibn Jusuf, persischer Dichter, * vermutlich Gäncä (Aserbaidschan) 1141

1837:Араслы Г., Ариф М., Рафили М. Поэзия азербайджанского народа. — Антология азербайджанской поэзии. М., 1939. Стр. XIX 4750: 3382: 211: 2614: 1097:

The political aspect of the question of Nizami's national affiliation was intensified after the transformation of

902:

Tamazishvili notes that despite the fact that the conclusion on the national affiliation of the poet was based on

447:

to Slezkine was, if necessary, to be invented so that all the national cultures except Russian became equivalent.

4755: 4740: 4303: 4298: 4121: 4022: 3731: 3620: 2907:(Book of Alexander) by the Persian poet Nizami, Alexander is depicted as the half-brother of the conquered King». 1519: 31: 3333: 3213: 992:

In the contemporary literary studies the predominant view is that the 12th-century poet Nizami Ganjavi wrote in

4027: 4013: 3923: 3721: 3687: 2416:Алексей Александрович Сурков. Краткая литературная энциклопедия (том 1). Советская энциклопедия, 1962. Стр. 85. 1708: 1404: 1173: 747:

At the jubilee ceremonies of September 1947 held in Baku, the General Secretary of the Union of Soviet Writers

487: 437: 2682:, Francois De Blois(Professor School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London), Routledge, 2004, 4414: 4233: 3849: 2314: 2174:В сокровищницу мировой литературы вошли поэма "Витязь в тигровой шкуре" грузина Шота Руставели и творчество 803:" who "did all they could to hide from the Azerbaijani nation the heritage of her great son – poet Nizami". 4730: 4567: 4532: 4519: 4454: 4428: 4369: 3628: 2853:

Gülru Necipoğlu Julia Bailey. Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World. BRILL, 2005,

2409:, третье издание. Статья «Азербайджанская Советская Социалистическая Республика», глава XIV «Литература»: « 257: 3401: 3192: 1168: 906:

assertions rather than on scientific research, this conclusion was still beneficial for the multinational

544:

In the same year, the Institute of History of Language and Literature of the Azerbaijani affiliate of the

514:

A. O. Tamazishvili notes that declaring Nizami as an Azerbaijani poet was essential by his 800th jubilee.

4002: 3977: 3754: 3294:Рамазан Кафарлы. Философия любви на древнем Востоке и Низами. Санкт-Петербург, Лейла, 2001, сс. 93-100. « 1724:// Низамий//Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона: В 86 томах (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907. 952: 610: 331:

Azerbaijani from Gyanja, contrary to the testimony of the poet himself according to which his mother was

179: 967:

over the other cultures of neighbouring countries of Iran, especially the Soviet Socialist Republics of

4575: 4492: 4313: 4048: 2377: 2268: 2238:Александр Фадеев. Письма и документы. Издательство Литературного института им. А. М. Горького, 2001 г. 808: 748: 4583: 3930: 3704: 2582: 2475: 377:

The best Persian romantic poet (1141–1203) is a descendant of Qom but has a nickname 'Gyanjevi' (from

4197: 3677: 3210:"Сайт президента России. Выступление на открытии памятника Низами, Санкт-Петербург, 9 июня 2002 года" 2635: 2623:

Ilyas ibn Yusuf Nezami ou Ilyas ibn Yusuf Nizami — Poète persan (Gandja, vers 1140-Gandja, vers 1209)

2440:Шейдабек Фараджиевич Мамедов. Развитие философской мысли в Азербайджане. Университет, 1965. Стр. 2-7. 1351:(memoir) — СПб.: Европейский дом, 1995. — 766 с. — (Дневники и воспоминания петербургских ученых). — 735: 4636: 4098: 4017: 3780: 3662: 3479: 1348: 1218:

became Azerbaijani rather than Turkic, let alone Iranian (Altstadt 1992: 159; Astourian 1994: 53).

927:(Khatib Tabrizi, Abul-Hasan Ardebili); the first works of Iranian Azerbaijan are considered to be 4745: 3726: 3709: 3672: 3607: 3395:

Closing speech by Ilham Aliyev at the annual general assembly of the National Academy of Sciences

2567: 1211: 1073: 731: 250: 152: 90: 2958: 2628: 2403:, второе издание. 1959 год. Т. I. Статья «Азербайджанская Советская Социалистическая Республика» 2327: 2188: 2138:

The immortal woman images which have been so masterfully portrayed by the Azerbaijan poet Nizami

2078:Антология азербайджанской поэзии. Баку, 1939. Авторы предисловия Араслы Г., Ариф М., Рафили М. « 1739: 4704: 4681: 4644: 4631: 4447: 4421: 4202: 3898: 3785: 3581: 2713: 2650: 1143:

This point of view is predominant in Azerbaijan. In 2007 an "unacceptable" opinion on Nizami's

770: 293: 35: 2883:

The opinions of scholars on Nizami's Persian identity are discussed in the following sources:

2349: 1231:Иран против азербайджанизации поэта Низами (Iran against the Azerbaijanization of Poet Nizami) 339:

opinion, ascribes Tatar (i.e. Azerbaijani) literature to the first famous poet of those times

4382: 4376: 4354: 4105: 3749: 3233: 2982: 2748:..five historical idylls (1299—1302) as a rejoinder to the Khamsa of the Persian poet Nizami… 2735: 2287:Гик Я. Музей великого поэта. — Известия. territoriality principle' Nizami, 21.09.1947, № 223. 1133: 1021: 796: 699:

And have enlightened the pages of the world with his immortal word (translation from Russian)

2341: 1053:

subject of pseudo-science, which pays attention solely to ethnic roots of medieval figures.

4278: 3774: 2712:

Chelkowski, P. "Nizami Gandjawi, jamal al-Din Abu Muhammad Ilyas b. Yusuf b. Zaki Muayyad.

2649:

Chelkowski, P. "Nizami Gandjawi, jamal al-Din Abu Muhammad Ilyas b. Yusuf b. Zaki Muayyad.

878: 818: 327: 3484:. СПб.: Европейский дом. pp. 730–731 (Дневники и воспоминания петербургских ученых). 3043: 2586: 1701:

Persian Literature - A Biobibliographical Survey: Volume V Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period

46: 8: 4650: 4207: 4008: 2672: 2492: 2296: 2225:. «В октябре 1941 г научные учреждения Ленинграда праздновали 800-летний юбилей великого 1591: 1537: 1203: 1077: 515: 2861:. Глава написана Aysin Yoltar-Yildirim (Ph.D. in Art History and Archeology). Стр. 99: « 1287: 4626: 4527: 4347: 4253: 4157: 3935: 3903: 2825: 2743: 1868: 1148: 1045: 956: 946: 924: 560: 552: 522: 450: 131: 1861:Поэзия азербайджанского народа. Исторический обзор. — Антология азербайджанской поэзии 4671: 4666: 4228: 3946: 3829: 3797: 3485: 3146: 3121: 2892: 2869: 2854: 2829: 2811: 2793: 2777: 2762: 2720: 2698: 2683: 2657: 2353: 2342: 2239: 1787: 1764: 1704: 1400: 1352: 1345: 1291: 1259: 997: 896: 482: 478: 378: 340: 81: 2719:

The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, John L. Esposito, Oxford University Press US, 2003,

2520: 2216:Академик Б. Б. Пиотровский. В годы войны (Статьи и очерки). М.: Наука, 1985. С. 5-58 1698: 617:

which, according to Tamazishvili's assumption, was ordered to him and hence biased.

420:

needed a special history which would on one hand allow distancing the republic from

3882: 3839: 3741: 3694: 2753:

New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam.

2259:Бертельс Е. Э. Подготовка к юбилею Низами. — Литературная газета. 10.12.1939, № 68. 2169: 1683:Психологический анализ — отличительная черта Низами, отделяющая его от всех других 1238: 993: 856: 395: 203: 124: 113: 107: 3547:. Edited by Victoria Arakelova. YEREVAN SERIES FOR ORIENTAL STUDIES, Yerevan 2012. 3467:// Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Серия 13: 2011. Вып. 3. стр. 121—126 3456:// Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Серия 13: 2011. Вып. 3. стр. 113—120 2215: 632:

If half a year ago an article on Nizami appeared in the lower half of the page of

4676: 4542: 4434: 4340: 4223: 3646: 3533: 3449:. Edited by Victoria Arakelova. YEREVAN SERIES FOR ORIENTAL STUDIES, Yerevan 2012 3405: 3196: 3181: 3050: 2965: 2807: 2679: 2639: 2499: 2275: 2222: 2195: 2133: 1515: 1395: 1230: 1215: 1039: 964: 932: 852: 788: 686: 578: 417: 321: 3393:

Official website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan. 26 April 2011.

1147:

rather than Azerbaijani origin was mentioned by the prosecution on the trial of

4661: 4606: 4401: 4088: 3854: 3792: 3635: 3600: 3430: 3320: 2923: 2656:

Encyclopedia of Literary Translation Into English, Taylor & Francis, 2000,

2109: 2092: 1966: 1953: 1940: 1927: 1905: 1888: 1847: 1825: 1804: 1500: 1408: 1098: 1081: 1062: 1026: 1013: 928: 907: 883: 491:(1938); there were also national celebrations, including those taking place in 466: 429: 351: 301: 297: 98: 2200:Великими современниками царицы Тамары и Шота Руставели были два замечательных 1388: 381:) because he spent most of his life in Gyanja (now Elizavetpol) where he died. 4719: 4502: 4131: 3913: 3877: 3614: 3504: 3394: 3283: 3269: 2420: 1734: 1636:Низамий (шейх Низамоддин Абу-Мохеммед Ильяс ибн-Юсоф) — лучший романтический 1320: 1255: 1144: 1132:

