547:
795:, have shown that amino acids may form under a range of possible abiotic conditions with equal (racemic) mixtures of D- and L-enantiomers. Thus, the ratios between enantiomers for a given amino acid may discriminate between biotic and abiotic formation mechanisms. In the first characterization of amino acids in Murchison, all chiral examples were present in racemic mixtures indicating an abiotic origin. This is consistent with proposed sythetic pathways, as the formation of isovaline and other α-dialkyl amino acids in CM chondrites has been attributed to the
803:
776:, which are rare on Earth. Since then, the number of characterized amino acids in the Murchison meteorite has risen to 96, including 12 of the 20 common biological amino acids, along with hundreds more that have been detected, but remain uncharacterized. While the abundance of amino acids present in terrestrial soils presents a potential source of contamination, most of the amino acids characterized in Murchison are terrestrially rare or absent.
363:
38:
656:
555:
415:
410:
390:
513:
1314:
887:. If a distribution of amino acids in an extraterrestrial sample is found to be chirally asymmetric, display structural isomeric preference, and carry C, N, and D depletions relative to associated inorganic material, a compelling case may be made for its biological origin. With the current interest in
882:
have proposed a “Ladder of Life
Detection” threshold of >20% enantiomeric excess in amino acids to distinguish extraterrestrial biosignatures. But, as previously mentioned, recent studies of carbonaceous chondrites and complementary experimental investigations have demonstrated that even larger
870:
ultraviolet light has been shown to generate L-excesses in crystallizing amino acids for experimental conditions mimicking alteration on asteroids, and this is thought to be the dominant extraterrestrial source of chiral symmetry breaking (i.e., the favouring of one enantiomer over another). It is
843:
More recently, amino acids from several carbonaceous chondrites have been identified with significant L-enantiomeric excesses. L-excesses from 3 – 15% in several non-protein α-dialkyl amino acids have been found in the
Murchison and Murray meteorites. Their extraterrestrial origin is indicated by
862:
excesses up to ~60%, with carbon isotope measurements indicating an extraterrestrial origin due to significant enrichments in C. In Tagish Lake, proteinogenic amino acids show both significant L-excesses, and racemic mixtures: glutamic acid, serine, and threonine were found to have ~50 – 99%
534:"H" stands for "high metal" because CH chondrites may contain up to as much as 40% of metal. That makes them one of the most metal-rich of any of the chondrite groups, second only to the CB chondrites and some ungrouped chondrites such as NWA 12273. The first meteorite discovered was
883:
enantiomeric excesses may be produced by abiotic pathways. To identify chiral asymmetry (enantiomeric excess) of biological origin, Glavin et al. (2020) emphasize three criteria that must be met: chiral asymmetry, light C isotopic composition, and simplified distribution of
871:
notable that only excesses of the L-enantiomer have been observed in extraterrestrial amino acids, suggesting that the abiotic process responsible for enantiomeric enrichments may be the original source of the L-amino acid selectivity currently observed in terrestrial life.
354:. Four others have been found by Japanese field parties in Antarctica. In general, the extreme fragility of CI chondrites causes them to be highly susceptible to terrestrial weathering, and they do not survive on Earth's surface for long after they fall.
791:. Living beings use L-amino acids, although there is no apparent reason why one enantiomer is favoured over the other as they behave equivalently in biological systems. In contrast with terrestrial biology, early laboratory studies, including the famous
853:
of the host meteorite correlates with increasing observed L-enantiomeric excess. Large L-excesses for α-H amino acids have also been reported, but these are more problematic due to the potential for terrestrial contamination. The ungrouped C2 chondrite
235:, which is very often the first letter of the name of a prominent meteorite—often the first to be discovered—in the group. Such meteorites are often named for the place where they fell, thus giving no clue as to the physical nature of the group. Group
278:
being characteristic. The presence of volatile organic chemicals and water indicates that they have not undergone significant heating (>200 °C) since they were formed, and their compositions are considered to be close to that of the
193:) before they got into the cloud of matter from which the Solar System was formed. Such star explosions release pressure waves that can condense clouds of matter in their surroundings, leading to the formation of new ones, stars and
895:) and Mars headed by NASA and other space agencies , the subsequent analysis of returned samples devoid of terrestrial contamination will provide the best opportunity to discover potential biosignatures in our Solar System.
440:
meteorite. Many falls of this type have been observed and CM chondrites are known to contain a rich mix of complex organic compounds such as amino-acids and purine/pyrimidine nucleobases. CM chondrite famous falls:
216:
Carbonaceous chondrites are grouped according to distinctive compositions thought to reflect the type of parent body from which they originated. These C chondrite groups are now each named with a standard two-letter
848:
enrichments in C and deuterium compared to terrestrial values. Further characterization of L-isovaline excesses up to 20.5% in a range of carbonaceous chondrite groups have supported a hypothesis that increasing
287:
condensed. Other groups of C chondrites, e.g., CO, CV, and CK chondrites, are relatively poor in volatile compounds, and some of these have experienced significant heating on their parent asteroids.
