1627:
848:
1383:
292:
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36:
2150:
Wang, Shuilian; Liu, Ruyu; Gong, Yundeng; Mokhber, Mahdi; Mao, Yongjiang; Guan, Feng; Vlaic, Augustin; Vlaic, Bogdan; Ramunno, Luigi; Cosenza, Gianfranco; Ahmad, Ali; Soysal, Ihsan; Ünal, Emel Ö.; Ketudat-Cairns, Mariena; Garcia, José F.; Utsunomiya, Yuri T.; Baruselli, Pietro S.; Amaral, Maria E. J.; Parnpai, Rangsun; Drummond, Marcela G.; Galbusera, Peter; Burton, James; Hoal, Eileen; Yusnizar, Yulnawati; Sumantri, Cece; Moioli, Bianca; Valentini, Alessio; Stella, Alessandra; Williams, John L.; Ajmone-Marsan, Paolo (March 2, 2018).
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their best carabaos, others watch for the thrill. The carabaos, geared with their carts on their back, race together with their farmer to win prizes. The race is divided into two classes, one for amateur or first-time carabao racers and the other is for the veteran carabao racers. A race carabao can be bought for ₱35,000 to ₱60,000, with the price increasing with the number of races that it wins. Proven race winners can command a price as high as ₱200,000.
3054:
642:
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1666:, which is fenced on all sides. The carabao population of Naval Magazine has grown to several hundred, to the point that they have become a pest and caused environmental damage, and polluted the water supply in the Fena Reservoir. In 2003, the Navy began a program of extermination to control the carabao population of Naval Magazine, a move that was protested by many
921:, the soil of the rice paddy is first softened with rainwater or diverted watershed, then the farmer guides a group of carabaos in trampling the planting area until it is soggy enough to receive the rice seedlings. This time-consuming task produces lower yields and lower income when compared with the advancement in irrigated fields.
2149:
Colli, Licia; Milanesi, Marco; Vajana, Elia; Iamartino, Daniela; Bomba, Lorenzo; Puglisi, Francesco; Del Corvo, Marcello; Nicolazzi, Ezequiel L.; Ahmed, Sahar S. E.; Herrera, Jesus R. V.; Cruz, Libertado; Zhang, Shujun; Liang, Aixin; Hua, Guohua; Yang, Liguo; Hao, Xingjie; Zuo, Fuyuan; Lai, Song-Jia;
1007:
One of the many reasons for the failure of the attempted
Japanese pacification of the Philippines during their 1941–1945 occupation was their indifference to the basics of the Philippine economy. The carabaos provided the necessary labor that allowed Philippine farmers to grow rice and other staples.
1617:
some fiestas have carabao racing as their highlight. Training and conditioning of the race carabao to its full extent is a serious job. Farmers and their trustworthy carabaos gather together to race in a 500 metres (1,600 ft) dirt road. Spectators fill up this unique spectacle, some betting on
1673:
The carabao is considered a symbol of Guam. In the early 1960s, carabao races were a popular sport in the island, especially during fiestas. Today, carabaos are a part of the popular culture. They are often brought to carnivals or other festivities, and are used as a popular ride for children.
1151:
The butchering of carabaos is strictly regulated under
Philippine law in an effort to conserve the population. Only carabaos that are seven years or older (if male) or eleven years or older (if female) can be slaughtered after the acquisition of necessary permits and clearances. In all other
1305:
Water buffalos have also been imported from abroad by the
Philippine Carabao Center and crossbred with the carabao in an effort to develop a more productive breed for milk production. In 2015, an estimated 10,000 heads of the commercial herds of water buffalo in the Philippines are imported
1601:, a social club started in 1900 by American enlisted men fighting in the Philippine-American War, believes that the water buffalo symbolizes the "camaraderie that grows among members of the armed forces who face the dangers and privations of extensive military service far from home."
1297:
Carabaos are increasingly being replaced by modern machinery, leading to more and more carabaos being slaughtered for meat as they lose their agricultural importance. They've also gone through population decimations in the past from diseases as well as carabao massacres in
797:. Green fodders are used widely for intensive milk production and for fattening. Many fodder crops are conserved as hay, chaffed, or pulped. Trials in the Philippines showed that the carabao, on poor-quality roughage, had a better feed conversion rate than cattle.
1273:
As of 2023, there are an estimated 2.74 million heads of carabaos in the
Philippines. 99.3% are from smallhold farms, while the remaining 0.5% and 0.2% are from semi-commercial and commercial farms, respectively. The highest population of carabaos is from the
1661:
Carabaos were used for farming and for pulling carts. They were fairly common on Guam before the 20th century, with a population numbering in the thousands. Today, they are rare in most parts of the island except in the US Naval
Magazine near the village of
924:
Before modern equipment, carabaos were also formerly used to thresh rice by trampling them while going around a post, separating the grains from the stalks. They were also used to power stone mills used for crushing sugarcane in pre-modern sugar production.
873:
farmers. Carabaos raised as draft animals are typically docile and can be trained with simple commands. They are treated as a family pet and are regularly taken to bodies of water to bathe when not working. The advent of modern machinery like
1725:
Lau, C. H.; Drinkwater, R. D.; Yusoff, K.; Tan, S. G.; Hetzel, D. J. S.; Barker, J. S. F. (August 1998). "Genetic diversity of Asian water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ): mitochondrial DNA D-loop and cytochrome b sequence variation".
1087:. One of the main goals of the Philippine Carabao Center is the development of a more productive breed of carabaos for commercial dairy production and to encourage the growth of the carabao milk industry in the private sector.
2505:
1340:
Various organizations have also created sanctuaries for native carabaos where slaughtering animals is restricted and the introduction of foreign breeds are banned. This includes the communal grazing grounds of
1008:
Japanese army patrols would not only confiscate the rice, but would also slaughter the carabaos for meat, thereby preventing the farmers from growing enough rice to feed the large population. Before
1796:
Amano, Noel; Piper, Philip J.; Hung, Hsiao-chun; Bellwood, Peter (2013). "Introduced
Domestic Animals in the Neolithic and Metal Age of the Philippines: Evidence From Nagsabaran, Northern Luzon".