Territorial belonging of Nizami to Azerbaijan. At the same time the state of

1106: 972: 887:(1948), in 1982 film Nizami was released. Monuments to the poet were erected 870: 666: 650: 586: 492: 443: 347: 3464: 1917:Е. Бертельс. Гениальный азербайджанский поэт Низами. Правда. 03.02.1939 № 33 4497: 4487: 4388: 4308: 4126: 3996: 3918: 3823: 3652: 3337: 3174: 2758: 1154:

In 2011 making a speech on the Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan president

1080:

were present. In his speech made at the opening ceremony Russian President

968: 778:

Nizami's poetry as an expression of Turkish ethnic identity of the author.

678: 538: 425: 402: 305: 3362: 2397:

The dominance of the scheme is reflected in the following encyclopaedias:

1654:. Сочинения. Том 2, часть 2. Москва, 1963. Статья «Могила поэта Низами»: « 4537: 4273: 3762: 3550: 2820:…and blameless character in a degree unequaled by any other Persian poet… 1155: 940: 874: 800: 730:

published an article titled Nizami written by the Deputy Chairman of the

695:

But the nests woven by the poet in the hearts of the faithful are strong.

621: 433: 398:(present-day Elizavetpol) he is known as Nizami from Gyanja or Gyanjevi. 278:

Campaign on granting Nizami the status of the national poet of Azerbaijan

174: 145: 2604: 2043:Бертельс. Великий азербайджанский поэт Низами. Баку, 1940. Cтр. 16-17. « 1749:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 719. 4686: 4656: 4559: 3985: 3766: 3699: 3383:

Editors of «Tolishi sedo» newspaper took stand of betrayal of country l

3307:Мамед Эмин Расулзаде. Азербайджанский поэт Низами. Баку, 1991, с. 31. « 3054: 2786:

Nizami is one of the main representatives of Persian poetry at the time

1594:. The Value of the Past: Myths, Identity and Politics in Transcaucasia. 1102: 1065:

poet and 12th-century Ganja as a city inhabited primarily by Persians.

842: 421: 310: 169: 2618: 1699:

C. A. (Charles Ambrose) Storey and François de Blois (June 21, 2004).

713: 407: 4472:

International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust

3940: 3593: 2836:. Стр. 20: «…the great Persian poet Nizam ud-Dih Abu Muhammad Ilyas…» 1630:

Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, author of the article —

955:

made an attempt to break with the ethnic-territorial approach in the

682: 606: 453:

reviews the issue of classifying Nizami as an Azerbaijani poet (also

4258: 2000:Речь товарища А. А. Фадеева. — Бакинский рабочий. 23.09.1947, № 187. 947:

Bertels' attempt to move away from ethno-geographical identification

1128:

The version of Nizami as an Azerbaijani poet establishes itself by

1001: 903: 693:

Foreigners possessed our Nizami, having ascribed him to themselves,

289: 285: 4441:

The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism

3260:Низами Гянджеви. Собрание сочинений в 3 т. Баку, 1991. Т. 1. С. 5. 1763:. A brief history of the Aghuankʻ region. Mazda Publishers, 2009. 2600: 1049: 792: 720: 582: 574: 477:

In the second half of the 1930s along with the establishment of "

316: 3545:

On the Modern Politicization of the Persian Poet Nezami Ganjavi

3529: 3447:

On the Modern Politicization of the Persian Poet Nezami Ganjavi

3398: 3189: 2124:Бертельс Е. Э. Низами. — БСЭ. Изд. 1-е. Т. 42. М., 1939, с. 93. 2059:. Древняя азербайджанская литература. Баку, 1941. Стр. 36-37. « 1122: 936: 917: 654: 565: 458: 454: 343:

who wrote in Tatar (i.e. Azerbaijani) language (18th century).

3359:"«Права человека в СНГ и Балтии» Бюллетень № 12, февраль 2008" 1853: 1241:, and he doesn't have a single work written in Azerbaijani"'). 428:

and on the other hand to separate the Azerbaijanis from other

322:

Claims that Nizami was ethnically Turkic before the late 1930s

4268: 3234:Невское время. 11 июня 2002. В Баку — Пушкин, у нас — Низами. 1738: 689:) expressing gratitude for 'returning' Nizami to Azerbaijan. 590: 332: 3073:, мыслитель, философ, писал на языке фарси». Чингиз Гусейнов 2344:

The Azerbaijani Turks: power and identity under Russian rule

2085: 1994: 1840: 1810: 1797: 743:

Azerbaijan. But this outrageous lie will not deceive anyone.

4288: 1030:

to consider that this kind of correlation actually exists.

