40:
359:
The events during the start and end of
Akhsitan's reign are obscure. He succeeded his father sometime after 1160. One of the coins minted during his rule is estimated to have been produced between 1160 and 1169. It has been proposed that Manuchihr III may have divided his kingdom amongst his sons
451:
He was married to his cousin ‘Ismatu’d-Din
Safwatud-Din Safwat’l-Islam with whom he had at least two children with her, a son - Fariburz and a daughter - Iljik, both died in infancy. His eldest son and heir apparent Minuchihr who was alive around 1188 did not survive his father either.
491:
to
Akhsitan, who in return greatly rewarded him. He also dedicated poems to Akhsitan's wife ‘Ismatu’d-Din Safwatud-Din Safwat’l-Islam. However, just as Manuchihr III had incarcerated Khaqani, he was imprisoned by Akhsitan. In 1188, Nizami Ganjavi dedicated his
468:(died 1209), both of whom at least once had the same patron, Akhsitan. Khaqani, who had previously served under Manuchihr III, continued his service under Akhsitan, who would become his most important patron. Khaqani dedicated twelve
433:("King") on their coins, Akhsitan instead used the title of al-Maliku'l-Mu'azzam ("The Supreme Malik") like his father. He also used the title of
364:. Afridun II and Fariburz II may have ruled in the western part of the kingdom, while coin mints of Shahanshah demonstrate that he was based in
480:
351:, which it would remain until around 1223. Following the death of Manuchihr III, Tamar went back to Georgia, where she became a nun.
227:
The details regarding
Akhsitan's reign are uncertain and obscure. He may have ruled the kingdom together with members of his family,
921:
A Numismatic
History of Southeastern Caucasia and Adharbayjan based on the Islamic Coinage of the 5th/11th to the 7th/13th Centuries
426:
from 1203 or 1204 mentions
Farrukhzad I as the Shirvanshah. This means that Akhsitan's reign ended between 1197 and 1203 or 1204.
409:. This marked the beginning of Baku's rise as a major city, though it remains uncertain if Akhsitan later moved back to Shamakhi.
1103:
494:
328:
217:
156:
39:
988:
835:
1434:
880:
1018:
360:
upon his death, due to coin mints demonstrating the coinciding reign of
Akhsitan, Shahanshah, Afridun II and his son
893:(2016). "Wearing the Belt of Oppression: Khāqāni's Christian Qasida and the Prison Poetry of Medieval Shirvān".
1439:
390:), the king of Georgia. The latter repelled the invaders and brought back order to the affected areas. The
1345:
1096:
205:
after 1160, and thought to have reigned until the years 1197–1203/04. He was the son and successor of
422:, which has led the modern historian Hadi Hasan to surmise that Akhsitan must have survived him. An
1335:
1285:
1245:
1230:
1073:
1052:
1006:
336:
317:
228:
206:
146:
87:
72:
1220:
1165:
972:
309:, who now has been demonstrated to have been the same family as the previous ruling dynasty, the
285:
191:
1190:
1155:
1449:
1444:
1429:
1350:
1290:
1260:
1140:
1135:
1089:
873:
Persian
Literature - A Bio-Bibliographical Survey: Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period (Volume V)
819:
380:
1320:
499:
243:, which marked its beginning as a major city. Akhsitan was also notably the patron of both
8:
1365:
1300:
1130:
950:
461:
332:
221:
368:. However, the latter has also been suggested to have been the successor of Akhsitan.
1388:
1210:
1195:
1014:
984:
930:
914:
876:
831:
440:
268:
260:
846:
371:
In late 1173 or early 1174, Shirvan was invaded by a combined force of the
Russian "
1393:
1360:
1310:
1200:
1160:
1145:
942:
902:
182:
1170:
1150:
976:
860:
823:
379:, Bek-Bars ibn Muzaffar. Akhsitan subsequently requested the help of his cousin
1408:
1355:
720:
465:
414:
305:. During this period, the Shirvanshahs belonged to a family referred to as the
248:
946:
906:
1423:
1330:
1325:
1275:
890:
485:
464:. Two prominent Shirvan-based poets were active during this time—Khaqani and
405:) later seized Shamakhi, which made Akhsitan move his place of residence to
1280:
1265:
1255:
1112:
1069:
395:
348:
344:
91:
1403:
1398:
1270:
1250:
1205:
1059:
435:
361:
314:
236:
202:
166:
54:
1383:
1235:
1215:
391:
340:
232:
82:
954:
1340:
1225:
1180:
1036:
983:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 718–719.
830:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 522–523.
423:
306:
136:
1120:
919:
526:
372:
365:
310:
298:
45:
1011:
The New
Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
1295:
419:
376:
302:
244:
131:
1081:
828:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XV/5: Ḵamsa of Jamāli–Karim Devona
470:
460:
During the 12th century, Shirvan served as the focal point for
773:
771:
297:"Shirvanshah" was the title of the Arab rulers of the eastern
430:
645:
596:
594:
592:
964:
A History of Sharvān and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries
795:
783:
768:
710:
708:
635:
633:
606:
550:
406:
240:
589:
567:
565:
516:
514:
475:
272:
732:
705:
693:
669:
657:
630:
618:
577:
935:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
681:
562:
511:
502:(died 1201) dedicated at least one poem to Akhsitan.
239:. He is notable for moving his place of residence to
196:
756:
744:
538:
981:Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/7: Ahriman–Alafrank
918:
859:
1421:
429:Akhsitan's predecessors had used the title of
1097:
862:Falaki-i-Shirwani: His Times, Life, and Works
347:. During this period, Shirvan was a Georgian
1013:. New York City: Columbia University Press.
933:(1945). "Khāqānī and Andronicus Comnenus".
1104:
1090:
38:
913:
738:
726:
714:
699:
675:
663:
651:
639:
624:
612:
583:
556:
412:Akhsitan's death is not mentioned in the
259:"Akhsitan" is a shortened version of the
961:
929:
870:
844:
817:
801:
789:
777:
687:
571:
544:
532:
520:
970:
966:. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd.
600:
1422:
729:, pp. 182–183 (see also note 88).
1085:
889:
857:
762:
750:
186:
13:
999:
325: 1120 – after 1160
214: 1120 – after 1160
14:
1461:
1111:
810:
400:
385:
335:. Akhsitan had three brothers,
322:
289:refers Akhsitan as "Aysartan".
220:, a Georgian princess from the
211:
313:. Akhsitan was the son of the
44:Coin of Akhsitan I, minted at
1:
895:Journal of Persianate Studies
818:Beelaert, Anna Livia (2010).
505:
292:
251:, two leading Persian poets.
105:
455:
327:) and the Georgian princess
7:
1435:12th-century Iranian people
962:Minorsky, Vladimir (1958).
871:de Blois, Francois (2004).
535:, p. 136 (see note 4).
197:
10:
1466:
1064:after 1160 – 1197–1203/04
1374:
1309:
1179:
1119:
1066:
1057:
1049:
1044:
1030:
947:10.1017/S0041977X0007227X
907:10.1163/18747167-12341296
446:
162:
152:
142:
130:
122:
114:
101:
97:
78:
68:
64:after 1160 – 1197–1203/04
60:
53:
37:
28:
23:
845:Bosworth, C. E. (2011).
354:
866:. University of London.
286:The Georgian Chronicles
254:
925:. Columbia University.
1351:Ibrahim II Shaykhshah
851:Encyclopaedia Iranica
48:between 1175 and 1194
971:Sajjadi, Z. (1984).
858:Hasan, Hadi (1929).
500:Zahir-al-Din Faryabi
418:of the Persian poet
283:, meaning "might").
32:al-Maliku'l-Mu'azzam
1440:12th-century births
891:Gould, Rebecca Ruth
804:, pp. 460–461.
792:, pp. 522–523.
780:, pp. 321–322.
654:, pp. 184–194.
615:, pp. 170–171.
603:, pp. 718–719.
559:, pp. 136–138.