810:
Ehrenfreund et al. (2001) found that amino acids in CI chondrites Ivuna and
Orgueil were present at much lower concentrations than in CM chondrites (~30%), and that they had a distinct composition high in
1375:
209:
866:
It has been proposed that extraterrestrial amino acid L-excesses observed in carbonaceous chondrites are a result of differences in the crystallization behaviour of the enantiomers.
1028:
Martin Vieweg: Ancient carbonates are evidence of water, on: Wissenschaft.de from
January 22, 2021 The oldest carbonates in the solar system , on: EurekAlert! from January 20, 2021
550:
Gujba meteorite, a bencubbinite found in
Nigeria. Polished slice, 4.6 Ă— 3.8 cm. Note the nickel-iron chondrules, which have been age-dated to 4.5627 billion years.
629:
Officially recognized in 2022 after minimum specimens (five) described. CL chondrites, named after type specimen(s) Loongana, are chondrite-rich, metal-rich, and volatile-poor.
1990:
Glavin, Daniel P.; Elsila, Jamie E.; McLain, Hannah L.; Aponte, José C.; Parker, Eric T.; Dworkin, Jason P.; Hill, Dolores H.; Connolly, Harold C.; Lauretta, Dante S. (2021).
1040:
The old, unique C1 chondrite
Flensburg – Insight into the first processes of aqueous alteration, brecciation, and the diversity of water-bearing parent bodies and lithologies
181:) and tiny nanometer-sized diamonds that apparently were not formed in our solar system. These presolar minerals were probably formed during the explosion of a nearby
200:
Another carbonaceous chondrite, the
Flensburg meteorite (2019), provides evidence of the earliest known occurrence of liquid water in the young Solar System to date.
1374:
Gattacceca, JĂ©rĂ´me; McCubbin F. M.; Grossman J.; Bouvier A.; Chabot N. L.; D'Orazio M.; Goodrich C.; Greshake A.; Gross J.; Komatsu M.; Miao B.; Schrader D. (2022).
154:
The carbonaceous chondrites were not exposed to higher temperatures, so that they are hardly changed by thermal processes. Some carbonaceous chondrites, such as the
736:
Amino acids in carbonaceous chondrites have important implications for theories describing the delivery of organic compounds to the early Earth and the subsequent
351:
331:. It is thought they have not been heated above 50 °C (122 °F), indicating that they condensed in the cooler outer portion of the solar nebula.
493:
433:
116:
618:
1548:
Glavin, Daniel P.; Alexander, Conel M. O'D.; Aponte, José C.; Dworkin, Jason P.; Elsila, Jamie E.; Yabuta, Hikaru (2018-01-01), Abreu, Neyda (ed.),
1261:
Pearce, Ben K. D.; Pudritz, Ralph E. (2015). "Seeding the
Pregenetic Earth: Meteoritic Abundances of Nucleobases and Potential Reaction Pathways".
2058:
Glavin, Daniel P.; Elsila, Jamie E.; Burton, Aaron S.; Callahan, Michael P.; Dworkin, Jason P.; Hilts, Robert W.; Herd, Christopher D. K. (2012).
1485:
Kvenvolden, Keith; Lawless, James; Pering, Katherine; Peterson, Etta; Flores, Jose; Ponnamperuma, Cyril; Kaplan, I. R.; Moore, Carleton (1970).
518:
2060:"Unusual nonterrestrial l-proteinogenic amino acid excesses in the Tagish Lake meteorite: l-amino acid excesses in the Tagish Lake meteorite"
1888:"Distribution and Stable Isotopic Composition of Amino Acids from Fungal Peptaibiotics: Assessing the Potential for Meteoritic Contamination"
1337:
538:. Chemically, these chondrites are closely related to CR and CB groups. All specimens of this group belong only to petrologic types 2 or 3.
535:
159:
1214:
304:
by comparison to their abundance in CI chondrites). In this sense, they are chemically the most primitive known meteorites.
301:
2157:
Garcia, Adrien D.; Meinert, Cornelia; Sugahara, Haruna; Jones, Nykola C.; Hoffmann, Søren V.; Meierhenrich, Uwe J. (2019-03-16).
300:(Tanzania), have chemical compositions that are close to that measured in the solar photosphere (aside from gaseous elements,
2240:
1633:
1579:
1358:
1082:
1057:
1016:
999:
982:
835:. This implies that they had formed by a different synthetic pathway, and on a different parent body from the CM chondrites.