556: 462: 4284:

Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung

2692:

Memoir of the life and writings of the Persian poet Nizami

2632: 2374:"БСЭ, 2 изд,, М., 1949, т.,1, стр. 461, ст. «Азербайджан»" 2348:. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University. pp. 2315:В Баку отметят 110-летний юбилей создателя портрета Низами 781: 697:

You returned his poems to us, returned his magnitude to us

509: 296:

of the national-cultural origin of one of the classics of

2846:

This characteristic is also repeated by Turkish authors:

1005: 602:

champions of freedom and independence of their country".

373:

states (the author of the article is Agafangel Krimsky):

364: 3321:Заявление института Мира и демократии (Талышский вопрос) 3227: 2098: 1786:Большой энциклопедический справочник. Olma Media Group. 1668:

who died in the beginning of the 13th century, Nizami…).

1035:

On the Politicization of the Persian Poet Nezami Ganjavi

863: 649:

was published containing an article by a Ukrainian poet

412:

According to Faik Goulamov after the dissolution of the

403:

Reasons for the historical distortion of Nizami's status

1323:. Russia and Her Colonies. Archon Books, 1967, с. 245. 1000:, which in those times were predominantly populated by 3175:Восточный факультет давно готов сотрудничать с Западом 1703:(2nd revised ed.). RoutledgeCurzon. p. 363. 472: 432:

people (in the light of the official struggle against

424:

Iran for avoid suspicions in the counterrevolutionary

3465:Отзыв о статье Вадима Гомоза азербайджанизация Низами 2863:

Trying to emulate another great Persian poet, Nizami…

2738:(Professor Emeritus of History Columbia University), 1991:Тихонов Николай. Низами. — Правда. 22.09.1947, № 250. 628:

was an action directive for the Academy of Sciences:

390:(1911) also characterises the poet in a similar way: 843:

Role of Nizami's national identity in Soviet culture

4602:

Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime

2281: 1072:at the opening ceremony of which the presidents of 677:

published a poem on behalf of Baku intelligentsia (

414:

Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic

408:

Ideological needs of Soviet Azerbaijan in the 1930s

4164:On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians 3862:Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil 2671:Persian Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey, 1070:a monument to Nizami was erected in St. Petersburg 851:As a result, the authors who wrote exclusively in 3254: 2506: 2366: 1985: 1946: 1933: 1911: 1894: 1881: 1681:, «Очерки истории персидской литературы», 1928: « 4717: 3238: 3060: 2308: 1531: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1223: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1189: 585:compete in popularity with famous Persian poets 3511: 3263: 2486: 2326:Michael Zand. BERTHELS, EVGENIĭ ÈDUARDOVICH // 2158:(1141—1209), особенно его "Пятерица" ("Хамсе"). 1727: 1566:Крымский А. Е. Низами и его изучение. — 1947. « 1485: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1365: 4324:Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt 3498: 3439:. Russia and Her Colonies. Archon Books, 1967. 3120:Большой Энциклопедический Словарь. АСТ. 2008, 2425:Институт мировой литературы им. А. М. Горького 2290: 873:wrote the symphony To Nizami's Memory (1947), 357: 317:The reasons and the background of the campaign 4264:Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War 3566: 3037: 3027: 3025: 2976: 2120: 2118: 1186: 982: 258: 3526:"Иран против азербайджанизации поэта Низами" 3069:: «Низами Гянджеви (1141 — предпол. 1204) — 2352:–12–331 p. — (Studies of nationalities). —. 2262: 2253: 2182: 2071: 2069: 1660:, умершего в самом начале XIII века, Низами… 1464: 1362: 1139:Claims about Nizami's ethnic Turkish origin. 918:State of the question in the USSR after 1939 2209: 2136:. Nizami Ganjavi. «Elm» Publishers, 1981. « 1754: 1624: 1511: 1509: 1109:, serving as an example for today's youth. 370:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary 4396:A History of the Palestinian People (2017) 3580: 3573: 3559: 3279: 3277: 3202: 3169: 3167: 3139: 3022: 2513:Amin Riāḥi, Moḥammad (December 15, 2008). 2512: 2115: 1873:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1687:и сближающая его с европейской литературой 1548: 1546: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1251: 1249: 1247: 923:territory of Azerbaijan SSR but also from 265: 251: 45:. Please do not remove this message until 4361:Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by 4036: 3301: 2992: 2734:Encyclopedia of Asian History: Vols 1-4. 2551: 2454: 2445: 2163: 2127: 2066: 2037: 1959: 1383: 1381: 1282: 1280: 1278: 987: 895:(1949; the author of both these works is 751:made an even more categorical statement: 714:Nizami as "a poet returned to Azerbaijan" 504: 326:In 1903 Azerbaijani publicist and writer 65:Learn how and when to remove this message 3740: 3477: 3376: 2568:article by Dr. Julie S. Meisami (Oxford) 2541: 2339: 2333: 2143: 1733: 1672: 1645: 1573: 1560: 1506: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1174:Azerbaijan (toponym)#Southern Azerbaijan 548:also started publishing Nizami's works. 41:Relevant discussion may be found on the 4137:There was no such thing as Palestinians 3351: 3288: 3274: 3164: 2561: 2473: 1780: 1718: 1692: 1662:» (translation: Poet Nizami's grave": " 1543: 1332: 1244: 782:Nizami's 800th anniversary celebrations 653:in which he described his meeting with 640: 510:Declaring Nizami as an Azerbaijani poet 208:Nizami Museum of Azerbaijani Literature 4718: 3835:Denial of state terrorism in Argentina 3326: 3314: 3088:, мыслитель. Писал на персидском языке 2802:…a new edition of Persian poet Nezami… 2572: 2519:. Encyclopedia Iranica. Archived from 2232: 2150:Иран. Автор раздела — И. С. Брагинский 2050: 2020: 1972: 1920: 1831: 1448: 1378: 1275: 485:'s death and the 750th anniversary of 185:Campaign on granting Nizami the status 3668:Atrocities against Indigenous peoples 3554: 2003: 1307: 864:Cultural consequences of the campaign 518:mentions a more precise date – 1938. 3715:U.S. cover-up of Japanese war crimes 3093: 2391: 2320: 1151:who was charged with state treason. 15: 4319:United Daughters of the Confederacy 3082:«Энциклопедия для детей» Аванта+. « 3076: 2987:Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan 2330:. (Last Updated: December 15, 1989) 1582: 1020:Scholars of modern history such as 760:especially in the post-war period. 473:Jubilee campaigns of the late 1930s 294:distortion of the historical record 13: 4294:Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum 2642:), article «PERSIAN LITERATURE»: « 763: 187:of the national poet of Azerbaijan 14: 4767: 4408:The Hoax of the Twentieth Century 4153:Allegations of genocide in Donbas 4045:Destruction of Armenian heritage 3952:Destruction of cultural heritage 3909:Ancient Egyptian race controversy 3471: 2666:Nizami 0.1141-0.1209 Persian poet 2076:П.р. Луговского и Самеда Вургуна. 1169:Historical negationism#Azerbaijan 4700: 4699: 3541:Siavash Lornejad, Ali Doostzadeh 3499:Багиров, Адиль (December 2006). 