813:
improvement, technology development and dissemination, and establishment of carabao-based enterprises, thus ensuring higher income and better nutrition. The
National Water Buffalo Gene Pool in
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762:
are present in the proportion of about 3% of the buffalo population. Mature male carabaos weigh 420–500 kg (930–1,100 lb), and females 400–425 kg (882–937 lb). Height at
2825:
664:. Most of the remains consisted of skull fragments, almost all of which have cut marks indicating they were butchered. The remains are associated with red slipped pottery,
809:(PCC) was established to conserve, propagate, and promote the carabao as a source of draft animal power, meat, milk, and hide to benefit the rural farmers through carabao
1337:. The cryobank also holds samples of other native breeds of domestic animals, as well as plans for the preservation of the germplasm of other threatened endemic species.
1442:) - A cultural festival held on the first week of May. It features a parade of painted carabaos. The name of the festival is derived from the local term for carabao.
1587:
of the
Philippines has stated that this still has not been officially recognized by law. House Bill 3926, Philippine National Symbols Act of 2014, was proposed in
572:, rather than the carabao. These terms spread southwards from Taiwan, indicating that domesticated carabaos were carried partially into the Philippines during the
2201:
1189:
was once used extensively to create a variety of products, including the armor of precolonial
Philippine warriors. The horns are also carved and used to make the
1083:
due to its easier availability prior to modern importation and the development of canned milk. However, it never became widely commercialized and still remains a
2362:
3086:
1333:. A cryobank facility for this purpose was inaugurated in 2012 in the Livestock Innovations and Biotechnology complex of the PCC national headquarters in
1218:
1768:
Villamor, Lilian P.; Nomura, Koh; Amano, Takashi; Takahashi, Yukimizu (2021). "Genetic
Divergence and Phylogenetic Relationship of Philippine Carabao (
1594:
In the late 1980s, the carabao puppet character Kardong Kalabaw became popular as a symbol of the Philippine people's hard work and sense of industry.
976:
is typically used for rocky or muddy terrain, and has the advantage of being capable of traveling over rice paddy dikes without destroying them. The
2940:
3153:
2856:
1983:
652:
The oldest evidence of water buffalo discovered in the Philippines is multiple fragmentary skeletal remains recovered from the upper layers of the
1591:
with the aim of officially declaring the country's national symbols, including the carabao as the national animal. It is currently still pending.
2882:
2833:
2091:. Vol. fasc. 3. Darwin Community College, PNC-La Salle-Ateneo Consortium, Linguistic Society of the Philippines, Surian ng Wikang Pambansa.
769:
Carabaos prefer to wallow in a mudhole that they make with the horns. Their objective is to acquire a thick coating of mud. They thrive on many
3476:
3584:
2829:
1584:
1705:
1476:) - A religious festival held on May 14. The highlight of the event is the kneeling of carabaos as they pass in front of the town church.
2907:
1449:) - A cultural festival held on May 3. It is the oldest festival of its kind and features a parade of colorful decorated carabao sleds.
1399:) in the Philippines due to its important role in rural farming communities. The festivals which feature carabaos prominently include:
1012:, an estimated three million carabaos inhabited the Philippines. By the end of the war, an estimated nearly 70% of them had been lost.
227:
farmers. They were also formerly widely used for the transport of goods throughout the islands. They are a source of carabao milk and
1486:) - A century-old cultural festival held every May 15. The highlight of the festival is a parade of colorful decorated carabao carts.
3079:
2403:
1524:) - A cultural festival held on September 28. It celebrates the founding anniversary of the town and features a parade of carabaos.
2531:
773:
and in time of flood will graze submerged, raising their heads above the water and carrying quantities of edible plants. They eat
688:
of the layer in which the oldest fragments were found, water buffalo were already present in the Philippines by at least 500 BCE.
1894:
2586:
2117:
Mijares, Armand Salvador B. (2006). "The early Austronesian migration to Luzon: perspectives from the Peñablanca Cave Sites".
3022:
2690:
2665:
2648:
Borghese, Antonio; Chiariotti, Antonella; Barile, Vittoria Lucia (2022). "Buffalo in the World: Situation and Perspectives".
1878:
766:
of the male ranges from 127 to 137 cm (50 to 54 in), and of the female from 124 to 129 cm (49 to 51 in).
2990:
3064:
2632:
2152:"New Insights on Water Buffalo Genomic Diversity and Post-Domestication Migration Routes From Medium Density SNP Chip Data"
1609:
Carabao racing is a widely popular sport among farmers and carabao enthusiasts in the Philippines. In central and southern
3579:
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232:
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1996:
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in central Guam was classified as protected game, but the population has been declining since 1982, most likely due to
1534:) - A cultural festival held on September 29. It celebrates the carabao and features street dancers depicting carabaos.
2359:
3589:
3383:
3012:
2808:
2462:
2387:
1931:
1358:
657:
3336:
1923:
A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language with Families of Words based on Indo-European Roots
1411:
held every 3rd Saturday of January. The highlight of the festival is a traditional fight between two bull carabaos.
279:) are not carabaos and descend from different populations that were introduced through a later separate route from
3299:
3119:
1772:) and Other Swamp Buffalo Populations in Neighboring Countries Revealed by the Mitochondrial DNA D-loop Region".
1209:
The carabao has been crossbred with other water buffalo breeds. Notable breeds with carabao ancestry include the
691:
Genetic studies have shown that the closest related populations to carabaos are the swamp buffalo populations of
2560:
1710:
In: Domestic Animal Diversity Information System. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
1551:
means "match" and it features a fight between two carabao bulls until one of them runs away from their opponent.
1225:. The buffalypso is the result of breeding programs that crossed the carabao with river-type buffaloes like the
1921:
2770:
2714:
1868:
3569:
3506:
3462:
3139:
2614:
1991:. Animal Production and Health Series. Vol. 4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
1598:
1152:
instances, the killing of carabaos is illegal. However, this law is often violated due to poor enforcement.
3485:
1683:
869:
rice cultivation. In 2023, the vast majority of Philippine carabaos (99.3%) are raised for this purpose by
847:
1626:
1511:) - A cultural festival held from June 24 to 25. The festival celebrates a local traditional cheese, the
1382:
2506:"Ban on cow slaughter in Maharashtra: Why Indian consumers should insist on buffalo milk & carabeef"
2002:
1497:. The highlight of the festival is a procession of carabaos with decorated carts full of farm products.
