Reindeer - Knowledge

3610:. In the largest subspecies, the antlers of large bulls can range up to 100 cm (39 in) in width and 135 cm (53 in) in beam length. They have the largest antlers relative to body size among living deer species. Antler size measured in number of points reflects the nutritional status of the reindeer and climate variation of its environment. The number of points on male reindeer increases from birth to 5 years of age and remains relatively constant from then on. "In male caribou, antler mass (but not the number of tines) varies in concert with body mass." While antlers of male woodland caribou are typically smaller than those of male barren-ground caribou, they can be over 1 m (3 ft 3 in) across. They are flattened in cross-section, compact and relatively dense. Geist describes them as frontally emphasized, flat-beamed antlers. Woodland caribou antlers are thicker and broader than those of the barren-ground caribou and their legs and heads are longer. Quebec-Labrador male caribou antlers can be significantly larger and wider than other woodland caribou. Central barren-ground male caribou antlers are perhaps the most diverse in configuration and can grow to be very high and wide. Osborn's caribou antlers are typically the most massive, with the largest circumference measurements. 3802:(CCHE), a highly efficient means of minimizing heat loss through the skin's surface. In the CCHE mechanism, in cold weather, blood vessels are closely knotted and intertwined with arteries to the skin and appendages that carry warm blood with veins returning to the body that carry cold blood causing the warm arterial blood to exchange heat with the cold venous blood. In this way, their legs for example are kept cool, maintaining the core body temperature nearly 30 °C (54 °F) higher with less heat lost to the environment. Heat is thus recycled instead of being dissipated. The "heart does not have to pump blood as rapidly in order to maintain a constant body core temperature and thus, metabolic rate." CCHE is present in animals like reindeer, fox and moose living in extreme conditions of cold or hot weather as a mechanism for retaining the heat in (or out of) the body. These are countercurrent exchange systems with the same fluid, usually blood, in a circuit, used for both directions of flow. 3689: 4100: 5198:

subsistence way of life." Elders have identified at least 150 descriptive Gwich'in names for all of the bones, organs and tissues. Associated with the caribou's anatomy are not just descriptive Gwich'in names for all of the body parts, including bones, organs, and tissues, but also "an encyclopedia of stories, songs, games, toys, ceremonies, traditional tools, skin clothing, personal names and surnames, and a highly developed ethnic cuisine." In the 1980s, Gwich'in Traditional Management Practices were established to protect the Porcupine caribou, upon which the Gwich'in depend. They "codified traditional principles of caribou management into tribal law" which include "limits on the harvest of caribou and procedures to be followed in processing and transporting caribou meat" and limits on the number of caribou to be taken per hunting trip.

2635: 3965:

Breeding females have more body mass than non-breeding females between the months of March and September with a difference of around 10 kg (22 lb) more than non-breeding females. From November to December, non-breeding females have more body mass than breeding females, as non-breeding females are able to focus their energies towards storage during colder months rather than lactation and reproduction. Body masses of both breeding and non-breeding females peaks in September. During the months of March through April, breeding females have more fat mass than the non-breeding females with a difference of almost 3 kg (6.6 lb). After this, however, non-breeding females on average have a higher body fat mass than do breeding females.

1493:

brief. Their antlers are thin, beams round in cross-section, sweep back and then forward with a cluster of branches at the top; these are designed more for visual stimulation of the females. Their bez tines are set low, just above the brow tine, which is vertically flattened to protect the eyes while the buck "threshes" low brush, a courtship display. The low bez tines help the wide flat brow tines dig craters in the hard-packed tundra snow for forage, for which reason brow tines are often called "shovels" in North America and "ice tines" in Europe. The differences in antler architecture reflect fundamental differences in ecology and behavior, and in turn deep divisions in ancestry that were not apparent to the early taxonomists.

5446:. The last remaining wild tundra reindeer in Europe are found in portions of southern Norway. The International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry (ICR), a circumpolar organisation, was established in 2005 by the Norwegian government. ICR represents over 20 indigenous reindeer peoples and about 100,000 reindeer herders in nine different national states. In Finland, there are about 6,000 reindeer herders, most of whom keep small herds of less than 50 reindeer to raise additional income. With 185,000 reindeer (as of 2001), the industry produces 2,000 metric tons (2,200 short tons) of reindeer meat and generates 35 million euros annually. 70% of the meat is sold to slaughterhouses. Reindeer herders are eligible for national and EU 1917: 2368: 2526: 4542:), are a plague to reindeer during the summer and can cause enough stress to inhibit feeding and calving behaviors. An adult reindeer will lose perhaps about 1 L (0.22 imp gal; 0.26 US gal) of blood to biting insects for every week it spends in the tundra. The population numbers of some of these predators is influenced by the migration of reindeer. Tormenting insects keep caribou on the move, searching for windy areas like hilltops and mountain ridges, rock reefs, lakeshore and forest openings, or snow patches that offer respite from the buzzing horde. Gathering in large herds is another strategy that caribou use to block insects. 2902: 139: 3712:...get detached every year...Young males lose the velvet from the antlers much more quickly than female caribou even though they are not fully mature. They start to work with their antlers just as soon as the velvet starts to fall off. The young males engage in fights with their antlers towards autumn...soon after the velvet had fallen off they will be red, as they start to get bleached their colour changes...When the velvet starts to fall off the antler is red because the antler is made from blood. The antler is the blood that has hardened; in fact, the core of the antler is still bloody when the velvet starts to fall off, at least close to the base. 5515: 2411: 3850:"Caribou have large feet with four toes. In addition to two small ones, called "dew claws," they have two large, crescent-shaped toes that support most of their weight and serve as shovels when digging for food under snow. These large concave hooves offer stable support on wet, soggy ground and on crusty snow. The pads of the hoof change from a thick, fleshy shape in the summer to become hard and thin in the winter months, reducing the animal's exposure to the cold ground. Additional winter protection comes from the long hair between the "toes"; it covers the pads so the caribou walks only on the horny rim of the hooves." 5539: 5088: 4798: 18950: 4092: 4610:

forestry practices, forest fires, and the clearing for agriculture, roadways, railways, and power lines," favor the conversion of habitats into the preferred habitat of the white-tailed deer – "open forest interspersed with meadows, clearings, grasslands, and riparian flatlands." Towards the end of the Soviet Union, there was increasingly open admission from the Soviet government that reindeer numbers were being negatively affected by human activity, and that this must be remediated especially by supporting reindeer breeding by native herders.

4318: 3907:

positions on a dominance scale among reindeer. "Specifically, loud knee-clicking is discovered to be an honest signal of body size, providing an exceptional example of the potential for non-vocal acoustic communication in mammals." The clicking sound made by reindeer as they walk is caused by small tendons slipping over bone protuberances (sesamoid bones) in their feet. The sound is made when a reindeer is walking or running, occurring when the full weight of the foot is on the ground or just after it is relieved of the weight.

3669:

harem-defense mating system, SARA wrote, "During the rut, males engage in frequent and furious sparring battles with their antlers. Large males with large antlers do most of the mating." Reindeer continue to migrate until the bulls have spent their back fat. By contrast, barren-ground caribou males tend individual females and their fights are brief and much less intense; consequently, their antlers are long, and thin, round in cross-section and less branched and are designed more for show (or sexual attraction) than fighting.

2468: 3969:

crucial part of the reindeer diet; however, they are less prevalent in the diet of pregnant reindeer compared to non-pregnant individuals. The amount of lichen in a diet is found more in non-pregnant adult diets than pregnant individuals due to the lack of nutritional value. Although lichens are high in carbohydrates, they are lacking in essential proteins that vascular plants provide. The amount of lichen in a diet decreases in latitude, which results in nutritional stress being higher in areas with low lichen abundance.

4449: 2258: 2122: 3638: 5369:. They are raised for their meat, hides and antlers and, to a lesser extent, for milk and transportation. Reindeer are not considered fully domesticated, as they generally roam free on pasture grounds. In traditional nomadic herding, reindeer herders migrate with their herds between coastal and inland areas according to an annual migration route and herds are keenly tended. However, reindeer were not bred in captivity, though they were tamed for milking as well as for use as draught animals or 208: 4048:

herds of 50,000 to 500,000 animals, but during autumn migrations, the groups become smaller and the reindeer begin to mate. During winter, reindeer travel to forested areas to forage under the snow. By spring, groups leave their winter grounds to go to the calving grounds. A reindeer can swim easily and quickly, normally at about 6.5 km/h (4.0 mph) but, if necessary, at 10 km/h (6.2 mph) and migrating herds will not hesitate to swim across a large lake or broad river.

5841: 5703: 5394: 4111: 5855: 4624: 5390:(but not anymore in Scandinavia). Although a sled drawn by 20 reindeer will cover no more than 20–25 km (12–16 mi) a day (compared to 7–10 km (4.3–6.2 mi) on foot, 70–80 km (43–50 mi) by a dog sled loaded with cargo and 150–180 km (93–112 mi) by a dog sled without cargo), it has the advantage that the reindeer will discover their own food, while a pack of 5–7 sled dogs requires 10–14 kg (22–31 lb) of fresh fish a day. 2207: 4016: 3583: 372: 1481:

patterns among populations, nor could they, examining collections in Europe, appreciate the difference in habitats and the differing function they imposed on antler architecture. Comparative morphometrics, the measurement of skulls, is often seen as more objective than description of differences of color or antler patterns, but actually confounds genetic variance with epistatic and statistical variance as well as compounded environment-based variance.

163: 5260: 14100: 1694:, or natural population groupings, failed to capture "the variability of caribou across their range in Canada" needed for effective subspecies conservation and management, COSEWIC developed Designatable Unit (DU) attribution, an adaptation of "evolutionary significant units". The 12 designatable units for caribou in Canada (that is, excluding Alaska and Greenland) based on ecology, behavior and, importantly, genetics (but excluding 5275: 2688: 185: 5503: 5030: 5592: 3957: 1374:) diverged from primitive ancestors of tundra / barren-ground caribou not during the LGM, 26,000–19,000 years ago, as previously assumed, but in the Middle Pleistocene around 357,000 years ago. At that time, modern tundra caribou had not even evolved. Woodland caribou are likely more related to extinct North American forest caribou than to barren-ground caribou. For example, the extinct caribou 4716:(and has been replaced by domestic reindeer) and reindeer on most of the Novaya Zemlya islands have also been replaced by domestic reindeer, although some wild reindeer still persist on the northern islands. Many Siberian tundra reindeer herds have declined, some dangerously, but the Taymir herd remains strong and in total about 940,000 wild Siberian tundra reindeer were estimated in 2010. 4882:. Recognizably different domestic reindeer breeds include those of the Evenk, Even, and Chukotka-Khargin people of Yakutia and the Nenets breed from the Nenets Autonomous district and Murmansk region; the Tuvans, Todzhans, Tofa (Tofalars in the Irkutsk Region), the Soyots (the Republic of Buryatia), and the Dukha (also known as Tsaatan, the Khubsugul) in the Province of Mongolia. The 1974: 3743:, includes a massive set of caribou antlers on which he has intricately carved the miniaturized world of the Inuit where "Arctic birds, caribou, polar bears, seals, and whales are interspersed with human activities of fishing, hunting, cleaning skins, stretching boots, and travelling by dog sled and kayak...from the base of the antlers to the tip of each branch". 5491: 1220:

air before it enters the throat and lungs, bez tines set close to the brow tines, distinctive coat patterns, short legs and other adaptations for running long distances, and multiple behaviors suited to tundra, but not to forest (such as synchronized calving and aggregation during rutting and post-calving). As well, many genes, including those for

4060:, are "mixed migrators" and many individuals do not migrate; those that do migrate less than 60 km. Unlike the individual-tending mating system, aggregated rutting, synchronized calving and aggregated post-calving of barren-ground caribou, Greenland caribou have a harem-defense mating system and dispersed calving and they do not aggregate. 3325:,. However, because genetic data shows the Greenland caribou to be the most distantly related of any caribou to all the others (genetic distance, FST = 44%, whereas most cervid (deer family) species have a genetic distance of 2% to 5%)--as well as behavioral and morphological differences—a recent revision returned it to species status as 3432:(1998), in the only error in his whole illustrious career, re-analyzed Banfield's data with additional specimens found in an unpublished report he cites as "Skal, 1982", but was "not able to find diagnostic features that could segregate this form from the western barren ground type." But Skal 1982 had included specimens from the 1777:

physiologies and mass-migration and aggregation behaviors (see Evolution above). Before Banfield (1961), taxonomists using cranial, dental and skeletal measurements had unequivocally allied these western montane ecotypes with barren-ground caribou, naming them (as in Osgood 1909 Murie, 1935 and Anderson 1946, among others)

4381:; they are known to gnaw and partly consume shed antlers as a dietary supplement and in some extreme cases will cannibalise each other's antlers before shedding. There is also some evidence to suggest that on occasion, especially in the spring when they are nutritionally stressed, they will feed on small rodents (such as 5625:. In the middle of its forehead a single horn grows between its ears, taller and straighter than the animal horns with which we are familiar. At the top this horn spreads out like the palm of a hand or the branches of a tree. The females are of the same form as the males, and their horns are the same shape and size. 4952:. Siberian reindeer owners also use the reindeer to ride on (Siberian reindeer are larger than their Scandinavian relatives). For breeders, a single owner may own hundreds or even thousands of animals. The numbers of Russian and Scandinavian reindeer herders have been drastically reduced since 1990. The sale of 4609:

Changes in climate and habitat beginning in the 20th century have expanded range overlap between white-tailed deer and caribou, increasing the frequency of infection within the reindeer population. This increase in infection is a concern for wildlife managers. Human activities, such as "clear-cutting

3998:

Reindeer mate in late September to early November, and the gestation period is about 228–234 days. During the mating season, bulls battle for access to cows. Two bulls will lock each other's antlers together and try to push each other away. The most dominant bulls can collect as many as 15–20 cows to

3964:

Reindeer have developed adaptations for optimal metabolic efficiency during warm months as well as for during cold months. The body composition of reindeer varies highly with the seasons. Of particular interest is the body composition and diet of breeding and non-breeding females between the seasons.

3684:

When male reindeer shed their antlers in early to mid-winter, the antlered cows acquire the highest ranks in the feeding hierarchy, gaining access to the best forage areas. These cows are healthier than those without antlers. Calves whose mothers do not have antlers are more prone to disease and have

3668:

Male reindeer use their antlers to compete with other males during the mating season. Butler (1986) showed that the social requirements of caribou females during the rut determines the mating strategies of males and, consequently, the form of male antlers. In describing woodland caribou, which have a

1510:

named 12 new species (other than barren-ground and woodland, which had been named earlier) of caribou in Canada and Alaska, and three new species and nine new subspecies in Eurasia, each properly described according to the evolving rules of zoological nomenclature, with type localities designated and

1484:

For example, woodland caribou males, rutting in boreal forest where only a few females can be found, collect harems and defend them against other males, for which they have short, straight, strong, much-branched antlers, beams flattened in cross-section, designed for combat — and not too large, so as

714:

Male ("bull") and female ("cow") reindeer can grow antlers annually, although the proportion of females that grow antlers varies greatly between populations. Antlers are typically larger on males. Antler architecture varies by species and subspecies and, together with pelage differences, can often be

9295:

A natural history of uncommon birds and of some other rare and undescribed animals quadrupedes, reptiles, fishes, insects &c exhibited in two Hundred and ten copper-plates, from designs copied immediately from nature, and curiously coloured after Life with a full and accurate description of each

5769:

I remember a story my Uncle Jack told me – a Dunne-Za creation story about how animals once ruled the earth and were ten times their size and that got me thinking about scale and using the idea of the antler, which is a thing that everyone is scared of, and making it into something more approachable

4661:

In North America, the Queen Charlotte Islands caribou and the East Greenland caribou both became extinct in the early 20th century, the Peary caribou is designated as Endangered, the boreal woodland caribou is designated as Threatened and some individual populations are endangered as well. While the

4035:

the farthest of any terrestrial mammal, traveling up to 5,000 km (3,000 mi) a year, and covering 1,000,000 km (400,000 sq mi). Other North American populations, the boreal woodland caribou for example, are largely sedentary. The European populations are known to have shorter

4002:

To calve, "females travel to isolated, relatively predator-free areas such as islands in lakes, peatlands, lake-shores, or tundra." As females select the habitat for the birth of their calves, they are warier than males. Dugmore noted that, in their seasonal migrations, the herd follows a female for

1219:

Archaeologists distinguish "modern" tundra reindeer and barren-ground caribou from primitive forms — living and extinct — that did not have adaptations to extreme cold and to long distance migration. They include a broad, high muzzle to increase the volume of the nasal cavity to warm and moisten the

8416:

Kjær, Kurt H.; Winther Pedersen, Mikkel; De Sanctis, Bianca; De Cahsan, Binia; Korneliussen, Thorfinn S.; Michelsen, Christian S.; Sand, Karina K.; Jelavić, Stanislav; Ruter, Anthony H.; Schmidt, Astrid M. A.; Kjeldsen, Kristian K.; Tesakov, Alexey S.; Snowball, Ian; Gosse, John C.; Alsos, Inger G.

5740:

Once upon a time there were no caribou on the earth. But there was a man who wished for caribou, and he cut a hole deep in the ground, and up this hole came caribou, many caribou. The caribou came pouring out, until the earth was almost covered with them. And when the man thought there were caribou

5310:

in Russia, are mostly semi-domesticated reindeer, ear-marked by their owners. Some reindeer in the area are truly domesticated, mostly used as draught animals (nowadays commonly for tourist entertainment and races, traditionally important for the nomadic Sámi). Domestic reindeer have also been used

3864:

adapt to the season: in the summer, when the tundra is soft and wet, the footpads become sponge-like and provide extra traction. In the winter, the pads shrink and tighten, exposing the rim of the hoof, which cuts into the ice and crusted snow to keep it from slipping. This also enables them to dig

1496:

Similarly, working on museum collections where skins were often faded and in poor states of preservation, early taxonomists could not readily perceive differences in coat patterns that are consistent within a subspecies, but variable among them. Geist calls these "nuptial" characteristics: sexually

1480:

has had a convoluted history because of the similarity in antler architecture (brow tines asymmetrical and often palmate, bez tines, a back tine sometimes branched, and branched at the distal end, often palmate). Because of individual variability, early taxonomists were unable to discern consistent

6644:

Yannic, G.; Pellissier, L.; Ortego, J.; Lecomte, N.; Couturier, S.; Cuyler, C.; Dussault, C.; Hundertmark, K.J.; Irvine, R.J.; Jenkins, D.A.; Kolpashikov, L.; Mager, K.; Musiani, M.; Parker, K.L.; Røed, K.H.; Sipko, T.; Þórisson, S.G.; V.Weckworth, B.; Guisan, A.; Bernatchez, L.; Côté, S.D. (2013)

4258:

herd size. There are large population differences among individual herds and the size of individual herds has varied greatly since 1970. The largest of all herds (in Taimyr, Russia) has varied between 400,000 and 1,000,000; the second largest herd (at the George River in Canada) has varied between

3775:, Canadian Inuit preferred the caribou skins from caribou taken in the late summer or autumn, when their coats had thickened. They used it for winter clothing "because each hair is hollow and fills with air trapping heat." Fur is the primary insulation factor that allows reindeer to regulate their 3456:

was lost in the oblivion of invalid taxonomy until Alaskan researchers sampled some small, pale caribou from the western end of the Alaska Peninsula, their range enclosing the type locality designated by Allen (1902) and found them to be genetically distinct from all other caribou in Alaska. Thus,

1673:

However, since 1991, many genetic studies have revealed deep divergence between modern tundra reindeer and woodland caribou. Geist (2007) and others continued arguing that the woodland caribou was incorrectly classified, noting that "true woodland caribou, the uniformly dark, small-maned type with

9171:

A natural history of uncommon birds, and of some other rare and undescribed animals, quadrupedes, reptiles, fishes, insects, etc. Exhibited in two hundred and ten copper-plates, from designs copied immediately from nature, and curiously coloured after life, with a full and accurate description of

5160:

area. One year when the steamboat was unable to continue, they ran into a caribou herd estimated to number 1 million animals, migrating across the Yukon. "They tied up for seven days waiting for the caribou to cross. They ran out of wood for the steamboats, and had to go back down 40 miles to the

3514:

depending on several behavioral factors – predominant habitat use (northern, tundra, mountain, forest, boreal forest, forest-dwelling, woodland, woodland (boreal), woodland (migratory) or woodland (mountain), spacing (dispersed or aggregated) and migration patterns (sedentary or migratory). North

1825:

Among Baffin Island caribou the TFL2 allele was the most common allele (p=0.521), while this allele was absent, or present in very low frequencies, in other caribou populations (Table 1), including the Canadian barren-ground caribou from the Beverly herd. A large genetic difference between Baffin

1776:

also revealed that the four western Canadian montane ecotypes are not woodland caribou: they share a common ancestor with modern barren-ground caribou / tundra reindeer, but distantly, having diverged > 60,000 years ago — before the modern ecotypes had evolved their cold- and darkness-adapted

10717:

In the winter, the fleshy pads on these toes grow longer and form a tough, hornlike rim. Caribou use these large, sharp-edged hooves to dig through the snow and uncover the lichens that sustain them in winter months. Biologists call this activity "cratering" because of the crater-like cavity the

4491:

witnessed, and were able to film for the first time, a polar bear attack reindeer, driving one into the ocean, where the polar bear caught up with and killed it. The same bear successfully repeated this hunting technique the next day. On Svalbard, reindeer remains account for 27.3% in polar bear

4047:

Normally travelling about 19–55 km (12–34 mi) a day while migrating, the caribou can run at speeds of 60–80 km/h (37–50 mph). Young calves can already outrun an Olympic sprinter when only 1 day old. During the spring migration, smaller herds will group together to form larger

3919:

in 2011 revealed that reindeer can see light with wavelengths as short as 320 nm (i.e. in the ultraviolet range), considerably below the human threshold of 400 nm. It is thought that this ability helps them to survive in the Arctic, because many objects that blend into the landscape in

1820:

Jenkins et al. (2012) said that " caribou are unique compared to other Barrenground herds, as they do not overwinter in forested habitat, nor do all caribou undertake long seasonal migrations to calving areas." It also shares a mtDNA haplotype with Labrador caribou, in the North American lineage

1505:

Towards the end of the 19th century, national museums began sending out biological exploration expeditions and collections accumulated. Taxonomists, usually working for the museums, began naming subspecies more rigorously, based on statistical differences in detailed cranial, dental and skeletal

747:

of Siberian tundra reindeer is the largest wild reindeer herd in the world, varying between 400,000 and 1,000,000; it is a metapopulation consisting of several subpopulations — some of which are phenotypically different — with different migration routes and calving areas. The Kamchatkan reindeer

4723:

herd size. By 2013, many caribou herds in North America had "unusually low numbers" and their winter ranges in particular were smaller than they used to be. Caribou numbers have fluctuated historically, but many herds are in decline across their range. There are many factors contributing to the

4006:

Bulls live four years less than the cows, whose maximum longevity is about 17 years. Cows with a normal body size and who have had sufficient summer nutrition can begin breeding anytime between the ages of 1 and 3 years. When a cow has undergone nutritional stress, it is possible for her to not

3968:

The environmental variations play a large part in reindeer nutrition, as winter nutrition is crucial to adult and neonatal survival rates. Lichens are a staple during the winter months as they are a readily available food source, which reduces the reliance on stored body reserves. Lichens are a

1492:

above) have synchronized calving as a predator-avoidance strategy, which requires large rutting aggregations. Males cannot defend a harem because, while he was busy fighting, they would disappear into the mass of the herd. Males therefore tend individual females; their fights are infrequent and

5197:

to document traditional knowledge of caribou anatomy. The main goal of the research was to "elicit not only what the Gwich'in know about caribou anatomy, but how they see caribou and what they say and believe about caribou that defines themselves, their dietary and nutritional needs, and their

3906:

The knees of many species and subspecies of reindeer are adapted to produce a clicking sound as they walk. The sounds originate in the tendons of the knees and may be audible from several hundred meters away. The frequency of the knee-clicks is one of a range of signals that establish relative

3883:

The females (or "cows" as they are often called) usually measure 162–205 cm (64–81 in) in length and weigh 80–120 kg (180–260 lb). The males (or "bulls" as they are often called) are typically larger (to an extent which varies between the different species and subspecies),

3755:

varies considerably, both between individuals and depending on season and species. Northern populations, which usually are relatively small, are whiter, while southern populations, which typically are relatively large, are darker. This can be seen well in North America, where the northernmost

5184:

projects are underway to document the language and to enhance the writing and translation skills of younger Gwich'in speakers. In one project, lead research associate and fluent speaker Gwich'in elder Kenneth Frank works with linguists who include young Gwich'in speakers affiliated with the

3884:

measuring 180–214 cm (71–84 in) in length and usually weighing 159–182 kg (351–401 lb). Exceptionally large bulls have weighed as much as 318 kg (701 lb). Weight varies drastically between the seasons, with bulls losing as much as 40% of their pre-rut weight.

3313:), but always as the Greenland reindeer / caribou. Taxonomists consistently documented morphological differences between Greenland and other caribou / reindeer in cranial measurements, dentition, antler architecture, etc. Then Banfield (1961) in his famously flawed revision, gave the name 4740:

in many areas of eastern North America in the beginning of the 20th century. Professor Marco Musiani of the University of Calgary said in a statement that "The woodland caribou is already an endangered subspecies in southern Canada and the United States... warming of the planet means the

7964:) from Early Pleistocene of the south of Western Siberia (in Russian). In: Bogdanov, A.A.; others (eds.) Integrative palaeontology: development prospects for geological objectives, material of the LXIII session of the Palaeontological Society, April, 3-7, 2017. Sankt-Peterburg, 173-175. 3984:(NREM sleep); and (2) reindeer's brainwaves during rumination resemble the brainwaves present during NREM sleep. These results suggest that, by reducing the time requirement for NREM sleep, reindeer are able to spend more time feeding during the summer months, when food is abundant. 4278:(boreal forest), by 2013, many herds had "unusually low numbers" and their winter ranges in particular were smaller than they used to be. Caribou and reindeer numbers have fluctuated historically, but many herds are in decline across their range. This global decline is linked to 3384:

inhabits the " barren land of Alaska Peninsula, ranging well up into the mountains in summer, but descending to the lower levels in winter, generally feeding on the low flat lands near the coast and in the foothills...As regards cranial characters no comparison is necessary with

3605:

There is considerable variation among species and subspecies in the size of the antlers (e.g., they are rather small and spindly in the northernmost species and subspecies), but on average the bull's antlers are the second largest of any extant deer, after those of the male

7499:

Opinion 91 Thirty-five generic names of mammals placed in the Official List of Generic Names In: Hemming, F. (Ed.) Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Opinions and declarations, Opinions rendered by the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature, Opinions 91 TO

13220:

A fundamental question for the research is to elicit not only what the Gwich'in know about caribou anatomy, but how they see caribou and what they say and believe about caribou that defines themselves, their dietary and nutritional needs, and their subsistence way of

3613:

The antlers' main beams begin at the brow "extending posterior over the shoulders and bowing so that the tips point forward. The prominent, palmate brow tines extend forward, over the face." The antlers typically have two separate groups of points, lower and upper.