2968:
2917:
2284:
2358:
1992:"Extraterrestrial amino acids and L-enantiomeric excesses in the CM 2 carbonaceous chondrites Aguas Zarcas and Murchison"
92:. They include some of the most primitive known meteorites. The C chondrites represent only a small proportion (4.6%) of
1943:"The effects of parent body processes on amino acids in carbonaceous chondrites: Amino acids in carbonaceous chondrites"
1656:"Total Chemical Synthesis of a D-Enzyme: The Enantiomers of HIV-1 Protease Show Reciprocal Chiral Substrate Specificity"
1432:
Metzler, K.; Hezel, D. C.; Barosch, J.; Wölfer, E.; Schneider, J. M.; Hellmann, J. L.; Berndt, J.; et al. (2021).
1039:
2985:
1550:"Chapter 3 - The Origin and Evolution of Organic Matter in Carbonaceous Chondrites and Links to Their Parent Bodies"
2990:
312:
1103:"Extraterrestrial amino acids in Orgueil and Ivuna: Tracing the parent body of CI type carbonaceous chondrites"
670:
in CI and CM carbonaceous chondrites is an insoluble complex material. That is similar to the description for
56:
28:
1160:
Wing, Michael R.; Jeffrey L. Bada (1992). "The origin of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in meteorites".
796:
1758:"Nonprotein Amino Acids from Spark Discharges and Their Comparison with the Murchison Meteorite Amino Acids"
586:(France). The chondrule size is only about 0.15 mm on average. They are all of petrologic type 3.
158:, contain calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs). These are compounds that emerged early from the primeval
2411:
1236:
806:
The
Strecker synthesis of alpha amino acids from carbonyl compounds in the presence of ammonia and cyanide.
1338:
https://www.science.org/content/article/unusual-meteorite-more-valuable-gold-may-hold-building-blocks-life
307:
CI chondrites typically contain a high proportion of water (up to 22%), and organic matter in the form of
239:, where H is for "high metal" is so far the only exception. See below for name derivations of each group.
2973:
2797:
1549:
2100:
Glavin, Daniel P.; Burton, Aaron S.; Elsila, Jamie E.; Aponte, José C.; Dworkin, Jason P. (2020-06-10).
1600:
Cronin, John R.; Chang, Sherwood (1993), Greenberg, J. M.; Mendoza-GĂłmez, C. X.; Pirronello, V. (eds.),
3064:
2922:
2912:
2701:
2696:
2397:
2059:
1942:
909:
792:
458:
450:
124:
558:(Australia). Although these chondrites contain over 50% nickel-iron metal, they are not classified as
2980:
2406:
2334:
1886:
Elsila, Jamie E.; Callahan, Michael P.; Glavin, Daniel P.; Dworkin, Jason P.; BrĂĽckner, Hans (2011).
316:
2634:
2402:
2393:
2383:
2277:
931:"Meteorites for the Sahara: Find locations, shock classification, degree of weathering and pairing"
765:
2942:
2691:
1433:
151:. In addition, they contain water and minerals that have been modified by the influence of water.
2314:
904:
855:
850:
820:
641:
190:
120:
787:. Conventionally, these are referred to as left-handed (L) and right-handed (D) by analogy with
562:
because their mineralogical and chemical properties are strongly associated with CR chondrites.
139:
C chondrites contain a relatively high proportion of carbon (up to 3%), which is in the form of
828:
824:
769:
546:
2880:
2850:
2657:
2652:
2571:
2256:
1211:
1101:
Ehrenfreund, Pascale; Daniel P. Glavin; Oliver Botta; George Cooper; Jeffrey L. Bada (2001).
888:
867:
437:
2222:
2007:
1394:
371:
2890:
2787:
2769:
2523:
2170:
2003:
1899:
1836:
1824:
1769:
1714:
1702:
1613:
1498:
1448:
1390:
1280:
1169:
1114:
942:
523:
463:
128:
2477:
1602:"Organic Matter in Meteorites: Molecular and Isotopic Analyses of the Murchison Meteorite"
700:, hydroxy carboxylic acids, sulphonic and phosphonic acids, aliphatic, aromatic and polar
8:
2792:
2504:
2464:
2270:
1991:
783:, meaning that they have two possible non-superimposable mirror image structures, termed
741:
717:
689:
603:
598:
445:
405:
400:
395:
339:
170:
108:
104:
2368:
2174:
2159:"The Astrophysical Formation of Asymmetric Molecules and the Emergence of a Chiral Bias"
1903:
1840:
1773:
1718:
1617:
1502:
1452:
1284:
1173:
1118:
946:
2885:
2737:
2482:
2201:
2158:
2139:
2079:
2037:
1972:
1868:
1561:
1530:
1487:"Evidence for Extraterrestrial Amino-acids and Hydrocarbons in the Murchison Meteorite"
1464:
1414:
1296:
1270:
1185:
955:
930:
571:
1887:
1800:
1757:
1655:
802:
375:
3043:
3011:
2684:
2644:
2351:
2236:
2206:
2188:
2143:
2131:
2123:
2075:
2041:
2029:
1958:
1941:
Glavin, Daniel P.; Callahan, Michael P.; Dworkin, Jason P.; Elsila, Jamie E. (2010).