1463:) - A cultural festival held from May 5 to 7. It is a celebration of the town's traditional and iconic
3058:
2431:
American Involvement in the Filipino Resistance on Mindanao During the Japanese Occupation, 1942–1945
2275:
806:
754:
Carabaos have the low, wide, and heavy build of draft animals. They vary in color from light grey to
242:
from the Philippines in the 17th century. They have also acquired great cultural significance to the
2457:. Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1999. Oxford Symposium. pp. 126–136.
2131:
1504:) - A cultural festival held on June 16. It celebrates the carabao and its contributions to farmers.
3046:
20:
3378:
3134:
1642:
by Spanish missionaries in the 17th century from domestic stock in the Philippines to be used as
1418:) - A cultural festival held every last Saturday of March. It celebrates the carabao-drawn cart (
1157:
735:
581:
411:
280:
3129:
2126:
893:. In modern times, carabaos are also used to plow fields for crops that grow on dry land, like
707:
573:
407:
193:
2796:
2219:
3211:
577:
415:
3094:
1334:
1021:
814:
291:
3429:
1521:
790:
646:
600:
426:
371:
3279:
2962:
1842:
8:
3538:
3161:
2453:
Fernandez, Doreen G. (2000). "Carabao Milk in Philippine Life". In Walker, Harlan (ed.).
1588:
1569:
1494:
1460:
1404:
1258:
1234:
1214:
1140:
The term "carabeef" is used to refer to the meat of carabaos in the Philippines. It is a
719:
677:
610:
382:
264:
3352:
2681:
Porter, Valerie; Alderson, Lawrence; Hall, Stephen J.G.; Sponenberg, D. Phillip (2016).
2532:"Carabeef takes limelight in Buglasan 2019's Organic Farm Family Congress and Agri-Fair"
2083:
1456:) - A provincial festival held on the second week of May aiming to promote carabao milk.
1261:) are naturalized populations of swamp-type buffalos, including carabaos, imported from
1155:
Carabeef is popular in some regions and can be used in dishes in place of beef, like in
3511:
3373:
1959:
1823:
1465:
1415:
1145:
1098:
1044:
1039:
494:
430:
35:
758:. The horns are sickle-shaped or curve backward toward the neck. Chevrons are common.
414:
and likely derives from a secondary pre-colonial introduction of water buffaloes into
3526:
3404:
3124:
3018:
2804:
2686:
2661:
2458:
2383:
2309:
2183:
1992:
1927:
1898:
1874:
1827:
1743:
1739:
1565:
1439:
1428:
1322:). Another 29,700 heads are crossbreeds of the carabao and imported river buffaloes.
389:
320:
159:
1325:
Despite this, the PCC ensures that the native carabao gene pool is preserved by the
1060:, due to its much higher fat and protein content. It has similar mineral content as
3574:
3543:
3439:
3414:
3206:
3167:
2653:
2173:
2163:
1813:
1805:
1735:
1663:
1527:
1508:
1501:
1479:
1473:
1387:
1326:
1262:
1084:
1080:
685:
556:
539:
479:
470:
362:
353:
344:
310:
306:
3521:
3434:
3419:
3304:
3178:
3172:
3145:
2994:
2987:
2803:. Volume 7 of Anthropology of Food & Nutrition. Berghahn Books. p. 197.
2478:
2366:
2334:
2031:
1809:
1667:
1576:
1538:
1346:
1287:
1279:
1068:. It is characteristically bluish-white in color. Carabao milk is typically home-
928:
Carabaos were also widely used for transporting goods in the past, usually via a
620:
530:
521:
512:
452:
434:
260:
243:
3454:
2657:
3516:
3409:
3269:
3235:
3231:
2429:
1651:
1614:
1531:
1483:
1362:
1307:
1291:
1226:
912:
817:, is a facility for continuous selection, testing, and propagation of superior
596:
503:
461:
398:
378:
324:
1560:
1493:) - A religious festival held on May 15 honoring the town's patron saint, St.
3563:
3548:
3325:
2168:
2151:
1542:
1490:
1446:
1283:
1230:
1201:
production with an estimated total market value of $ 10 million, as of 2002.
1073:
886:
822:
770:
703:
665:
630:
443:
181:
172:
167:
136:
3357:
2404:"The Last Calesa Maker: How A Proud Fernandino Kept A Fading Industry Alive"
1350:
988:
come in various designs and can be covered in a roof of woven split bamboo (
676:
bracelets; which have strong affinities to similar artifacts from Neolithic
629:
is coincidental, and they do not share a common etymology — an example of a
3388:
2187:
1431:) - A cultural festival held from April 1 to 9 celebrating the traditional
1299:
1275:
1135:
1009:
870:
862:
778:
774:
224:
216:
3189:
1950:
William Henry Scott (1990). "Sixteenth-century Visayan Food and Farming".
1747:
1408:
833:
746:
590:
2713:
Roque, Anselmo S.; Irang, Ma. Cecilia C.; Marcelo, Chrissalyn L. (2015).
1643:
1580:
1453:
1432:
1186:
1162:
1141:
1104:
1092:
1069:
1031:
902:
866:
738:, indicating that they originated from a different introduction pathway.
220:
177:
59:
49:
3259:
2797:"Tradition and Change: Beer Consumption in Northeast Luzon, Philippines"
2178:
2056:
1963:
905:. Another older method of preparing fields with the carabao is known as
3216:
1210:
1194:
1167:
1109:
1065:
982:, on the other hand, is typically reserved for traveling on roads. The
786:
755:
2826:"In Focus: 9 Facts You May Not Know About Philippine National Symbols"
1870:
The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes]
1818:
3496:
3424:
3319:
1895:"..:: Majlis Perbandaran Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, MALAYSIA ::"
1330:
1242:
1238:
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1057:
1000:
995:
898:
794:
723:
696:
653:
419:
268:
205:
189:
3531:
3309:
3294:
3249:
3242:
3226:
3053:
2908:"Bill seeks to make adobo, jeepney, carabao as PH national symbols"
2587:"ProVet says no law prohibiting use of carabao meat in corned beef"
1655:
1315:
1122:
1113:
1061:
1053:
759:
715:
641:
548:
256:
231:, among other products. The carabao is widely considered to be the
228:
209:
197:
67:
1148:
in the 1970s to distinguish the meat of water buffalos from beef.