375:" and the ruler of
915:Kouymjian, Dickran
462:Persian literature
439:on his coins like
333:Bagrationi dynasty
222:Bagrationi dynasty
216:). His mother was
1417:
1416:
1080:
1079:
1067:Succeeded by
990:978-0-71009-096-6
837:978-1-934283-28-8
441:Ali II of Shirvan
195:
172:
171:
1457:
1394:Qorban Ali Mirza
1361:Farrukh Yasar II
1106:
1099:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1050:Preceded by
1028:
1027:
1024:
994:
977:Yarshater, Ehsan
967:
958:
926:
924:
910:
886:
867:
865:
854:
841:
824:Yarshater, Ehsan
820:"Ḵāqāni Šervāni"
805:
799:
793:
787:
781:
775:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
712:
703:
697:
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685:
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673:
667:
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649:
643:
637:
628:
622:
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610:
604:
598:
587:
581:
575:
569:
560:
554:
548:
542:
536:
530:
524:
518:
495:Layla and Majnun
489:
404:
403: 1186–1191
402:
389:
388: 1156–1184
387:
326:
324:
215:
213:
200:
190:
188:
110:
107:
42:
21:
20:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1376:
1370:
1313:
1305:
1183:
1175:
1123:
1115:
1110:
1076:
1063:
1055:
1040:
1033:
1021:
1007:Bosworth, C. E.
1005:
1002:
1000:Further reading
997:
991:
883:
838:
813:
808:
800:
796:
788:
784:
776:
769:
761:
757:
749:
745:
737:
733:
725:
721:
713:
706:
698:
694:
686:
682:
674:
670:
662:
658:
650:
646:
638:
631:
623:
619:
611:
607:
599:
590:
582:
578:
570:
563:
555:
551:
543:
539:
531:
527:
519:
512:
508:
483:
458:
449:
399:
384:
357:
321:
295:
257:
210:
201:) was the 20th
108:
90:
86:
49:
31:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1463:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1409:Abu Bakr Mirza
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1356:Khalilullah II
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
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1243:
1238:
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1228:
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1198:
1193:
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1176:
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1143:
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1127:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1068:
1065:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1045:Regnal titles
1042:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1001:
998:
996:
995:
989:
968:
959:
941:(3): 550–578.
927:
911:
887:
882:978-0947593476
881:
868:
855:
842:
836:
814:
812:
809:
807:
806:
794:
782:
767:
755:
743:
741:, p. 176.
739:Kouymjian 1969
731:
727:Kouymjian 1969
719:
717:, p. 182.
715:Kouymjian 1969
704:
702:, p. 187.
700:Kouymjian 1969
692:
680:
678:, p. 175.
676:Kouymjian 1969
668:
666:, p. 193.
664:Kouymjian 1969
656:
652:Kouymjian 1969
644:
642:, p. 188.
640:Kouymjian 1969
629:
627:, p. 171.
625:Kouymjian 1969
617:
613:Kouymjian 1969
605:
588:
586:, p. 242.
584:Kouymjian 1969
576:
574:, p. 136.
561:
557:Kouymjian 1969
549:
537:
525:
523:, p. 559.
509:
507:
504:
466:Nizami Ganjavi
457:
454:
448:
445:
356:
353:
294:
291:
256:
253:
249:Nizami Ganjavi
177:(also spelled
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
103:
99:
98:
95:
94:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
51:
50:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1462:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1346:Sultan Mahmud
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1331:Farrukh Yasar
1329:
1327:
1326:Khalilullah I
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1276:Farrukhzad II
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1231:Manuchihr III
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1053:Manuchihr III
1048:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1029:
1022:
1020:0-231-10714-5
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:
992:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
965:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
922:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
878:
875:. Routledge.
874:
869:
864:
863:
856:
852:
848:
843:
839:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
815:
803:
802:de Blois 2004
798:
791:
790:Beelaert 2010
786:
779:
778:de Blois 2004
774:
772:
765:, p. 25.
764:
759:
753:, p. 35.
752:
747:
740:
735:
728:
723:
716:
711:
709:
701:
696:
690:, p. 85.
689:
688:Minorsky 1958
684:
677:
672:
665:
660:
653:
648:
641:
636:
634:
626:
621:
614:
609:
602:
597:
595:
593:
585:
580:
573:
572:Minorsky 1958
568:
566:
558:
553:
546:
545:Bosworth 2011
541:
534:
533:Minorsky 1958
529:
522:
521:Minorsky 1945
517:
515:
510:
503:
501:
498:to Akhsitan.