1923:
1915:
1860:
1852:
1805:
1787:
1738:
1730:
1683:
1675:
1629:
1575:
1522:
1514:
1468:
1418:
1354:
1292:
1142:
1137:
1102:
1078:
1053:
1012:
995:
978:
960:
884:
678:
503:
385:
194:
155:
100:
43:
2083:
1976:
1872:
1300:
1189:
1100:
2669:
2196:
2178:
2113:
2071:
2019:
2011:
1962:
1954:
1907:
1844:
1795:
1777:
1722:
1667:
1621:
1565:
1557:
1534:
1506:
1456:
1406:
1398:
1288:
1177:
1132:
1122:
950:
664:
593:
583:
498:
275:
255:
251:
2905:
2726:
2679:
2616:
2546:
2102:"The Search for Chiral Asymmetry as a Potential Biosignature in our Solar System"
1848:
1726:
1218:
838:
697:
343:
335:
297:
178:
112:
2118:
2101:
1625:
302:
and elements such as lithium which are underrepresented in the Sun's photosphere
2715:
2624:
2541:
2363:
2346:
2319:
1043:. In: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 293, 15 January 2021, pages 142-186
788:
608:
347:
212:
Some carbonaceous chondrites. From left to right: Allende, Yukon and
Murchison.
93:
1601:
1460:
3058:
3031:
2937:
2927:
2759:
2742:
2589:
2262:
2192:
2127:
2033:
1919:
1856:
1791:
1734:
1679:
1518:
1373:
964:
859:
761:
1967:
1671:
1570:
3021:
2777:
2664:
2629:
2497:
2439:
2339:
2210:
2135:
1927:
1809:
1742:
1486:
1231:
1212:"Carbonaceous chondrite" Meteorite.fr: All About Meteorites: Classification
1146:
1127:
574:(Australia). These chondrites are closely related to the CO and CV groups.
559:
427:
284:
280:
163:
1911:
1864:
1782:
1687:
1526:
208:
2949:
2845:
2829:
2824:
2531:
2492:
2487:
2373:
2297:
1410:
737:
709:
701:
479:
2183:
2024:
1431:
2864:
2536:
2514:
2015:
1703:"A Production of Amino Acids Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions"
1402:
1181:
892:
784:
693:
682:
308:
226:
174:
148:
47:
2391:
3038:
2900:
2869:
2782:
2604:
2594:
2561:
2551:
2420:
2329:
2305:
2293:
1756:
Wolman, Yecheskel; Haverland, William J.; Miller, Stanley L. (1972).
1510:
832:
780:
773:
705:
362:
328:
320:
186:
182:
144:
89:
85:
61:
475:
37:
3006:
2674:
2556:
1654:
Milton, R. C. deL.; Milton, S. C. F.; Kent, S. B. H. (1992-06-05).
1275:
713:
675:
483:
259:
140:
874:
2819:
2599:
2584:
2579:
845:
816:
812:
757:
749:
745:
671:
655:
436:(Ukraine), but the most famous member is the extensively studied
324:
271:
267:
229:
do not begin with this letter) plus a capital letter in the spot
169:
Some primitive carbonaceous chondrites, such as the CM chondrite
88:
meteorites comprising at least 8 known groups and many ungrouped
740:. Shortly after its fall and recovery in Australia in 1969, the
162:, condensed out and represent the oldest minerals formed in the
3026:
2324:
1484:
753:
667:
839:
Enantiomeric excesses observed in extraterrestrial amino acids
554:
The group takes its name from the most representative member:
3016:
725:
721:
327:
crystals occurring in a black matrix, and a possible lack of
263:
2225:
The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight
1547:
2230:
1940:
1885:
1254:
1241:
1077:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 121–124.
879:
2156:
2057:
844:
their absence in biological systems and significant heavy
2099:
1989:
315:. Aqueous alteration promotes a composition of hydrous
242:
Several groups of carbonaceous chondrites, notably the
1353:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 139.
744:
meteorite was found to host five protein amino acids (
1755:
1434:"The Loongana (CL) Group of Carbonaceous Chondrites"
1052:
Robert Hutchison: Cambridge University Press, 2006,
985:, pp. 130 ( limited preview in Google Books search).
1159:
1019:, pp. 420 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
1002:, pp. 83 ( limited preview in Google Books search).
1823:Cronin, John R.; Pizzarello, Sandra (1997-02-14).
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1060:, pp. 42 (limited preview in Google Books search).
1825:"Enantiomeric Excesses in Meteoritic Amino Acids"
1230:Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (28 April 2012).
203:
3056:
1822:
1653:
799:which produces racemic mixtures of enantiomers.
374:(Italy). Most of these chondrites belong to the
250:groups, contain high percentages (3% to 22%) of
1762:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1315:"Meteoritical Bulletin: Entry for Aguas Zarcas"
1229:
1196:
1107:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
875:Implications for extraterrestrial biosignatures
731:
334:Five CI chondrites have been observed to fall:
2292:
1162:Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere
928:
2278:
2259:from Meteorites Australia - Meteorites.com.au
1260:
1096:
1094:
2231:Gilmour, I.; Wright, I.; Wright, J. (1997).