1096:, a traditional soft cheese. It is also used for sweets including
3264:
2744:"CPG native carabao conservation: Current status and way forward"
1354:
1342:
1198:
875:
782:
763:
731:
625:
569:
565:
340:
276:
718:. Carabaos are genetically distinct from the swamp buffaloes of
3289:
3274:
3041:
1513:
1311:
1222:
990:
878:
are slowly displacing carabaos in their role as draft animals.
711:
692:
681:
251:
201:
185:
63:
1026:
3284:
3221:
3114:
1647:
1610:
1366:
1319:
1090:
The most common use of carabao milk is for the production of
818:
710:
into the Philippines from Taiwan, and then further onward to
661:
2801:
Liquid Bread: Beer and Brewing in Cross-Cultural Perspective
2680:
2148:
1767:
429:
already had ancient terms for the carabao, reconstructed as
3314:
2999:
Transactions of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society
2683:
Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding
2434:. M.S. Thesis. U.S. Army Command and General Staff College.
1639:
1631:
1190:
1035:, a traditional Filipino soft cheese made from carabao milk
894:
890:
882:
810:
727:
673:
669:
552:
272:
246:
and are considered the unofficial national animal of Guam.
239:
71:
1546:
706:. This indicates that carabaos were carried along by the
328:
2771:"How the carabao is honored in different PH festivities"
2750:. Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines
2647:
2485:. Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines
734:), which show closer affinities to swamp buffaloes from
695:, which in turn descended from swamp buffaloes from the
2883:"House bill officially declares adobo as national food"
1795:
1724:
1386:
A painted carabao in the Kneeling Carabao Festival of
166:) are a genetically distinct population of swamp-type
2988:"Management of feral and exotic game species on Guam"
1144:
of "carabao" and "beef" and was originally coined in
881:
The traditional equipment used with the carabao is a
2262:
History and Description of Our Philippine Wonderland
1052:
Carabao milk is richer and creamier in texture than
2637:. Smithsonian Institution Press. 1917. p. 107.
1949:
1278:, with an estimated 324,220 heads, followed by the
3011:Cunningham, Lawrence J.; Beaty, Janice J. (2001).
533:
249:The term "carabao" is also sometimes used for the
3484:
2799:. In Schiefenhovel, Wulf; Macbeth, Helen (eds.).
2712:
2650:Biotechnological Applications in Buffalo Research
2264:. Crowell & Kirkpatrick Company. p. 163.
1575:Despite the carabao being widely regarded as the
1126:poured over rice with various other ingredients.
1048:, a traditional milk candy made from carabao milk
576:, but didn't move further south into the rest of
3561:
3379:Martyrs and heroes during the martial law period
3154:Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa
2247:The Philippines Under Spanish and American Rules
2101:
2095:
1349:; the national conservation site of carabaos in
1252:
1246:
604:
3010:
2220:"Carabao Situation Report, July-September 2023"
1977:
1975:
1973:
1926:. Vol. I (A–G). XLibris LLC. p. 311.
1674:Carabao meat is sometimes eaten as a delicacy.
1393:The carabao is featured in numerous festivals (
1161:, as well as in commercial processed meat like
1120:. Carabao milk can also eaten for breakfast or
497:
259:, which is the official animal of the state of
188:that were introduced to the Philippines in the
2244:
2238:
1394:
983:
977:
971:
959:
953:
947:
941:
933:
916:
911:, which is still practiced by some farmers in
906:
852:
838:
392:
3470:
3080:
2857:"Bill expands official national symbols list"
2795:Aquino, Dante M.; Persoon, Gerald A. (2013).
2794:
1798:The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology
1419:
965:
588:
559:
488:
482:
473:
365:
356:
347:
334:
314:
296:
235:of the Philippines and symbolizes hard work.
2932:
2830:National Commission for Culture and the Arts
2737:
2735:
2554:
2552:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2119:Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin
1970:
1585:National Commission for Culture and the Arts
623:. The resemblance of the word "carabao" to
614:
524:
515:
455:
437:
223:rice cultivation and are commonly raised by
2561:"Pangasinan's carabeef business flourishes"
2061:Binisaya – Cebuano Dictionary and Thesaurus
1952:Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society
1193:of Philippine swords and bladed tools like
1079:Carabao milk is used widely in traditional
551:, but the terms there apply to the related
542:
506:
464:
401:
3477:
3463:
3087:
3073:
2823:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
446:
34:
2742:Villamor, Lilian P. (December 26, 2019).
2732:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
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2558:
2549:
2452:
2437:
2259:
2253:
2177:
2167:
2130:
1945:
1943:
1817:
1469:industry which is made from carabao milk.
1112:, and a traditional ice cream flavor for
89:draft animal, transport, milk, hide, meat
2824:Pangilinan, Leon Jr. (October 3, 2014).
2741:
2641:
2634:Bulletin – United States National Museum
2559:Cardiñoza, Gabriel (February 11, 2024).
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2144:
2142:
2085:Core Etymological Dictionary of Filipino
2029:
2025:
2023:
1981:
1625:
1559:
1381:
1038:
1025:
846:
832:
745:
640:
587:Other native names for carabaos include
290:
2529:
2523:
2377:
2371:
2194:
2116:
1919:
1867:Minahan, James B. (December 23, 2009).
1866:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1754:
1306:riverine-type breeds, most notably the
196:. They were also further introduced to
3562:
2939:, The Filipino Journal, archived from
2880:
2874:
2699:
2674:
2530:Joanino, Charlene (November 4, 2019).
2503:
2497:
2380:Customs and Culture of the Philippines
2214:
2212:
1940:
1913:
1860:
410:terms appear to be loanwords from the
333:. The female is called (in Spanish) a
286:
3458:
3068:
2936:May Natutunan Ka Ba kay Kiko Matsing?
2854:
2848:
2768:
2762:
2609:
2607:
2360:Philippine Daily Inquirer, 8-18-2007.
2307:
2294:
2249:. J. C. Winston Company. p. 442.
2139:
2049:
2020:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1700:
1698:
1424:) used by the town's founding father.
1171:. Carabao skin can also be cooked as
2855:Panti, Llanesca T. (March 1, 2014).
2382:. C. E. Tuttle Company. p. 37.
2081:
1784:
1774:Journal of Agriculture Science Tokyo
1541:) - A cultural festival held during
1265:to Brazil in the late 19th century.
309:term "carabao" is borrowed from the
3585:National symbols of the Philippines
3101:National symbols of the Philippines
2961:Hsu, Chia Chi (February 28, 2022).