9296:

to which is added, a brief and general Idea of drawing and painting in water-colours; with Instructions for etching on copper with aqua fortis; likewise some thoughts on the passage of birds; and additions to many of the subjects described in this work. Vol. Part I

1766:, they cannot be Biological specificity#conspecific|conspecific. Similarly, woodland caribou diverged from the ancestors of Arctic caribou before modern barren-ground caribou had evolved, and were more likely related to extinct North American forest reindeer (see 1674:

the frontally emphasized, flat-beamed antlers", is "scattered thinly along the southern rim of North American caribou distribution". He affirms that the "true woodland caribou is very rare, in very great difficulties and requires the most urgent of attention."

13712:

Est bos cervi figura, cuius a media fronte inter aures unum cornu* exsistit excelsius magisque directum his, quae nobis nota sunt, cornibus: ab eius summo sicut palmae ramique* late diffunduntur. Eadem est feminae marisque natura, eadem forma magnitudoque

3468:), a large montane type, was described from the Kenai Peninsula (where, apparently, it was never common except in years of great abundance), the eastern end of the Alaska Peninsula, and mountains throughout southern and eastern Alaska. It was placed under 4003:

that reason. Newborns weigh on average 6 kg (13 lb). In May or June, the calves are born. After 45 days, the calves are able to graze and forage, but continue suckling until the following autumn when they become independent from their mothers.

8735:

Populations, metapopulations, ecotypes and subspecies of caribou in Quebec & Labrador: an exploratory discussion. In: McFarlane, K.; Gunn, A.; Strobeck, C. (eds.) Proceedings from the Caribou Genetics and Relationships Workshop (K. and C. Strobeck,

3783:, even if the temperature rises to 38 °C (100 °F). In 1913, Dugmore noted how the woodland caribou swim so high out of the water, unlike any other mammal, because their hollow, "air-filled, quill-like hair" acts as a supporting "life jacket". 812:, with an expert calling it "functionally extinct" after the herd's size dwindled to a mere three animals. After the last individual, a female, was translocated to a wildlife rehabilitation center in Canada, caribou were considered extirpated from the 3337:

above), a reconstruction of LGM glacial retreat and caribou advance (Yannic et al. 2013) shows colonization by NAL lineage caribou more likely. Their PCA and tree diagrams show Greenland caribou clustering outside of the Beringian-Eurasian lineage.

6064:

having priority over other names. The name dates from George Edwards (1743), who claimed to have seen a male specimen ("head of perfect horns...") from Greenland and said that a Captain Craycott had brought a live pair from Greenland to England in

4662:

barren-ground caribou is not designated as Threatened, many individual herds — including some of the largest — are declining and there is much concern at the local level. Grant's caribou, a small, pale subspecies endemic to the western end of the

3760:, is the whitest and smallest subspecies of the continent, while the Selkirk Mountains caribou (Southern Mountain population DU9) is the darkest and nearly the largest, only exceeded in size by Osborn's caribou (Northern Mountain population DU7). 9379:

Fauna boreali-americana; or, the zoology of the northern parts of British America; containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expeditions, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. Vol. 1

7928:

Prunier, Julien; Carrier, Alexandra; Gilbert, Isabelle; Poisson, William; Albert, Vicky; Taillon, Joëlle; Bourret, Vincent; Côté, Steeve D.; Droit, Arnaud; Robert, Claude (23 July 2021). "Copy number variations with adaptive potential in caribou

5144:, Alaska. His grandmother was a member of the Caribou Clan, who travelled with the caribou as a means to survive. In 1939, they were living their traditional lifestyle at one of their hunting camps in Koyukuk near the location of what is now the 1442:, identified as basal but potentially ancestral to modern reindeer. This suggests that reindeer have inhabited Greenland since at least the Early Pleistocene. Around this time, northern Greenland was 11–19 °C (20–34 °F) warmer than the 5584:, which was able to change the colour of its fur to obtain camouflage. The latter is probably a misunderstanding of the seasonal change in reindeer fur colour. The descriptions have been interpreted as being of reindeer living in the southern 3276:

is fraught with problems. Edwards (1743) illustrated and claimed to have seen a male specimen ("head of perfect horns...") from Greenland and said that a Captain Craycott had brought a live pair from Greenland to England in 1738. He named it

4996: 883:

in 51 ranges remaining in Canada (Environment Canada, 2011b), although those numbers included montane populations classified by Harding (2022) into subspecies of the Arctic caribou. Siberian tundra reindeer herds are also in decline, and

13777: 13408:

Kharzinova, V.R.; Dotsev, A.V.; Deniskova, T.E.; Solovieva, A.D.; Fedorov, V.I.; Layshev, K.A.; Romanenko, T.M.; Okhlopkov, I.M.; Wimmers, K.; Reyer, H. (2018) Genetic diversity and population structure of domestic and wild reindeer

10271:"Since 1986, elders in the community have worked...the Igloolik Research Centre...to record their knowledge for posterity on paper and audio tape...Noah Piugaattuk contributed 70 to 80 hours of audio tape." Use of antlers (IOHP 037); 3617:

Antlers begin to grow on male reindeer in March or April and on female reindeer in May or June. This process is called antlerogenesis. Antlers grow very quickly every year on the bulls. As the antlers grow, they are covered in thick

11992: 7854:

Cavedon, Maria; Gubili, Chrysoula; Heppenheimer, Elizabeth; vonHoldt, Bridgett; Mariani, Stefano; Hebblewhite, Mark; Hegel, Troy; Hervieux, Dave; Serrouya, Robert; Steenweg, Robin; Weckworth, Byron V.; Musiani, Marco (April 2019).

4676:

Both the Selkirk Mountains caribou (Southern Mountain population DU9) and the Rocky Mountain caribou (Central Mountain population DU8) are classified as Endangered in Canada in regions such as southeastern British Columbia at the

5527: 9417:

Mager, Karen H.; Colson, Kevin E.; Groves, Pam; Hundertmark, Kris J. (December 2014). "Population structure over a broad spatial scale driven by nonanthropogenic factors in a wide-ranging migratory mammal, Alaskan caribou".

9329:

Gemeinnüzzige Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs: darinn die merkwürdigsten und nüzlichsten Thiere in systematischer Ordnung beschrieben, und die Geschlechter in Abbildungen nach der Natur vorgestellet werden. Vol. 1 Part

4693:. Rocky Mountain caribou are extirpated from Banff National Park, but a small population remains in Jasper National Park and in mountain ranges to the northwest into British Columbia. Montane caribou are now considered 3672:

In late autumn or early winter after the rut, male reindeer lose their antlers, growing a new pair the next summer with a larger rack than the previous year. Female reindeer keep their antlers until they calve. In the

3817:

before entering the lungs and water is condensed from the expired air and captured before the reindeer's breath is exhaled, then used to moisten dry incoming air and possibly be absorbed into the blood through the

5009:

The blood of the caribou was supposedly mixed with alcohol as drink by hunters and loggers in colonial Quebec to counter the cold. This drink is now enjoyed without the blood as a wine and whiskey drink known as

6777:

Mizin, I.A. (2018) The current state of the wild reindeer in Russia - general overview of the situation. Barents office of WWF Russia Russian Arctic National Park for World Wildlife Fund, Arkhangelsk, Russia, 8

3924:

are responsible for reindeer avoiding power lines because "...in darkness these animals see power lines not as dim, passive structures but, rather, as lines of flickering light stretching across the terrain."

3236:(the Newfoundland caribou (the Newfoundland population DU5)), which molecular analyses have shown to be of North American (i.e., woodland caribou) lineage; and four mountain ecotypes now known to be of distant 5373:. Millais (1915), for example, shows a photograph (Plate LXXX) of an "Okhotsk Reindeer" saddled for riding (the rider standing behind it) beside an officer astride a steppe pony that is only slightly larger. 8799:

Evolutionary significant units and the conservation of biological diversity under the Endangered Species Act. In: Nielson, J.L. (ed.) Evolution and the aquatic ecosystem: Defining unique units in population

3726:

and shovels to drying racks and seal-hunting tools. A complex set of terms describes each part of the antler and relates it to its various uses". Currently, the larger racks of antlers are used by Inuit in

1830:

Jenkins et al. (2018) also reported genetic distinctiveness of Baffin Island caribou from all other barren-ground caribou; its genetic signature was not found on the mainland or on other islands; nor were

14045: 4036:

migrations. Island populations, such as the Novaya Zemlya and Svalbard reindeer and the Peary caribou, make local movements both within and among islands. Migrating reindeer can be negatively affected by

3685:

a significantly higher mortality. Cows in good nutritional condition, for example, during a mild winter with good winter range quality, may grow new antlers earlier as antler growth requires high intake.

9354:

Allen, G.M. (1942) Extinct and vanishing mammals of the Western Hemisphere with the marine species of all the oceans. American Committee for International Wildlife Protection Special Publication No. 11:

8897:

McDevitt, A.D.; Mariani, S.; Hebblewhite, M.; Decesare, N.J.; Morgantini, L.; Seip, D.R.; Weckworth, B.V.; Musiani. M. (2009) Survival in the Rockies of an endangered hybrid swarm from diverged caribou

4051:

The barren-ground caribou form large herds and undertake lengthy seasonal migrations from winter feeding grounds in taiga to spring calving grounds and summer range in the tundra. The migrations of the

6796: 1758:) were separable from all others. Meanwhile, archaeological evidence was accumulating that Eurasian forest reindeer descended from an extinct forest-adapted reindeer and not from tundra reindeer (see 3630:

is dark chocolate brown. The velvet that covers growing antlers is a highly vascularised skin. This velvet is dark brown on woodland or barren-ground caribou and slate-grey on Peary caribou and the

11932:

Bastille-Rousseau, Guillaume; Schaefer, James A.; Lewis, Keith P.; Mumma, Matthew A.; Ellington, E. Hance; Rayl, Nathaniel D.; Mahoney, Shane P.; Pouliot, Darren; Murray, Dennis L. (1 March 2016).

3055: 12237:"Palaeoecology of the Mammoth Steppe fauna from the late Pleistocene of the North Sea and Alaska: Separating species preferences from geographic influence in paleoecological dental wear analysis" 4956:

and meat is an important source of income. Reindeer were introduced into Alaska near the end of the 19th century; they interbred with the native caribou subspecies there. Reindeer herders on the

13835: 1322:(1998) dates the Eurasian reindeer radiation dates to the large Riss glaciation (347,000 to 128,000 years ago), based on the Norwegian-Svalbard split 225,000 years ago. Finnish forest reindeer ( 14161: 13769: 4476:

prey on reindeer of all ages but, like wolverines, are most likely to attack weaker animals, such as calves and sick reindeer, since healthy adult reindeer can usually outpace a bear. The gray

859:

Degerbøl, 1957, is a junior synonym of the Peary caribou. Historically, the range of the sedentary boreal woodland caribou covered more than half of Canada and into the northern states of the

11989: 8041:

Croitor, Roman (2010). "Preliminary data on reindeer fossils from the Palaeolithic site Rascov-8 (eastern Moldova) with remarks on systematics and evolution of Upper Pleistocene reindeer".

6995:

Rozhkov, Yu.I.; Davydov, A.V.; Morgunov, N.A.; Osipov, K.I.; Novikov, B.V.; Mayorov, A.I.; Tinaev, N.I.; Chekalova, T.M.; Yakimov, O.A. (2020). "Генетическая Дифференциация Северного Оленя

3444:, the range of the larger Stone's caribou. Later, geneticists comparing barren-ground caribou of Alaska with those of mainland Canada found little difference and they all became the former 3376:

of the Kenai Peninsula, from which it differs not only in its very much smaller size, but in important cranial characters and in coloration. ...The external and cranial differences between

1232:, and tolerance to cold temperatures, are found in tundra caribou that are lacking or rudimentary in forest types. For this reason, forest-adapted reindeer and caribou could not survive in 14080: 10567:

Våge, D. I.; Nieminen, M.; Anderson, D. G.; Røed, K. H. (2014). "Two Missense Mutations in Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R) Are Strongly Associated With Dark Ventral Coat Color in Reindeer (

6047:

Banfield rejected this classification in 1961. However, Geist and others considered it valid. Bangs (1896) is invalid as a taxonomic authority, as his two-page pamphlet was not published.

9750:

Zittlau, K.A.; Nagy, J.; Gunn, A.; Strobeck, C. (2009). "Genetic diversity among barren-ground caribou and the Porcupine caribou herds". In McFarlane, K.; Gunn, A.; Strobeck, C. (eds.).

478:

Reindeer are the only successfully semi-domesticated deer on a large scale in the world. Both wild and domestic reindeer have been an important source of food, clothing, and shelter for

4204:. Today, wild reindeer have disappeared from these areas, especially from the southern parts, where it vanished almost everywhere. Large populations of wild reindeer are still found in 679:) are close to North American caribou genetically and visually, but with sufficient differences to warrant division into two species. The unique, insular Svalbard reindeer inhabits the 6884: 4779:. The Low Arctic population of the Peary caribou was designated as Threatened. In 2004, all three were designated as "endangered." In 2015, COSEWIC returned the status to Threatened. 798:

in Canada, with former variations between 28,000 and 385,000. As of January 2018, there are fewer than 9,000 animals estimated to be left in the George River herd, as reported by the

12628: 4063:

Although most wild tundra reindeer migrate between their winter range in taiga and summer range in tundra, some ecotypes or herds are more or less sedentary. Novaya Zemlya reindeer (

13323:

Lavrillier, Alexandra (2020). ""Spirit-Charged" Humans in Siberia: Interrelations between the Notions of the Individual ("Spirit Charge" and "Active Imprint") and (Ritual) Action".

7471: 13063: 7521:(1914). "Das Rentier in Europa zu den Zeiten Alexanders und Cæsars" [The reindeer in Europe to the times of Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar]. In Jungersen, H. F. E.; 4763:

population DU11 of the boreal woodland caribou was designated as Endangered by COSEWIC. The small isolated population of 200 animals was at risk from predation and habitat loss.

11180:"Non-Invasive Assessment of the Interrelationships of Diet, Pregnancy Rate, Group Composition, and Physiological and Nutritional Stress of Barren-Ground Caribou in Late Winter" 7059: 9316:

Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis Editio 12. Vol. Tomus I Editio duodecima

13128: 9404:

Colson, K.E.; Mager, K.H.; Hundertmark, K.J. (2014) Reindeer introgression and the population genetics of caribou in southwestern Alaska. Journal of Heredity 105: 585-596.

5678:

and bring wounded soldiers, pilots and equipment back to the base. About 6,000 reindeer and more than 1,000 reindeer herders were part of the operation. Most herders were

4805:

Arctic peoples have depended on caribou for food, clothing, and shelter. European prehistoric cave paintings represent both tundra and forest forms, the latter either the

4223:

is "circumboreal in the tundra and taiga" from "Svalbard, Norway, Finland, Russia, Alaska (USA) and Canada including most Arctic islands, and Greenland, south to northern

3943:

eyes changes in color from gold in summer to blue in winter to improve their vision during times of continuous darkness, and perhaps enable them to better spot predators.

1311:-sized caribou occupied Greenland before and after the LGM and persisted in a relict enclave in northeastern Greenland until it went extinct about 1900 (see discussion of 444:

populations, and their herd sizes vary greatly in different regions. The tundra subspecies are adapted for extreme cold, and some are adapted for long-distance migration.

10142: 3408:. Anderson (1946) and Banfield (1961), based on statistical analysis of cranial, dental and other characters, agreed. But Banfield (1961) also synonymized Alaska's large 5374: 2138: 10458: 9658:

Pelletier, F.A.; Turgeon, G.; Bourret, A.; Garant, D.; St-Laurent, M-H. (2019). "Genetic structure and effective size of an endangered population of woodland caribou".

6241: 4071:) were formerly distributed in most of the coniferous forest zones south of the tree line, including some mountains, but are now spottily distributed within this zone. 4040:

loads. Severely infected individuals are weak and probably have shortened lifespans, but parasite levels vary between populations. Infections create an effect known as

2846: 2584: 13707: 7170: 4480:

is the most effective natural predator of adult reindeer and sometimes takes large numbers, especially during the winter. Some gray wolf packs, as well as individual

4342:); they are the only large mammal able to metabolize lichen owing to specialised bacteria and protozoa in their gut. They are also the only animals (except for some 9055: 5750:

Inuit artists from the Barrenlands incorporate depictions of caribou — and items made from caribou antlers and skin — in carvings, drawings, prints and sculpture.

5450:, which constituted 15% of their income. Reindeer herding is of central importance for the local economies of small communities in sparsely populated rural Sápmi. 4749: 3602:

play an essential role in the antler formation of cervids. The antlerogenic genes in reindeer have more sensitivity to androgens in comparison with other cervids.

2756: 2032: 1280:(110,000–70,000 to 12,000–10,000 BP), its European range was extensive, supplying a major food source for prehistoric Europeans. North American fossils outside of 872: 817: 9147: 8133:

Peter Gravlund; Morten Meldgaard; Svante Pääbo & Peter Arctander (1998). "Polyphyletic Origin of the Small-Bodied, High-Arctic Subspecies of Tundra Reindeer (

7196:

Peter Gravlund; Morten Meldgaard; Svante Pääbo & Peter Arctander (1998). "Polyphyletic Origin of the Small-Bodied, High-Arctic Subspecies of Tundra Reindeer (

12829: 8698: 13866: 1583:

in 1962. Most authorities continued to consider all or most subspecies valid; some were quite distinct. In his chapter in the authoritative 2005 reference work

2484: 1330:

Desmarest, 1822, a reindeer that adapted to forest habitats in Eastern Europe as forests expanded during an interglacial period before the LGM (the Würmian or

13945: 13728: 8675:

Røed, K.H.; Feruson, M.D.; Crête, M.; Bergerud, A.T. (1991) Genetic variation in transferrin as a predictor for differentiation and evolution of caribou from

6805: 8914:

Osgood, W.H. (1909) Biological investigations in Alaska and Yukon Territory. US Department of Agriculture Biological survey of North American fauna 1: 1-285.

8483: 5222:

are known as the reindeer people. They are credited as one of the world's earliest domesticators. The Dukha diet consists mainly of reindeer dairy products.

4642:, as a species, is not endangered because of its overall large population and its widespread range, but, as of 2015, the IUCN has classified the reindeer as 2806: 2223: 13810: 12429: 12099: 10258: 9754:. Edmonton, Alberta: Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Government of the Northwest Territories. pp. 135–145. Manuscript Report No. 183. 4741:

disappearance of their critical habitat in these regions. Caribou need undisturbed lichen-rich environments and these types of habitats are disappearing."

2321: 5148:. His grandmother made a pair of new mukluks in one day. Kʼughtoʼoodenoolʼoʼ recounted a story told by an elder, who "worked on the steamboats during the 12884: 3894:

are the smallest of all. They are also relatively short-legged and may have a shoulder height of as little as 80 cm (31 in), thereby following

1842:

genetics were brought together with previous morphological-based descriptions, ecology, behavior and archaeology to propose a new revision of the genus.

13984: 13964: 11619: 7414: 4849:

herd for millennia). Hunting wild reindeer and herding of semi-domesticated reindeer are important to several Arctic and sub-Arctic peoples such as the

4673:"herd" was upgraded to Endangered in 2017. In NWT, Dolphin-Union caribou were listed as Special Concern under the NWT Species at Risk (NWT) Act (2013). 3681:

populations, old bulls' antlers fall off in late December, young bulls' antlers fall off in the early spring, and cows' antlers fall off in the summer.

3380:

and the various forms of the Woodland Caribou are so great in almost every respect that no detailed comparison is necessary. ...According to Mr. Stone,

14171: 13839: 7373: 7030: 6909: 2431: 1698:

and archaeology) essentially followed the previously-named subspecies distributions, without naming them as such, plus some ecotypes. Ecotypes are not

12787:

Hebblewhite, M.; White, C.A.; Musiani, M. (2010) Revisiting extinction in National Parks: mountain caribou in Banff. Conservation Biology 24: 341-344.

12071: 6832:"The role of harvest, predators, and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild reindeer herd with some lessons for North America" 12241: 6056:

Although most taxonomic authorities over the years recognized "Greenland Caribou" as a distinct subspecies, several gave the name as a subspecies of

5206:

Reindeer herding has been vital for the subsistence of several Eurasian nomadic indigenous peoples living in the circumpolar Arctic zone such as the

14144: 12798: 11607:

Raundrup, K. (2018) Movement patterns and resource selection - insights from West Greenland caribou. PhD Thesis, Denmark: Aarhus University, 115 pp.

9988: 4606:) to develop fatal neurological symptoms which include a loss of fear of humans. White-tailed deer that carry this worm are partially immune to it. 13747: 13631: 11131:

Allaye Chan-McLeod, A.C.; White, R.G.; Russell, D.E. (1999). "Comparative body composition strategies of breeding and nonbreeding female caribou".

10419: 7753:

Weldenegodguad, Melak; Pokharel, Kisun; Ming, Yao; Honkatukia, Mervi; Peippo, Jaana; Reilas, Tiina; Røed, Knut H.; Kantanen, Juha (December 2020).

5161:

wood pile to pick up some more wood. On the tenth day, they came back and they said there was still caribou going across the river night and day."

1826:

Island caribou and the Beverly herd was also indicated by eight alleles found in the Beverly herd which were absent from the Baffin Island samples.

12278: 11811: 10617: 4429: 19192: 14077: 13917: 12235:

Rivals, Florent; Mihlbachler, Matthew C.; Solounias, Nikos; Mol, Dick; Semprebon, Gina M.; de Vos, John; Kalthoff, Daniela C. (1 February 2010).

10208: 6966: 5342:) occur with almost no interbreeding by wild reindeer into domestic clades and none the other way (Kharzinova et al. 2018; Rozhkov et al. 2020). 5140:

Elder Chief of Koyukuk and chair for the Western Arctic Caribou Herd Working Group Benedict Jones, or Kʼughtoʼoodenoolʼoʼ, represents the Middle

4865: 4854: 4456:

A variety of predators prey heavily on reindeer, including overhunting by people in some areas, which contributes to the decline of populations.

3932:, Scotland, suggested that UV visual sensitivity in reindeer helps them detect UV-absorbing lichens against a background of UV-reflecting snows. 4752:, (COSEWIC). Environment Canada reported in 2011 that there were approximately 34 000 boreal woodland caribou in 51 ranges remaining in Canada ( 4067:) formerly wintered on the mainland and migrated across the ice to the islands for summer, but only a few now migrate. Finnish forest reindeer ( 3842:

The reindeer has large feet with crescent-shaped cloven hooves for walking in snow or swamps. According to the Species at Risk Public Registry (

8256:

Horn, Rebekah L.; Marques, Adam J. D.; Manseau, Micheline; Golding, Brian; Klütsch, Cornelya F. C.; Abraham, Ken; Wilson, Paul J. (June 2018).

4870: 4736:

has caused populations of boreal woodland caribou to disappear from their original southern range. In particular, boreal woodland caribou were

4635: 1718:

back into six previously named species and to resurrect several previously named subspecies. Molecular data showed that the Greenland caribou (

1342:, which was adapted for grasslands, in a second immigration 19,000–20,000 years ago when the LGM turned its forest habitats into tundra, while 975: 889: 13044: 9479:

Allen, J.A. (1901) Description of a new caribou from Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History XIV: 143-148.

3688: 19296: 19244: 13007: 9565: 9280:

Millais, J.G. (1915) The Asiatic reindeer and elk. In: Carruthers, D.; Millais, J.G.; Wallace, H.F.; Kennion, L.C.R.L.; Barklay, F.G. (eds.)

13207: 14111: 12624: 7655: 12566:

Duffy, Michael S.; Nathan J. Keppie; Michael D. B. Burt (2002). "Meningeal Worm is a Long-lived Parasitic Nematode in White-tailed Deer".

8196:

Baranova, A. I.; Panchenko, D. V.; Kholodova, M. V.; Tirronen, K. F.; Danilov, P. I. (November 2016). "Genetic diversity of wild reindeer

7460: 6831: 1832: 13067: 12750: 12656: 12056: 11700: 5377:

are shorter-legged and heavier than their wild counterparts. In Scandinavia, management of reindeer herds is primarily conducted through

4023:

Some populations of North American caribou; for example, many herds in the barren-ground caribou subspecies and some woodland caribou in

14134: 14129: 12532: 10185:

Gunn, Anne; Nishi, J. (1998), "Review of information for Dolphin and Union caribou herd", in Gunn, A.; Seal, U.S.; Miller, P.S. (eds.),

4305:

had died as a result of climate change. Longer autumns, leading to increased amounts of freezing rain, created a few inches of ice over

795: 13562: 12708: 11451: 11326: 6209: 4099: 1315:

below). Archaeological excavations showed that larger barren-ground-sized caribou appeared in western Greenland about 4,000 years ago.

871:. Boreal woodland caribou have disappeared from most of their original southern range and were designated as Threatened in 2002 by the 12988: 10730: 10440:

Elders in Igloolik were recognized with a national science award last week for their efforts in preserving traditional Inuit knowledge

6309:

most important resource — for peoples inhabiting the northern boreal forest and tundra regions." (Banfield 1961:170; Kurtén 1968:170)

1378:, had features (robust and short pedicles, smooth antler surface, and high position of second tine) that relate it to forest caribou. 19469: 18743: 12500: 12478: 10698: 8179:

Røed, K.H. (1985) Comparison of the genetic variation in Svalbard and Norwegian reindeer. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63: 2038-2042.

7729: 4960:

have experienced significant losses to their herds from animals (such as wolves) following the wild caribou during their migrations.

13026: 10767: 9768: 6213: 4200:

in Europe. Though their range retreated northwards during the terminal Pleistocene, reindeer returned to Northern Europe during the

2634: 19415: 19153: 12152:"The Sun, the Moon and Firmament in Chukchi Mythology and on the Relations of Celestial Bodies and Sacrifice" by Ülo Siimets at 140 10938: 13649: 13240: 9848: 9343:

Mammals of North America: the description of species based chiefly on the collections in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution

8812:

Cronin, M.A. (2006) A proposal to eliminate redundant terminology for intra-species groups. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34: 237-241.

3771:

undercoat and a longer-haired overcoat consisting of hollow, air-filled hairs.{{efn|According to Inuit elder Marie Kilunik of the

1506:

measurements than antlers and pelage, supplemented by better knowledge of differences in ecology and behavior. From 1898 to 1937,

1350:

was then replaced by modern tundra / barren-ground caribou adapted to extreme cold, probably in Beringia, before dispersing west (

19218: 14187: 14025: 13117: 13081: 11350: 8663:

Flerov, C.C. (1952) Mammals: Musk deer and deer. In: Fauna of the USSR. Academy of Sciences, Moscow and Leningrad, USSR, 222-247.

7096: 5961: 4878:

Reindeer have been domesticated at least two and probably three times, in each case from wild Eurasian tundra reindeer after the

3887:

The shoulder height is usually 85 to 150 cm (33 to 59 in), and the tail is 14 to 20 cm (5.5 to 7.9 in) long.

4440:

indicates that during the Late Pleistocene, reindeer living in central Alaska had highly abrasive diets similar to wild horses.

14300: 12154: 10816: 10161: 10127: 5502: 5318:) that live in central Norway, with a population in 2007 of between 6,000 and 8,400 animals; and wild Finnish forest reindeer ( 5112: 4987:. In addition to meat, almost all of the internal organs of reindeer can be eaten, some being traditional dishes. Furthermore, 2501: 13586: 3634:

herd. Velvet lumps in March can develop into a rack measuring more than a 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in length by August.