3443:Siavash Lornejad, Ali Doostzadeh 3032:Siavash Lornejad, Ali Doostzadeh 2957:Ali Asghar Seyed-Gohrab еще и в 1863:. Baku. 1938. pp. Стр. XVI. 624:the mention of Nizami's name in 498:The Knight in the Panther's Skin 80: 20: 4304:Institute for Historical Review 4299:Institute for Armenian Research 4122:Denial of the 7 October attacks 4023:Shakespeare authorship question 3732:Denial of the 7 October attacks 3414: 3387: 3334:"Яна Амелина. Талышский вопрос" 3245:Сергей Румянцев, Ильгам Аббасов 3012: 3002: 2951: 2941: 2931: 2467: 1520:Iran and the Caucasus (journal) 1435:developing nations of the East. 1087:St. Petersburg State University 837: 546:Academy of Sciences of the USSR 4726:Propaganda in the Soviet Union 4028:Territorial losses of Thailand 2493:C. A. (Charles Ambrose) Storey 2269:Низами. Статья в БСЭ, 2-е изд. 438:State University of Azerbaijan 1: 4415:I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle 4234:Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth 3850:Lost Cause of the Confederacy 3683:Genocide of Serbs during WWII 3621:school textbook controversies 2707:Persian poet Nezami (d. 1209) 2176:азербайджанского поэта Низами 2156:азербайджанского поэта Низами 1179: 1092: 4568:Lehideux and Isorni v France 4455:Report about Case Srebrenica 4429:Journal of Historical Review 3931:Censorship of Great Zimbabwe 3532:. 2006-03-18. Archived from 3132:Большая энциклопедия «Терра» 2918:According to Tamazishvili, « 2421:Истории всемирной литературы 1101:into the sovereign state of 645:On 3 April 1939 an issue of 7: 4370:Did Six Million Really Die? 4003:Like sheep to the slaughter 3134:. 2006, т. 1, стр. 500—501. 2746:. Scribner, 1988. Стр.55: « 1162: 488:The Tale of Igor's Campaign 358:Situation in the late 1930s 212:Nizami Gəncəvi (Baku Metro) 180:Farhad (Persian literature) 47:conditions to do so are met 10: 4772: 4576:Irving v Penguin Books Ltd 4493:J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing 4314:Turkish Historical Society 3845:Ferdinand Marcos apologism 1229:Регнум. 17:05 18.03.2006. 983:Current state of the issue 809:Great Soviet Encyclopaedia 4736:1930s in the Soviet Union 4695: 4637:Historical misconceptions 4619: 4594: 4551: 4518: 4511: 4480: 4464: 4332: 4246: 4216: 4190: 4145: 4114: 4081: 3891: 3813: 3645: 3588: 2761:. Rowman Altamira, 2003. 2340:Altstadt, Audrey (1992). 1056: 416:in 1936 the newly formed 4180:Denial of Crimean Tatars 4009:Myth of the golden exile 3512:Doostzadeh, Ali (2009). 3478:Дьяконов, И. М. (1995). 3454:Азербайджанизация Низами 3057:», 2013. № 18. pp. 62-63 4751:Anti-Iranian sentiments 4584:Perinçek v. Switzerland 4014:Phantom time hypothesis 3608:Knowledge falsification 3117:, 2003, т. 2, стр. 687. 3055:Антропологический форум 2757:(Columbia university), 2597:Encyclopaedia Brockhaus 2583:Encyclopædia Britannica 1746:Encyclopædia Britannica 1212:Big Soviet Encyclopedia 732:Union of Soviet Writers 387:Encyclopædia Britannica 4756:Politics of Azerbaijan 4741:Historical negationism 4682:Genocide justification 4645:Accusation in a mirror 4632:Historical revisionism 4448:The Ottoman Lieutenant 3899:Allah as a lunar deity 3786:Double genocide theory 3582:Historical negationism 2985:and Brian C. Collins/ 2714:Encyclopaedia of Islam 2651:Encyclopaedia of Islam 2615:Encyclopaedia Larousse 2538: 2474:Gandzakatsi, Kirakos. 2305: 2227:азербайджанского поэта 1777: 1528: 1461: 1445: 1329: 1304: 1272: 1220: 1119: 988:Scholarly perspectives 797:bourgeois nationalists 771:Azerbaijani literature 757: 745: 726:On 22 September 1947, 711: 701: 664: 638: 595: 505:Course of the campaign 400: 383: 4377:Falsifiers of History 4355:The Birth of a Nation 4106:Stab-in-the-back myth 3883:Operation Legacy (UK) 3750:Austria victim theory 3105:, т. 1, стр. 265—270. 2983:Tadeusz Swietochowski 2971:the Turkic languages. 2736:Ainslie Thomas Embree 2533: 2300: 2202:азербайджанских поэта 1772: 1761:George A. Bournoutian 1523: 1456: 1412: 1411:(Editor). Pp. 6, 15. 1324: 1299: 1267: 1207: 1134:Atabegs of Azerbaijan 1114: 823:future Soviet Union. 753: 740: 706: 691: 659: 641:Joseph Stalin's role 630: 571: 392: 375: 304:, which began in the 4503:Nation Europa Verlag 4279:FactCheckArmenia.com 4175:Censorship of images 3892:Other manifestations 3775:Italiani brava gente 3086:азербайджанский поэт 3071:азербайджанский поэт 2629:Encyclopædia Iranica 2328:Encyclopædia Iranica 879:Afrasiyab Badalbeyli 819:Literaturnaya Gazeta 816:In December 1939 in 328:Firidun Kocharlinski 4731:1930s in Azerbaijan 4667:Conspiracy theories 4651:Ash heap of history 4208:Sun Language Theory 3973:Myth of English aid 3157:Persian poet Nizami 2523:on November 3, 2011 2297:Victor Schnirelmann 1592:Victor Schnirelmann 1538:Victor Schnirelmann 1204:Victor Schnirelmann 555:, was published in 516:Victor Schnirelmann 346:American historian 284:is also used) is a 238: • 236:in Saint Petersburg 234: • 230: • 226: • 222: • 218: • 214: • 210: • 206: • 34:of this article is 4627:Historical fiction 4422:Jasenovac – istina 4348:A Verdade Sufocada 4254:Adelaide Institute 4158:All-Russian nation 4115:Israel / Palestine 4094:Myth of Langemarck 4073:Western Azerbaijan 3936:Christ myth theory 3904:Ancient astronauts 3814:Other whitewashing 3688:Croatian Knowledge 3678:Cambodian genocide 3481:Книга воспоминаний 3404:2016-03-06 at the 3195:2015-09-24 at the 3180:2007-02-25 at the 3084:Низами Гянджеви — 3049:2014-12-21 at the 2964:2011-11-17 at the 2826:Ronald Grigor Suny 2744:Richard W. Bulliet 2740:Robin Jeanne Lewis 2678:2010-12-08 at the 2638:2019-04-16 at the 2498:2010-12-08 at the 2274:2016-03-04 at the 2221:2018-10-19 at the 2194:2010-01-26 at the 1394:2007-12-05 at the 1349:Книга воспоминаний 1149:Novruzali Mammadov 1046:Rebecca Ruth Gould 1033:In 2012, the book 957:Iranian philosophy 925:Iranian Azerbaijan 897:Fuad Abdurakhmanov 775:Soviet Azerbaijan. 