2960:
2881:Bacani, Louis (February 28, 2014).
2615:"The prospects of carabao industry"
2585:Ganancial, Rachel (July 21, 2022).
2396:
2308:Roque, Anselmo (October 28, 2018).
2209:
2036:Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
1841:Hsu, Chia Chi (February 28, 2022).
1840:
1022:Water buffalo § Dairy products
857:) in the Philippines (c. 1910)
843:) in the Philippines (c. 1899)
580:until the second introduction from
180:. They descended from domesticated
13:
3367:Declared from national legislation
3188:
2604:
2276:"Milking Profits from the Carabao"
2268:
2200:Philippine Carabao Center (2011).
2102:Estrada-Villegas, Valente (1952).
1713:
1695:
1407:) - A religious festival honoring
660:(~2200 BCE to 400 CE) of northern
584:. The reason for this is unknown.
14:
3601:
3034:
2106:. Manila: D.P. Perez. p. 24.
2030:Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen.
1887:
1604:
1204:
1197:. Carabao hide is still used for
1180:
1015:
658:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens
3389:Veterans of the Second World War
3095:
3052:
3040:
2504:Doctor, Vikram (March 8, 2015).
1740:10.1046/j.1365-2052.1998.00309.x
828:
750:A carabao wallowing at a mudhole
319:, which is derived from Eastern
263:. However, water buffaloes from
3004:
2980:
2954:
2926:
2900:
2817:
2788:
2625:
2471:
2422:
2353:
2327:
2224:Philippine Statistics Authority
2110:
2075:
1268:
425:However, it is also clear that
2769:Irang, Ma. Cecilia C. (2015).
2245:Forbes-Lindsay, C. H. (1906).
1834:
1707:Philippine Carabao/Philippines
1489:San Isidro Labrador Festival (
1064:, except it has twice as much
741:
1:
3486:Domestic water buffalo breeds
2715:"Native carabaos are forever"
2226:. Republic of the Philippines
1982:Cockrill, W. R., ed. (1977).
1689:
1630:A carabao plowing a field in
1599:Military Order of the Carabao
1372:
1245:. Brazilian carabaos (called
656:Nagsabaran site, part of the
215:Carabaos are the traditional
2260:Hannaford, Ebenezer (1899).
2206:. Department of Agriculture.
2082:Zorc, R. David Paul (1982).
1810:10.1080/15564894.2013.781084
1684:List of water buffalo breeds
1638:Carabaos were introduced to
1555:
1377:
889:attached to the animal by a
861:Carabaos are mainly used as
800:
283:rather than through Taiwan.
238:Carabaos were introduced to
40:A carabao in the Philippines
7:
2658:10.1007/978-981-16-7531-7_1
1677:
1472:Kneeling Carabao Festival (
1452:Gatas ng Kalabaw Festival (
10:
3606:
3580:Mammals of the Philippines
2963:"The Philippines: Carabao"
2310:"Appreciating the carabao"
1897:(in Malay). Archived from
1843:"The Philippines: Carabao"
1621:
1445:Carabao-Carroza Festival (
1359:President Carlos P. Garcia
1357:; and the municipality of
1133:
1019:
636:
433:*qaNuaŋ. Cognates include
18:
3492:
3397:
3366:
3345:
3335:
3199:
3186:
3107:
2912:Philippine Daily Inquirer
2748:Philippine Carabao Center
2565:Philippine Daily Inquirer
2483:Philippine Carabao Center
2365:October 28, 2007, at the
1517:, made from carabao milk.
940:) or a two-wheeled cart (
807:Philippine Carabao Center
131:
123:
98:
93:
85:
77:
55:
45:
33:
3590:Austronesian agriculture
2479:"Enterprise Development"
2378:Zabilka, Gladys (1963).
2169:10.3389/fgene.2018.00053
547:. Cognates survive into
127:light grey to slate-grey
21:Carabao (disambiguation)
16:Philippine water buffalo
3440:Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat
3014:Guam: A Natural History
2428:Schmidt, L. S. (1982).
1920:Roberts, E. A. (2014).
1547:
1395:
1129:
984:
978:
972:
960:
954:
948:
942:
934:
917:
907:
853:
839:
736:Mainland Southeast Asia
708:Austronesian migrations
680:archeological sites in
615:
605:
582:Mainland Southeast Asia
560:
543:
534:
525:
516:
507:
498:
474:
465:
456:
447:
438:
412:Austroasiatic languages
366:
348:
329:
281:Mainland Southeast Asia
219:in the Philippines for
173:Bubalus bubalis kerabau
163:
3193:
3130:Filipino Sign Language
2993:March 4, 2016, at the
2455:Milk: Beyond the Dairy
1635:
1572:
1564:Carabao racing at the
1427:Kesong Puti Festival (
1420:
1390:
1253:
1247:
1049:
1036:
966:
858:
844:
751:
649:
589:
574:Austronesian expansion
489:
483:
402:
393:
357:
335:
315:
302:
297:
194:Austronesian expansion
3507:Italian Mediterranean
3192:
2986:Conry, P. J. (1988).
2408:Capital Town Pampanga
2339:The Philippines Today
2156:Frontiers in Genetics
1629:
1563:
1500:Katigbawan Festival (
1385:
1042:
1029:
850:
836:
791:common water hyacinth
749:
700:rice-farming cultures
644:
578:Island Southeast Asia
416:Island Southeast Asia
294:
3570:Water buffalo breeds
3430:Marcelo H. del Pilar
3049:at Wikimedia Commons
2967:Southeast Asia Globe
2943:on February 11, 2009
2836:on November 26, 2016
2685:. pp. 962–963.
1847:Southeast Asia Globe
1522:San Agustin, Isabela
1459:Pastillas Festival (
647:Banaue Rice Terraces
19:For other uses, see
3384:National Heroes Day
2914:. February 28, 2014
2621:. October 20, 2013.
2341:. September 6, 2020
1589:Philippine Congress
1570:Aliaga, Nueva Ecija
1495:Isidore the Laborer
1461:San Miguel, Bulacan
1405:San Joaquin, Iloilo
1403:Pasungay Festival (
1290:(218,290), and the
1235:Jaffarabadi buffalo
1215:Trinidad and Tobago
1118:helado de mantecado
720:Peninsular Malaysia
564:also refers to the
287:Names and etymology
265:Peninsular Malaysia
30:
3512:Jafarabadi buffalo
3398:From proposed laws
3374:Benigno Aquino Jr.