779:

Archipelago (about 5,000 animals at last count, but most of these are either domestic reindeer or domestic-wild hybrids), the

19544: 19262: 14267: 14095:– world's only scientific journal dealing exclusively with husbandry, management and biology of Arctic and northern ungulates 13887: 13169: 12331: 12050: 12024: 11592: 11433: 10906: 10800: 10452: 10155: 9905: 6576: 6456: 6276: 6100: 5635: 4753: 4007:

reproduce for the year. Dominant bulls, those with larger body size and antler racks, inseminate more than one cow a season.

3722:

According to the Igloolik Oral History Project (IOHP), "Caribou antlers provided the Inuit with a myriad of implements, from

876: 19223: 13699: 13480: 5538: 19554: 5925: 5514: 5405: 4756:, 2011b). "According to Geist, the "woodland caribou is highly endangered throughout its distribution right into Ontario." 3569: 3073: 1657: 13367: 8865:

Cronin, M.A.; MacNeil, M.D.; Patton, J.C. (2006) Mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite DNA variation in domestic reindeer (

5558:

Wild reindeer "may well be the species of single greatest importance in the entire anthropological literature on hunting."

5168:, an indigenous people of northwestern Canada and northeastern Alaska, have been dependent on the international migratory 19474: 13395: 10308: 7593: 3002: 1835:(the nearest mainly barren-ground caribou) alleles present in Baffin Island caribou, evidence of reproductive isolation. 14055: 12332:"Polar bear hunting a reindeer caught on tape for first time. Unusual behavior had been assumed, but never clearly seen" 6999:

L. По Пространству Евразии В Связи С Особенностями Его Деления На Подвиды" [Genetic Differentiation of the Reindeer

5245:. In some human groups such as the Eveny, wild reindeer and domestic reindeer are treated as different kinds of beings. 3503:

as a junior synonym. The wild reindeer on the island are apparently extinct, having been replaced by domestic reindeer.

1599:, a specialist on large mammals, that these subspecies were valid (i.e., before the recent revision): In North America, 19489: 19402: 9703:"Linking habitat, predators and alternative prey to explain recruitment variations of an endangered caribou population" 9139: 8017:

Kahlke, H-D. "Die Cerviden-Reste aus den Kiesen von Süßenborn bei Weimar. Palaeontologische Abhandlungen Abteilung A".

5473: 2965: 1532: 1409:, guiding fences and bow rests, built especially for hunting reindeer. These can, with some certainty, be dated to the 19353: 14219: 12922:"Genome-Wide SNP Analysis Reveals the Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of the Domestic Reindeer Population ( 10061:

Thomas, Don; Barry, Sam (2005). "Antler Mass of Barren-Ground Caribou Relative to Body Condition and Pregnancy Rate".

13863: 13554: 13542: 12139: 11162: 10343: 9209:

Forman, S. L.; Lubinski, D.; Weihe, R. R. (2000). "The Holocene occurrence of reindeer on Franz Josef Land, Russia".

6705: 6397: 3046: 799: 427:, and mountainous regions of Northern Europe, Siberia, and North America. It is the only representative of the genus 19122: 10544: 7641:

Eskimoisches Wörterbuch, gesammelt von den Missionaren in Labrador, revidirt und herausgegeben von Friedrich Erdmann

6903:

Kholodova, M.V.; Kolpashchikov, L.A.; Kuznetsova, M.V.; Baranova, A.I. (2011). "Genetic diversity of wild reindeer (

6387: 5526: 3993: 1809:, together with ecological and behavioral differences, may justify separation at the subspecies level: the Atlantic- 19428: 19361: 19166: 13942: 13725: 13650:"Technical viability of mobile solar photovoltaic systems for indigenous nomadic communities in northern latitudes" 12920:

Kharzinova, V.R.; Dotsev, A.V.; Solovieva, A.D.; Shimit, L.D.; Kochkarev, A.P.; Reyer, H.; Zinovieva, N.A. (2022).

10848:"Knee-clicks and visual traits indicate fighting ability in eland antelopes: Multiple messages and back-up signals" 6184: 5145: 1588: 14090: 14060: 11667:

Sommer, R. S. & Nadachowski, A. (2006). "Glacial refugia of mammals in Europe: evidence from fossil records".

10731:"RY.0246-32: A reindeer uses its hooves to clear away snow to reach lichen at its winter pastures. Yamal, Siberia" 6662:

Geist, Valerius (1991). "On an objective definition of subspecies, taxa as legal entities, and its application to

3972:

In a study of seasonal light-dark cycles on sleep patterns of female reindeer, researchers performed non-invasive

3920:

light visible to humans, such as urine and fur, produce sharp contrasts in ultraviolet. It has been proposed that

3329:. Although it has been assumed that the larger caribou that appeared in Greenland 4,000 years ago originated from 1916: 1801:

DNA also revealed three unnamed clades that, based on genetic distance, genetic divergence and shared vs. private

573:), summer in tundra and winter in taiga, a transitional forest zone between boreal forest and tundra; the nomadic 19301: 19135: 14258: 14166: 12775: 11751: 5286:

The reindeer is the only successfully semi-domesticated deer on a large scale in the world. Reindeer in northern

4678: 3157: 836: 622: 192: 13802: 12096: 10252: 9567:

Population Structure and Hybridization of Alaskan Caribou and Reindeer: Integrating Genetics and Local Knowledge

6264: 3776: 3559:. The last three of these likely qualify as subspecies, but they have not yet been formally described or named. 1523:

In the mid-20th century, as definitions of "species" evolved, mammalogists in Europe and North America made all

433:. More recent studies suggest the splitting of reindeer and caribou into six distinct species over their range. 19504: 14149: 11934:"Phase-dependent climate–predator interactions explain three decades of variation in neonatal caribou survival" 11425: 8318:

Yannic, Glenn; Ortego, Joaquín; Pellissier, Loïc; Lecomte, Nicolas; Bernatchez, Louis; Côté, Steeve D. (2018).

5190: 4788: 4628: 1450:

hosting a species assemblage with no modern analogue. These are among the oldest DNA fragments ever sequenced.

14254: 12115: 11694:

Rivals, Florent; Drucker, Dorothée G.; Weber, Mara-Julia; Audouze, Françoise; Enloe, James G. (6 April 2020).

11616: 10002:

Markusson, Eystein; Folstad, Ivar (1 May 1997). "Reindeer antlers: visual indicators of individual quality?".

8937:. Washington D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture Bureau of Biological Survey Vol. 54. pp. 1–93. 8851: 8830: 5901:

has very different borders and uses the reindeer combined with other symbols in its coat-of-arms. The city of

5068:

Caribou are still hunted in Greenland and in North America. In the traditional lifestyles of some of Canada's

3412:

with other mountain caribou of British Columbia and the Yukon as invalid subspecies of woodland caribou, then

19529: 19446: 19283: 18736: 14652: 13999: 13961: 13510:] (in Russian). Translated by Bogdanov, Yaroslav. Saint Petersburg, Russia: Европейский дом. p. 149. 11116:

The Chemistry and Biology of Food in Physiological Ecology: How Animals Process Energy, Nutrients, and Toxins

7889: 7429: 7428:, Ottawa, Ontario: Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, p. 88, 2011, archived from 7122: 5314:

There are only two genetically pure populations of wild reindeer in Northern Europe: wild mountain reindeer (

5186: 4792: 4235:, and USA (northern Idaho and Great Lakes region)." Reindeer were introduced to, and are feral in, "Iceland, 3011: 2978: 14068: 13127:, Nome, Alaska: Western Arctic Caribou Herd Working Group, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, August 2012, 11696:"Dietary traits and habitats of the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) during the Late Glacial of Northern Europe" 7384: 7155: 5404:

The use of reindeer as semi-domesticated livestock in Alaska was introduced in the late 19th century by the

4056:

herd of barren-ground caribou are among the longest of any mammal. Greenland caribou, found in southwestern

2367: 744: 19494: 18973: 15441: 14210: 12295:

McLoughlin, P.D.; Dzus, E.; Wynes, B.; Boutin, Stan (2003). "Declines in populations of woodland caribou".

11157:

Wilmer, Pat; Stone, Graham; Johnston, Ian (2009). Environmental Physiology of Animals. Wiley. pp. 645–663.

8742:: Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Government of the Northwest Territories. pp. 59–70. 6218: 5933: 5605: 3981: 3980:. The EEG recordings showed that: (1) the more time reindeer spend ruminating, the less time they spend in 2189: 1106: 671:

In Eurasia, both wild and domestic reindeer are distributed across the tundra and into the taiga. Eurasian

13309:

Keay, Morgan G. "The Tsaatan Reindeer Herders of Mongolia: Forgotten lessons of ·human-animal systems" in

12875: 12236: 12200: 9493: 5761:

First Nations ancestry, commissioned an installation entitled "The ghosts on top of my head" (2010–11) in

808:

reported in April 2018 of the disappearance of the only herd of southern mountain woodland caribou in the

19257: 19205: 19065: 19043: 13744: 13607: 11655: 10189:, Briefing book, Apple Valley, Minnesota: Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (SSC/UCN), pp. 1–22 6645:

Genetic diversity in caribou linked to past and future climate change. Nature Climate Change 4: 132-137.

4916:, including the Sámi, the Swedes, the Norwegians, the Finns and the Northwestern Russians in Europe, the 4909:

pull a sleigh through the night sky to help Santa Claus deliver gifts to good children on Christmas Eve.

4545:

Reindeer are good swimmers and, in one case, the entire body of a reindeer was found in the stomach of a

3261: 2901: 490:

pull a sleigh through the night sky to help Santa Claus deliver gifts to good children on Christmas Eve.

138: 19070: 13628: 10427: 7003:

L. Across Eurasia in Connection with the Peculiarities of Its Division into Subspecies]. Геномика .

19539: 19534: 19524: 14721: 14293: 12665: 12438: 12275: 11803: 10624: 4574: 3740: 2525: 715:

used to distinguish between species and subspecies (see illustrations in Geist, 1991 and Geist, 1998).

10200: 9964: 8604:

Banfield, Alexander William Francis (1961). "A Revision of the Reindeer and Caribou, Genus Rangifer".

7857:"Genomics, environment and balancing selection in behaviourally bimodal populations: The caribou case" 7175:, Northern Mountain population, Central Mountain population and Southern Mountain population in Canada 19433: 19366: 19145: 17698: 14643: 14634: 13874: 10187:

Population and Habitat Viability Assessment Workshop for the Peary caribou (Rangifer tarandus pearyi)

9963:

Mahoney, Shane P.; Weir, Jackie N.; Luther, J. Glenn; Schaefer, James A.; Morrison, Shawn F. (2011).

7334:"Review: The Greenland Caribou - Zoogeography, Taxonomy and Population Dynamics, by Morten Meldgaard" 5928:, marking the spot in France where hundreds of soldiers from Newfoundland were killed and wounded in 5917: 5725: 5711: 4906: 3916: 3036: 2491: 1754:) clustered well apart from both wild and domestic tundra reindeer and that boreal woodland caribou ( 1184:

of Odocoileinae (Capreolini, Hydropotini and Alcini) split from the New World tribes of Capreolinae (

661: 487: 207: 31: 14162:"The Other 364 Days of the Year: The Real Lives of Wild Reindeer Categories: Biology and Ecosystems" 10075: 8957:. Ottawa, Ontario: National Museum of Canada Bulletin No. 102, Biological Series 31. pp. 1–238. 3567:

Naming in this and following sections follows the taxonomy in the authoritative 2011 reference work

1770:

above). Lacking a direct shared ancestor, barren-ground and woodland caribou cannot be conspecific.

1750:), although sharing ancestry, were separable at the subspecies level; that Finnish forest reindeer ( 19519: 19509: 19484: 18729: 17485: 13048: 12205: 9601:"Ancient diversification in glacial refugia leads to intraspecific diversity in a Holarctic mammal" 8588:. Ottawa, Ontario: National Museum of Canada Bulletin 177 Biological Series No. 66. pp. 1–187. 7678: 6162: 5966: 5803: 4698: 4153: 3929: 2931: 860: 813: 809: 467:). Although reindeer are quite numerous, some species and subspecies are in decline and considered 408: 38: 17: 19275: 13004: 12199:

Piskorska, Teresa; Stefaniak, Krzysztof; Krajcarz, Magdalena; Krajcarz, Maciej T. (2 March 2015).

9574: 5916:" features a depiction of a caribou on one face. The caribou is the official provincial animal of 5490: 2410: 18134: 17527: 15423: 14564: 13998:. Ottawa, Ontario: Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 2011. Archived from 12172: 12119: 11246: 11068:"Shifting mirrors: adaptive changes in retinal reflections to winter darkness in Arctic reindeer" 6379: 5956: 5921: 5913: 5683: 5648: 5264: 5181: 5073: 5042: 4806: 3799: 3787: 3627: 3064: 3020: 2542: 2384: 1592: 1435: 880: 684: 641: 380: 17647: 15083: 13555:

United States. Bureau of Education; United States. Bureau of Education. Alaska Division (1905).

13199: 7828:. Chișinău, Moldova: Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. pp. 1–142. 7652: 7313:

Meldgaard, M. (1986). "The Greenland caribou - zoogeography, taxonomy and population dynamics".

6956:

L.) таймырской популяции на территорию северо-западной Якутии" [Migration of wild reindeer (

6902: 3977: 19340: 19197: 19005: 15185: 14891: 14810: 14116: 11893:"Weather conditions and variation in timing of spring and fall migrations of migratory caribou" 11053: 10070: 9026: 8545: 8320:"Linking genetic and ecological differentiation in an ungulate with a circumpolar distribution" 6092: 5999: 5886: 5870: 5218:. Reindeer are used to provide renewable sources and reliable transportation. In Mongolia, the 5152:

days out on the Yukon." In late August, the caribou migrated from the Alaska Range up north to

4492:

scats, suggesting that they "may be a significant part of the polar bear's diet in that area".

3973: 1114: 900: 768:. Siberian tundra reindeer herds have been in decline but are stable or increasing since 2000. 306: 14273: 13263:"Permafrost and indigenous land use in the northern Urals: Komi and Nenets reindeer husbandry" 12741: 12507: 12040: 10709: 10385:"Antler possession by west Greenland female caribou in relation to population characteristics" 10102:

Allen, J.A. (1902) Description of a new caribou from northern British Columbia and remarks on

7180:(Report). Ottawa, Ontario: Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). 6568: 6305:"In North America and Eurasia the species has long been an important resource — in many areas 6086: 5898: 5878: 5716:

Around the world, public interest in reindeer peaks during the Christmas season. According to

5424:

telemetry to track their herds, using online maps and databases to chart the herd's progress.

5416:. Reindeer were imported first from Siberia and later also from Norway. A regular mail run in 5115:), Canada. They subsisted on caribou year-round, eating dried caribou meat in the winter. The 3739:, which means "place where people live", and which is part of the permanent collection of the 3416:. This left the small, migratory barren-ground caribou of Alaska and the Yukon, including the 2090: 1366:

in the North American Barrenlands) when rising seas isolated them. Likewise in North America,

441: 19549: 19335: 18968: 18845: 18335: 17365: 15590: 14819: 14703: 14286: 14231: 13755: 13556: 12874:

Svishcheva, G.; Babayan, O.; Sipko, T.; Kashtanov, S.; Kholodova, M.; Stolpovsky, Y. (2022).

12544: 11990:

Starvation killed 80,000 reindeer after unusual Arctic rains cut off the animals' food supply

11840: 7315:

Kommissionen for Videnskabelige Undersagelser i Grønland, Meddelelser om Grønland, Bioscience

7024: 5874: 5866: 5570:

have short accounts – probably based on the same source – of an ox-sized deer species, named

4709:. Osborn's caribou (Northern Mountain population DU7) is classified as Threatened in Canada. 4670: 4433: 4283: 4123: 3631: 3623: 3552: 2505: 2295: 1950: 1933: 1564: 1560: 558: 534: 329: 19327: 13430:

Roed, K. H; Flagstad, O.; Nieminen, M.; Holand, O.; Dwyer, M. J.; Rov, N.; Vila, C. (2008).

12716: 11448: 11320: 9919:"Antler size and winter mortality of elk: effects of environment, birth year, and parasites" 6721: 5882: 5865:

Several Norwegian municipalities have one or more reindeer depicted in their coats-of-arms:

4809:

or the narrow-nosed reindeer, an eastern Siberia forest form. Canadian examples include the

4282:

for northern migratory herds and industrial disturbance of habitat for non-migratory herds.

3999:

mate with. A bull will stop eating during this time and lose much of his body fat reserves.

3921: 3297:

was morphologically distinct from Eurasian tundra reindeer. Baird placed it under the genus

3265:

but Russian authors do not recognize Millais and Millais' articles in a hunting travelogue,

1260:, (which is probably misnamed) with "rather thin and cylinder-shaped" antlers, dates to the 19499: 19348: 19236: 19091: 19052: 18835: 18642: 18408: 18399: 18344: 17969: 17933: 17906: 17314: 17305: 16750: 16741: 15107: 14966: 14909: 14855: 13664: 13274: 12823:

Røed, K.H.; Flagstad, O.; Nieminen, M.; Holand, O.; Dwyer, M.J.; Rov, N.; Vila, C. (2008).

12379: 12201:"Reindeer during the Upper Palaeolithic in Poland: Aspects of variability and paleoecology" 11945: 11849: 11709: 11528: 11477: 11191: 10968: 10738: 10011: 9923: 9811: 9714: 9667: 9612: 9427: 9218: 8986: 8625:"Reviews: A revision of the reindeer and caribou, genus Rangifer by A. W. F. Banfield 1961" 8430: 8388: 8331: 8269: 8209: 8200:

L. from the eastern part of the Kola Peninsula: Polymorphism of the mtDNA control region".

8146: 7983: 7934: 7868: 7772: 7664: 7209: 6918: 6504: 5447: 4879: 4338: 3871: 3780: 2425: 1813:

caribou (COSEWIC DU11), an eastern montane ecotype of the boreal woodland caribou, and the

1695: 1293: 1285: 1110: 835:

Some species and subspecies are rare and three subspecies have already become extinct: the

19057: 12470: 12447: 12424: 7568: 5724:'s sleigh is pulled by flying reindeer. These reindeer were first named in the 1823 poem " 4019:

The size of the antlers plays a significant role in establishing the hierarchy in the herd

1256:, 1.6 million years before present (BP). A fossil skull fragment from Süßenborn, Germany, 915:, fol. Liber 22, Cap. 268: "Dicitur Rangyfer quasi ramifer". This word may go back to the 8: 18588: 18290: 18281: 18029: 17897: 17870: 17806: 17467: 17347: 17296: 14975: 14882: 14473: 14226: 13023: 12985: 12930: 10764: 10483:, McGill-Queen's Native and Northern Series, McGill-Queen's University Press, p. 116 8132: 7195: 5706:

Relaxing after pulling Santa's sleigh at the switching on of Christmas lights in Scotland

5176:— is the cultural symbol and a keystone subsistence species of the Gwich'in, just as the 4913: 4145: 3843: 3717:

Elder Noah Piugaattuk of Igloolik cited in "Tuktu — Caribou" (2002) "Canada's Polar Life"

3649:

When the antler growth is fully grown and hardened, the velvet is shed or rubbed off. To

2831: 2814: 2185: 1730:), although not closely related to each other, were the most genetically divergent among 1580: 1398: 1331: 1118: 1009: 757: 479: 152: 13895: 13668: 13278: 12674: 12651: 12383: 11949: 11853: 11713: 11532: 11481: 11195: 11038: 11013: 10972: 10935: 10150:, Government of Northwest Territories, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, 10015: 9815: 9718: 9671: 9616: 9431: 9222: 8990: 8434: 8392: 8335: 8273: 8213: 8150: 7987: 7872: 7856: 7776: 7502:. London, U.K.: International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. 1958. pp. 337–338. 7213: 7097:"Tradition 'snatched away': Labrador Inuit struggle with caribou hunting ban | CBC News" 6922: 6508: 5345:

DNA analysis indicates that reindeer were independently domesticated at least twice: in

5047:

Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the

4968: 1015:, meaning "snow shoveler", and refers to its habit of pawing through the snow for food. 648:), lives in the boreal forest of northeastern Canada: the Labrador or Ungava caribou of 19514: 18675: 18666: 18038: 17978: 17960: 17942: 17888: 17861: 17852: 17476: 17458: 17392: 17085: 16811: 16288: 16279: 15998: 15432: 14900: 14712: 14694: 14573: 14195: 13680: 13606:. Kautokeino: International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry (ICR), Government of Norway. 13520:

Transformations of Economy and Culture and Ethnic Processes of the Peoples of the North

13456: 13431: 13348: 13234: 13175: 12919: 12851: 12824: 12687: 12591: 12405: 12312: 11873: 11562: 11549: 11516: 11393: 11222: 11179: 11092: 11067: 10989: 10956: 10874: 10847: 10675: 10650: 10520: 10389: 10080: 10043: 9969: 9942: 9876: 9732: 9683: 9640: 9498: 9459: 9234: 9109: 9004: 8768: 8715: 8459: 8418: 8357: 8290: 8257: 8233: 8096: 7945: 7910: 7801: 7763: 7754: 7526: 7269: 6934: 6535: 6492: 6336: 6328: 5971: 5824: 5687: 5644: 5458: 5327: 5087: 4745: 4702: 4643: 4538: 4302: 4248: 4161: 4115: 4024: 3305:. It went back and forth as a full species or subspecies of the barren-ground caribou ( 2939: 2866: 2283: 2167: 2159: 2147: 1964: 1942: 868: 804: 736: 586: 482:

from prehistorical times. They are still herded and hunted today. In some traditional

468: 202: 167: 13891: 13092: 11695: 11354: 10955:

Tyler, N.; Stokkan, K.A.; Hogg, C.; Nellemann, C.; Vistnes, A.I.; Jeffery, G. (2014).

6562: 5906: 4760: 3536: 3476:, and later synonymised as noted above. The same genetic analyses mentioned above for 1810: 1277: 19479: 19322: 19078: 18949: 18308: 18299: 17987: 17915: 17843: 17674: 17656: 17509: 16459: 15854: 15845: 15697: 15599: 15378: 15345: 15288: 15158: 14685: 14546: 13684: 13538: 13461: 13352: 13340: 13292: 13179: 13165: 12856: 12691: 12679: 12583: 12452: 12409: 12397: 12336: 12135: 12046: 12020: 11971: 11963: 11914: 11865: 11861: 11725: 11680: 11588: 11554: 11493: 11489: 11429: 11385: 11294: 11227: 11209: 11158: 11097: 11043: 10994: 10902: 10879: 10796: 10795:, Canadian Museum of Nature and University of Toronto Press, pp. 543, 562, 567, 10680: 10598: 10524: 10339: 10151: 10035: 10027: 9901: 9880: 9868: 9829: 9736: 9687: 9527:

Festa-Bianchet, M.; Ray, J.C.; Boutin, S.; Côté, S.D.; Gunn, A.; et al. (2011).

9451: 9443: 9238: 8739: 8646: 8464: 8446: 8349: 8295: 8225: 8162: 8115: 8065: 7999: 7949: 7902: 7894: 7806: 7788: 7704: 7531:(in German). Copenhagen: Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. pp. 1–33. 7518: 7355: 7225: 7130: 7078: 6856: 6701: 6618: 6614: 6572: 6540: 6522: 6452: 6403: 6393: 6340: 6268: 6139: 6096: 5807: 5194: 5169: 4992: 4846: 4838: 4565: 4532: 4466:

will take newborn calves or birthing cows, as well as (less commonly) infirm adults.

4317: 4236: 4053: 3891: 3516: 3417: 2913: 2704: 2564: 2438: 2244: 2193: 2155: 2151: 1990: 1723: 1431: 1427: 1205: 1101:

species and other Arctic and sub-Arctic species. Isolation of tundra-adapted species

1070: 1043: 932: 761: 672: 594: 507: 448: 14050: 13583: 12778:). Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 51 pp. 12595: 12151: 11877: 10824: 10119: 10047: 9644: 9463: 9008: 8764:"Defining subspecies, invalid taxonomic tools, and the fate of the woodland caribou" 8719: 8237: 8092:"Defining subspecies, invalid taxonomic tools, and the fate of the woodland caribou" 7995: 7914: 4646:

due to an observed population decline of 40% over the last +25 years. Some reindeer

3865:

down (an activity known as "cratering") through the snow to their favourite food, a

3598:; the reindeer is the only cervid species in which females also grow them normally. 1292:

age (240,000–11,000 years BP) and occur along the fringes of the Rocky Mountain and

1208:, a 2+ million-year period of multiple glacier advances and retreats. Several named 916: 19393: 19171: 19083: 18702: 18456: 18447: 18326: 18167: 18158: 17951: 17623: 17614: 17562: 17553: 17401: 17374: 17287: 17067: 16675: 16101: 16092: 16082: 16055: 15776: 15645: 14846: 14837: 14828: 14610: 14601: 14537: 14464: 14455: 14125: 14107: 13672: 13451: 13443: 13414: 13332: 13282: 13239:, Report to the Division of subsistence of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 13157: 12939: 12893: 12846: 12838: 12669: 12575: 12442: 12387: 12304: 12250: 12210: 11953: 11904: 11857: 11717: 11676: 11566: 11544: 11536: 11512: 11485: 11377: 11284: 11217: 11199: 11140: 11087: 11079: 11033: 11025: 10984: 10976: 10869: 10859: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10588: 10580: 10512: 10398: 10019: 9978: 9932: 9860: 9819: 9722: 9675: 9630: 9620: 9544: 9507: 9435: 9299: 9252: 9226: 9175: 9101: 9070: 8994: 8882: 8846: 8777: 8707: 8636: 8521: 8454: 8438: 8396: 8361: 8339: 8285: 8277: 8217: 8180: 8154: 8105: 7991: 7884: 7876: 7796: 7780: 7522: 7345: 7273: 7261: 7217: 7068: 7049:

Mizin, Ivan A.; Sipko, Taras P.; Davydov, Andrey V.; Gruzdev, Alexander R. (2018).

7012: 6938: 6926: 6907:) of Taimyr: analysis of polymorphism of the control region of mitochondrial DNA". 6846: 6646: 6610: 6530: 6512: 6320: 6260: 6157: 5814:. His father, Joe Highway, was a caribou hunter. His 2001 children's book entitled 5741:

enough for mankind, he closed up the hole again. Thus the caribou came up on earth.

5610: 5254: 5084:

of Greenland, caribou is an important source of food, clothing, shelter and tools.

4979:. Reindeer meat is very tender and lean. It can be prepared fresh, but also dried, 4957: 4737: 4694: 4663: 4413: 4409: 4322: 4244: 4181: 4091: 4075: 4032: 3814: 3654: 3437: 3350: 3175: 2870: 2858: 2248: 2234: 2197: 2163: 2108: 2099: 2084: 1552: 1410: 1229: 1225: 1094: 598: 437: 8484:"World's Oldest DNA Discovered, Revealing Ancient Arctic Forest Full of Mastodons" 7123:"Gray Ghosts, the Last Caribou in the Lower 48 States, Are 'Functionally Extinct'" 7016: 6874:

Shapkin, A. (2017). "About phenotypic variability of taimyr tundra wild reindeer (

5386:

The use of reindeer for transportation is common among the nomadic peoples of the

4797: 3255:

Millais, 1915 (the Busk Mountains reindeer) was selected as the senior synonym to

2257: 1714:

continued to accumulate, revealing sufficiently deep divisions to easily separate

19309: 18983: 18432: 18423: 18371: 18362: 18143: 17000: 16991: 16468: 16064: 15116: 15026: 14864: 14676: 14555: 14528: 14519: 14084: 14072: 13968: 13949: 13870: 13751: 13732: 13676: 13635: 13590: 13488: 13418: 13030: 13011: 12992: 12282: 12254: 12214: 12158: 12103: 11996: 11623: 11455: 11368:

Cameron, Raymond D. (18 February 1994). "Reproductive Pauses by Female Caribou".