597:On April 18, 1938 561:Konstantin Simonov 553:Vladimir Lugovskoy 451:George Bournoutian 132:Khosrow and Shirin 4713: 4712: 4672:False attribution 4615: 4614: 4595:International law 4481:Publishing houses 4242: 4241: 4229:Irish slaves myth 4049:Cemetery in Julfa 3992:Khazar hypothesis 3947:Damnatio memoriae 3830:Czechoslovak myth 3809: 3808: 3722:Rohingya genocide 3663:Armenian genocide 3427:Тамазишвили А. О. 3421:Тамазишвили А. О. 3126:978-5-17-052385-6 3111:, т. 2, стр. 164. 3067:Кругосвет. Низами 2516:NOZHAT AL-MAJĀLES 2359:978-0-8179-9182-1 2204:— Низами и Хакани 1820:» (translation: " 1658:персидского поэта 1632:Agafangel Krimsky 1522:16 (2012) 380-383 1346:Igor M. Diakonoff 1008:in Central Iran. 931:tales written by 749:Alexander Fadeyev 479:Soviet patriotism 282:Azerbaijanization 275: 274: 75: 74: 67: 4763: 4703: 4702: 4516: 4515: 4102: 4062: 4034: 4033: 3981: 3870: 3840:Driftwood theory 3738: 3737: 3727:Rwandan genocide 3710:Nanjing Massacre 3705:Khojaly massacre 3673:Bosnian genocide 3575: 3568: 3561: 3552: 3551: 3537: 3521: 3516:. Archived from 3508: 3503:. Archived from 3495: 3408: 3391: 3385: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3370: 3361:. Archived from 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3345: 3336:. Archived from 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3305: 3299: 3292: 3286: 3281: 3272: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3252: 3242: 3236: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3221: 3212:. 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Archived from 2370: 2364: 2363: 2347: 2337: 2331: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2294: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2251: 2236: 2230: 2213: 2207: 2186: 2180: 2167: 2161: 2147: 2141: 2131: 2125: 2122: 2113: 2102: 2096: 2089: 2083: 2073: 2064: 2054: 2048: 2041: 2035: 2027:Peter Ulf Møller 2024: 2018: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1976: 1970: 1963: 1957: 1950: 1944: 1937: 1931: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1909: 1898: 1892: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1872: 1864: 1857: 1851: 1844: 1838: 1835: 1829: 1814: 1808: 1801: 1795: 1784: 1778: 1758: 1752: 1750: 1742: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1716: 1714: 1696: 1690: 1679:Евгений Бертельс 1676: 1670: 1649: 1643: 1628: 1622: 1586: 1580: 1577: 1571: 1564: 1558: 1550: 1541: 1535: 1529: 1513: 1504: 1497: 1462: 1452: 1446: 1385: 1376: 1373: 1360: 1343: 1330: 1318: 1305: 1288:Erik Jan Zürcher 1284: 1273: 1253: 1242: 1227: 1221: 1201: 1050:Khaqani Shirvani 1022:T. Swietochowski 857:Persian language 799:and great-power 736:Nikolai Tikhonov 525:. Having strong 523:M. D. A. Bagirov 267: 260: 253: 204:Nizami Mausoleum 139:Layla and Majnun 125:Maḵhzan al-asrār 84: 77: 76: 70: 63: 59: 56: 50: 24: 23: 16: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4691: 4677:Furtive fallacy 4641: 4611: 4590: 4547: 4507: 4476: 4460: 4435:Leuchter report 4341:A Town Betrayed 4328: 4238: 4224:1776 Commission 4212: 4198:Denial of Kurds 4186: 4141: 4110: 4096: 4077: 4056: 4032: 3975: 3887: 3864: 3815: 3805: 3736: 3655: 3650: 3647:Genocide denial 3641: 3629:Rationalization 3584: 3579: 3524: 3492: 3474: 3417: 3412: 3411: 3406:Wayback Machine 3392: 3388: 3381: 3377: 3368: 3366: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3343: 3341: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3306: 3302: 3293: 3289: 3282: 3275: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3228: 3219: 3217: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3197:Wayback Machine 3182:Wayback Machine 3172: 3165: 3144: 3140: 3098: 3094: 3081: 3077: 3065: 3061: 3051:Wayback Machine 3042: 3038: 3030: 3023: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2993: 2981: 2977: 2966:Wayback 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3855:Dunning School 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3819: 3817: 3816:of governments 3811: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3795: 3793:Vichy syndrome 3790: 3789: 3788: 3781:Trivialization 3778: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3752: 3746: 3744: 3735: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3718: 3717: 3707: 3702: 3700:Katyn massacre 3697: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3659: 3657: 3656:and atrocities 3643: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3636:Victim blaming 3632: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3611: 3604: 3601:Disinformation 3597: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3578: 3577: 3570: 3563: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3538: 3536:on 2014-08-23. 