3194:
2933:Alfie Vera Mella,
2510:The Economic Times
1636:
1573:
1537:Turogpo Festival (
1466:pastillas de leche
1416:Licab, Nueva Ecija
1414:Kariton Festival (
1391:
1335:Muñoz, Nueva Ecija
1146:Philippine English
1099:pastillas de leche
1050:
1045:Pastillas de leche
1037:
859:
845:
815:Muñoz, Nueva Ecija
752:
650:
431:Proto-Austronesian
303:
295:A female carabao (
28:
3557:
3556:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3405:Apolinario Mabini
3280:Malacañang Palace
3125:Filipino language
3045:Media related to
3024:978-1-57306-067-7
2692:978-1-84593-466-8
2667:978-981-16-7530-0
2652:. pp. 3–31.
2104:Carabao Husbandry
1985:The Water Buffalo
1901:on March 13, 2008
1880:978-0-313-34497-8
1652:US Naval Magazine
1507:Queseo Festival (
1440:Vigan, Ilocos Sur
1429:Sta. Cruz, Laguna
1219:Brazilian carabao
645:A carabao in the
397:, and Indonesian
184:populations from
153:
152:
46:Country of origin
3597:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3456:
3455:
3415:Emilio Aguinaldo
3353:Andrés Bonifacio
3343:
3342:
3173:Philippine pearl
3168:Philippine eagle
3099:
3098:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3057:Data related to
3056:
3044:
3029:
3028:
3008:
3002:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2861:The Manila Times
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2832:. Archived from
2821:
2815:
2814:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2719:
2710:
2697:
2696:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2556:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2450:
2435:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2410:. March 28, 2019
2400:
2394:
2393:
2375:
2369:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2305:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2181:
2171:
2146:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2008:on June 16, 2013
2007:
2001:. Archived from
1990:
1979:
1968:
1967:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1821:
1793:
1782:
1781:
1765:
1752:
1751:
1722:
1711:
1702:
1644:beasts of burden
1550:
1528:Karabaw Festival
1520:Nuang Festival (
1509:Compostela, Cebu
1502:Catigbian, Bohol
1480:Pahiyas Festival
1474:Pulilan, Bulacan
1438:Karbo Festival (
1423:
1398:
1388:Pulilan, Bulacan
1327:cryopreservation
1263:French Indochina
1256:
1250:
1085:cottage industry
1081:Filipino cuisine
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
920:
910:
856:
851:A carabao cart (
842:
837:A carabao sled (
686:radiocarbon date
618:
608:
594:
563:
546:
537:
528:
519:
510:
501:
492:
486:
477:
468:
459:
450:
441:
405:
396:
369:
360:
351:
338:
332:
318:
300:
145:
139:
38:
31:
27:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3488:
3483:
3453:
3444:
3435:Melchora Aquino
3420:Gabriela Silang
3393:
3362:
3339:
3337:National heroes
3331:
3305:Philippine peso
3195:
3184:
3146:Lupang Hinirang
3103:
3096:
3093:
3059:Bubalus bubalis
3037:
3032:
3025:
3009:
3005:
2995:Wayback Machine
2985:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2959:
2955:
2946:
2944:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2915:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2887:PhilStar Global
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2793:
2789:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2740:
2733:
2728:(2): 12–15, 34.
2717:
2711:
2700:
2693:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2646:
2642:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2557:
2550:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2451:
2438:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2376:
2372:
2367:Wayback Machine
2358:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2335:"Daro and Yugo"
2333:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2306:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2258:
2254:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2199:
2195:
2147:
2140:
2132:10.1.1.403.7868
2115:
2111:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2028:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1988:
1980:
1971:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1839:
1835:
1794:
1785:
1770:Bubalus bubalis
1766:
1755:
1728:Animal Genetics
1723:
1714:
1703:
1696:
1692:
1680:
1668:Chamorro people
1656:illegal hunting
1624:
1607:
1577:national animal
1558:
1539:Carigara, Leyte
1380:
1375:
1347:Batanes Islands
1288:Central Visayas
1280:Western Visayas
1271:
1207:
1183:
1138:
1132:
1024:
1018:
994:) or thatched
964:, from Spanish
952:, also spelled
831:
803:
744:
684:. Based on the
639:
289:
261:Negeri Sembilan
244:Chamorro people
233:national animal
168:water buffaloes
149:
144:Bubalus bubalis
143:
135:
119:
116:
115:
114:124–129 cm
108:
107:127–137 cm
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3603:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3555:
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3552:
3551:
3546:
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3535:
3534:
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3524:
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3499:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3482:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3410:Corazon Aquino
3407:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
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3368:
3364:
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3349:
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3333:
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3329:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3270:Juan dela Cruz
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
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3224:
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3203:
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3149:
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3127:
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3117:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3092:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3061:at Wikispecies
3050:
3036:
3035:External links
3033:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3017:. Bess Press.
3003:
2979:
2953:
2925:
2899:
2873:
2847:
2816:
2809:
2787:
2778:PCC Newsletter
2761:
2731:
2722:PCC Newsletter
2698:
2691:
2673:
2666:
2640:
2624:
2603:
2577:
2548:
2522:
2496:
2470:
2463:
2436:
2421:
2395:
2388:
2370:
2352:
2326:
2293:
2280:Business Diary
2267:
2252:
2237:
2208:
2193:
2138:
2109:
2094:
2074:
2048:
2019:
1998:978-9251001080
1997:
1969:
1958:(4): 291–311.
1939:
1932:
1912:
1886:
1879:
1859:
1833:
1804:(3): 317–335.
1783:
1753:
1734:(4): 253–264.