11204: 10942: 10921:

Banfield, Alexander William Francis (1966), "The caribou", in Smith, I.N. (ed.),

10771: 9752:

Proceedings from the Caribou Genetics and Relationships Workshop, March 8–9, 2003

9598: 9494:"Evolving perspectives on caribou population dynamics, have we got it right yet?" 7974:

Harington, C.R. (August 2011). "Pleistocene vertebrates of the Yukon Territory".

7659: 7248:

S. A. Byun; B. F. Koop; T. E. Reimchen (2002). "Evolution of the Dawson caribou (

6695: 6601: 5979: 5784: 5572: 5409: 5123: 5108: 5012: 4980: 4929: 4822: 4818: 4546: 4267: 3940: 3936: 3895: 3819: 3810: 3528: 3524: 3441: 3120: 2791: 2597: 2467: 2444: 2343: 2041: 1367: 1269: 1196:"evolved as a mountain deer, ...exploiting the subalpine and alpine meadows...". 1035: 1027: 908: 852: 704: 691:) is spottily distributed in the coniferous forest zones from Finland to east of 649: 566: 550: 19288: 19249: 13432:"Genetic analyses reveal independent domestication origins of Eurasian reindeer" 13287: 13262: 12825:"Genetic analyses reveal independent domestication origins of Eurasian reindeer" 12715:, Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, 2004, archived from 11651: 11517:"Monarch butterfly migration and parasite transmission in eastern North America" 9965:"Morphological change in Newfoundland caribou: Effects of abundance and climate" 9727: 9702: 6208: 5890: 3657:", the months are named after landmarks in the caribou life cycle. For example, 3637: 3074:

Zoological Museum of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences

1401:

until the present day. In the non-forested mountains of central Norway, such as

1268:

fossils become increasingly frequent in circumpolar deposits beginning with the

978:

clearly delineates the issue: "Reindeer is the European name for the species of

732: 618: 553:. Of the eight subspecies classified by Harding (2022) into the Arctic caribou ( 19130: 19117: 18795: 18778: 18763: 18752: 18632: 18570: 18200: 18191: 17716: 17665: 17586: 17577: 17518: 17356: 17058: 16880: 16871: 16426: 16393: 16375: 15863: 15673: 15548: 15387: 14375: 14347: 13374: 12873: 12579: 12392: 12359: 11721: 10516: 9657: 9573:(PhD thesis). Fairbanks, Alaska: University of Alaska Fairbanks. Archived from 8676: 8442: 7784: 6517: 5944: 5859: 5822:

was selected as one of the "Top 10 Children's Books" by the Canadian newspaper

5780: 5762: 5675: 5652: 5585: 5413: 5370: 5307: 5303: 5177: 5157: 5153: 5077: 4933: 4859: 4686: 4682: 4666:

and the adjacent islands, has not been assessed as to its conservation status.

4398: 4291: 4287: 4279: 4133: 3704:

elder, Noah Piugaattuk, who was one of the last outpost camp leaders, caribou (

3429: 3317:

to all the barren-ground caribou in North America, Greenland included, because

3213: 2988: 2818: 2773: 2614: 2593: 2401: 1999:

summers in the northern Yukon mountains and the coastal plains; winters in the

1817:

caribou. Neither one of these clades has yet been formally described or named.

1763: 1596: 1497:

selected characters that are highly conserved and diagnostic among subspecies.

1319: 940: 784: 753: 728: 708: 14278: 14274:

Newfoundland Five-Year Caribou Strategy Seeks to Address Declining Populations

14037:– the 2011 census results of the WACH, which is Alaska's largest caribou herd. 13391: 13161: 12898: 12776:

http://www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=en&n=24F7211B-1

11289: 11272: 11029: 9679: 9599:

Polfus, J.L.; Manseau, M.; Klütsch, C.F.C.; Simmons, D.; Wilson, P.J. (2017).

8711: 8650: 8221: 7960:

Bondarev, A.A.; Tesakov, A.S.; Simakova, A.N.; Dorogov, A.L. (2017) Reindeer (

7939: 7629:

Inuktitut – A Multi-Dialectal Outline Dictionary (with an Aivilingmiutaq base)

7601: 6930: 6747: 5358: 5207: 4883: 3586:

Losing the velvet layer under which a new antler is growing, an annual process

19463: 19231: 18934: 18800: 18257: 18239: 18125: 18062: 18053: 17112: 16847: 16820: 16591: 16501: 16492: 16477: 16342: 16306: 16261: 16198: 16189: 15706: 15664: 15557: 15523: 15513: 15414: 15396: 15059: 15008: 14918: 14482: 14066:

Reindeer Research Program – Alaska reindeer research and industry development

14041:

The Reindeer Portal, Source of Information About Reindeer Husbandry Worldwide

13344: 13296: 13151: 12683: 12456: 12401: 11967: 11918: 11909: 11892: 11869: 11838:

Vors, L. S.; Boyce, M. S. (2009). "Global declines of caribou and reindeer".

11729: 11389: 11213: 10031: 9447: 9303: 9179: 8802:. Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries Society Symposium 17. pp. 8–27. 8450: 8353: 8229: 8119: 8069: 8003: 7898: 7841:

Plio-Pleistocene deer of Western Palearctic: taxonomy, systematics, phylogeny

7826:

Plio-Pleistocene deer of Western Palearctic: taxonomy, systematics, phylogeny

7792: 7461:"Evaluation of Programs and Activities in Support of the Species at Risk Act" 7359: 7134: 7082: 6860: 6526: 6383: 6311:

Ernest S. Burch Jr. (1972). "The Caribou/Wild Reindeer as a Human Resource".

6148: 5691: 5679: 5600: 5466: 5435: 5427: 5417: 5398: 5387: 5362: 5331: 5242: 5211: 5100: 5048: 4976: 4917: 4810: 4776: 4690: 4484:

in Canada, may follow and live off of a particular reindeer herd year-round.

4240: 4201: 3757: 3678: 3619: 3544: 3345:

has a very interesting history. Allen (1902) named it as a distinct species,

3330: 3167: 2783: 2765: 2761:

an island population that makes local movements both within and among islands

2709:

an island population that makes local movements both within and among islands

2458: 2287: 2279:

an island population that makes local movements both within and among islands

2274: 1814: 1699: 1463: 1420: 1289: 1176: 924: 776: 630: 574: 562: 346: 172: 89: 19407: 13516:Преобразования в хозяйстве и культуре и этнические процессы у народов севера 12822: 11958: 11933: 9824: 9795: 8886: 8419:"A 2-million-year-old ecosystem in Greenland uncovered by environmental DNA" 6960:

L.) of the Taimyr population to the territory of northwestern Yakutia].

6851: 6407: 5130:

The caribou feeds the wolf, but it is the wolf who keeps the caribou strong.

5119:

are Caribou Inuit that followed the Qamanirjuaq barren-ground caribou herd.

3622:, filled with blood vessels and spongy in texture. The antler velvet of the 3539:

population DU11, an eastern montane ecotype of the boreal woodland caribou (

2121: 2046:"Largest of the caribou, exceeding in measurements the largest specimens of 988: 19210: 19028: 18902: 18651: 18620: 18510: 18182: 17996: 17924: 17797: 17740: 17731: 17449: 17383: 17145: 17103: 17018: 16829: 16549: 16540: 16402: 16333: 16222: 16213: 15955: 15724: 15405: 15360: 15327: 15098: 14990: 14957: 14873: 13836:"The ghosts on top of my head: Iconic sculpture creates campus focal point" 13465: 13447: 13413:

L. 1758): A novel approach using BovineHD BeadChip. PloS one 13: e0207944.

12860: 12842: 12587: 12177: 12072:"Curious Case of Reindeer Cannibalism May Have Led to Deadly Prion Disease" 11975: 11558: 11497: 11298: 11231: 11101: 11083: 11047: 10998: 10954: 10883: 10864: 10602: 10331: 10039: 9872: 9833: 9455: 9230: 8468: 8299: 8258:"Parallel evolution of site-specific changes in divergent caribou lineages" 8158: 7906: 7810: 7221: 6622: 6544: 6272: 5939:

Two municipalities in Finland have reindeer motifs in their coats-of-arms:

5844: 5754: 5702: 5659: 5630: 5567: 5482: 5477: 5431: 5346: 5287: 5226: 5219: 5215: 4850: 4772: 4516: 4481: 4459: 4405: 3827: 3806: 3772: 3354: 2923: 2884: 2301:

smallest North American subspecies: males average 70 kg (150 lb)

2112: 2066: 1967:, N.W.T., Canada" given by Allen 1908; Neotype no. 22066 (for the species) 1406: 1237: 1189: 960: 855:

from eastern Greenland, although some authorities believe that the latter,

756:

which, however, are indistinguishable genetically from the Jano-Indigirka,

582: 11636:

Watson, Jeremy (12 October 2006). "Sea eagle spreads its wings ...".

10684: 10023: 8166: 7229: 7073: 7050: 5393: 4623: 4110: 3805:

Reindeer have specialized counter-current vascular heat exchange in their

3364:

is a representative of the Barren Ground group of Caribou, which includes

19314: 19270: 19179: 19037: 18988: 18907: 18887: 18882: 18860: 18850: 18825: 18820: 18805: 18768: 18272: 18020: 17182: 17136: 17127: 17076: 17028: 16889: 16731: 16324: 16315: 16143: 15937: 15928: 15918: 15812: 15655: 15465: 15456: 15369: 15212: 15134: 15017: 14942: 14933: 14310: 12351: 9749: 8401: 8376: 7668:, Donald H. Webster & Wilfried Zibell, 1970. Retrieved 23 March 2017. 6650: 5929: 5721: 5667: 5663: 5454: 5141: 5003: 4984: 4495:

Additionally, as carrion, reindeer may be scavenged opportunistically by

4386: 4129: 4103: 3798:

Blood moving into the legs is cooled by blood returning to the body in a

3764: 3674: 3171: 2948: 2769: 2397:

males average 180 kg (400 lb), up to 272 kg (600 lb)

2058: 2037:

short migrations: summers in alpine forest and winters in lowland forest

1667: 1579:. However, Banfield made multiple errors, eliciting a scathing review by 1507: 1402: 1355: 1301: 1273: 1185: 1133: 790:

What was once the second largest herd is the migratory Labrador caribou (

780: 731:. In Sweden there are approximately 250,000 reindeer in herds managed by 692: 634: 289: 279: 259: 64: 12876:"Genetic differentiation between coexisting wild and domestic Reindeer ( 11891:

Le Corre, Mael; Dussault, Christian; Côté, Steeve D. (8 February 2017).

10084: 9983: 9700: 9512: 8526: 8509: 7350: 7333: 5165: 4944:

in North America. It is believed that domestication started between the

4842: 4462:

prey on calves and are the most prolific hunter on the calving grounds.

4448: 4044:: infected migrating animals are less likely to complete the migration. 4015: 3582: 1059: 371: 19420: 19158: 18840: 17879: 17779: 17604: 17196: 16618: 16600: 16351: 16046: 16031: 16022: 15989: 15766: 15572: 15489: 15480: 15255: 15246: 15125: 15050: 14591: 14412: 14061:

Reindeer hunting as World Heritage – a ten-thousand-year-long tradition

14033:

Caribou Trails: News from the Western Arctic Caribou Herd Working Group

13604:"Reindeer Herding: a virtual guide to reindeer and those who herd them" 13336: 13125:

Caribou Trails: News from the Western Arctic Caribou Herd Working Group

13091:. Vol. 3, no. 2. October 2007. pp. 10–11. Archived from 12565: 12358:

Stempniewicz, Lech; Kulaszewicz, Izabela; Aars, Jon (12 October 2021).

12316: 11777: 11397: 10980: 10840:

Banfield, Alexander William Francis (1966) "The caribou", pp. 25–28 in

9946: 9849:"Formation, structure, and function of extra-skeletal bones in mammals" 9113: 9089: 8782: 8763: 8415: 8344: 8319: 8110: 8091: 7843:. Chișinău: Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. 7528:

Mindeskrift i Anledning af Hundredeaaret for Japetus Steenstrups Fødsel

6595:

Cronin, Matthew A. (2003). "Genetic variation in caribou and reindeer (

5795: 5462: 5439: 5268: 4945: 4890:) have also depended on reindeer herding and fishing for centuries. In 4830: 4713: 4655: 4651: 4500: 4473: 4469: 4378: 4367: 4343: 4037: 3723: 2610: 1773: 1423:

by ancient Europeans include both tundra and forest types of reindeer.

1382: 1201: 1155: 1082: 1023: 601:

and the adjacent islands; the other four subspecies, Osborn's caribou (

109: 74: 14270:

to protect the boreal woodland caribou, a subspecies at risk in Canada

14035:, Nome, Alaska: Western Arctic Caribou Herd Working Group, August 2012 13154:

Principles of Ecosystem Stewardship: Resilience-Based Natural Resource

12944: 12921: 11540: 10957:"Ultraviolet vision and avoidance of power lines in birds and mammals" 10584: 10403: 10384: 9864: 9635: 9625: 9600: 9439: 9284:. London & Counties Press Association Ltd., London, U.K., 216-223. 8999: 8974: 8281: 7880: 6332: 5832:, like Tomson himself, followed the caribou herd with their families. 5357:

for centuries by several Arctic and sub-Arctic peoples, including the

5259: 4826: 4251:"; a free-ranging semi-domesticated herd is also present in Scotland. 3400:

s close relationship with the barren-ground caribou, brought it under

3076:(formerly the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences), Leningrad 1793:, respectively, and this phylogeny was confirmed by genetic analysis. 498:

Names follow international convention before the recent revision (see

19184: 19104: 18978: 18892: 18830: 18815: 18810: 18783: 18579: 18500: 18353: 18224: 18215: 17689: 17263: 17254: 17239: 17230: 17094: 16666: 16450: 16384: 16270: 15785: 15581: 15270: 15194: 15074: 14625: 14510: 14500: 14394: 14385: 11421: 10593: 9366:

Deer of all lands. a history of the family Cervidæ living and extinct

9074: 8641: 8624: 7381:

Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society and The David Suzuki Foundation

6795:". In Jeffries, M. O.; Richter-Menge, J. A.; Overland, J. E. (eds.). 5788: 5613:

in the year 53 BC is most certainly to be interpreted as a reindeer:

5563: 5421: 5149: 5116: 5081: 5041:

about US government intervention to introduce herding in the form of

4902: 4599: 4527: 4463: 4401:

have been known to devour mushrooms enthusiastically in late summer.

4347: 4295: 4189: 4137: 4057: 3728: 3461:

was rediscovered, its range restricted to that originally described.

3131: 2667: 2658: 1954: 1802: 1414: 1394: 1386: 1261: 1221: 1142: 1022:

and some of its species and subspecies have names in many languages.

993: 956: 771:

Insular (island) reindeer, classified as the Novaya Zemlya reindeer (

668:) have been found to be genetically in the woodland caribou lineage. 483: 416: 219: 114: 57: 18999: 18546: 12770:

COSEWIC (2017) COSEWIC assessment and status report on the caribou (

12308: 11381: 11144: 11012:

Dominy, Nathaniel J.; Hobaiter, Catherine; Harris, Julie M. (2023).

9937: 9918: 9549: 9528: 9105: 8184: 7752: 7265: 4298:

process between the availability of food during the calving period.

4184:

Epoch, reindeer occurred further south in North America, such as in

2206: 1121:" particularly between the North American and Eurasian parts of the 529:

The North American range of caribou extends from Alaska through the

475:, although the prevalence of antlered females varies by subspecies. 19387: 19109: 19022: 18897: 18855: 18488: 18116: 17788: 17500: 17338: 17278: 16943: 16642: 16174: 16119: 16007: 15836: 15279: 15167: 15041: 14791: 14667: 14363: 14341: 14329: 11931: 10360: 10359:"Interview 065" (Interview). Igloolik Oral History Project (IOHP). 9199:

survey methodology in West Greenland. Wildlife Biology 19: 225-239.

8831:"Variation in Mitochondrial Dna and Microsatellite Dna in Caribou ( 6324: 5811: 5799: 5758: 5717: 5671: 5443: 5420:, used a sleigh drawn by reindeer. In Alaska, reindeer herders use 5279: 5274: 4964: 4949: 4579: 4554: 4523: 4488: 4437: 4351: 4329: 4232: 4224: 4173: 4141: 4074:

As an adaptation to their Arctic environment, they have lost their

4028: 3701: 3662: 3599: 3492: 3237: 3232:(the Labrador caribou (the Eastern Migratory population DU4)), and 3209: 2862: 2787: 2726: 2713: 2687: 2601: 2448: 1687: 1544: 1443: 1413:, although it is not unlikely that they have been in use since the 1281: 1216:

and North America predate the evolution of modern tundra reindeer.

1137: 1034:

of the eastern Canadian Arctic, who speak different dialect of the

848: 680: 653: 239: 104: 99: 84: 79: 69: 18721: 14099: 13472: 12652:"Socioeconomic Aspects of Oil and Gas Development in West Siberia" 12198: 11650:

C. S. Churcher, P. W. Parmalee, G. L. Bell, and J. P. Lamb, 1989,

10106:. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History XVI: 149-158. 8195: 7294:, subsp. nov.: compared with reindeer from other Arctic regions". 7247: 5902: 5840: 5438:, with a herd of approximately 150–170 reindeer living around the 4891: 4887: 2895:" in the Museum of Leningrad (ZMASL), Buturlin coll. no. 240-1908 2228:

short migrations: summers in alpine forest and winters in lowland

1705: 939:

fol. 859–863, Cap. 30: De Tarando (1621). However, Aldrovandi and

19441: 18693: 18528: 18389: 18248: 17638: 17425: 17416: 17329: 17215: 17206: 17178: 16934: 16838: 16802: 16717: 16713: 16684: 16609: 16297: 16170: 16131: 15715: 15632: 15538: 14801: 14751: 14446: 14065: 14040: 13698:

Greenough, J. B.; D'Ooge, Benjamin L.; Daniell, M. Grant (1898).

13593:. Newscientist. 19 December 2003. Retrieved on 16 September 2011. 12625:""Brain Worm" (Meningeal Worm) Infestation in Llamas and Alpacas" 10364: 9195:

Poole, K.G.; Cuyler, C.; Nymand, J. (2013) Evaluation of caribou

7853: 7290:

Degerbøl Magnus (1957). "The extinct reindeer of East-Greenland:

6389:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

5940: 5848: 5581: 5354: 5323: 5299: 5238: 5104: 5006:, or as a nutritional or medicinal supplement, to Asian markets. 4972: 4971:

is the best-known dish in Sápmi. In Alaska and Finland, reindeer

4963:

Reindeer meat is popular in the Scandinavian countries. Reindeer

4937: 4733: 4647: 4496: 4382: 4371: 4355: 4213: 4209: 4193: 4169: 4041: 3831: 3732: 3511: 3241: 2935: 2880: 2854: 2618: 2555: 2291: 2175: 2062: 1946: 1691: 1297: 1213: 1062:(also a Dene group) have over 24 distinct caribou-related words. 538: 471:. They are unique among deer (Cervidae) in that females may have 119: 94: 13152:

F. Stuart Chapin III; Gary P. Kofinas; Carl Folke, eds. (2009).

12650:

Astakhov, Alexander S.; Khaitun, A. D.; Subbotin, G. E. (1989).

7598:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed

7055:: Cervidae, Mammalia) on the arctic islands of Russia: a review" 6019:

The 6-species taxonomy is based on a revision by Harding (2022).

5854: 5736:

Among the Inuit, there is a story of the origin of the caribou:

5029: 4419: 820:(COSEWIC) classified both the Southern Mountain population DU9 ( 19096: 18867: 18537: 18106: 18011: 17834: 17824: 17440: 16952: 16792: 16774: 16765: 16651: 16573: 16525: 16516: 15974: 15965: 15900: 15891: 15881: 15803: 15336: 15149: 14999: 14335: 14323: 12643: 10250: 8568:. London, U.K.: British Natural History Museum. pp. 1–810. 6804:. NOAA Arctic Research Program. pp. 96–101. Archived from 6392:(3rd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 5894: 5577: 5366: 5350: 5295: 5291: 5234: 5230: 4925: 4921: 4512: 4432:

exhibited minimal ecological change during the transition from

4359: 4333: 4306: 4271: 4205: 4185: 4177: 4149: 3866: 3813:

is under physiological control. Incoming cold air is warmed by

3595: 3204: 3125: 2927: 2717: 2551: 2347: 2330: 2229: 2004: 1806: 1711: 1390: 1389:

Periods, and humans are today the main predator in many areas.

1233: 1122: 752:), a forest subspecies, formerly included reindeer west of the 542: 472: 447:

Reindeer vary greatly in size and color from the smallest, the

420: 412: 249: 229: 14263: 13603: 13558:

Annual report on introduction of domestic reindeer into Alaska

12926:) Inhabiting the Indigenous Tofalar Lands of Southern Siberia" 12425:"Warmer Shorter Winters Disrupt Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems" 11510: 11130: 9395:(1974). University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario, 438 pp. 6791:

Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra

6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 5591: 4834: 4176:

until the 12th century, when the last reindeer were hunted in

4168:. Even in historical times, it probably occurred naturally in 3293:. Borowski disagreed (and again changed the spelling), saying 2891:

unknown; however, Jacobi (1931) deposited a type specimen of "

1655:. These subspecies were retained in the 2011 replacement work 18914: 18877: 18872: 18773: 18561: 18519: 18094: 17764: 17755: 17049: 16976: 16967: 16898: 16627: 16582: 16441: 16366: 16246: 16237: 15748: 15739: 15231: 15222: 14431: 14422: 14159: 13261:

Istomin, Kirill V.; Habeck, Joachim Otto (1 September 2016).

12234: 10503:

Moote, I. (1955). "The thermal insulation of caribou pelts".

10383:

Thing, Henning; Olesen, Carsten Riis; Aastrup, Peter (1986).

10336:

This Is My Country, What's Yours?: A Literary Atlas of Canada

8975:"Population structure of caribou in an ice-bound archipelago" 8317: 5379: 5092: 5069: 4941: 4814: 4706: 4583: 4530:, and especially the reindeer warble fly or reindeer botfly ( 4504: 4363: 4275: 4228: 4197: 4165: 4157: 3956: 3823: 3650: 3607: 2334: 2171: 2008: 2000: 1447: 1253: 1181: 1147: 1031: 974:

for essentially the same animal can cause confusion, but the

864: 546: 530: 424: 11666: 11273:"Reindeer in the Arctic reduce sleep need during rumination" 9796:"Biological adaptations in the Arctic cervid, the reindeer ( 9416: 9090:"Immobilization of caribou with etorphine plus acepromazine" 7927: 6994: 6952:

Krivoshapkin, A.A. (2016). "Миграция диких северных оленей (

6829: 4416:

pattern, in which they sleep when they need to digest food.

3790:. They appear to be more common in domestic reindeer herds. 2786:"; type specimen "In the possession of H. J. Pearson, Esq., 1458: 1438:

of northern Greenland identified preserved DNA fragments of

379:

Reindeer range: North American (green), Eurasian (red), and

18919: 17707: 17037: 16925: 16907: 16564: 16417: 15821: 15688: 15504: 14778: 14739: 12749:, Annual Arctic Report Card, NOAA Arctic Research Program, 12357: 10290:(Doctoral thesis). Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary. 9526: 7933:): genome architecture and new annotated genome assembly". 7614:

Flexner, Stuart Berg and Leonore Crary Hauck; eds. (1987).

6449:

Handbook of the Mammals of the World Vol. 2: Hoofed Mammals

6265:

10.1554/0014-3820(2003)057[0658:roorrt]2.0.co;2

6116: 5792: 5640: 5622: 5334:. East of Arkhangelsk, both wild Siberian tundra reindeer ( 4895: 4508: 4477: 3861: 3768: 3591: 3420:

herd, without a name, which Banfield rectified in his 1974

1397:

have unbroken traditions of hunting wild reindeer from the

1245: 1170: 1047: 404: 269: 17175: 13697: 13429: 12378:(11). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 2199–2206. 12045:. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Prentice Hall. pp. 363–. 11173: 11171: 10945:. Ucl.ac.uk (26 May 2011). Retrieved on 16 September 2011. 10493:

Marie Kilunik, Aivilingmiut, & Crnkovich, 1990, p. 116

10246: 10244: 10242: 10240: 7618:, 2nd ed. (unabridged). New York: Random House, pp. 315–16 6497:(Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Cervidae) species and subspecies" 5453:

Currently, many reindeer herders are heavily dependent on

5322:) that live in central and eastern Finland and in Russian 1973: 1162:). These antlered cervids split from the horned ruminants 828:) as Endangered and the Northern Mountain population DU7 ( 18939: 18790: 18317: 16916: 16862: 15794: 15176: 14248: 13770:"Flying Reindeer and Santa Claus: Fact, Fiction and Myth" 13537:, pp. 86–91. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. 12294: 11693: 11652:

Caribou from the Late Pleistocene of northwestern Alabama

9962: 8852:

10.1644/1545-1542(2005)86[495:VIMDAM]2.0.CO;2

8566:

Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals, 1758 to 1946

8255: 7679:"Highlight on a Species at Risk - Tǫdzı (Boreal Caribou)" 7631:. Nunavut Arctic College, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada, 1998. 6697:

Deer of the world: their evolution, behavior, and ecology

4953: 4591: 4394: 3752: 1248:, Russia, dated to 2.1-1.8 Ma. The oldest North American 1164: 526:). They also vary in coat color and antler architecture. 12559: 10566: 7545:. Tiguri 1551. p. 156: De Tarando. 9. 950: De Rangifero. 7048: 6830:

Kolpasсhikov, L.; Makhailov, V.; Russell, D. E. (2015).

4991:, fresh reindeer meat completely produced and packed in 4750:

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada

4301:

In November 2016, it was reported that more than 81,000

4164:. In the 19th century, it was still present in southern 4010: 3178:, Canada (formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands) 873:

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada

818:

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada

18924: 16167: 13481:"Siida and traditional Sami reindeer herding knowledge" 13436:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

13204:

Arctic Research Consortium of the United States (ARCOS)

12974:

Administrative-Territorial Divisions of Murmansk Oblast

12830:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

12649: 11626:. Wired.com (3 April 2014). Retrieved on 19 April 2014. 11168: 11126: 11124: 10845: 10237: 7755:"Genome sequence and comparative analysis of reindeer ( 7543:

Historia animalium. Liber 1, De quadrupedibus viviparis

5765:, which depicts the antlers of caribou, elk and moose. 5618: 5353:(and possibly also Eastern Russia). Reindeer have been 4358:, has been found. However, they also eat the leaves of 3830:

that dramatically increase the surface area within the

3786:

A darker belly color may be caused by two mutations of

3281:, Greenland reindeer. Linnaeus, in the 12th edition of 2095:

sedentary (makes short movements to seasonal habitats)

1821:(i.e., woodland caribou). Røed et al. (1991) had noted: 16710: 13797: 13795: 13064:"Quebec's Carnaval is worth freezing your a** off for" 12501:"An Educator's Guide to Wild Caribou of North America" 11752:"Reindeer Ewenki: China's Last Reindeer-Herding Tribe" 11345: 11343: 9332:, Gottlieb August Lange, Berlin and Stralsund, 360 pp. 8586:

A Revision of the Reindeer and Caribou, Genus Rangifer

7748: 7746: 7558:. Bononiæ. Cap. 30: De Tarando– Cap. 31: De Rangifero. 7409: 7407: 7405: 5383:, a traditional Sámi form of cooperative association. 3523:; a recently discovered and unnamed clade between the 3228:

The table above includes, as per the recent revision,

2391:

sedentary (makes short movements to seasonal habitats)

1537:

A Revision of the Reindeer and Caribou, Genus Rangifer

1405:, it is still possible to find remains of stone-built 1004:("animal") and has nothing to do with reins. The word 879:

reported in 2011 that there were approximately 34,000

9995: 9701:

Frenette, J.; Pelletier, F.; St-Laurent, M-H (2020).