1612:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands: 209–258,
1599:
2285:
2271:
1091:
674:. A kerogen-like material is also in the
225:stands for "carbonaceous" (other types of
36:
2200:
2182:
2117:
2023:
1966:
1799:
1781:
1569:
1274:
1136:
1126:
994:Horst Rauchfuss:. Springer-Verlag, 2006,
954:
99:Some famous carbonaceous chondrites are:
1351:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Meteorites
1075:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Meteorites
1068:
1066:
1011:Gregor Markl: . Springer-Verlag, 2014,
801:
654:
545:
361:
207:
1342:
863:L-excesses, while alanine was racemic.
173:, contain presolar minerals, including
3057:
1700:
1348:
1072:
134:
2266:
2095:
2093:
2053:
2051:
1480:
1478:
1063:
1376:"The Meteoritical Bulletin, No. 110"
2064:Meteoritics & Planetary Science
1996:Meteoritics & Planetary Science
1947:Meteoritics & Planetary Science
891:from carbonaceous asteroids (e.g.,
13:
2235:. Bletchley: The Open University.
2090:
2048:
1562:10.1016/b978-0-12-813325-5.00003-3
1554:Primitive Meteorites and Asteroids
1475:
956:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1995.tb01219.x
185:or in the vicinity of a pulsating
14:
3076:
2250:
1701:Miller, Stanley L. (1953-05-15).
1383:Meteoritics and Planetary Science
977:BĂśHLER: . Springer-Verlag, 2013,
929:Bischoff, A.; Geiger, T. (1995).
650:
147:and organic compounds, including
2076:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2012.01400.x
1959:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2010.01132.x
779:Amino acids may be structurally
2150:
1983:
1934:
1879:
1816:
1749:
1694:
1647:
1606:The Chemistry of Life's Origins
1593:
1541:
1441:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1425:
1367:
1331:
1307:
1223:
1153:
570:This group takes its name from
370:This group takes its name from
1556:, Elsevier, pp. 205–271,
1046:
1031:
1022:
1005:
988:
971:
922:
696:and other compounds including
632:
582:The group takes its name from
489:CR chondrites observed falls:
474:The group takes its name from
432:The group takes its name from
381:CV chondrites observed falls:
258:. They are composed mainly of
204:Composition and classification
16:Class of chondritic meteorites
1:
2257:Carbonaceous Chondrite Images
915:
692:has over 96 extraterrestrial
247:
243:
189:(more precisely: a so-called
1849:10.1126/science.275.5302.951
1727:10.1126/science.117.3046.528
1237:Astronomy Picture of the Day
829:α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB)
732:Extraterrestrial amino acids
509:Other famous CR chondrites:
296:This group, named after the
7:
2223:Carbonaceous chondrites at
2119:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00474
1626:10.1007/978-94-011-1936-8_9
1349:Norton, O. Richard (2002).
1073:Norton, O. Richard (2002).
898:
624:
589:Famous CO chondrite falls:
577:
565:
541:
529:
469:
421:
357:
291:
10:
3081:
2923:extraterrestrial materials
1293:10.1088/0004-637X/807/1/85
910:List of meteorite minerals
425:
2999:
2958:
2863:
2838:
2812:
2768:
2714:
2643:
2615:
2570:
2522:
2513:
2419:
2382:
2304:
2233:Origins of earth and life
1461:10.1016/j.gca.2021.04.007
1232:"Sutter's Mill Meteorite"
637:The most famous members:
67:
55:
35:
26:
21:
764:) in addition to 12 non-
2702:Meteorites on Mars list
2697:Martian meteorites list
2008:2021M&PS...56..148G
1672:10.1126/science.1604320
1395:2022M&PS...57.2102G
905:Glossary of meteoritics
851:hydrothermal alteration
78:Carbonaceous chondrites
1128:10.1073/pnas.051502898
889:sample return missions
807:
793:Miller-Urey Experiment
768:amino acids including
660:
551:
367:
213:
22:Carbonaceous chondrite
2851:Nonmagmatic meteorite
1912:10.1089/ast.2010.0505
1783:10.1073/pnas.69.4.809
1263:Astrophysical Journal
1037:Addi Bischof et al.:
805:
658:
549:
365:
211:
2918:Ca–Al-rich inclusion
868:Circularly polarized
524:Northwest Africa 801
464:Winchcombe meteorite
270:, with the minerals
2184:10.3390/life9010029
2175:2019Life....9...29G
1904:2011AsBio..11..123E
1841:1997Sci...275..951C
1774:1972PNAS...69..809W
1719:1953Sci...117..528M
1666:(5062): 1445–1448.