497:
496:
490:
487:
482:
477:
473:
472:
467:
463:
453:
444:
442:
438:
437:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
416:
410:
408:
397:
393:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
319:
318:Manuchihr III
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
290:
288:
287:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
208:
207:Manuchihr III
204:
199:
193:
184:
180:
176:
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
148:
147:Manuchihr III
145:
141:
138:
135:
133:
129:
126:Safwat al-Din
125:
121:
117:
113:
104:
100:
96:
93:
89:
84:
81:
77:
74:
73:Manuchihr III
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
47:
41:
36:
33:
27:
22:
16:
1450:1200s deaths
1445:1190s deaths
1430:Shirvanshahs
1281:Akhsitan III
1266:Fariburz III
1256:Farrukhzad I
1240:
1221:Manuchihr II
1166:Muhammad III
1113:Shirvanshahs
1070:Farrukhzad I
1058:
1035:
1010:
980:
963:
938:
934:
931:Minorsky, V.
920:
901:(1): 19–44.
898:
894:
872:
861:
850:
847:"Šervānšāhs"
827:
811:Bibliography
797:
785:
758:
746:
734:
722:
695:
683:
671:
659:
647:
620:
608:
601:Sajjadi 1984
579:
552:
540:
528:
493:
479:
478:) and seven
469:
459:
450:
434:
428:
413:
411:
396:Qizil Arslan
370:
358:
349:protectorate
345:Farrukhzad I
296:
284:
280:
276:
267:, itself of
264:
258:
226:
178:
174:
173:
118:1197–1203/04
92:Farrukhzad I
29:
15:
1404:Kavus Mirza
1399:Qasem Mirza
1377:(1544–1602)
1375:Pretenders
1314:(1382–1538)
1271:Akhsitan II
1251:Fariburz II
1206:Bukhtnassar
1191:Manuchihr I
1184:(1027–1382)
1156:Muhammad II
1060:Shirvanshah
1032:Akhsitan I
484: [
481:tarkibbands
436:Shirvanshah
424:inscription
362:Fariburz II
315:Shirvanshah
237:Fariburz II
203:Shirvanshah
167:Sunni Islam
109: 1112
69:Predecessor
55:Shirvanshah
30:Shirvanshah
18:Shirvanshah
1424:Categories
1384:Burhan Ali
1336:Bahram Beg
1311:Darbandids
1291:Kayqubad I
1286:Keykavus I
1261:Garshasp I
1246:Shahanshah
1241:Akhsitan I
1236:Afridun II
1216:Fariburz I
1141:Haytham II
1136:Muhammad I
1124:(861–1027)
1074:Shahanshah
763:Gould 2016
751:Hasan 1929
506:References
381:George III
341:Afridun II
337:Shahanshah
293:Background
265:Aghsarthan
233:Afridun II
229:Shahanshah
187:اخستان یکم
175:Akhsitan I
88:Shahanshah
85:(possibly)
83:Afridun II
24:Akhsitan I
1341:Ghazi Beg
1321:Ibrahim I
1226:Afridun I
1181:Kasranids
1131:Haytham I
1037:Kasranids
973:"Aḵestān"
456:Patronage
392:Eldiguzid
307:Kasranids
299:Caucasian
275:Ossetian
192:romanized
137:Kasranids
79:Successor
1366:Shahrukh
1171:Yazid II
1121:Yazidids
1009:(1996).
917:(1969).
431:al-Malik
373:brodnici
366:Shamakhi
311:Yazidids
271:origin (
269:Ossetian
261:Georgian
179:Akhsatan
163:Religion
46:Shamakhi
1301:Hushang
1296:Kavus I
1161:Ahmad I
1151:Yazid I
979:(ed.).
826:(ed.).
471:qasidas
420:Khaqani
377:Darband
331:of the
303:Shirvan
301:region
245:Khaqani
198:Aḵestān
194::
183:Persian
132:Dynasty
123:Consort
1389:Mehrab
1211:Sallar
1196:Ali II
1017:
987:
955:609336
953:
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834:
447:Family
394:ruler
343:, and
281:äxsart
153:Mother
143:Father
1201:Qubad
1146:Ali I
975:. In
951:JSTOR
822:. In
488:]
415:divan
355:Reign
329:Tamar
277:äxsar
263:name
218:Tamar
157:Tamar
61:Reign
1015:ISBN
985:ISBN
877:ISBN
832:ISBN
476:odes
407:Baku
255:Name
247:and
241:Baku
235:and
115:Died
102:Born
1072:or
943:doi
903:doi
279:or
273:cf.
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231:,
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189:,
185::
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106:c.
1105:e
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957:.
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