8829:

Cronin, M. A.; MacNeil, M. D.; Patton, J. C. (2005).

6668:

Proceedings 4th North American Caribou Workshop, 1989

5338:) (some herds are very large) and domestic reindeer ( 4771:

In 1991, COSEWIC assigned "endangered status" to the

4428:

values indicate reindeer living in the region around

1500: 14160:

Puckett, Catherine; Landis, Ben (15 December 2014).

13193: 13191: 13189: 12799:"Six Ways Climate Change Is Waging War on Christmas" 12430:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

11890: 11121: 11011: 10844:. Smith, I.N. (ed.) Ottawa: Queen's Press, cited in 10651:"Aspects of nasal heat exchange in resting reindeer" 8692:

Courtois, Rehaume (2003). "Significance of caribou (

7171:

COSEWIC assessment and status report on the caribou

5924:. A caribou statue was erected at the centre of the 5554:

Reindeer hunting by humans has a very long history.

4912:

The reindeer has an important economic role for all

727:) still live in the mountains of Norway, notably in 13792: 13648:Obydenkova, Svetlana V.; Pearce, Joshua M. (2016). 12735: 12733: 12471:"Caribou Foes: Natural Predators in the Wilderness" 12323: 11833: 11831: 11829: 11468:Bergerud, A. T. (1988). "Caribou, wolves and man". 11449:

Caribou Migration Monitoring by Satellite Telemetry

11340: 11178:Joly, K.; Wasser, S. K.; Booth, R. (10 June 2015). 10774:. Adfg.state.ak.us. Retrieved on 16 September 2011. 10765:

Caribou at the Alaska Department of Fish & Game

10257:, Canada's Polar Life (CPL), University of Guelph, 9208: 8828: 7743: 7616:

The Random House Dictionary of the English Language

7402: 6666:Lin. 1758". In C. E. Butler; S. P. Mahoney (eds.). 6310: 4332:, having a four-chambered stomach. They mainly eat 4266:is a widespread and numerous genus in the northern 3735:-based Jackoposie Oopakak's 1989 carving, entitled 3665:region is "when velvet falls off caribou antlers." 3499:Flerov, 1933, but Banfield (1961) brought it under 2722:smallest of the reindeer; has extremely short legs 1682:In 2011, noting that the former classifications of 14046:1935 Reindeer Herding in the Northwest Territories 13478: 11515:; De Roode, Jacob; Atizer, Sonya (February 2011). 11458:. Mrnf.gouv.qc.ca. Retrieved on 16 September 2011. 11066:Stokken, Karl-Arne; Folkow, Lars (December 2013). 11014:"Reindeer and the quest for Scottish enlichenment" 10382: 9063:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 8671: 8669: 8510:"The Function of the Brow-Tine in Caribou Antlers" 7285: 7283: 6951: 5326:, with a population of about 4,350, plus 1,500 in 4654:are rare and three subspecies have already become 4408:, reindeer change their sleeping pattern from one 3653:, for whom the caribou is a "culturally important 3547:caribou, an ecotype of the barren-ground caribou ( 1511:type specimens deposited in museums (see table in 1304:deposits (~100,000 years BP) from western Canada. 13577: 13548: 13186: 12242:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 12038: 12010: 12008: 11578: 11576: 11271:Furrer, Melanie; et al. (22 December 2023). 10445: 10193: 10144:Species at Risk in the Northwest Territories 2012 9020: 9018: 8696:) ecotypes from a molecular genetics viewpoint". 8539: 8537: 7890:20.500.11820/82fe4f52-d3f2-4970-ab52-8dbb97b997c1 7561: 5651:, in the year 1533. It may be these animals that 5469:systems can be used to reduce diesel dependency. 3928:In 2023, researchers studying reindeer living in 3826:, caribou have specialized noses featuring nasal 3510:species and subspecies may be further divided by 1180:(goats) about 36 million years ago. The Eurasian 888:as a whole is considered to be Vulnerable by the 637:(formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands). 19461: 14087:– Instructional slide-show, University of Alaska 13647: 13561:. Vol. 14. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 18–. 13145: 12995:. Saunalahti.fi. Retrieved on 16 September 2011. 12730: 11826: 11314: 11312: 11310: 11308: 10786: 10784: 10782: 10780: 10642: 10411: 10251:Hebert, P.D.N.; Wearing-Wilde, J., eds. (2002), 10054: 10001: 9892: 9890: 9276: 9274: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8687: 8685: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8579: 8577: 8575: 7600:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. Archived from 6486: 6484: 5897:has a reindeer in its coat of arms. The present 14308: 13829: 13827: 13522:] (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. p. 139. 13226: 12703: 12701: 12288: 11177: 10890: 10538: 10536: 10534: 9168: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8666: 8622: 8036: 8034: 8032: 7289: 7280: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 2461:, northeast coast of Labrador", MCZ No. 15,372 2304:"Ellesmere Land , N. Lat. 79⁰"; AMNH no. 19231 1706:Genetic, molecular, and archaeological evidence 699:, formerly called the Busk Mountains reindeer ( 549:(boreal forest) and south through the Canadian 13726:War memorial to honor WWII reindeer battalions 13513: 13061: 12740:Russell, Don E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013), 12173:"How Does the Summer Solstice Affect Animals?" 12005: 11797: 11795: 11587:. London: Natural History Museum. p. 45. 11573: 11270: 10098: 10096: 10094: 9958: 9956: 9475: 9473: 9412: 9410: 9368:. Rowland Ward, Limited, London, U.K., 329 pp. 9015: 8910: 8908: 8534: 8313: 8311: 8309: 7573:Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) 7374:"Population Critical: How are Caribou Faring?" 7044: 7042: 7040: 7029:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 6773: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6590: 6588: 6163:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T29742A22167140.en 5180:is to the Plains Native Americans. Innovative 4572:) commonly carry meningeal worm or brainworm ( 4452:Standing on snow to avoid bloodsucking insects 3987: 1796: 1485:not to impede them in forested winter ranges. 1346:survived in isolation in southwestern Europe. 890:International Union for Conservation of Nature 843:) from western Canada, the Sakhalin reindeer ( 37:"Caribou" redirects here. For other uses, see 18737: 14294: 14227:"What's the Difference: Reindeer vs. Caribou" 13260: 11305: 11114:Karasov, W.H. and Martinez del Rio, C. 2007. 11065: 10914: 10777: 10649:Blix, A.S.; Johnsen, Helge Kreiitzer (1983). 10178: 9887: 9271: 8941: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8682: 8592: 8572: 8085: 8083: 8081: 8079: 7191: 7189: 7187: 6246:L) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences" 5019: 5002:Reindeer antlers are powdered and sold as an 3531:of Beringian-Eurasian lineage, an ecotype of 931:as the specific epithet, making reference to 13824: 12698: 12617: 12416: 11504: 11415: 10936:Reindeer use UV light to survive in the wild 10929: 10836: 10834: 10609: 10531: 10420:"Igloolik elders win northern science award" 10378: 10376: 10374: 10310:Woodland caribou boreal population – biology 10303: 10301: 10299: 10297: 9345:. J. B. Lippincott, Washington D.C., 764 pp. 9049: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9041: 8961: 8584:Banfield, Alexander William Francis (1961). 8251: 8249: 8247: 8029: 7493: 7491: 6979: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6461: 6239: 5936:in St. John's, Newfoundland's capital city. 5670:to transport food, ammunition and post from 4309:, causing many reindeer to starve to death. 4148:. In North America, it was found in Canada, 3994:Rut (mammalian reproduction) § Cervidae 3951: 3028:- National Museum of Canada (originally the 1746:) and North American barren-ground caribou ( 1381:Humans started hunting reindeer in both the 1050:(Athapascan) group, call the Arctic caribou 1018:Because of its importance to many cultures, 951:were two separate animals. In any case, the 14051:General information on Caribou and Reindeer 13514:Dolgikh, B.O.; Gurvich, I.S., eds. (1970). 13110: 12739: 12657:Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 12285:. BBC News. Retrieved on 16 September 2011. 12164: 11792: 11701:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 10648: 10472: 10114: 10112: 10091: 10060: 9953: 9763: 9761: 9470: 9407: 8905: 8306: 8126: 7697: 7037: 6873: 6823: 6790: 6786: 6784: 6762: 6629: 6585: 6560: 6556: 6554: 5412:, as a means of providing a livelihood for 4782: 4744:Boreal woodland caribou were designated as 4321:Two caribou licking salt from a roadway in 4086: 3562: 3372:of Greenland. It is not closely related to 3032:Canadian Geological Survey Museum, now the 2817:, Russia, after those reindeer west of the 1512: 1097:had a major influence on the evolution" of 824:) and the Central Mountain population DU8 ( 361: 18744: 18730: 14383: 14301: 14287: 14026:"Caribou Census Complete: 325,000 animals" 13859: 13857: 13584:Europe's last wild reindeer herds in peril 13479:Korpijaakko-Mikkel, Sara (22 March 2009). 13322: 13118:"Caribou Census Complete: 325,000 animals" 12966: 12774:) Dolphin and Union population in Canada ( 12106:. Villrein.no. Retrieved on 19 April 2014. 11617:Arctic Reindeer Go Off the Circadian Clock 11411: 11409: 11407: 11244: 10948: 10896: 10846:Bro-Jørgensen, J.; Dabelsteen, T. (2008). 10760: 10758: 10756: 10496: 9910: 8917: 8902:) lineages. Molecular Ecology 18: 665-679. 8507: 8076: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7184: 6670:. St. John’s, Newfoundland. pp. 1–76. 6235: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6210:United States Food and Drug Administration 6060:for North American barren-ground caribou, 5686:, but reindeer herders from the Murmansk, 4727: 3976:(EEG) on reindeer kept in a stable at the 3309:) or a subspecies of the tundra reindeer ( 2404:" (Miller Jr. 1912); NMC Neotype no. 4800 1993:(an ecotype of the barren-ground caribou) 1702:based and cannot substitute for taxonomy. 1531:, and synonymized most of the subspecies. 1466:in 1758 named the Eurasian tundra species 1276:Epoch, roughly 300,000–130,000 BP. By the 783:Archipelago (about 10,000 to 15,000), and 370: 183: 161: 137: 18618: 16090: 14106: 13952:. Kuusamo.fi. Retrieved on 19 April 2014. 13774:International Centre of Husbandry, Norway 13455: 13286: 13236:Gwich'in Traditional Management Practices 13232: 13200:"Linguistic Team Studies Caribou Anatomy" 13062:Ovenell-Carter, Julie (6 February 2009). 13005:Lapland Reindeer meat protected in the EU 12943: 12897: 12850: 12796: 12673: 12446: 12423:Cooper, Elisabeth J. (23 November 2014). 12391: 12161:. (PDF) . Retrieved on 16 September 2011. 12014: 11957: 11908: 11837: 11548: 11461: 11288: 11221: 11203: 11091: 11037: 10988: 10873: 10863: 10831: 10808: 10674: 10592: 10560: 10402: 10371: 10294: 10184: 10074: 9982: 9936: 9823: 9726: 9634: 9624: 9548: 9511: 9056:"A new caribou from the Alaska Peninsula" 9038: 8998: 8850: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8781: 8732: 8640: 8606:Bulletin of the National Museum of Canada 8525: 8458: 8400: 8343: 8289: 8244: 8109: 8064:. London, U.K.: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 7973: 7938: 7888: 7800: 7513: 7511: 7509: 7488: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7349: 7312: 7072: 6850: 6674: 6534: 6516: 6240:Flagstad, Oystein; Roed, Knut H. (2003). 6161: 5806:, who was born in a remote area north of 5225:Reindeer husbandry is common in northern 5103:are inland-dwelling Inuit in present-day 4901:In traditional British and United States 2621:"; skin ZMASL no. 22599, skull no. 10214 2394:the boreal forests of northeastern Canada 1845: 1762:above); since they do not share a direct 1459:Naming and research on museum collections 18499: 15889: 14255:Frequently Asked Questions about Caribou 14124: 13745:In WWII, Reindeer Were Our Animal Allies 13596: 13504:Русская культура. Этнографические очерки 13082:"History & Culture – Qamanirjuwhat?" 13014:. North Magazine (Accessed 19 July 2010) 12952: 11467: 11318: 11247:"Reindeer sleep while chewing their cud" 10920: 10790: 10417: 10134: 10109: 9758: 9491: 9318:, Vindobonae, Upsalla, Sweden, 1,327 pp. 9191: 9189: 9081: 9024: 8952: 8757: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8691: 8603: 8583: 8563: 8543: 6781: 6567:. Edmonton, Alberta: Lone Pine. p. 6551: 6137: 6029: 6027: 6025: 5853: 5839: 5701: 5590: 5392: 5273: 5258: 5086: 4796: 4622: 4447: 4404:During the Arctic summer, when there is 4316: 4109: 4098: 4090: 4014: 3955: 3946: 3687: 3636: 3581: 2973:- British Columbia Provincial Museum (= 2651:Western Greenlandic Caribou or reindeer 1488:By contrast, modern tundra caribou (see 1093:The "glacial-interglacial cycles of the 986:species are known as Caribou." The word 703:) by American taxonomists) occupies the 364:, traditionally 1, but possibly up to 6 14790: 14361: 14188:"Reference Article: Reindeer (caribou)" 13854: 13833: 13767: 13501: 13197: 12329: 12069: 11629: 11404: 11367: 10925:, Ottawa: Queen's Press, pp. 25–28 10793:The Natural History of Canadian Mammals 10753: 10615: 10549:, Philadelphia: Lippincott, p. 191 10546:The romance of the Newfoundland caribou 10542: 10478: 10330: 10285:Mating strategies of woodland caribou: 9846: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9032: 8972: 8869:) and relationships with wild caribou ( 8551: 8374: 8040: 7838: 7823: 7331: 7236: 7168: 7120: 6561:Eder, Tamara; Kennedy, Gregory (2011). 6490: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6226: 5962:Caribou herds and populations in Canada 5835: 5201: 5172:herd for millennia. To them, caribou — 4336:in winter, especially reindeer lichen ( 3809:. Temperature gradient along the nasal 3393:Osgood and Murie (1935), agreeing with 3269:, seem short of a taxonomic authority. 3056:Royal Swedish Museum of Natural History 1662:. Most Russian authors also recognized 14: 19462: 14508: 14249:Caribou-specific links (North America) 14056:Human Role in Reindeer/Caribou Systems 13918:"Beaumont Hamel Newfoundland Memorial" 13813:from the original on 23 September 2015 13394:. State Forest Enterprise of Finland. 12422: 12170: 11801: 11635: 10282: 9769:"Fun Facts about Reindeer and Caribou" 9487: 9485: 9146:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas. 8815: 8796: 8059: 7556:Quadrupedum omnium bisulcorum historia 7517: 7506: 7446: 6700:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 6594: 6439: 6437: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6214:"Fun Facts about Reindeer and Caribou" 6084: 5636:Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus 5430:reindeer are mostly found in northern 5113:Keewatin Region, Northwest Territories 4719:There is strong regional variation in 4254:There is strong regional variation in 4172:, and it is believed to have lived in 4128:Originally, the reindeer was found in 3779:in relation to their environment, the 2240:males up to 340 kg (750 lb) 1563:caribou) as invalid and included only 1038:, both call the barren-ground caribou 937:Quadrupedum omnium bisulcorum historia 787:(200 to 300 feral domestic reindeer). 739:19 herds of Siberian tundra reindeer ( 506:) vary in size from the smallest, the 19004: 19003: 18725: 18617: 18486: 18485: 18091: 17174: 16709: 16166: 15628: 14774: 14360: 14282: 13610:from the original on 29 December 2013 13210:from the original on 10 February 2016 13017: 12797:Zielinski, Sarah (16 December 2013). 12608: 12448:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091620 12134:. Nunavut Wildlife Management Board. 11582: 10814: 10502: 10481:Uqalurait: An Oral History of Nunavut 10352: 10211:from the original on 15 November 2014 9991:from the original on 3 November 2014. 9916: 9563: 9391:Banfield, Alexander William Francis. 9186: 9053: 8932: 8761: 8746: 8139:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 8089: 7477:from the original on 27 December 2013 7202:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 6693: 6661: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6378: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6022: 4825:, the Caribou Clan in the Yukon, the 4712:In Eurasia, the Sakhalin reindeer is 4011:Social structure, migration and range 1690:on subspecies, designations based on 877:Environment and Climate Change Canada 613:) and the Selkirk Mountains caribou ( 522:), to the largest, Osborn's caribou ( 463:), to the largest, Osborn's caribou ( 19447:ACE38BD8-8520-40FE-AD3C-178CD4C2ADB5 19136:e395089a-c23c-4df0-9b6c-a75194f9e34e 15926: 13780:from the original on 29 October 2013 13768:Burgess, Philip (15 December 2008). 13735:. Barents Observer, 27 February 2012 13710:from the original on 26 April 2012. 13243:from the original on 20 October 2017 13055: 13042: 12998: 12753:from the original on 21 January 2014 12631:from the original on 21 October 2013 12364:successfully hunt Svalbard reindeer 12264:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 12224:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 11778:"Home – The Cairngorm Reindeer Herd" 11749: 11329:from the original on 7 December 2014 10616:Rahiman, Mohd Hezri Fazalul (2009). 10461:from the original on 12 October 2015 10457:, National Gallery of Canada, n.d., 10261:from the original on 20 October 2017 10140: 10130:from the original on 3 November 2014 9382:, John Murray, London, U.K., 300 pp. 9127: 9087: 8955:Catalogue of Canadian Recent Mammals 8881:). Journal of Heredity 97: 525-530. 7683:Wek’èezhìi Renewable Resources Board 7586: 7470:, pp. 2, 9, 24 September 2012, 7366: 6294: 5926:Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial 5731: 5406:United States Revenue Cutter Service 5023: 4553:), a species found in the far North 3570:Handbook of the Mammals of the World 1957:(except for the southwestern region) 1658:Handbook of the Mammals of the World 775:) occupy several island groups: the 18751: 14775: 13565:from the original on 1 January 2014 13508:Russian Culture. Ethnographic notes 13398:from the original on 10 April 2017. 13134:from the original on 30 August 2012 13066:. theseboots.travel. Archived from 12675:10.1146/annurev.eg.14.110189.001001 12613:. Vol. 150. Lea & Febiger. 12481:from the original on 24 August 2011 12330:Chapman, Andrew (22 October 2021). 12015:McCloskey, Erin (2011), "Caribou", 11814:from the original on 3 January 2012 10718:caribou's hooves leave in the snow. 9793: 9557: 9520: 9482: 6722:"The wild reindeer areas in Norway" 6347: 6149:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 6078: 4775:and High Arctic populations of the 4732:Ongoing human development of their 3978:UiT The Arctic University of Norway 3389:or with any of the woodland forms." 2143:twice-yearly altitudinal movements 1518: 1264:(Günz) Period, 680,000-620,000 BP. 1117:in Eurasia – shaped "intraspecific 660:), and the Newfoundland caribou of 24: 18092: 15629: 13311:Encyclopedia of Animals and Humans 12070:Pomeroy, Ross (21 December 2020). 11804:"Reindeer herds in global decline" 11072:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 10899:Hoofed Mammals of British Columbia 10543:Dugmore, Arthur Radclyffe (1913), 10418:McKibbon, Sean (21 January 2000). 9094:The Journal of Wildlife Management 8481: 8016: 6491:Harding, Lee E. (26 August 2022). 6414: 6036: 5947:has a fish with reindeer antlers. 5905:also has a reindeer. The logo for 4286:are susceptible to the effects of 3515:American examples of this are the 2991:(Natural History) (originally the 2966:American Museum of Natural History 2560:150–250 kg (330–550 lb) 2057:"head of Moose Pass branch of the 1533:Alexander William Francis Banfield 1501:Biological exploration expeditions 597:) lives in the western end of the 25: 19566: 14078:Adaptations To Life In The Arctic 14018: 13985:"Designatable Units for Caribou ( 13834:Hornsby, Debra (25 August 2011). 13045:"Le "Temps des sucres" au Québec" 12609:Smith, M.C.; et al. (1994). 12506:. Project Caribou. Archived from 12059:from the original on 10 May 2016. 12042:Henderson's Dictionary of Biology 11470:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 9773:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 9533:) in Canada: An Uncertain Future" 9150:from the original on 23 July 2013 8377:"Paleobiogeography of Crown Deer" 7415:"Designatable Units for Caribou ( 7292:Rangifer tarandus eogroenlandicus 6748:"Sami reindeer herding in Sweden" 4618: 3901: 2657:four small areas in southwestern 1851:Extant species and subspecies of 1738:above) Eurasian tundra reindeer ( 1666:, a forest reindeer from east of 800:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 19470:IUCN Red List vulnerable species 18948: 14098: 13955: 13936: 13910: 13880: 13838:. Banff, Alberta. Archived from 13761: 13738: 13718: 13704:Commentary on Caesar, Gallic War 13691: 13641: 13622: 13527: 13495: 13423: 13402: 13384: 13365: 13359: 13316: 13303: 13254: 13074: 13036: 13024:European Commission PDO/PGI list 12979: 12913: 12867: 12816: 12790: 12781: 12764: 12602: 12525: 12493: 12463: 12274:Walker, Matt. (20 October 2009) 12268: 12228: 12192: 12145: 12124: 12109: 12090: 12063: 12032: 11982: 11925: 11884: 11862:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01974.x 11770: 11743: 11687: 11681:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2006.00093.x 11660: 11644: 11610: 11601: 11442: 11361: 11319:Bergerud, A.T. (29 April 2014), 11264: 11238: 11151: 11108: 11059: 11005: 10723: 10691: 10487: 10324: 10276: 10222: 9840: 9787: 9743: 9694: 9651: 9592: 9398: 9385: 9371: 9358: 9348: 9335: 9321: 9308: 9287: 9245: 9202: 8090:Geist, Valerius (1 April 2007). 6888:] (in Russian and English). 6885:Genetics and Breeding of Animals 6615:10.1046/j.1365-2052.2003.00927.x 5599:A deer-like animal described by 5537: 5525: 5513: 5501: 5489: 5146:Koyukuk National Wildlife Refuge 5122:There is an Inuit saying in the 5045:; Canadian purchase from Alaska. 5028: 4766: 4560: 4536:) and the reindeer nose botfly ( 4216:, Greenland, Alaska and Canada. 4144:and northern China north of the 3793: 3003:Denver Museum of Natural History 2900: 2686: 2633: 2524: 2466: 2409: 2366: 2256: 2205: 2120: 1972: 1915: 1589:American Society of Mammalogists 1054:and the boreal woodland caribou 992:is an anglicized version of the 743:) that total about 940,000. The 723:About 25,000 mountain reindeer ( 695:: the Siberian forest reindeer ( 206: 62: 14653:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( 14259:Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 14167:United States Geological Survey 13977: 12366:Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus 11245:Cell Press (22 December 2023). 10897:Shackleton, David (May 2013) , 9707:Global Ecology and Conservation 9197:Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus 9162: 8891: 8875:Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus 8859: 8806: 8790: 8726: 8657: 8616: 8557: 8501: 8475: 8409: 8368: 8189: 8173: 8053: 8010: 7996:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.05.020 7967: 7954: 7921: 7847: 7832: 7817: 7722: 7671: 7646: 7634: 7621: 7608: 7548: 7535: 7383:. December 2013. Archived from 7332:Bennike, Ole (1 January 1988). 7325: 7306: 7162: 7148: 7114: 7089: 7011:] (in Russian) (2): 23–36. 7009:Rabbit Breeding and Fur Farming 6945: 6896: 6867: 6740: 6714: 6655: 6443:Mattioli, S. (2011). "Caribou ( 6242:"Refugial origins of reindeer ( 6050: 6013: 5465:transportation, although solar 4613: 4582:parasite that causes reindeer, 3767:has two layers of fur: a dense 3519:population DU10, an ecotype of 3424:by extending to them the name " 3158:Queen Charlotte Islands caribou 2013:the same as for the subspecies 1963:"Fort Enterprise, Winter Lake, 1474:being credited to Smith, 1827. 1008:comes through French, from the 837:Queen Charlotte Islands caribou 623:Queen Charlotte Islands caribou 609:), the Rocky Mountain caribou ( 15442:Central American red brocket ( 14212:Growth Studies in the Reindeer 14150:New International Encyclopedia 13922:Canada and the First World War 12297:Journal of Wildlife Management 12276:Eagles filmed hunting reindeer 12132:Terrestrial Mammals of Nunavut 12019:, Lone Pines, pp. 72–82, 11988:Gurino, Ben (16 January 2016) 11426:Johns Hopkins University Press 11420:. Vol. 2 (6th ed.). 10667:10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014772 7121:Robbins, Jim (14 April 2018). 6880:Genetika i razvedenie životnyh 6202: 6177: 5992: 5912:The Canadian 25-cent coin or " 5697: 5682:, who were mobilised from the 4995:, is protected in Europe with 4894:, reindeer are used to pull a 4789:Reindeer in Siberian shamanism 4629:Kenai National Wildlife Refuge 4522:Bloodsucking insects, such as 1767: 1759: 1735: 1489: 1109:during the last glacial – the 907:for the reindeer genus, which 493: 13: 1: 14222:, University of Texas, Austin 13638:. paliskunnat.fi (in Finnish) 12880:L. 1758) in Northern Eurasia" 12130:Anand-Wheeler, Ingrid (2002) 11802:Walker, Matt (11 June 2009). 11750:Wang, Wei (25 January 2021). 11418:Walker's Mammals of the World 11325:, The Canadian Encyclopedia, 10479:Bennett, John (1 June 2008), 10338:. Random House. p. 496. 8953:Anderson, Rudolph M. (1946). 8623:McTaggert-Cowan, Ian (1962). 8062:Pleistocene mammals in Europe 7017:10.24411/0023-4885-2020-10203 7005:Кролиководство И Звероводство 6726:Villrein.no - alt om villrein 6088:Pleistocene Mammals of Europe 6072: 5920:, Canada, and appears on the 5753:Contemporary Canadian artist 5187:Alaska Native Language Center 4793:Reindeer hunting in Greenland 3334: 3245: 3065:United States National Museum 3012:Museum of Comparative Zoology 2979:Royal British Columbia Museum 1370:shows that woodland caribou ( 1272:, the second youngest of the 1192:, 8.7–9.6 million years ago. 499: 19545:Mammals of the United States 18974:List of domesticated animals 16149:Large subfamily listed below 16137:Large subfamily listed below 16125:Large subfamily listed below 14216:at Dartmouth College Library 13983: 13706:. Boston: Ginn and Company. 13677:10.1016/j.renene.2015.12.036 13419:10.1371/journal.pone.0207944 12568:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 12360:"Yes, they can: polar bears 12255:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.12.002 12215:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.027 11490:10.1016/0169-5347(88)90019-5 11205:10.1371/journal.pone.0127586 8973:Jenkins, Deborah A. (2018). 8508:Pruitt Jr., William (1966). 7060:Nature Conservation Research 6451:. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 6219:Food and Drug Administration 5943:has a running reindeer; and 5828:. The young protagonists of 5606:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 5595:The tragelaphus or deer-goat 5576:, living in the land of the 5267:, Russia, late 19th-century 5248: 5091:An early 20th century Inuit 4975:is sold in supermarkets and 4443: 3982:non-rapid eye movement sleep 3915:A study by researchers from 3800:countercurrent heat exchange 2772:Archipelagoes of Russia and 1107:Last Glacial Maximum refugia 1088: 502:below). Reindeer / caribou ( 7: 19555:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 14644:Yellow-striped chevrotain ( 14635:Indian spotted chevrotain ( 14220:The Sami and their Reindeer 13288:10.1016/j.polar.2016.07.002 13233:Caulfield, Richard (1983), 12627:. University of Tennessee. 12171:Hickok, K. (21 June 2018). 11656:Canadian Journal of Zoology 11133:Canadian Journal of Zoology 10708:. p. 5. Archived from 9728:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00920 9537:Canadian Journal of Zoology 9144:The Sámi and their reindeer 8979:Diversity and Distributions 7740:) by the Greenlandic Inuit. 5950: 5889:. The historic province of 5694:regions also participated. 5397:Reindeer hides for sale in 5311:for milk, e.g., in Norway. 5263:A team pulling a sled near 4679:Canada–United States border 4219:According to Grubb (2005), 3988:Reproduction and life cycle 3555:"herd", another ecotype of 3349:, from the "western end of 3262:Mammal Species of the World 3253:Tarandus rangifer buskensis 2794:, England" (Flerov, 1933). 2729:"; Neotype no. M2625, Oslo 1883: 1880: 1877: 1871: 1868: 1797:Novel genetics-based clades 1677: 1585:Mammal Species of the World 1453: 10: 19571: 19475:NatureServe secure species 12580:10.7589/0090-3558-38.2.448 12393:10.1007/s00300-021-02954-w 12039:Lawrence, Eleanor (2008). 11722:10.1007/s12520-020-01052-y 11416:Novak, R. M., ed. (1999). 11351:"Caribou at Animal Corner" 10623:. Malaysia. Archived from 10517:10.1177/004051755502501002 10426:. Igloolik. Archived from 10207:, Guelph, Ontario, 2002a, 9529:"Conservation of Caribou ( 9282:The Gun at Home and Abroad 8867:Rangifer tarandus tarandus 8443:10.1038/s41586-022-05453-y 7976:Quaternary Science Reviews 7785:10.1038/s41598-020-65487-y 7019:(inactive 31 August 2024). 6518:10.3897/zookeys.1119.80233 6212:(FDA) (13 December 2022). 6185:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0" 5709: 5549: 5252: 5020:Indigenous North Americans 4880:Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) 4786: 4575:Parelaphostrongylus tenuis 4121: 4081: 3991: 3869:known as reindeer lichen ( 3741:National Gallery of Canada 3731:as materials for carving. 3577: 3267:The Gun at Home and Abroad 3047:Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet 2821:were found to actually be 2567:"; NR No. 4661, Stockholm 2563:"Torne District , Finnish 2437:migratory (except for the 2400:Type locality amended to " 2329:the mountains of southern 2115:, Alaska"; AMNH no. 17593 1960:150 kg (330 lb) 1888: 1858: 1575:) and woodland caribou as 1362:across Siberia) and east ( 903:is credited with the name 557:), the migratory mainland 36: 29: 19490:Mammals described in 1758 19377: 19012: 18957: 18946: 18759: 18692: 18664: 18640: 18631: 18627: 18613: 18580:Dromedary/Arabian camel ( 18571:Domestic Bactrian camel ( 18559: 18508: 18495: 18481: 18445: 18421: 18397: 18388: 18270: 18237: 18213: 18180: 18156: 18135:North Sulawesi babirusa ( 18114: 18105: 18101: 18087: 18051: 18009: 17832: 17823: 17777: 17753: 17729: 17687: 17636: 17612: 17603: 17575: 17551: 17544: 17498: 17438: 17414: 17327: 17276: 17252: 17228: 17204: 17195: 17191: 17170: 17125: 17026: 17017: 16989: 16965: 16860: 16800: 16791: 16763: 16739: 16730: 16726: 16705: 16664: 16640: 16562: 16538: 16514: 16490: 16439: 16415: 16364: 16259: 16235: 16211: 16187: 16183: 16162: 16142: 16130: 16118: 16081: 16044: 16020: 15987: 15963: 15954: 15917: 15880: 15834: 15774: 15765: 15737: 15686: 15653: 15644: 15640: 15624: 15570: 15536: 15502: 15478: 15454: 15424:Amazonian brown brocket ( 15358: 15325: 15301: 15268: 15244: 15220: 15211: 15147: 15096: 15072: 15039: 14988: 14955: 14931: 14799: 14786: 14770: 14757:Large family listed below 14750: 14745:Large family listed below 14738: 14722:Williamson's mouse-deer ( 14665: 14623: 14599: 14590: 14499: 14444: 14420: 14411: 14374: 14370: 14356: 14318: 13875:The Canadian Encyclopedia 13809:, Guelph, Ontario, 2002, 13368:"Wild reindeer in Norway" 13162:10.1007/978-0-387-73033-2 13033:. (Accessed 19 July 2010) 12899:10.46265/genresj.UYML5006 12157:11 September 2008 at the 11938:Journal of Animal Ecology 11780:. Cairngormreindeer.co.uk 11290:10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.012 11030:10.1177/20416695231218520 10821:Norwegian Polar Institute 10287:Rangifer tarandus caribou 10231:State of Canada's forests 9900:. Peterson Field Guides. 9847:Nasoori, Alireza (2020). 9680:10.1007/s10592-018-1124-1 9031:Supplementary file 2 for 9025:Harding, Lee E. (2022b). 8879:Rangifer tarandus caribou 8797:Waples, Robin S. (1995). 8733:Couturier, Serge (2003). 8629:Canadian Field-Naturalist 8550:Supplementary file 1 for 8544:Harding, Lee E. (2022a). 