1618:1993ASIC..416..209C
1503:1970Natur.228..923K
1453:2021GeCoA.304....1M
1285:2015ApJ...807...85P
1174:1991OLEB...21..375W
1119:2001PNAS...98.2138E
947:1995Metic..30..113B
738:development of life
659:Murchison meteorite
221:designation, where
135:General description
2016:10.1111/maps.13451
1403:10.1111/maps.13918
1217:2009-10-12 at the
1182:10.1007/BF01808308
885:structural isomers
808:
797:Strecker synthesis
661:
552:
478:(Italy). The best
368:
214:
3065:Meteorite classes
3052:
3051:
3044:Near-Earth object
3012:Atmospheric entry
2859:
2858:
2808:
2807:
2710:
2709:
2242:978-0-7492-8182-3
2112:(11): 4660–4689.
1953:(12): 1948–1972.
1835:(5302): 951–955.
1713:(3046): 528–529.
1635:978-94-011-1936-8
1581:978-0-12-813325-5
1497:(5275): 923–926.
1360:978-0-521-62143-4
1084:978-0-521-62143-4
1058:978-0-521-03539-2
1017:978-3-662-44628-7
1000:978-3-540-27666-1
983:978-3-0348-6667-5
770:α-aminoisobutyric
688:The CM meteorite
679:Martian meteorite
256:organic compounds
195:planetary systems
156:Allende meteorite
75:
74:
68:Alternative names
46:showing circular
44:Allende meteorite
3072:
2877:Characteristics
2653:Basaltic Breccia
2520:
2519:
2417:
2416:
2389:
2388:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2246:
2215:
2214:
2204:
2186:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2121:
2106:Chemical Reviews
2097:
2088:
2087:
2070:(8): 1347–1364.
2055:
2046:
2045:
2027:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1968:2060/20100032396
1938:
1932:
1931:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1785:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1573:
1571:2060/20180004493
1545:
1539:
1538:
1511:10.1038/228923a0
1482:
1473:
1472:
1438:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1389:(11): 21022105.
1380:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1346:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1319:www.lpi.usra.edu
1311:
1305:
1304:
1278:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1227:
1221:
1209:
1194:
1193:
1168:(5–6): 375–383.
1157:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1130:
1113:(5): 2138–2141.
1098:
1089:
1088:
1070:
1061:
1050:
1044:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1009:
1003:
992:
986:
975:
969:
968:
958:
926:
698:carboxylic acids
459:Jbilet Winselwan
40:
19:
18:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3048:
2995:
2954:
2867:
2855:
2834:
2804:
2764:
2706:
2680:Orthopyroxenite
2639:
2611:
2566:
2509:
2409:
2401:
2378:
2300:
2291:
2253:
2243:
2219:
2218:
2155:
2151:
2098:
2091:
2056:
2049:
1988:
1984:
1939:
1935:
1884:
1880:
1821:
1817:
1754:
1750:
1699:
1695:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1546:
1542:
1483:
1476:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1244:
1228:
1224:
1219:Wayback Machine
1210:
1197:
1158:
1154:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1071:
1064:
1051:
1047:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1010:
1006:
993:
989:
976:
972:
927:
923:
918:
901:
877:
841:
734:
653:
635:
627:
619:Dar al Gani 749
580:
568:
544:
532:
514:Dar al Gani 574
472:
430:
424:
376:petrologic type
360:
317:phyllosilicates
298:Ivuna meteorite
294:
283:from which the
206:
179:silicon carbide
137:
94:meteorite falls
84:are a class of
51:
42:A slice of the
17:
12:
11:
5:
3078:
3068:
3067:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2965:Meteorites by
2962:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2874:
2872:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2839:Obsolete terms
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2625:Impact breccia
2621:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2414:
2386:
2384:Classification
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2364:Micrometeorite
2361:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2302:
2301:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2251:External links
2249:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2228:
2217:
2216:
2149:
2089:
2047:
2002:(1): 148–173.
1982:
1933:
1898:(2): 123–133.
1878:
1815:
1768:(4): 809–811.
1748:
1693:
1646:
1634:
1592:
1580:
1540:
1474:
1424:
1366:
1359:
1341:
1330:
1306:
1253:
1222:
1195:
1152:
1090:
1083:
1062:
1045:
1030:
1021:
1004:
987:
970:
941:(1): 113–122.