1712:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1634:(c. 1917)
1623:
1620:
1615:South Cotabato
1606:
1605:Carabao racing
1603:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1535:
1532:Gandara, Samar
1525:
1518:
1505:
1498:
1487:
1484:Lucban, Quezon
1477:
1470:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1425:
1412:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1363:Lapinig Island
1310:(sourced from
1308:Murrah buffalo
1292:Cagayan Valley
1270:
1267:
1227:Murrah buffalo
1206:
1205:Cross-breeding
1203:
1182:
1181:Other products
1179:
1131:
1128:
1017:
1016:Dairy products
1014:
913:Northern Samar
830:
827:
802:
799:
771:aquatic plants
743:
740:
666:spindle whorls
638:
635:
288:
285:
151:
150:
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132:
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3326:Waling-waling
3323:
3321:
3318:
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3308:
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3300:National Seal
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3026:
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3015:
3007:
3000:
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2989:
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2942:
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2903:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2862:
2858:
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2835:
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2827:
2820:
2812:
2810:9781782380344
2806:
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2616:
2610:
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2592:
2588:
2581:
2566:
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2553:
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2540:
2533:
2526:
2511:
2507:
2500:
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2474:
2466:
2464:9781903018064
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2315:
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2300:
2298:
2282:. May 3, 2019
2281:
2277:
2271:
2263:
2256:
2248:
2241:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2205:
2204:
2203:Annual Report
2197:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2105:
2098:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2024:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1933:9781493191109
1929:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1900:
1896:
1890:
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1876:
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1863:
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1578:
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1562:
1549:
1544:
1543:Holy Saturday
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1491:Angono, Rizal
1488:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:Pavia, Iloilo
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1402:
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1400:
1397:
1389:
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1370:
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1332:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
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1309:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:Central Luzon
1281:
1277:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:Surti buffalo
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1175:
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1127:
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1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1074:double boiler
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1005:
1003:
1002:
997:
993:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
937:
931:
926:
922:
919:
914:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
872:
868:
864:
863:draft animals
855:
849:
841:
835:
829:Draft animals
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
805:In 1993, the
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
765:
761:
757:
748:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:Yangtze Delta
701:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
648:
643:
634:
632:
631:false cognate
628:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
598:
593:
592:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
558:
555:. Similarly,
554:
550:
545:
541:
536:
532:
527:
523:
518:
514:
509:
505:
500:
496:
491:
485:
481:
476:
472:
467:
463:
458:
454:
449:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:Austronesians
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
400:
395:
391:
387:
384:
380:
376:
373:
368:
364:
359:
355:
350:
346:
342:
337:
331:
326:
322:
317:
312:
308:
299:
293:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:
247:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:draft animals
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:swamp buffalo
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
161:
157:
146:
141:
138:
137:Water buffalo
134:
133:
130:
126:
122:
110:
104:
103:
101:
97:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
37:
32:
26:
22:
3501:
3324:
3254:
3241:
3177:
3160:
3152:
3120:Coat of arms
3013:
3006:
2998:
2982:
2972:September 8,
2970:. Retrieved
2966:
2956:
2947:December 18,
2945:, retrieved
2941:the original
2935:
2928:
2918:February 11,
2916:. Retrieved
2911:
2902:
2892:February 11,
2890:. Retrieved
2886:
2876:
2866:February 11,
2864:. Retrieved
2860:
2850:
2838:. Retrieved
2834:the original
2819:
2800:
2790:
2781:
2777:
2764:
2754:February 11,
2752:. Retrieved
2747:
2725:
2721:
2682:
2676:
2649:
2643:
2633:
2627:
2618:
2596:February 11,
2594:. Retrieved
2591:Palawan News
2590:
2580:
2570:February 10,
2568:. Retrieved
2564:
2542:
2538:
2525:
2515:February 11,
2513:. Retrieved
2509:
2499:
2489:February 11,
2487:. Retrieved
2482:
2473:
2454:
2430:
2424:
2412:. Retrieved
2407:
2398:
2379:
2373:
2355:
2345:February 10,
2343:. Retrieved
2338:
2329:
2319:February 10,
2317:. Retrieved
2313:
2286:February 10,
2284:. Retrieved
2279:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2246:
2240:
2230:February 11,
2228:. Retrieved
2223:
2202:
2196:
2179:11449/170726
2159:
2155:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2103:
2097:
2084:
2077:
2065:. Retrieved
2060:
2051:
2039:. Retrieved
2035:
2012:February 23,
2010:. Retrieved
2003:the original
1984:
1955:
1951:
1922:
1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1899:the original
1889:
1873:. ABC-CLIO.
1869:
1862:
1852:September 8,
1850:. Retrieved
1846:
1836:
1801:
1797:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1731:
1727:
1706:
1672:
1660:
1650:herd on the
1637:
1608:
1596:
1593:
1574:
1512:
1464:
1392:
1339:
1324:
1304:
1300:World War II
1296:
1276:Bicol Region
1272:
1269:Conservation
1208:
1184:
1172:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1139:
1136:Buffalo meat
1121:
1117:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1078:
1051:
1043:
1030:
1010:World War II
1006:
999:
989:
935:
930:carabao sled
929:
927:
923:
880:
860:
804:
768:
753:
722:and western
690:
678:Austronesian
651:
624:
595:in Tagalog,
586:
424:
418:via western
408:Austronesian
385:
374:
304:
267:and western
250:
248:
237:
214:
171:
155:
154:
142:
56:Distribution
25:
3539:Pandharpuri
3236:Baro't saya
1780:(3): 65–74.
1581:Philippines
1545:. The word
1454:Nueva Ecija
1433:kesong puti
1329:of carabao
1294:(208,710).
1286:(250,640),
1282:(251,570),
1163:corned beef
1142:portmanteau
1105:tibok-tibok
1093:kesong puti
1070:pasteurized
1032:Kesong puti
903:upland rice
871:smallholder
867:paddy field
742:Description
601:Kapampangan
372:Minangkabau
301:) with calf
225:smallholder
221:paddy field
204:of eastern
178:Philippines
176:) from the
60:Philippines
50:Philippines
3564:Categories
3358:José Rizal
3217:Bahay kubo
3200:Unofficial
3179:Sampaguita
3140:Great Seal
3001:24: 26–30.
2840:January 8,
2067:August 10,
2041:January 7,
1819:1885/22954
1704:FAO 2013.
1690:References
1664:Santa Rita
1373:In culture
1351:Peñablanca
1259:Portuguese
1241:, and the
1211:buffalypso
1168:longganisa
1134:See also:
1110:leche flan
1066:phosphorus
1020:See also:
779:giant reed
756:slate grey
611:Pangasinan
383:Indonesian
3497:Bhadawari
3425:Juan Luna
3320:Tinikling
2414:March 30,
2127:CiteSeerX
2125:: 72–78.
2032:"*qaNuaŋ"
1828:131368496
1556:Symbolism
1435:industry.