8222:10.1134/s1062359016060029 7940:10.1101/2021.07.22.453386 7653:Iñupiat Eskimo dictionary 7569:"Caribou Species Profile" 7250:Rangifer tarandus dawsoni 6931:10.1134/S1062359011010067 5918:Newfoundland and Labrador 5909:features three reindeer. 5726:A Visit from St. Nicholas 4410:synchronised with the sun 4397:. Reindeer herded by the 3952:Seasonal body composition 3922:UV flashes on power lines 3917:University College London 3837: 3700:According to a respected 3594:species, only males grow 3480:resulted in resurrecting 3037:Canadian Museum of Nature 2922:the Arctic tundra of the 2733: 2512: 2497:139.6 kg (3 adult males) 2354: 2139:Selkirk Mountains caribou 2102:and the adjacent islands 1903: 1884:Type locality / specimen 1874: 1863: 1734:clades; that modern (see 1686:, either with prevailing 1551:(Osborn's caribou — from 1527:species conspecific with 1296:as far south as northern 1113:in North America and the 1065:Reindeer are also called 895: 718: 378: 369: 359: 354: 335: 328: 203:Scientific classification 201: 181: 159: 150: 145: 136: 48: 32:Reindeer (disambiguation) 16821:Domestic water buffalo ( 15186:Central Asian red deer ( 14811:Bornean yellow muntjac ( 14083:12 December 2010 at the 13943:Coat of arms for Kuusamo 13533:King, Irving H. (1996). 13502:Kerblay, Basile (2008). 12960:Atlas of Murmansk Oblast 12206:Quaternary International 11622:20 December 2013 at the 10941:29 November 2011 at the 10791:Naughton, Donna (2011), 10770:30 December 2013 at the 10505:Textile Research Journal 10141:GNWT (9 November 2023), 9898:Mammals of North America 9564:Mager, Karen H. (2012). 9492:Bergerud, A. T. (1996). 9304:10.5962/bhl.title.115782 9180:10.5962/bhl.title.115782 9169:Edwards, George (1743). 8933:Murie, Olaus J. (1935). 8871:Rangifer tarandus granti 8762:Geist, Valerius (2007). 8564:Ellerman, J. E. (1951). 6694:Geist, Valerius (1998). 6386:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). 6189:explorer.natureserve.org 5985: 5967:Rangifer (constellation) 5932:. There is a replica in 5609:(chapter 6.26) from the 5544:Reindeer-mounted cavalry 4801:Pulling a sled in Russia 4783:Relationship with humans 4699:contiguous United States 4270:, being present in both 4154:contiguous United States 4087:Distribution and habitat 3930:Cairngorms National Park 3563:Physical characteristics 3497:Rangifer tarandus setoni 3368:of the Arctic Coast and 2869:(from where it has been 2851:long distance migrations 2847:Siberian tundra reindeer 2585:Siberian forest reindeer 1426:A 2022 study of ancient 1188:and Rangiferini) in the 982:while in North America, 861:contiguous United States 814:contiguous United States 810:contiguous United States 409:circumpolar distribution 39:Caribou (disambiguation) 17699:Bates' pygmy antelope ( 17486:Soemmerring's gazelle ( 15591:Yucatan brown brocket ( 14820:Hairy-fronted muntjac ( 14704:Philippine mouse-deer ( 14135:Encyclopædia Britannica 13750:29 October 2013 at the 13634:19 October 2013 at the 13589:5 February 2008 at the 13535:The Coast Guard Expands 13198:Mishler, Craig (2014), 13010:7 December 2009 at the 12991:4 November 2011 at the 12535:Somniosus microcephalus 12281:1 December 2011 at the 12102:29 October 2013 at the 11995:6 December 2016 at the 11959:10.1111/1365-2656.12466 10126:, Lethbridge, Alberta, 9825:10.1126/science.aav6312 9605:Journal of Biogeography 9506:(Special Issue 9): 95. 9293:Edwards, George (1743) 8712:10.1023/A:1024033500799 8608:. Biological Services. 8375:Croitor, Roman (2022). 7839:Croitor, Roman (2018). 7824:Croitor, Roman (2018). 7658:2 February 2017 at the 6852:10.5751/ES-07129-200109 6798:Arctic Report Card 2013 6033:** <text missing> 5957:Alaska Reindeer Service 5922:coat of arms of Nunavut 5684:Nenets Autonomous Okrug 5649:Albert, Duke of Prussia 5408:, with assistance from 5182:language revitalisation 5043:Alaska Reindeer Service 4807:Finnish forest reindeer 4728:Boreal woodland caribou 4551:Somniosus microcephalus 4487:In 2020, scientists on 4312: 3910: 3878: 3746: 3628:boreal woodland caribou 3487:The Sakhalin reindeer ( 3321:pre-dates Richardson’s 3117:†East Greenland caribou 3021:Smithsonian Institution 2924:Fennoscandian Peninsula 2543:Finnish forest reindeer 2457:"Thirty miles north of 2385:boreal woodland caribou 2135:(Seton-Thompson, 1899) 2098:the western end of the 1639:in Europe; see below), 1436:Kap Kobenhavn Formation 1376:Torontoceros hypogaeus 1334:);. The fossil species 1258:R. arcticus stadelmanni 1240:. The oldest undoubted 1228:, retinal development, 1204:and diversified in the 1132:) are in the subfamily 881:boreal woodland caribou 685:Finnish forest reindeer 642:boreal woodland caribou 436:Reindeer occur in both 18409:White-lipped peccary ( 18345:Philippine warty pig ( 17970:Yellow-backed duiker ( 17934:Black-fronted duiker ( 17907:White-bellied duiker ( 17528:Przewalski's gazelle ( 16751:Four-horned antelope ( 15549:Peruvian Yungas pudu ( 15108:Visayan spotted deer ( 14967:European fallow deer ( 14910:Northern red muntjac ( 14856:Southern red muntjac ( 14117:Encyclopedia Americana 13962:Coat of arms for Inari 13448:10.1098/rspb.2008.0332 13392:"Wild Forest Reindeer" 13029:19 August 2010 at the 12843:10.1098/rspb.2008.0332 12078:. RealClearScience.com 11910:10.1093/jmammal/gyw177 11428:. pp. 1128–1130. 11084:10.1098/rspb.2013.2451 11054:Scottish Enlightenment 10865:10.1186/1741-7007-6-47 9377:Richardson, J. (1829) 9327:Borowski, G.H. (1780) 9231:10.1191/09596830095015 8159:10.1006/mpev.1998.0525 7759:) in northern Eurasia" 7730:Greenlandic word list. 7554:Aldrovandi, U. (1621) 7222:10.1006/mpev.1998.0525 6093:Transaction Publishers 6085:Kurtén, Björn (1968). 6000:North American English 5871:Porsanger Municipality 5862: 5851: 5778: 5748: 5712:Santa Claus's reindeer 5707: 5655:had seen or heard of. 5627: 5596: 5560: 5532:Drawing a one-man sled 5448:agricultural subsidies 5401: 5283: 5282:, Norway, 19th century 5271: 5138: 5096: 5039:is missing information 4907:Santa Claus's reindeer 4875:, and transportation. 4813:, the inland-dwelling 4802: 4759:In 2002, the Atlantic- 4631: 4570:Odocoileus virginianus 4453: 4346:) in which the enzyme 4325: 4196:, and as far south as 4119: 4107: 4096: 4020: 3974:electroencephalography 3961: 3892:reindeer from Svalbard 3858: 3720: 3697: 3646: 3587: 3572:Vol. 2: Hoofed Mammals 3391: 3153:(Thompson-Seton, 1900) 3082:Extinct subspecies of 2757:Novaya Zemlya reindeer 2326:altitudinal movements 2033:Rocky Mountain caribou 1875:Sedentary / migratory 1846:Species and subspecies 1828: 1660:Vol. 2: Hoofed Mammals 1513:Species and subspecies 1434:(2 million years ago) 1338:was later replaced by 1326:) likely evolved from 1115:Weichselian glaciation 901:Charles Hamilton Smith 853:East Greenland caribou 621:. The extinct insular 488:Santa Claus's reindeer 19505:Mammals of the Arctic 19336:Paleobiology Database 18969:Human uses of animals 18846:Search and rescue dog 18589:Wild Bactrian camel ( 18291:Bornean bearded pig ( 18282:Palawan bearded pig ( 17871:White-legged duiker ( 17297:Red-fronted gazelle ( 14976:Persian fallow deer ( 14892:Roosevelt's muntjac ( 14565:Himalayan musk deer ( 14474:Reticulated giraffe ( 14232:National Park Service 14103:Texts on Wikisource: 14071:28 April 2021 at the 13924:. Canadian War Museum 13756:National Public Radio 13043:Mieusset, Sébastien. 11841:Global Change Biology 10923:The Unbelievable Land 10842:The Unbelievable Land 10815:Aanes, Ronny (2007). 10655:Journal of Physiology 10283:Butler, H.E. (1986). 10024:10.1007/s004420050186 9660:Conservation Genetics 9253:"Reindeer In Iceland" 9054:Allen, J. A. (1902). 8887:10.1093/jhered/esl012 8699:Conservation Genetics 8679:. Rangifer 11: 65-74. 8262:Ecology and Evolution 7074:10.24189/ncr.2018.040 6493:"Available names for 6156:: e.T29742A22167140. 5875:Rendalen Municipality 5867:Eidfjord Municipality 5857: 5843: 5767: 5738: 5705: 5615: 5594: 5556: 5508:Crossing frozen water 5396: 5277: 5262: 5128: 5090: 5072:peoples and northern 4800: 4626: 4503:, various species of 4451: 4385:), fish (such as the 4320: 4284:Barren-ground caribou 4124:Reindeer distribution 4113: 4102: 4094: 4018: 3992:Further information: 3959: 3947:Biology and behaviors 3848: 3777:core body temperature 3710: 3691: 3640: 3632:Dolphin-Union caribou 3624:barren-ground caribou 3585: 3359: 3111:R. t. eogroenlandicus 2916:or Norwegian reindeer 2883:. ...eastward of the 2627:R. groenlandicus 2613:River, North-Eastern 2589:altitudinal migration 2333:and the southeastern 2296:Northwest Territories 1953:, Canada and western 1951:Northwest Territories 1934:barren-ground caribou 1911:Barren-ground caribou 1866:(6-species taxonomy) 1861:(1-species taxonomy) 1823: 1565:barren-ground caribou 1313:R. t. eogroenlandicus 1294:Laurentide ice sheets 966:The use of the terms 857:R. t. eogroenlandicus 589:and Grant's caribou ( 559:barren-ground caribou 535:Northwest Territories 146:A reindeer in Norway 19530:Mammals of Greenland 19131:Fauna Europaea (new) 18836:Military working dog 18676:Pygmy hippopotamus ( 18336:Oliver's warty pig ( 17961:Red-flanked duiker ( 17366:Erlanger's gazelle ( 17086:Harnessed bushbuck ( 16812:Wild water buffalo ( 16289:East Caucasian tur ( 16280:West Caucasian tur ( 15433:Little red brocket ( 14901:Truong Son muntjac ( 14713:Vietnam mouse-deer ( 14695:Greater mouse-deer ( 14574:Siberian musk deer ( 13967:19 June 2013 at the 13948:24 July 2012 at the 13731:20 June 2013 at the 13700:"book 6, chapter 26" 12803:Smithsonian Magazine 12209:. 359–360: 157–177. 12120:Hinterland Who's Who 11897:Journal of Mammalogy 11370:Journal of Mammalogy 10961:Conservation Biology 10827:on 22 December 2010. 10313:, SARA, October 2014 10229:"Woodland caribou". 10167:on 24 September 2015 9924:Journal of Mammalogy 9917:Smith, B.E. (1998). 9794:Lin, Zeshan (2019). 9364:Lydekker, R. (1898) 9088:Fong, D. W. (1982). 8935:Alaska-Yukon caribou 8839:Journal of Mammalogy 8402:10.3390/earth3040066 7982:(17–18): 2341–2354. 7732:Reindeer are called 7665:Alaska State Library 7051:"The wild reindeer ( 6969:Биологические науки 6651:10.1038/NCLIMATE2074 6447:)", pp. 431–432 in: 6095:. pp. 170–177. 5836:Heraldry and symbols 5647:sent 10 reindeer to 5202:Indigenous Eurasians 5191:University of Alaska 5095:made of caribou skin 4724:decline in numbers. 4627:Grazing pair in the 4350:, which breaks down 4339:Cladonia rangiferina 4259:28,000 and 385,000. 4241:South Georgia Island 3872:Cladonia rangiferina 3341:The scientific name 3333:(itself unique; see 3272:The scientific name 3251:The scientific name 2887:"; Type specimen of 2485:Newfoundland caribou 2069:)"; USNM No. 174505 1664:R. t. angustirostris 1591:, English zoologist 1587:, referenced by the 1286:Last Glacial Maximum 1148:Eurasian elk / moose 1128:Reindeer / caribou ( 1111:Wisconsin glaciation 681:Svalbard Archipelago 605:), Stone's caribou ( 30:For other uses, see 19495:Arctic land animals 18309:Celebes warty pig ( 18300:Visayan warty pig ( 17916:Red forest duiker ( 17648:Günther's dik-dik ( 17510:Mongolian gazelle ( 17315:Heuglin's gazelle ( 17306:Thomson's gazelle ( 16460:Long-tailed goral ( 15855:Mountain reedbuck ( 15846:Southern reedbuck ( 15698:East African oryx ( 15600:White-tailed deer ( 15379:Small red brocket ( 15346:South Andean deer ( 15289:Siberian roe deer ( 15280:European roe deer ( 15117:Philippine sambar ( 15084:Père David's deer ( 14686:Lesser mouse-deer ( 14547:Kashmir musk deer ( 14214:by Charles J. Krebs 14174:on 26 November 2015 13869:7 June 2011 at the 13669:2016REne...89..253O 13325:Arctic Anthropology 13279:2016PolSc..10..278I 13098:on 16 February 2008 12837:(1645): 1849–1855. 12384:2021PoBio..44.2199S 12001:The Washington Post 11950:2016JAnEc..85..445B 11854:2009GCBio..15.2626V 11714:2020ArAnS..12...98R 11583:Hoare, Ben (2009). 11533:2011Ecol...92..342B 11482:1988TEcoE...3...68B 11454:14 May 2012 at the 11357:on 29 October 2012. 11196:2015PLoSO..1027586J 10973:2014ConBi..28..630T 10901:, Royal BC Museum, 10817:"Svalbard reindeer" 10699:"All About Caribou" 10016:1997Oecol.110..501M 9984:10.7557/2.31.1.1917 9816:2019Sci...364.6312L 9719:2020GEcoC..2200920F 9672:2019ConG...20..203P 9617:2017JBiog..44..386P 9580:on 28 December 2013 9513:10.7557/2.16.4.1225 9432:2014MolEc..23.6045M 9341:Baird, S.F. (1859) 9223:2000Holoc..10..763F 9172:each figure. Part I 8991:2018DivDi..24.1092J 8835:) in North America" 8527:10.14430/arctic3419 8488:Scientific American 8482:Pappas, Stephanie. 8435:2022Natur.612..283K 8393:2022Earth...3.1138C 8336:2018Ecogr..41..922Y 8274:2018EcoEv...8.6053H 8214:2016BioBu..43..567B 8151:1998MolPE..10..151G 8060:Kurtén, B. (1968). 7988:2011QSRv...30.2341H 7873:2019MolEc..28.1946C 7777:2020NatSR..10.8980W 7390:on 19 December 2013 7351:10.14430/arctic1984 7214:1998MolPE..10..151G 6923:2011BioBu..38...42K 6839:Ecology and Society 6509:2022ZooK.1119..117H 6282:on 4 September 2006 5899:Västerbotten County 5879:Tromsø Municipality 5643:in the year 1555 – 5459:electric generators 4914:circumpolar peoples 4604:Odocoileus hemionus 4406:continuous daylight 4152:, and the northern 3694:R. t. platyrhynchus 3495:, was described as 3446:R. t. groenlandicus 3295:Cervus grönlandicus 3279:Capra groenlandicus 3201:†Sakhalin reindeer 3161:or Dawson's caribou 3086: 2938:(where it has been 2865:from >6400–1300 2815:Kamchatka Peninsula 2807:Kamchatkan reindeer 2698:R. t. platyrhynchus 2645:R. t. groenlandicus 2284:High Arctic islands 1987:(Richardson, 1829) 1943:High Arctic islands 1855: 1728:R. t. platyrhynchus 1720:R. t. groenlandicus 1653:R. t. platyrhynchus 1613:R. t. groenlandicus 1581:Ian McTaggart-Cowan 1569:R. t. groenlandicus 1539:(1961), eliminated 1399:Last Glacial Period 1332:Weichsel glaciation 1252:fossil is from the 1168:(cattle and yaks), 1119:genetic variability 758:East Siberian taiga 153:Conservation status 18457:Collared peccary ( 18327:Flores warty pig ( 18168:Giant forest hog ( 18030:Maxwell's duiker ( 17952:Ruwenzori duiker ( 17898:Jentink's duiker ( 17807:Sharpe's grysbok ( 17563:Tibetan antelope ( 17468:Bright's gazelle ( 17402:Goitered gazelle ( 17375:Mountain gazelle ( 17348:Cuvier's gazelle ( 17288:Mongalla gazelle ( 16676:Pyrenean chamois ( 16102:Tibetan antelope ( 16056:Black wildebeest ( 14883:Reeves's muntjac ( 14847:Sumatran muntjac ( 14838:Gongshan muntjac ( 14611:Water chevrotain ( 14538:Alpine musk deer ( 14465:Southern giraffe ( 14456:Northern giraffe ( 13842:on 2 February 2014 13337:10.3368/aa.57.1.72 12719:on 1 February 2014 12533:"Greenland Shark ( 12076:Real Clear Science 11638:Scotland on Sunday 11078:(1773): 20132451. 10981:10.1111/cobi.12262 10741:on 5 February 2012 10630:on 5 December 2013 10430:on 7 November 2017 9853:Biological Reviews 9810:(6446): eaav6312. 9314:Linné , C. (1767) 9298:, London, 248 pp. 9259:. 13 February 2017 9027:"Genetic distance" 8783:10.7557/2.27.4.315 8345:10.1111/ecog.02995 8111:10.7557/2.27.4.315 7764:Scientific Reports 7541:Gesner, K. (1617) 7468:Environment Canada 7156:"Woodland caribou" 7127:The New York Times 6811:on 26 October 2022 6313:American Antiquity 5883:Vadsø Municipality 5863: 5852: 5825:The Globe and Mail 5775:Brian Jungen, 2011 5708: 5645:Gustav I of Sweden 5597: 5402: 5328:Arkhangelsk Oblast 5284: 5272: 5156:, Koyukuk and the 5097: 4983:and hot- and cold- 4845:(who followed the 4803: 4754:Environment Canada 4689:Rivers and around 4669:The status of the 4632: 4539:Cephenemyia trompe 4454: 4391:Salvelinus alpinus 4326: 4303:reindeer in Russia 4249:St. Matthew Island 4231:(Inner Mongolia), 4120: 4108: 4097: 4021: 3962: 3698: 3647: 3588: 3357:" and noting that: 3081: 2834:"; USNM No. 21343 2813:restricted to the 2350:"; AMNH no. 16701 2160:Monashee Mountains 2150:(specifically the 2148:Columbia Mountains 2029:(Hollister, 1912) 1965:Mackenzie District 1930:(Richardson, 1829) 1850: 1838:These advances in 1627:; and in Eurasia, 1262:Middle Pleistocene 1200:originated in the 1042:. The Wekʼèezhìi ( 955:name goes back to 805:The New York Times 587:Arctic Archipelago 403:) is a species of 381:Alaskan introduced 19540:Mammals of Russia 19535:Mammals of Europe 19525:Mammals of Canada 19457: 19456: 19323:Open Tree of Life 19058:Rangifer_tarandus 19044:Rangifer tarandus 19014:Rangifer tarandus 19006:Taxon identifiers 18997: 18996: 18719: 18718: 18715: 18714: 18711: 18710: 18688: 18687: 18609: 18608: 18605: 18604: 18601: 18600: 18477: 18476: 18473: 18472: 18469: 18468: 18433:Chacoan peccary ( 18384: 18383: 18372:Javan warty pig ( 18363:Timor warty pig ( 18170:H. meinertzhageni 18144:Togian babirusa ( 18083: 18082: 18079: 18078: 18075: 18074: 18039:Walter's duiker ( 17979:Abbott's duiker ( 17943:Ogilby's duiker ( 17889:Harvey's duiker ( 17853:Brooke's duiker ( 17819: 17818: 17599: 17598: 17540: 17539: 17477:Peter's gazelle ( 17459:Grant's gazelle ( 17393:Speke's gazelle ( 17166: 17165: 17162: 17161: 17158: 17157: 17043: 17013: 17012: 17001:African buffalo ( 16832:B. depressicornis 16787: 16786: 16701: 16700: 16697: 16696: 16469:Himalayan goral ( 16291:C. cylindricornis 16158: 16157: 16154: 16153: 16114: 16113: 16077: 16076: 16065:Blue wildebeest ( 15999:Common tsessebe ( 15950: 15949: 15913: 15912: 15876: 15875: 15788:K. ellipsiprymnus 15761: 15760: 15620: 15619: 15616: 15615: 15612: 15611: 15560:P. mephistophiles 15516:P. mephistophiles 15207: 15206: 14903:M. truongsonensis 14865:Pu Hoat muntjac ( 14766: 14765: 14762: 14761: 14734: 14733: 14677:Java mouse-deer ( 14586: 14585: 14556:Black musk deer ( 14529:Dwarf musk deer ( 14520:Anhui musk deer ( 14495: 14494: 14458:G. camelopardalis 14407: 14406: 14235:. 25 October 2022 14126:Lydekker, Richard 14108:Ingersoll, Ernest 13987:Rangifer tarandus 13803:"Tuktu — Caribou" 13724:Trude Pettersen: 13629:Suomen porotalous 13442:(1645): 1849–55. 13411:Rangifer tarandus 13171:978-0-387-73032-5 12945:10.3390/d14110900 12924:Rangifer tarandus 12885:Genetic Resources 12878:Rangifer tarandus 12772:Rangifer tarandus 12743:Migratory Tundra 12052:978-0-321-50579-8 12026:978-1-55105-872-6 11848:(11): 2626–2633. 11594:978-0-565-09243-6 11541:10.1890/10-0489.1 11513:Oberhauser, Karen 11511:Bartel, Rebecca; 11435:978-0-8018-5789-8 11283:(2): 427–433.e5. 11139:(12): 1901–1907. 10908:978-0-7726-6638-3 10802:978-1-4426-4483-0 10735:Arcticphoto.co.uk 10585:10.1111/age.12187 10569:Rangifer Tarandus 10404:10.7557/2.6.2.662 10201:"Tuktu — Caribou" 10157:978-0-7708-0196-0 10104:Rangifer montanus 9906:978-0-395-93596-5 9896:Reid, F. (2006). 9865:10.1111/brv.12597 9798:Rangifer tarandus 9626:10.1111/jbi.12918 9531:Rangifer tarandus 9440:10.1111/mec.12999 9426:(24): 6045–6057. 9420:Molecular Ecology 9393:Mammals of Canada 9000:10.1111/ddi.12748 8900:Rangifer tarandus 8833:Rangifer tarandus 8740:Edmonton, Alberta 8694:Rangifer tarandus 8429:(7939): 283–291. 8417:(December 2022). 8282:10.1002/ece3.4154 8268:(12): 6053–6064. 8198:Rangifer tarandus 8135:Rangifer tarandus 8043:Ştiinţele Naturii 7931:Rangifer tarandus 7881:10.1111/mec.15039 7861:Molecular Ecology 7757:Rangifer tarandus 7705:"Vuntut Gwich'in" 7643:. Budissin 1864. 7604:on 25 March 2004. 7435:on 3 January 2017 7417:Rangifer tarandus 7198:Rangifer tarandus 7173:Rangifer tarandus 7053:Rangifer tarandus 7001:Rangifer tarandus 6997:Rangifer tarandus 6958:Rangifer tarandus 6954:Rangifer tarandus 6905:Rangifer tarandus 6876:Rangifer tarandus 6664:Rangifer tarandus 6597:Rangifer tarandus 6578:978-1-55105-857-3 6564:Mammals of Canada 6503:(1119): 117–151. 6457:978-84-96553-77-4 6445:Rangifer tarandus 6244:Rangifer tarandus 6142:Rangifer tarandus 6138:Gunn, A. (2016). 6102:978-1-4128-4514-4 5887:Vågå Municipality 5804:children's author 5732:Mythology and art 5666:used reindeer as 5476:of reindeer from 5375:Domestic reindeer 5302:) as well in the 5170:Porcupine caribou 5066: 5065: 4967:are sold canned. 4898:, a Nordic sled. 4847:Porcupine caribou 4839:Northern Tutchone 4640:Rangifer tarandus 4634:According to the 4596:Cervus canadensis 4566:White-tailed deer 4533:Hypoderma tarandi 4436:to MIS 2. Dental 4237:Kerguelen Islands 3751:The color of the 3472:as a subspecies, 3464:Stone's caribou ( 3422:Mammals of Canada 3418:Porcupine caribou 3404:as a subspecies, 3289:as a synonym for 3259:Flerov, 1933, in 3226: 3225: 3174:off the coast of 2954: 2953: 2914:mountain reindeer 2803:(Hollister, 1912) 2745:mountain reindeer 2705:Svalbard reindeer 2682:Svalbard reindeer 2630:(Borowsky, 1780) 2596:, Russia and the 2434:or Ungava caribou 2251:; AMNH no. 15714 2245:Cassiar Mountains 2052:Rangifer montanus 1991:Porcupine caribou 1724:Svalbard reindeer 1684:Rangifer tarandus 1432:Early Pleistocene 1428:environmental DNA 1328:Cervus geuttardi 1284:that predate the 1206:Early Pleistocene 1095:upper Pleistocene 1071:Greenlandic Inuit 1000:("reindeer") and 933:Ulisse Aldrovandi 832:) as Threatened. 796:George River herd 673:mountain reindeer 595:Porcupine caribou 508:Svalbard reindeer 500:Reindeer#Taxonomy 449:Svalbard reindeer 400:Rangifer tarandus 387: 386: 339:Rangifer tarandus 310: 196: 176: 16:(Redirected from 19562: 19450: 19449: 19437: 19436: 19424: 19423: 19411: 19410: 19398: 19397: 19396: 19370: 19369: 19357: 19356: 19344: 19343: 19331: 19330: 19318: 19317: 19305: 19304: 19292: 19291: 19289:NBNSYS0000005183 19279: 19278: 19266: 19265: 19253: 19252: 19240: 19239: 19227: 19226: 19214: 19213: 19201: 19200: 19188: 19187: 19175: 19174: 19162: 19161: 19149: 19148: 19139: 19138: 19126: 19125: 19113: 19112: 19100: 19099: 19087: 19086: 19074: 19073: 19061: 19060: 19048: 19047: 19046: 19033: 19032: 19031: 19001: 19000: 18952: 18746: 18739: 18732: 18723: 18722: 18638: 18637: 18629: 18628: 18615: 18614: 18506: 18505: 18497: 18496: 18483: 18482: 18395: 18394: 18201:Common warthog ( 18192:Desert warthog ( 18112: 18111: 18103: 18102: 18089: 18088: 17988:Weyns's duiker ( 17862:Peters' duiker ( 17844:Aders's duiker ( 17830: 17829: 17717:Royal antelope ( 17675:Salt's dik-dik ( 17666:Silver dik-dik ( 17657:Kirk's dik-dik ( 17610: 17609: 17587:Saiga antelope ( 17549: 17548: 17488:N. soemmerringii 17357:Dorcas gazelle ( 17202: 17201: 17193: 17192: 17186: 17172: 17171: 17059:Mountain nyala ( 17042: 17041: 17033: 17024: 17023: 16979:P. nghetinhensis 16881:European bison ( 16872:American bison ( 16798: 16797: 16737: 16736: 16728: 16727: 16721: 16707: 16706: 16583:Domestic sheep ( 16427:Himalayan tahr ( 16394:Mainland serow ( 16376:Japanese serow ( 16185: 16184: 16178: 16164: 16163: 16088: 16087: 15961: 15960: 15924: 15923: 15887: 15886: 15864:Bohor reedbuck ( 15772: 15771: 15751:A. nasomaculatus 15674:Sable antelope ( 15651: 15650: 15642: 15641: 15635: 15626: 15625: 15388:Merida brocket ( 15218: 15217: 15159:Thorold's deer ( 15011:A. calamianensis 14894:M. rooseveltorum 14840:M. gongshanensis 14797: 14796: 14788: 14787: 14781: 14772: 14771: 14597: 14596: 14506: 14505: 14485:G. tippelskirchi 14418: 14417: 14381: 14380: 14372: 14371: 14358: 14357: 14303: 14296: 14289: 14280: 14279: 14244: 14242: 14240: 14207: 14205: 14203: 14198:on 18 March 2015 14194:. Archived from 14183: 14181: 14179: 14170:. Archived from 14154: 14139: 14138:(11th ed.). 14121: 14102: 14036: 14030: 14014: 14012: 14010: 14004: 13993: 13972: 13959: 13953: 13940: 13934: 13933: 13931: 13929: 13914: 13908: 13907: 13905: 13903: 13898:on 18 April 2013 13894:. Archived from 13884: 13878: 13861: 13852: 13851: 13849: 13847: 13831: 13822: 13821: 13820: 13818: 13799: 13790: 13789: 13787: 13785: 13765: 13759: 13758:, 14 August 2011 13742: 13736: 13722: 13716: 13715: 13695: 13689: 13688: 13657:Renewable Energy 13654: 13645: 13639: 13626: 13620: 13619: 13617: 13615: 13600: 13594: 13581: 13575: 13574: 13572: 13570: 13552: 13546: 13531: 13525: 13523: 13511: 13499: 13493: 13492: 13487:. Archived from 13476: 13470: 13469: 13459: 13427: 13421: 13406: 13400: 13399: 13388: 13382: 13381: 13380:on 11 June 2007. 13379: 13373:. Archived from 13372: 13363: 13357: 13356: 13320: 13314: 13307: 13301: 13300: 13290: 13258: 13252: 13251: 13250: 13248: 13230: 13224: 13223: 13217: 13215: 13195: 13184: 13183: 13149: 13143: 13142: 13141: 13139: 13133: 13122: 13114: 13108: 13107: 13105: 13103: 13097: 13086: 13078: 13072: 13071: 13070:on 3 March 2012. 13059: 13053: 13052: 13047:. Archived from 13040: 13034: 13021: 13015: 13002: 12996: 12983: 12977: 12976: 12970: 12964: 12963: 12956: 12950: 12949: 12947: 12917: 12911: 12910: 12908: 12906: 12901: 12871: 12865: 12864: 12854: 12820: 12814: 12813: 12811: 12809: 12794: 12788: 12785: 12779: 12768: 12762: 12761: 12760: 12758: 12737: 12728: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12705: 12696: 12695: 12677: 12647: 12641: 12640: 12638: 12636: 12621: 12615: 12614: 12606: 12600: 12599: 12563: 12557: 12556: 12554: 12552: 12543:. Archived from 12529: 12523: 12522: 12520: 12518: 12512: 12505: 12497: 12491: 12490: 12488: 12486: 12467: 12461: 12460: 12450: 12420: 12414: 12413: 12395: 12355: 12349: 12348: 12346: 12344: 12327: 12321: 12320: 12292: 12286: 12272: 12266: 12265: 12263: 12261: 12232: 12226: 12225: 12223: 12221: 12196: 12190: 12189: 12187: 12185: 12168: 12162: 12149: 12143: 12128: 12122: 12113: 12107: 12094: 12088: 12087: 12085: 12083: 12067: 12061: 12060: 12036: 12030: 12029: 12017:Wolves in Canada 12012: 12003: 11986: 11980: 11979: 11961: 11929: 11923: 11922: 11912: 11888: 11882: 11881: 11835: 11824: 11823: 11821: 11819: 11799: 11790: 11789: 11787: 11785: 11774: 11768: 11767: 11765: 11763: 11758:. Beijing, China 11747: 11741: 11740: 11738: 11736: 11691: 11685: 11684: 11664: 11658: 11648: 11642: 11641: 11633: 11627: 11614: 11608: 11605: 11599: 11598: 11585:Animal Migration 11580: 11571: 11570: 11552: 11508: 11502: 11501: 11465: 11459: 11446: 11440: 11439: 11413: 11402: 11401: 11365: 11359: 11358: 11353:. Archived from 11347: 11338: 11337: 11336: 11334: 11316: 11303: 11302: 11292: 11268: 11262: 11261: 11259: 11257: 11242: 11236: 11235: 11225: 11207: 11175: 11166: 11155: 11149: 11148: 11128: 11119: 11112: 11106: 11105: 11095: 11063: 11057: 11051: 11041: 11009: 11003: 11002: 10992: 10952: 10946: 10933: 10927: 10926: 10918: 10912: 10911: 10894: 10888: 10887: 10877: 10867: 10838: 10829: 10828: 10823:. Archived from 10812: 10806: 10805: 10788: 10775: 10762: 10751: 10750: 10748: 10746: 10737:. Archived from 10727: 10721: 10720: 10715:on 6 July 2013. 10714: 10703: 10695: 10689: 10688: 10678: 10646: 10640: 10639: 10637: 10635: 10629: 10622: 10618:"Heat exchanger" 10613: 10607: 10606: 10596: 10564: 10558: 10557: 10556: 10554: 10540: 10529: 10528: 10500: 10494: 10491: 10485: 10484: 10476: 10470: 10469: 10468: 10466: 10449: 10443: 10442: 10437: 10435: 10415: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10380: 10369: 10368: 10356: 10350: 10349: 10328: 10322: 10321: 10320: 10318: 10305: 10292: 10291: 10280: 10274: 10273: 10268: 10266: 10248: 10235: 10234: 10226: 10220: 10219: 10218: 10216: 10197: 10191: 10190: 10182: 10176: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10166: 10160:, archived from 10149: 10138: 10132: 10131: 10124:Virtual Wildlife 10116: 10107: 10100: 10089: 10088: 10078: 10058: 10052: 10051: 9999: 9993: 9992: 9986: 9960: 9951: 9950: 9940: 9931:(3): 1038–1044. 9914: 9908: 9894: 9885: 9884: 9844: 9838: 9837: 9827: 9791: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9765: 9756: 9755: 9747: 9741: 9740: 9730: 9698: 9692: 9691: 9655: 9649: 9648: 9638: 9628: 9596: 9590: 9589: 9587: 9585: 9579: 9572: 9561: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9524: 9518: 9517: 9515: 9489: 9480: 9477: 9468: 9467: 9414: 9405: 9402: 9396: 9389: 9383: 9375: 9369: 9362: 9356: 9352: 9346: 9339: 9333: 9325: 9319: 9312: 9306: 9291: 9285: 9278: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9264: 9249: 9243: 9242: 9206: 9200: 9193: 9184: 9183: 9166: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9155: 9136: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9085: 9079: 9078: 9060: 9051: 9036: 9030: 9022: 9013: 9012: 9002: 8985:(8): 1092–1108. 8970: 8959: 8958: 8950: 8939: 8938: 8930: 8915: 8912: 8903: 8895: 8889: 8863: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8826: 8813: 8810: 8804: 8803: 8794: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8759: 8744: 8743: 8730: 8724: 8723: 8689: 8680: 8673: 8664: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8644: 8642:10.5962/p.342032 8620: 8614: 8613: 8601: 8590: 8589: 8581: 8570: 8569: 8561: 8555: 8549: 8541: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8505: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8479: 8473: 8472: 8462: 8413: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8387:(4): 1138–1160. 8372: 8366: 8365: 8347: 8315: 8304: 8303: 8293: 8253: 8242: 8241: 8202:Biology Bulletin 8193: 8187: 8177: 8171: 8170: 8130: 8124: 8123: 8113: 8087: 8074: 8073: 8057: 8051: 8050: 8038: 8027: 8026: 8014: 8008: 8007: 7971: 7965: 7958: 7952: 7944: 7942: 7925: 7919: 7918: 7892: 7867:(8): 1946–1963. 7851: 7845: 7844: 7836: 7830: 7829: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7804: 7750: 7741: 7728:Jerry McCarthy. 7726: 7720: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7675: 7669: 7650: 7644: 7638: 7632: 7627:Spalding, Alex, 7625: 7619: 7612: 7606: 7605: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7565: 7559: 7552: 7546: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7515: 7504: 7503: 7495: 7486: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7476: 7465: 7457: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7434: 7423: 7411: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7389: 7378: 7370: 7364: 7363: 7353: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7310: 7304: 7303: 7287: 7278: 7277: 7245: 7234: 7233: 7193: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7169:COSEWIC (2014). 