920:
919:
917:
914:
913:
912:
907:
900:
897:
876:
873:
840:
837:
789:glyceraldehyde
733:
730:
652:
651:Organic matter
649:
648:
647:
644:
634:
631:
626:
623:
622:
621:
614:Famous finds:
612:
611:
606:
601:
596:
579:
576:
567:
564:
543:
540:
531:
528:
527:
526:
521:
516:
507:
506:
501:
496:
471:
468:
467:
466:
461:
456:
453:
448:
426:Main article:
423:
420:
419:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
359:
356:
293:
290:
205:
202:
136:
133:
73:
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69:
65:
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59:
53:
52:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3077:
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3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2992:
2991:Organizations
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2969:find location
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2943:Widmanstätten
2941:
2939:
2938:Neumann lines
2936:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2928:meteoric iron
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
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2823:
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2811:
2799:
2796:
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2793:Eagle Station
2791:
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2775:
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2654:
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2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
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2591:
2588:
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2578:
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2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2094:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1583:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:11568/1160522
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1334:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1025:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1001:
997:
991:
984:
980:
974:
966:
962:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
925:
921:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
896:
894:
890:
886:
881:
872:
869:
864:
861:
860:aspartic acid
857:
852:
847:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
804:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
766:proteinogenic
763:
762:glutamic acid
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
677:
673:
669:
666:
657:
645:
643:
640:
639:
638:
630:
620:
617:
616:
615:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
591:
590:
587:
585:
575:
573:
563:
561:
560:mesosiderites
557:
548:
539:
537:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
510:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
490:
487:
485:
482:candidate is
481:
477:
465:
462:
460:
457:
454:
452:
451:Sutter's Mill
449:
447:
444:
443:
442:
439:
435:
429:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
382:
379:
377:
373:
366:NWA 3118, CV3
364:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
289:
286:
282:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:, as well as
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
233:
228:
224:
220:
210:
201:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
142:
132:
130:
126:
125:Sutter's Mill
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
70:
66:
63:
60:
58:
54:
49:
45:
39:
34:
31: —
30:
27:—
25:
20:
3022:Impact event
3003:
2778:Mesosiderite
2692:Shergottites
2665:Chassignites
2630:Mare basalts
2429:Carbonaceous
2428:
2340:strewn field
2232:
2224:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2109:
2105:
2067:
2063:
2025:10150/638053
1999:
1995:
1985:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1895:
1892:Astrobiology
1891:
1881:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1639:, retrieved
1609:
1605:
1595:
1585:, retrieved
1553:
1543:
1494:
1490:
1444:
1440:
1427:
1386:
1382:
1369:
1350:
1344:
1333:
1322:. Retrieved
1318:
1309:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1245:. Retrieved
1235:
1225:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1110:
1106:
1074:
1048:
1038:
1033:
1024:
1007:
990:
973:
938:
934:
924:
878:
865:
842:
809:
778:
735:
710:heterocycles
702:hydrocarbons
687:
663:Most of the
662:
636:
628:
613:
588:
581:
569:
553:
533:
519:El Djouf 001
508:
488:
473:
455:Aguas Zarcas
431:
428:CM chondrite
380:
369:
333:
306:
295:
285:Solar System
281:solar nebula
241:
236:
231:
230:
222:
218:
215:
199:
168:
164:Solar System
160:solar nebula
153:
138:
98:
82:C chondrites
81:
77:
76:
71:C chondrites
2950:CI1 fossils
2846:Amphoterite
2830:Octahedrite
2825:Hexahedrite
2532:Acapulcoite
2459:C ungrouped
2374:Parent body
2298:meteoritics
935:Meteoritics
856:Tagish Lake
827:but low in
785:enantiomers
716:compounds,
694:amino acids
642:Tagish Lake
633:C ungrouped
480:parent body
309:amino acids
149:amino acids
121:Tagish Lake
2891:weathering
2865:Mineralogy
2813:Structural
2788:Main group
2770:Stony-iron
2572:Asteroidal
2537:Brachinite
2515:Achondrite
2335:statistics
2294:Meteorites
1641:2023-05-01
1587:2023-05-01
1324:2020-08-21
1276:1505.01465
1247:2012-05-06
916:References
893:OSIRIS-REx
706:fullerenes
683:achondrite
352:Revelstoke
329:chondrules
276:serpentine
227:chondrites
175:moissanite
145:carbonates
129:Winchcombe
90:meteorites
86:chondritic
48:chondrules
3039:Meteoroid
3004:See also:
2934:Patterns
2901:chondrule
2870:petrology
2783:Pallasite
2675:Nakhlites
2605:Howardite
2595:Diogenite
2562:Winonaite
2552:Lodranite
2524:Primitive
2478:Kakangari
2465:Enstatite
2421:Chondrite
2330:impactite
2306:Meteorite
2193:2075-1729
2169:(1): 29.
2144:208185504
2128:0009-2665
2042:212671033
2034:1086-9379
1920:1531-1074
1857:0036-8075
1792:0027-8424
1735:0036-8075
1680:0036-8075
1519:1476-4687
1469:234847404
1419:253089085
1269:(1): 85.
965:0026-1114
833:isovaline
774:isovaline
772:acid and
742:Murchison
690:Murchison
604:Warrenton
556:Bencubbin
536:ALH 85085
446:Murchison
438:Murchison
321:magnetite
260:silicates
187:red giant
183:supernova
177:(natural
171:Murchison
105:Murchison
62:Chondrite
3059:Category
3007:Asteroid
2986:Journals
2913:Minerals
2906:presolar
2798:Pyroxene
2685:ALH84001
2658:NWA 7034
2557:Ureilite
2505:Rumuruti
2483:Ordinary
2412:grouplet
2315:Glossary
2211:30884807
2136:31743015
2084:52227545
1977:62883414
1928:21417942
1873:10979716
1810:16591973
1743:13056598
1447:: 1–31.