1409:Sto. Niño
1378:Festivals
1331:germplasm
1243:Bhadawari
1239:Nili-Ravi
1174:chicharon
1116:known as
1058:goat milk
996:nipa palm
899:sugarcane
825:buffalo.
801:Husbandry
760:Albinoids
724:Indonesia
697:Neolithic
654:Neolithic
495:Kankanaey
420:Indonesia
336:caraballa
298:caraballa
269:Indonesia
206:Indonesia
190:Neolithic
3544:Romanian
3532:NiliRavi
3527:Nagpuri
3310:Sinigang
3295:Milkfish
3260:Cariñosa
3250:Baybayin
3243:Bayan Ko
3227:Balangay
3108:Official
2991:Archived
2784:(2): 33.
2363:Archived
2188:29552025
1964:29792029
1905:March 9,
1678:See also
1316:Bulgaria
1217:and the
1185:Carabao
1123:merienda
1114:sorbetes
1062:cow milk
998:leaves (
967:carretĂłn
876:tractors
716:Sulawesi
668:, stone
557:HanunĂł'o
549:Sulawesi
406:. These
390:Javanese
343:include
341:Cognates
323:(likely
257:Malaysia
229:carabeef
210:Malaysia
198:Sulawesi
192:via the
160:Filipino
156:Carabaos
112:Female:
68:Sulawesi
3575:Bovines
3522:Mehsana
3502:Carabao
3346:Implied
3265:Jeepney
3255:Carabao
3047:Carabao
2619:SunStar
2539:Bubalus
2057:"Kabaw"
1748:9745663
1622:In Guam
1613:and in
1579:of the
1548:turogpo
1421:kariton
1396:fiestas
1355:Cagayan
1345:in the
1343:Mahatao
1254:kalaban
1248:kalabaw
1199:leather
1191:pommels
985:careton
979:careton
970:). The
961:kariton
955:kareton
949:careton
918:payatak
908:payatak
854:kareton
811:genetic
783:bulrush
764:withers
732:Sumatra
702:of the
637:History
626:caribou
591:damulag
570:Mindoro
566:tamaraw
540:Aklanon
490:anowang
480:Tagalog
471:Ilocano
403:karbouw
363:Kavalan
358:kalabáw
354:Tagalog
345:Cebuano
330:karabĂ w
321:Visayan
316:carabao
311:Spanish
307:English
277:Sumatra
164:kalabáw
29:Carabao
3517:Murrah
3290:Manila
3275:Lechon
3232:Barong
3212:Anahaw
3021:
2807:
2689:
2664:
2461:
2386:
2314:Punto!
2186:
2129:
1995:
1962:
1930:
1877:
1826:
1746:
1583:, the
1566:fiesta
1514:queseo
1318:, and
1312:Brazil
1237:, the
1233:, the
1229:, the
1223:Brazil
1072:via a
991:sawali
973:kangga
943:gareta
936:kangga
887:harrow
840:kangga
819:breeds
795:rushes
793:, and
789:, the
787:sedges
777:, the
712:Borneo
693:Taiwan
682:Taiwan
672:, and
621:Ivatan
613:; and
599:, and
561:anwang
544:anwang
538:, and
535:nuwang
531:Ifugao
526:nuwang
522:Bontoc
513:Itawis
484:anwang
466:nwange
453:Siraya
448:qnuwan
435:Papora
386:kerbau
252:kerbau
202:Borneo
186:Taiwan
105:Male:
99:Height
94:Traits
64:Borneo
3549:Surti
3285:Mango
3222:Bakya
3207:Adobo
3162:Narra
3115:Arnis
2774:(PDF)
2718:(PDF)
2535:(PDF)
2089:(PDF)
2063:. Bin
2006:(PDF)
1989:(PDF)
1960:JSTOR
1824:S2CID
1648:feral
1611:Luzon
1367:Bohol
1320:Italy
1195:bolos
1001:pawid
915:. In
901:, or
823:dairy
775:reeds
670:adzes
662:Luzon
616:pagad
597:Bikol
517:nwang
508:nuang
504:Isneg
499:nuang
475:nuang
462:Rukai
457:luang
399:Dutch
379:Malay
375:kabau
367:qabaw
349:kábaw
325:Waray
313:word
81:Swamp
3315:Sipa
3234:and
3135:Flag
3019:ISBN
2974:2023
2949:2007
2920:2024
2894:2024
2868:2024
2842:2019
2805:ISBN
2756:2024
2687:ISBN
2662:ISBN
2598:2024
2572:2024
2545:: 9.
2517:2024
2491:2024
2459:ISBN
2416:2024
2384:ISBN
2347:2024
2321:2024
2288:2024
2232:2024
2184:PMID
2069:2017
2043:2024
2014:2013
1993:ISBN
1928:ISBN
1907:2008
1875:ISBN
1854:2023
1744:PMID
1646:. A
1640:Guam
1632:Guam
1597:The
1187:hide
1165:and
1158:tapa
1130:Meat
895:corn
891:yoke
883:plow
865:for
730:and
728:Java
714:and
674:jade
606:dueg
553:anoa
444:Thao
439:loan
394:kebo
305:The
275:and
273:Java
240:Guam
208:and
200:and
124:Coat
78:Type
72:Guam
2654:doi
2174:hdl
2164:doi
1814:hdl
1806:doi
1736:doi
1568:of
1361:in
1353:in
1257:in
1251:or
1221:of
1213:of
1056:or
1054:cow
1004:).
958:or
946:or
885:or
821:of
619:in
609:in
568:of
487:or
255:in
86:Use
3566::
2997:.
2965:.
2910:.
2885:.
2859:.
2828:.
2782:14
2780:.
2776:.
2746:.
2734:^
2726:14
2724:.
2720:.
2701:^
2660:.
2617:.
2606:^
2589:.
2563:.
2551:^
2541:.
2537:.
2508:.
2481:.
2439:^
2406:.
2337:.
2312:.
2296:^
2278:.
2222:.
2211:^
2182:.
2172:.
2162:.
2158:.
2154:.
2141:^
2123:26
2121:.
2059:.
2034:.
2022:^
1972:^
1956:18
1954:.
1942:^
1845:.
1822:.
1812:.
1800:.
1786:^
1778:66
1776:.
1756:^
1742:.
1732:29
1730:.
1715:^
1697:^
1670:.
1658:.
1369:.
1365:,
1314:,
1302:.
1177:.
1108:,
1102:,
1076:.
897:,
785:,
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