3522: 3520:on 2011-01-27. 3509: 3507:on 2011-07-17. 3496: 3490: 3473: 3472:External links 3470: 3469: 3468: 3457: 3450: 3440: 3434: 3431:Vitaly Naumkin 3424: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3409: 3386: 3375: 3350: 3325: 3313: 3300: 3287: 3273: 3262: 3253: 3237: 3226: 3201: 3163: 3138: 3136: 3135: 3129: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3092: 3075: 3059: 3036: 3021: 3011: 3001: 2991: 2975: 2950: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2927: 2924:Vitaly Naumkin 2916: 2912: 2908: 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А. 3458: 3455: 3452:Вадим Гомоз. 3451: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3437:Walter Kolarz 3435: 3432: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3379: 3365:on 2009-04-29 3364: 3360: 3354: 3340:on 2012-08-01 3339: 3335: 3329: 3322: 3317: 3310: 3304: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3271: 3266: 3257: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3235: 3230: 3216:on 2013-04-17 3215: 3211: 3205: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3168: 3160: 3158: 3153:. 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С. 730—731. 1358: 1357:5-85733-042-4 1354: 1350: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1328: 1322: 1321:Walter Kolarz 1317: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1303: 1297: 1296:1-86064-261-6 1293: 1289: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1271: 1265: 1264:0-415-15233-X 1261: 1257: 1256:Yuri Slezkine 1252: 1250: 1248: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1226: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1160: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1107:Haydar Aliyev 1104: 1100: 1090: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1015: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 996:and lived in 995: 980: 976: 974: 973:Transcaucasia 970: 966: 960: 958: 954: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 915: 911: 909: 905: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 885: 880: 876: 872: 871:Fikret Amirov 861: 858: 854: 849: 835: 831: 827: 824: 821: 820: 814: 811: 810: 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 779: 776: 772: 761: 756: 752: 750: 744: 739: 737: 733: 729: 724: 722: 710: 705: 700: 690: 688: 684: 680: 676: 673:On 16 April, 671: 668: 667:Walter Kolarz 663: 658: 656: 652: 651:Mykola Bazhan 648: 637: 635: 629: 627: 623: 620:According to 618: 616: 612: 608: 603: 600: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 570: 568: 567: 562: 558: 554: 549: 547: 542: 540: 539:Nicholas Marr 535: 531: 528: 524: 519: 517: 502: 500: 499: 494: 490: 489: 484: 483:A. 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Pushkin 480: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 445: 444:Yuri Slezkine 441: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 399: 397: 391: 389: 388: 382: 380: 374: 372: 371: 366: 355: 354:from Gyanja. 353: 349: 348:Yuri Slezkine 344: 342: 336: 334: 329: 314: 312: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 290:ideologically 287: 283: 279: 268: 263: 261: 256: 254: 249: 248: 246: 245: 242: 239: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 200: 197: 194: 193: 188: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 167: 166: 165: 161: 160: 155: 154: 153:Eskandar-nāma 150: 148: 147: 143: 141: 140: 136: 134: 133: 129: 127: 126: 122: 121: 120: 119: 116: 115: 110: 109: 104: 103: 100: 97: 96: 92: 88: 87: 83: 79: 78: 69: 66: 58: 48: 44: 38: 37: 33: 27: 18: 17: 4649: 4582: 4574: 4566: 4558: 4512:Legal status 4498:Munin Verlag 4488:Arndt Verlag 4453: 4446: 4439: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4394: 4389:Folk og Land 4387: 4375: 4368: 4362: 4353: 4346: 4339: 4333:Publications 4309:Nippon Kaigi 4162: 4127:Nakba denial 4067: 4016: / 4001: 3997:LGBT erasure 3984: 3961:Saudi Arabia 3945: 3871: / 3824:Cuba de ayer 3822: 3799:Sonderaktion 3798: 3773: 3765: / 3756: 3634: 3627: 3613: 3606: 3599: 3592: 3540: 3534:the original 3518:the original 3505:the original 3480: 3459: 3442: 3436: 3426: 3420: 3415:Bibliography 3389: 3378: 3367:. Retrieved 3363:the original 3353: 3342:. Retrieved 3338:the original 3328: 3316: 3308: 3303: 3295: 3290: 3265: 3256: 3244: 3240: 3229: 3218:. Retrieved 3214:the original 3204: 3185: 3156: 3154: 3141: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3078: 3070: 3062: 3039: 3031: 3014: 3004: 2994: 2986: 2978: 2969: 2953: 2943: 2933: 2919: 2900: 2899:. Стр. 24: « 2877: 2876:. Стр. 59: « 2862: 2840: 2819: 2801: 2785: 2759:Huston Smith 2755:Cyril Glasse 2747: 2728: 2706: 2691: 2665: 2643: 2622: 2608: 2590: 2574: 2563: 2553: 2543: 2534: 2525:. Retrieved 2521:the original 2515: 2508: 2488: 2476: 2469: 2461: 2456: 2447: 2410: 2393: 2382:. 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