1301:93561811
1215:Archived
1190:11504324
1147:11226205
899:See also
718:alcohols
714:carbonyl
676:ALH84001
625:CL group
578:CO group
572:Karoonda
566:CK group
542:CB group
530:CH group
484:2 Pallas
470:CR group
422:CM group
416:Vigarano
401:Grosnaja
372:Vigarano
358:CV group
292:CI group
268:sulfides
191:AGB star
141:graphite
2897:Grains
2820:Ataxite
2645:Martian
2600:Eucrite
2585:Aubrite
2580:Angrite
2369:Notable
2359:Largest
2352:hunting
2202:6463258
2171:Bibcode
2004:Bibcode
1900:Bibcode
1865:9020072
1837:Bibcode
1829:Science
1770:Bibcode
1715:Bibcode
1707:Science
1688:1604320
1660:Science
1614:Bibcode
1535:4147981
1527:5482102
1499:Bibcode
1449:Bibcode
1391:Bibcode
1281:Bibcode
1170:Bibcode
1115:Bibcode
943:Bibcode
846:isotope
817:glycine
813:alanine
758:proline
750:alanine
746:glycine
672:kerogen
665:organic
599:Kainsaz
504:Renazzo
494:Al Rais
476:Renazzo
396:Bukhara
386:Allende
340:Orgueil
325:olivine
272:olivine
109:Orgueil
101:Allende
3032:shower
3027:Meteor
2981:Awards
2670:Kaidun
2325:bolide
2239:
2209:
2199:
2191:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2082:
2040:
2032:
1975:
1926:
1918:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1808:
1801:426569
1798:
1790:
1741:
1733:
1686:
1678:
1632:
1578:
1533:
1525:
1517:
1491:Nature
1467:
1417:
1357:
1299:
1188:
1145:
1135:
1081:
1056:
1015:
998:
981:
963:
858:has L-
823:, and
781:chiral
760:, and
754:valine
726:amides
722:amines
668:carbon
594:Ornans
584:Ornans
499:Kaidun
434:Mighei
411:Mokoia
350:, and
323:, and
264:oxides
117:Murray
3017:Comet
2959:Lists
2881:shock
2747:IIIAB
2617:Lunar
2547:IIICD
2407:group
2398:class
2140:S2CID
2080:S2CID
2038:S2CID
1973:S2CID
1869:S2CID
1531:S2CID
1465:S2CID
1437:(PDF)
1415:S2CID
1379:(PDF)
1297:S2CID
1271:arXiv
1186:S2CID
1138:30105
825:β-ABA
646:Tarda
344:Alais
336:Ivuna
252:water
113:Ivuna
29:Class
2974:type
2868:and
2753:IIIF
2750:IIIE
2727:IIAB
2716:Iron
2635:List
2410:and
2403:clan
2394:type
2347:Find
2320:Fall
2296:and
2237:ISBN
2207:PMID
2189:ISSN
2163:Life
2132:PMID
2124:ISSN
2030:ISSN
1924:PMID
1916:ISSN
1861:PMID
1853:ISSN
1806:PMID
1788:ISSN
1739:PMID
1731:ISSN
1684:PMID
1676:ISSN
1630:ISBN
1576:ISBN
1523:PMID
1515:ISSN
1355:ISBN
1242:NASA
1143:PMID
1079:ISBN
1054:ISBN
1013:ISBN
996:ISBN
979:ISBN
961:ISSN
880:NASA
831:and
819:, Îł-
724:and
681:(an
609:Moss
406:Kaba
391:Bali
348:Tonk
313:PAHs
311:and
274:and
266:and
246:and
127:and
57:Type
2886:TKW
2760:IVB
2756:IVA
2743:IIG
2738:IIE
2734:IID
2731:IIC
2590:HED
2542:IAB
2392:By
2308:...
2197:PMC
2179:doi
2114:doi
2110:120
2072:doi
2020:hdl
2012:doi
1963:hdl
1955:doi
1908:doi
1845:doi
1833:275
1796:PMC
1778:doi
1723:doi
1711:117
1668:doi
1664:256
1622:doi
1610:416
1566:hdl
1558:doi
1507:doi
1495:228
1457:doi
1445:304
1407:hdl
1399:doi
1289:doi
1267:807
1178:doi
1133:PMC
1123:doi
951:doi
821:ABA
685:).
378:3.
80:or
3061::
2723:IC
2498:LL
2472:EL
2469:EH
2456:CV
2453:CR
2450:CO
2447:CM
2444:CK
2440:CI
2436:CH
2433:CB
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