7166: 7160: 7159: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7076: 7046: 7035: 7034: 7028: 7020: 6992: 6977: 6976: 6949: 6943: 6942: 6910:Biology Bulletin 6900: 6894: 6893: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6854: 6836: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6810: 6803: 6788: 6779: 6775: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6744: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6691: 6672: 6671: 6659: 6653: 6642: 6627: 6626: 6592: 6583: 6582: 6558: 6549: 6548: 6538: 6520: 6488: 6459: 6441: 6412: 6411: 6376: 6345: 6344: 6303: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6281: 6275:. Archived from 6250: 6237: 6224: 6223: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6165: 6135: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6082: 6066: 6058:Cervus tarandus 6054: 6048: 6045: 6034: 6031: 6020: 6017: 6011: 5996: 5858:Coat of arms of 5776: 5746: 5611:Hercynian Forest 5541: 5529: 5517: 5505: 5493: 5371:beasts of burden 5340:R. t. domesticus 5280:Western Finnmark 5255:Reindeer herding 5178:American buffalo 5136: 5061: 5058: 5052: 5032: 5024: 4999:classification. 4989:Lapin Poron liha 4969:Sautéed reindeer 4958:Seward Peninsula 4940:in Asia and the 4874: 4863: 4664:Alaska Peninsula 4323:British Columbia 4245:Pribilof Islands 4182:Late Pleistocene 4076:circadian rhythm 3856: 3820:mucous membranes 3756:subspecies, the 3718: 3655:keystone species 3517:Torngat Mountain 3438:Alaska Peninsula 3399: 3351:Alaska Peninsula 3327:R. groenlandicus 3257:R. t. valentinae 3234:R. t. terranovae 3176:British Columbia 3114:(Degerbøl, 1957) 3087: 3080: 3019:- Museum of the 2956:Abbreviations: 2910:(Linnaeus, 1758) 2904: 2859:Franz Josef Land 2800:R. t. phylarchus 2753:(Lydekker, 1903) 2738:(Linnaeus, 1758) 2693:R. platyrhynchus 2690: 2676:R. platyrhynchus 2648:(Borowsky, 1780) 2640:R. groenlandicus 2637: 2578:R. f. valentinae 2573:R. t. valentinae 2539:(Lönnberg, 1909) 2528: 2478:R. c. terranovae 2473:R. t. terranovae 2470: 2441:population DU10) 2439:Torngat Mountain 2432:Labrador caribou 2413: 2370: 2362:woodland caribou 2260: 2249:British Columbia 2235:British Columbia 2224:Osborn's caribou 2209: 2188:watershed, near 2178:, United States 2164:British Columbia 2124: 2109:Alaska Peninsula 2107:"Western end of 2100:Alaska Peninsula 2048:Rangifer osborni 1976: 1919: 1908:Richardson, 1829 1893:(Linnaeus, 1758) 1856: 1849: 1700:phylogenetically 1641:R. t. phylarchus 1637:R. t. valentinae 1625:R. t. terranovae 1557:R. t. terranovae 1553:British Columbia 1519:Reclassification 1411:Migration Period 1270:Riss glaciations 1230:circadian rhythm 750:R. t. phylarchus 697:R. t. valentinae 666:R. t. terranovae 599:Alaska Peninsula 593:also called the 374: 341: 321:R. tarandus 305: 211: 210: 190: 187: 186: 170: 165: 164: 141: 131: 61: 54:Temporal range: 46: 45: 21: 19570: 19569: 19565: 19564: 19563: 19561: 19560: 19559: 19520:Mammals of Asia 19510:Holarctic fauna 19485:Alaskan cuisine 19460: 19459: 19458: 19453: 19445: 19440: 19432: 19427: 19419: 19414: 19406: 19401: 19392: 19391: 19386: 19379:Cervus tarandus 19373: 19365: 19360: 19352: 19347: 19339: 19334: 19326: 19321: 19313: 19310:Observation.org 19308: 19300: 19295: 19287: 19282: 19274: 19269: 19261: 19256: 19248: 19243: 19235: 19230: 19222: 19217: 19209: 19204: 19196: 19191: 19183: 19178: 19170: 19165: 19157: 19152: 19144: 19142: 19134: 19129: 19121: 19116: 19108: 19103: 19095: 19090: 19082: 19077: 19069: 19064: 19056: 19051: 19042: 19041: 19036: 19027: 19026: 19021: 19008: 18998: 18993: 18984:Military animal 18953: 18944: 18755: 18753:Working animals 18750: 18720: 18707: 18684: 18660: 18623: 18597: 18555: 18491: 18465: 18441: 18417: 18380: 18347:S. philippensis 18284:S. ahoenobarbus 18266: 18258:Red river hog ( 18233: 18209: 18176: 18152: 18126:Buru babirusa ( 18097: 18071: 18063:Common duiker ( 18047: 18005: 17815: 17773: 17749: 17725: 17683: 17632: 17595: 17571: 17536: 17521:P. picticaudata 17494: 17434: 17410: 17404:G. subgutturosa 17323: 17272: 17248: 17224: 17187: 17176: 17154: 17121: 17113:Cape bushbuck ( 17106:T. strepsiceros 17035: 17034: 17032: 17009: 16985: 16961: 16856: 16848:Mountain anoa ( 16783: 16777:B. tragocamelus 16759: 16753:T. quadricornis 16722: 16711: 16693: 16660: 16636: 16592:Bighorn sheep ( 16558: 16534: 16510: 16502:Mountain goat ( 16486: 16478:Chinese goral ( 16435: 16411: 16396:C. sumatraensis 16360: 16343:Siberian ibex ( 16307:Domestic goat ( 16255: 16231: 16207: 16199:Barbary sheep ( 16179: 16168: 16150: 16138: 16126: 16110: 16073: 16040: 16016: 15983: 15946: 15909: 15872: 15830: 15757: 15733: 15707:Scimitar oryx ( 15682: 15665:Roan antelope ( 15636: 15630: 15608: 15566: 15558:Northern pudu ( 15532: 15524:Southern pudu ( 15514:Northern pudu ( 15498: 15474: 15450: 15415:Pygmy brocket ( 15397:Dwarf brocket ( 15354: 15321: 15297: 15264: 15240: 15203: 15143: 15092: 15068: 15035: 15009:Calamian deer ( 14984: 14978:D. mesopotamica 14951: 14927: 14921:M. vuquangensis 14919:Giant muntjac ( 14829:Fea's muntjac ( 14782: 14776: 14758: 14746: 14730: 14661: 14619: 14582: 14540:M. chrysogaster 14491: 14483:Masai giraffe ( 14440: 14403: 14366: 14352: 14314: 14307: 14264:Caribou and You 14251: 14238: 14236: 14225: 14201: 14199: 14186: 14177: 14175: 14142: 14085:Wayback Machine 14073:Wayback Machine 14028: 14024: 14021: 14008: 14006: 14005:on 3 March 2016 14002: 13991: 13980: 13975: 13969:Wayback Machine 13960: 13956: 13950:Wayback Machine 13941: 13937: 13927: 13925: 13916: 13915: 13911: 13901: 13899: 13892:Umeå University 13886: 13885: 13881: 13871:Wayback Machine 13862: 13855: 13845: 13843: 13832: 13825: 13816: 13814: 13807:Canada's Arctic 13801: 13800: 13793: 13783: 13781: 13766: 13762: 13752:Wayback Machine 13743: 13739: 13733:Wayback Machine 13723: 13719: 13696: 13692: 13652: 13646: 13642: 13636:Wayback Machine 13627: 13623: 13613: 13611: 13602: 13601: 13597: 13591:Wayback Machine 13582: 13578: 13568: 13566: 13553: 13549: 13532: 13528: 13500: 13496: 13485:Northern Review 13477: 13473: 13428: 13424: 13407: 13403: 13390: 13389: 13385: 13377: 13370: 13364: 13360: 13321: 13317: 13308: 13304: 13259: 13255: 13246: 13244: 13231: 13227: 13213: 13211: 13196: 13187: 13172: 13150: 13146: 13137: 13135: 13131: 13120: 13116: 13115: 13111: 13101: 13099: 13095: 13089:Hudson Bay Post 13084: 13080: 13079: 13075: 13060: 13056: 13041: 13037: 13031:Wayback Machine 13022: 13018: 13012:Wayback Machine 13003: 12999: 12993:Wayback Machine 12984: 12980: 12972: 12971: 12967: 12958: 12957: 12953: 12918: 12914: 12904: 12902: 12872: 12868: 12821: 12817: 12807: 12805: 12795: 12791: 12786: 12782: 12769: 12765: 12756: 12754: 12738: 12731: 12722: 12720: 12709:"Subcommittees" 12707: 12706: 12699: 12648: 12644: 12634: 12632: 12623: 12622: 12618: 12607: 12603: 12564: 12560: 12550: 12548: 12531: 12530: 12526: 12516: 12514: 12510: 12503: 12499: 12498: 12494: 12484: 12482: 12469: 12468: 12464: 12421: 12417: 12362:Ursus maritimus 12356: 12352: 12342: 12340: 12328: 12324: 12309:10.2307/3802682 12293: 12289: 12283:Wayback Machine 12273: 12269: 12259: 12257: 12233: 12229: 12219: 12217: 12197: 12193: 12183: 12181: 12169: 12165: 12159:Wayback Machine 12150: 12146: 12129: 12125: 12114: 12110: 12104:Wayback Machine 12095: 12091: 12081: 12079: 12068: 12064: 12053: 12037: 12033: 12027: 12013: 12006: 11997:Wayback Machine 11987: 11983: 11930: 11926: 11889: 11885: 11836: 11827: 11817: 11815: 11800: 11793: 11783: 11781: 11776: 11775: 11771: 11761: 11759: 11748: 11744: 11734: 11732: 11692: 11688: 11665: 11661: 11649: 11645: 11634: 11630: 11624:Wayback Machine 11615: 11611: 11606: 11602: 11595: 11581: 11574: 11509: 11505: 11466: 11462: 11456:Wayback Machine 11447: 11443: 11436: 11414: 11405: 11382:10.2307/1382230 11366: 11362: 11349: 11348: 11341: 11332: 11330: 11317: 11306: 11277:Current Biology 11269: 11265: 11255: 11253: 11243: 11239: 11190:(6). e0127586. 11176: 11169: 11156: 11152: 11145:10.1139/z99-169 11129: 11122: 11113: 11109: 11064: 11060: 11052:(note pun with 11010: 11006: 10953: 10949: 10943:Wayback Machine 10934: 10930: 10919: 10915: 10909: 10895: 10891: 10839: 10832: 10813: 10809: 10803: 10789: 10778: 10772:Wayback Machine 10763: 10754: 10744: 10742: 10729: 10728: 10724: 10712: 10706:Project Caribou 10701: 10697: 10696: 10692: 10647: 10643: 10633: 10631: 10627: 10620: 10614: 10610: 10573:Animal Genetics 10565: 10561: 10552: 10550: 10541: 10532: 10511:(10): 832–837. 10501: 10497: 10492: 10488: 10477: 10473: 10464: 10462: 10451: 10450: 10446: 10433: 10431: 10416: 10412: 10381: 10372: 10358: 10357: 10353: 10346: 10334:(29 May 2007). 10329: 10325: 10316: 10314: 10307: 10306: 10295: 10281: 10277: 10264: 10262: 10254:Tuktu — Caribou 10249: 10238: 10228: 10227: 10223: 10214: 10212: 10205:Canada's Arctic 10199: 10198: 10194: 10183: 10179: 10170: 10168: 10164: 10158: 10147: 10139: 10135: 10118: 10117: 10110: 10101: 10092: 10076:10.1.1.541.4295 10059: 10055: 10000: 9996: 9961: 9954: 9938:10.2307/1383113 9915: 9911: 9895: 9888: 9859:(4): 986–1019. 9845: 9841: 9792: 9788: 9778: 9776: 9767: 9766: 9759: 9748: 9744: 9699: 9695: 9656: 9652: 9597: 9593: 9583: 9581: 9577: 9570: 9562: 9558: 9550:10.1139/z11-025 9525: 9521: 9490: 9483: 9478: 9471: 9415: 9408: 9403: 9399: 9390: 9386: 9376: 9372: 9363: 9359: 9353: 9349: 9340: 9336: 9326: 9322: 9313: 9309: 9292: 9288: 9279: 9272: 9262: 9260: 9257:Tinna Adventure 9251: 9250: 9246: 9207: 9203: 9194: 9187: 9167: 9163: 9153: 9151: 9138: 9137: 9128: 9118: 9116: 9106:10.2307/3808683 9086: 9082: 9058: 9052: 9039: 9023: 9016: 8971: 8962: 8951: 8942: 8931: 8918: 8913: 8906: 8896: 8892: 8864: 8860: 8827: 8816: 8811: 8807: 8795: 8791: 8760: 8747: 8731: 8727: 8690: 8683: 8674: 8667: 8662: 8658: 8621: 8617: 8602: 8593: 8582: 8573: 8562: 8558: 8542: 8535: 8506: 8502: 8492: 8490: 8480: 8476: 8414: 8410: 8373: 8369: 8316: 8307: 8254: 8245: 8194: 8190: 8185:10.1139/z85-300 8178: 8174: 8131: 8127: 8088: 8077: 8058: 8054: 8039: 8030: 8015: 8011: 7972: 7968: 7959: 7955: 7926: 7922: 7852: 7848: 7837: 7833: 7822: 7818: 7751: 7744: 7727: 7723: 7714: 7712: 7703: 7702: 7698: 7688: 7686: 7677: 7676: 7672: 7660:Wayback Machine 7651: 7647: 7639: 7635: 7626: 7622: 7613: 7609: 7592: 7591: 7587: 7577: 7575: 7567: 7566: 7562: 7553: 7549: 7540: 7536: 7516: 7507: 7497: 7496: 7489: 7480: 7478: 7474: 7463: 7459: 7458: 7447: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7421: 7413: 7412: 7403: 7393: 7391: 7387: 7376: 7372: 7371: 7367: 7330: 7326: 7311: 7307: 7288: 7281: 7266:10.1139/z02-062 7246: 7237: 7194: 7185: 7177: 7167: 7163: 7154: 7153: 7149: 7139: 7137: 7119: 7115: 7105: 7103: 7095: 7094: 7090: 7047: 7038: 7022: 7021: 6993: 6980: 6950: 6946: 6901: 6897: 6872: 6868: 6834: 6828: 6824: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6801: 6789: 6782: 6776: 6763: 6753: 6751: 6746: 6745: 6741: 6731: 6729: 6720: 6719: 6715: 6708: 6692: 6675: 6660: 6656: 6643: 6630: 6602:Animal Genetics 6593: 6586: 6579: 6559: 6552: 6489: 6462: 6442: 6415: 6400: 6377: 6348: 6304: 6295: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6248: 6238: 6227: 6207: 6203: 6193: 6191: 6183: 6182: 6178: 6168: 6166: 6136: 6117: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6070: 6069: 6055: 6051: 6046: 6037: 6032: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6010:if domesticated 5997: 5993: 5988: 5980:Reindeer Police 5953: 5907:Umeå University 5838: 5777: 5774: 5747: 5745: 5734: 5714: 5700: 5552: 5545: 5542: 5533: 5530: 5521: 5520:Drawing a wagon 5518: 5509: 5506: 5497: 5494: 5457:to provide for 5410:Sheldon Jackson 5336:R. t. sibiricus 5257: 5251: 5204: 5137: 5135:Kivalliq region 5134: 5124:Kivalliq Region 5109:Kivalliq Region 5062: 5056: 5053: 5046: 5033: 5022: 4868: 4857: 4823:northern Canada 4819:Kivalliq Region 4795: 4785: 4769: 4748:in 2002 by the 4730: 4621: 4616: 4563: 4547:Greenland shark 4446: 4426: 4315: 4233:Sakhalin Island 4126: 4089: 4084: 4013: 3996: 3990: 3954: 3949: 3941:Arctic reindeer 3937:tapetum lucidum 3913: 3904: 3881: 3857: 3854: 3840: 3828:turbinate bones 3796: 3749: 3719: 3716: 3580: 3565: 3535:; the Atlantic- 3529:Great Bear Lake 3525:Mackenzie River 3442:Kenai Peninsula 3397: 3382:Rangifer granti 3370:R. granlandicus 3362:Rangifer granti 3303:R. grœnlandicus 3291:Cervus tarandus 3283:Systema naturae 3197: 3193: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3121:Arctic reindeer 3118: 3113: 3079: 2909: 2905: 2842: 2840:R. t. sibiricus 2823:R. t. sibiricus 2802: 2792:Nottinghamshire 2752: 2741:tundra reindeer 2739: 2737: 2716:Archipelago of 2700: 2696: 2691: 2680: 2678: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2629: 2598:Altai Mountains 2580: 2576: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2520:forest reindeer 2518: 2516: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2445:northern Quebec 2423: 2419: 2414: 2388: 2387: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2360: 2358: 2344:Kenai Peninsula 2322:Stone's caribou 2317: 2313: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2200:"; NMC no. 232 2134: 2130: 2125: 2091:Grant's caribou 2082: 2078: 2065:(north-east of 2042:Rocky Mountains 2028: 2026:R. a. fortidens 2024: 2021:R. t. fortidens 1986: 1982: 1977: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1909: 1907: 1894: 1892: 1881:Weight of male 1865: 1860: 1848: 1799: 1787:R. t. fortidens 1764:common ancestor 1744:R. t. sibiricus 1708: 1680: 1649:R. t. sibiricus 1633:R. t. buskensis 1535:'s often-cited 1521: 1503: 1468:Cervus tarandus 1461: 1456: 1360:R. t. sibiricus 1244:fossil is from 1091: 1036:Inuit languages 1028:Canadian Arctic 1026:of the western 927:chose the word 909:Albertus Magnus 898: 826:R. t. fortidens 766:R. t. sibiricus 764:populations of 741:R. t. sibiricus 721: 701:R. t. buskensis 650:northern Quebec 611:R. t. fortidens 581:) lives in the 567:Northern Canada 551:Rocky Mountains 541:throughout the 496: 350: 343: 337: 324: 304: 205: 197: 188: 184: 177: 166: 162: 155: 132: 130: 129: 128: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 56: 55: 52: 50: 42: 35: 28: 27:Species of deer 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19568: 19558: 19557: 19552: 19547: 19542: 19537: 19532: 19527: 19522: 19517: 19512: 19507: 19502: 19497: 19492: 19487: 19482: 19477: 19472: 19455: 19454: 19452: 19451: 19438: 19425: 19412: 19399: 19383: 19381: 19375: 19374: 19372: 19371: 19358: 19345: 19332: 19319: 19306: 19293: 19280: 19267: 19254: 19241: 19228: 19215: 19202: 19189: 19176: 19163: 19150: 19140: 19127: 19118:Fauna Europaea 19114: 19101: 19088: 19075: 19062: 19049: 19034: 19018: 19016: 19010: 19009: 18995: 18994: 18992: 18991: 18986: 18981: 18976: 18971: 18965: 18964: 18962: 18961:Related topics 18958: 18955: 18954: 18947: 18945: 18943: 18942: 18937: 18932: 18927: 18922: 18917: 18912: 18911: 18910: 18905: 18900: 18895: 18890: 18885: 18875: 18870: 18865: 18864: 18863: 18858: 18853: 18848: 18843: 18838: 18833: 18828: 18823: 18818: 18813: 18808: 18803: 18798: 18796:Assistance dog 18788: 18787: 18786: 18781: 18779:Bactrian camel 18771: 18766: 18764:Asian elephant 18760: 18757: 18756: 18749: 18748: 18741: 18734: 18726: 18717: 18716: 18713: 18712: 18709: 18708: 18706: 18705: 18698: 18696: 18690: 18689: 18686: 18685: 18683: 18682: 18678:C. liberiensis 18672: 18670: 18662: 18661: 18659: 18658: 18652:Hippopotamus ( 18648: 18646: 18635: 18633:Hippopotamidae 18625: 18624: 18611: 18610: 18607: 18606: 18603: 18602: 18599: 18598: 18596: 18595: 18586: 18582:C. dromedarius 18577: 18567: 18565: 18557: 18556: 18554: 18553: 18544: 18535: 18526: 18516: 18514: 18503: 18493: 18492: 18479: 18478: 18475: 18474: 18471: 18470: 18467: 18466: 18464: 18463: 18453: 18451: 18443: 18442: 18440: 18439: 18429: 18427: 18419: 18418: 18416: 18415: 18405: 18403: 18392: 18386: 18385: 18382: 18381: 18379: 18378: 18369: 18365:S. timoriensis 18360: 18351: 18342: 18333: 18324: 18318:Domestic pig ( 18315: 18306: 18297: 18288: 18278: 18276: 18268: 18267: 18265: 18264: 18255: 18245: 18243: 18235: 18234: 18232: 18231: 18221: 18219: 18211: 18210: 18208: 18207: 18198: 18194:P. aethiopicus 18188: 18186: 18178: 18177: 18175: 18174: 18164: 18162: 18154: 18153: 18151: 18150: 18146:B. togeanensis 18141: 18132: 18122: 18120: 18109: 18099: 18098: 18085: 18084: 18081: 18080: 18077: 18076: 18073: 18072: 18070: 18069: 18059: 18057: 18049: 18048: 18046: 18045: 18036: 18027: 18017: 18015: 18007: 18006: 18004: 18003: 17997:Zebra duiker ( 17994: 17985: 17976: 17972:C. silvicultor 17967: 17958: 17949: 17940: 17931: 17925:Black duiker ( 17922: 17913: 17909:C. leucogaster 17904: 17895: 17886: 17877: 17868: 17859: 17850: 17840: 17838: 17827: 17821: 17820: 17817: 17816: 17814: 17813: 17804: 17798:Cape grysbok ( 17795: 17785: 17783: 17775: 17774: 17772: 17771: 17761: 17759: 17751: 17750: 17748: 17747: 17741:Klipspringer ( 17737: 17735: 17727: 17726: 17724: 17723: 17714: 17705: 17695: 17693: 17685: 17684: 17682: 17681: 17672: 17668:M. piacentinii 17663: 17654: 17644: 17642: 17634: 17633: 17631: 17630: 17620: 17618: 17607: 17601: 17600: 17597: 17596: 17594: 17593: 17583: 17581: 17573: 17572: 17570: 17569: 17559: 17557: 17546: 17542: 17541: 17538: 17537: 17535: 17534: 17530:P. przewalskii 17525: 17516: 17506: 17504: 17496: 17495: 17493: 17492: 17483: 17474: 17465: 17456: 17450:Dama gazelle ( 17446: 17444: 17436: 17435: 17433: 17432: 17422: 17420: 17412: 17411: 17409: 17408: 17399: 17390: 17384:Rhim gazelle ( 17381: 17372: 17363: 17354: 17345: 17335: 17333: 17325: 17324: 17322: 17321: 17312: 17303: 17294: 17284: 17282: 17274: 17273: 17271: 17270: 17260: 17258: 17250: 17249: 17247: 17246: 17242:A. marsupialis 17236: 17234: 17226: 17225: 17223: 17222: 17212: 17210: 17199: 17189: 17188: 17168: 17167: 17164: 17163: 17160: 17159: 17156: 17155: 17153: 17152: 17146:Common eland ( 17143: 17133: 17131: 17123: 17122: 17120: 17119: 17110: 17104:Greater kudu ( 17101: 17092: 17083: 17074: 17065: 17056: 17046: 17044: 17021: 17015: 17014: 17011: 17010: 17008: 17007: 16997: 16995: 16987: 16986: 16984: 16983: 16973: 16971: 16963: 16962: 16960: 16959: 16950: 16941: 16932: 16923: 16917:Domestic yak ( 16914: 16905: 16896: 16887: 16878: 16868: 16866: 16858: 16857: 16855: 16854: 16845: 16841:B. mindorensis 16836: 16830:Lowland anoa ( 16827: 16818: 16808: 16806: 16795: 16789: 16788: 16785: 16784: 16782: 16781: 16771: 16769: 16761: 16760: 16758: 16757: 16747: 16745: 16734: 16724: 16723: 16703: 16702: 16699: 16698: 16695: 16694: 16692: 16691: 16682: 16672: 16670: 16662: 16661: 16659: 16658: 16648: 16646: 16638: 16637: 16635: 16634: 16625: 16616: 16607: 16598: 16589: 16580: 16570: 16568: 16560: 16559: 16557: 16556: 16550:Nilgiri tahr ( 16546: 16544: 16536: 16535: 16533: 16532: 16522: 16520: 16512: 16511: 16509: 16508: 16498: 16496: 16488: 16487: 16485: 16484: 16475: 16466: 16457: 16447: 16445: 16437: 16436: 16434: 16433: 16423: 16421: 16413: 16412: 16410: 16409: 16403:Taiwan serow ( 16400: 16391: 16382: 16372: 16370: 16362: 16361: 16359: 16358: 16349: 16340: 16334:Iberian ibex ( 16331: 16322: 16313: 16304: 16295: 16286: 16277: 16267: 16265: 16257: 16256: 16254: 16253: 16243: 16241: 16233: 16232: 16230: 16229: 16223:Arabian tahr ( 16219: 16217: 16209: 16208: 16206: 16205: 16195: 16193: 16181: 16180: 16160: 16159: 16156: 16155: 16152: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16140: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16128: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16116: 16115: 16112: 16111: 16109: 16108: 16098: 16096: 16085: 16079: 16078: 16075: 16074: 16072: 16071: 16062: 16052: 16050: 16042: 16041: 16039: 16038: 16028: 16026: 16018: 16017: 16015: 16014: 16005: 15995: 15993: 15985: 15984: 15982: 15981: 15971: 15969: 15958: 15952: 15951: 15948: 15947: 15945: 15944: 15934: 15932: 15921: 15915: 15914: 15911: 15910: 15908: 15907: 15897: 15895: 15884: 15878: 15877: 15874: 15873: 15871: 15870: 15861: 15857:R. fulvorufula 15852: 15842: 15840: 15832: 15831: 15829: 15828: 15819: 15810: 15801: 15792: 15782: 15780: 15769: 15763: 15762: 15759: 15758: 15756: 15755: 15745: 15743: 15735: 15734: 15732: 15731: 15725:Arabian oryx ( 15722: 15713: 15704: 15694: 15692: 15684: 15683: 15681: 15680: 15671: 15661: 15659: 15648: 15638: 15637: 15622: 15621: 15618: 15617: 15614: 15613: 15610: 15609: 15607: 15606: 15602:O. virginianus 15597: 15588: 15578: 15576: 15568: 15567: 15565: 15564: 15555: 15545: 15543: 15534: 15533: 15531: 15530: 15521: 15510: 15508: 15500: 15499: 15497: 15496: 15486: 15484: 15476: 15475: 15473: 15472: 15468:O. bezoarticus 15462: 15460: 15452: 15451: 15449: 15448: 15439: 15430: 15421: 15412: 15408:M. gouazoubira 15406:Gray brocket ( 15403: 15394: 15385: 15376: 15366: 15364: 15356: 15355: 15353: 15352: 15343: 15333: 15331: 15323: 15322: 15320: 15319: 15309: 15307: 15299: 15298: 15296: 15295: 15286: 15276: 15274: 15266: 15265: 15263: 15262: 15252: 15250: 15242: 15241: 15239: 15238: 15228: 15226: 15215: 15209: 15208: 15205: 15204: 15202: 15201: 15192: 15183: 15174: 15165: 15161:C. albirostris 15155: 15153: 15145: 15144: 15142: 15141: 15132: 15123: 15114: 15104: 15102: 15094: 15093: 15091: 15090: 15080: 15078: 15070: 15069: 15067: 15066: 15057: 15047: 15045: 15037: 15036: 15034: 15033: 15024: 15015: 15006: 14996: 14994: 14986: 14985: 14983: 14982: 14973: 14963: 14961: 14953: 14952: 14950: 14949: 14945:E. cephalophus 14939: 14937: 14929: 14928: 14926: 14925: 14916: 14907: 14898: 14889: 14880: 14874:Leaf muntjac ( 14871: 14867:M. puhoatensis 14862: 14853: 14844: 14835: 14826: 14817: 14807: 14805: 14794: 14784: 14783: 14768: 14767: 14764: 14763: 14760: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14748: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14736: 14735: 14732: 14731: 14729: 14728: 14724:T. williamsoni 14719: 14710: 14701: 14692: 14683: 14673: 14671: 14663: 14662: 14660: 14659: 14650: 14641: 14631: 14629: 14621: 14620: 14618: 14617: 14607: 14605: 14594: 14588: 14587: 14584: 14583: 14581: 14580: 14576:M. moschiferus 14571: 14567:M. leucogaster 14562: 14553: 14544: 14535: 14531:M. berezovskii 14526: 14516: 14514: 14503: 14497: 14496: 14493: 14492: 14490: 14489: 14480: 14471: 14462: 14452: 14450: 14442: 14441: 14439: 14438: 14428: 14426: 14415: 14409: 14408: 14405: 14404: 14402: 14401: 14391: 14389: 14378: 14376:Antilocapridae 14368: 14367: 14354: 14353: 14351: 14350: 14348:Laurasiatheria 14344: 14338: 14332: 14326: 14319: 14316: 14315: 14306: 14305: 14298: 14291: 14283: 14277: 14276: 14271: 14266:– Campaign by 14261: 14250: 14247: 14246: 14245: 14223: 14217: 14208: 14184: 14157: 14156: 14155: 14140: 14122: 14096: 14088: 14075: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14038: 14020: 14019:External links 14017: 14016: 14015: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13973: 13954: 13935: 13909: 13890:(in Swedish). 13879: 13864:Tomson Highway 13853: 13823: 13791: 13760: 13737: 13717: 13690: 13640: 13621: 13595: 13576: 13547: 13526: 13512:(Referencing: 13494: 13491:on 1 May 2011. 13471: 13422: 13401: 13383: 13358: 13315: 13302: 13273:(3): 278–287. 13253: 13225: 13185: 13170: 13144: 13109: 13073: 13054: 13051:on 1 May 2009. 13035: 13016: 12997: 12978: 12965: 12951: 12912: 12866: 12815: 12789: 12780: 12763: 12729: 12697: 12666:Annual Reviews 12642: 12616: 12601: 12574:(2): 448–452. 12558: 12547:on 10 May 2012 12541:Postmodern.com 12524: 12513:on 6 July 2013 12492: 12462: 12439:Annual Reviews 12415: 12350: 12322: 12303:(4): 755–761. 12287: 12267: 12249:(1–2): 42–54. 12227: 12191: 12163: 12144: 12123: 12108: 12089: 12062: 12051: 12031: 12025: 12004: 11981: 11944:(2): 445–456. 11924: 11903:(1): 260–271. 11883: 11825: 11791: 11769: 11742: 11686: 11675:(4): 251–265. 11659: 11643: 11628: 11609: 11600: 11593: 11572: 11527:(2): 342–351. 11503: 11460: 11441: 11434: 11403: 11360: 11339: 11304: 11263: 11237: 11167: 11150: 11120: 11107: 11058: 11004: 10967:(3): 630–631. 10947: 10928: 10913: 10907: 10889: 10830: 10807: 10801: 10776: 10752: 10722: 10690: 10641: 10608: 10579:(5): 750–753. 10559: 10530: 10495: 10486: 10471: 10444: 10424:Nunatsiaq News 10410: 10370: 10351: 10344: 10323: 10293: 10275: 10236: 10221: 10192: 10177: 10156: 10133: 10108: 10090: 10069:(3): 241–246. 10053: 10010:(4): 501–507. 9994: 9952: 9909: 9886: 9839: 9786: 9757: 9742: 9693: 9666:(2): 203–213. 9650: 9611:(2): 386–396. 9591: 9556: 9543:(5): 419–434. 9519: 9481: 9469: 9406: 9397: 9384: 9370: 9357: 9347: 9334: 9320: 9307: 9286: 9270: 9244: 9217:(6): 763–768. 9201: 9185: 9161: 9126: 9100:(2): 560–562. 9080: 9037: 9033:Harding (2022) 9014: 8960: 8940: 8916: 8904: 8890: 8858: 8845:(3): 495–505. 8814: 8805: 8789: 8745: 8725: 8706:(3): 393–404. 8681: 8677:eastern Canada 8665: 8656: 8615: 8591: 8571: 8556: 8552:Harding (2022) 8533: 8520:(2): 110–113. 8500: 8474: 8408: 8367: 8330:(6): 922–937. 8305: 8243: 8208:(6): 567–572. 8188: 8172: 8145:(2): 151–159. 8125: 8075: 8052: 8028: 8009: 7966: 7953: 7920: 7846: 7831: 7816: 7742: 7721: 7696: 7670: 7645: 7633: 7620: 7607: 7585: 7560: 7547: 7534: 7505: 7487: 7445: 7401: 7365: 7344:(2): 146–147. 7324: 7305: 7279: 7260:(5): 956–960. 7235: 7208:(2): 151–159. 7183: 7161: 7147: 7113: 7088: 7036: 6978: 6944: 6895: 6866: 6822: 6780: 6761: 6739: 6728:(in Norwegian) 6713: 6706: 6673: 6654: 6628: 6584: 6577: 6550: 6460: 6413: 6398: 6346: 6325:10.2307/278435 6319:(3): 339–368. 6293: 6259:(3): 658–670. 6225: 6201: 6176: 6115: 6101: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6049: 6035: 6021: 6012: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5977: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5952: 5949: 5837: 5834: 5820:atíhko níkamon 5781:Tomson Highway 5772: 5763:Banff, Alberta 5743: 5733: 5730: 5710:Main article: 5699: 5696: 5676:Karelian front 5653:Conrad Gessner 5621:shaped like a 5588:in c. 350 BC. 5586:Ural Mountains 5551: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5543: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5488: 5486: 5414:Alaska Natives 5320:R. t. fennicus 5316:R. t. tarandus 5304:Kola Peninsula 5253:Main article: 5250: 5247: 5203: 5200: 5132: 5111:(formerly the 5078:Alaska Natives 5064: 5063: 5036: 5034: 5027: 5021: 5018: 4977:grocery stores 4784: 4781: 4768: 4765: 4729: 4726: 4620: 4619:Current status 4617: 4615: 4612: 4562: 4559: 4445: 4442: 4424: 4314: 4311: 4288:climate change 4280:climate change 4134:Eastern Europe 4122:Main article: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4069:R. t. fennicus 4065:R. t. pearsoni 4012: 4009: 3989: 3986: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3912: 3909: 3903: 3902:Clicking sound 3900: 3880: 3877: 3852: 3839: 3836: 3807:nasal passages 3795: 3792: 3781:thermogradient 3748: 3745: 3714: 3579: 3576: 3564: 3561: 3557:R. t. arcticus 3549:R. t. arcticus 3501:R. t. fennicus 3491:), endemic to 3450:R. t. arcticus 3430:Valerius Geist 3224: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214:Sea of Okhotsk 3207: 3202: 3199: 3186: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3165: 3162: 3154: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3128: 3123: 3115: 3107: 3106: 3105:Extinct since 3103: 3102:Weight of male 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3078: 3077: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3040: 3023: 3014: 3005: 2996: 2989:British Museum 2982: 2968: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2943: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2907:R. t. tarandus 2897: 2896: 2877: 2874: 2852: 2849: 2844: 2843:(Murray, 1866) 2836: 2835: 2830:"Southeastern 2828: 2825: 2819:Sea of Okhotsk 2811: 2809: 2804: 2796: 2795: 2780: 2777: 2774:Wrangel Island 2762: 2759: 2754: 2750:R. t. pearsoni 2747: 2731: 2730: 2723: 2720: 2710: 2707: 2702: 2701:(Vrolik, 1829) 2684: 2679:(Vrolik, 1829) 2672: 2671: 2664: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2631: 2623: 2622: 2607: 2604: 2594:Ural Mountains 2590: 2587: 2582: 2581:(Flerov, 1933) 2569: 2568: 2561: 2558: 2548: 2545: 2540: 2536:R. f. fennicus 2531:R. t. fennicus 2522: 2517:Lönnberg, 1909 2510: 2509: 2508:"; AMNH 11775 2498: 2495: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2463: 2462: 2455: 2452: 2442: 2435: 2429: 2406: 2405: 2402:eastern Canada 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2382: 2381:(Gmelin, 1788) 2364: 2359:(Gmelin, 1788) 2352: 2351: 2340: 2337: 2327: 2324: 2319: 2318:(Allen, 1901) 2306: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2280: 2277: 2272: 2253: 2252: 2241: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2221: 2202: 2201: 2182: 2179: 2144: 2141: 2136: 2132:R. a. montanus 2127:R. t. montanus 2117: 2116: 2105: 2103: 2096: 2093: 2088: 2071: 2070: 2055: 2044: 2038: 2035: 2030: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2001:boreal forests 1997: 1994: 1988: 1984:R. a. arcticus 1979:R. t. arcticus 1969: 1968: 1961: 1958: 1939: 1936: 1931: 1922:R. t. arcticus 1913: 1902: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1862: 1847: 1844: 1798: 1795: 1783:R. t. montanus 1774:Molecular data 1752:R. t. fennicus 1748:R. t. arcticus 1740:R. t. tarandus 1707: 1704: 1679: 1676: 1645:R. t. pearsoni 1629:R. t. tarandus 1597:Valerius Geist 1520: 1517: 1502: 1499: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1421:Cave paintings 1364:R. t. arcticus 1358:mountains and 1352:R. t. tarandus 1348:R. constantini 1340:R. constantini 1324:R. t. fennicus 1320:Valerius Geist 1226:fat metabolism 1090: 1087: 941:Conrad Gessner 897: 894: 822:R. t. montanus 785:Wrangel Island 773:R. t. pearsoni 754:Sea of Okhotsk 737:Russia manages 729:Hardangervidda 725:R. t. tarandus 720: 717: 709:Ural Mountains 689:R. t. fennicus 677:R. t. tarandus 615:R. t. montanus 571:R. t. arcticus 495: 492: 385: 384: 376: 375: 367: 366: 357: 356: 352: 351: 344: 333: 332: 326: 325: 318: 316: 312: 311: 297: 293: 292: 287: 283: 282: 277: 273: 272: 267: 263: 262: 257: 253: 252: 247: 243: 242: 237: 233: 232: 227: 223: 222: 217: 213: 212: 199: 198: 182: 179: 178: 160: 157: 156: 151: 148: 147: 143: 142: 134: 133: 125: 124: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19567: 19556: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19546: 19543: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19533: 19531: 19528: 19526: 19523: 19521: 19518: 19516: 19513: 19511: 19508: 19506: 19503: 19501: 19498: 19496: 19493: 19491: 19488: 19486: 19483: 19481: 19478: 19476: 19473: 19471: 19468: 19467: 19465: 19448: 19443: 19439: 19435: 19430: 19426: 19422: 19417: 19413: 19409: 19404: 19400: 19395: 19389: 19385: 19384: 19382: 19380: 19376: 19368: 19363: 19359: 19355: 19350: 19346: 19342: 19337: 19333: 19329: 19324: 19320: 19316: 19311: 19307: 19303: 19298: 19294: 19290: 19285: 19281: 19277: 19272: 19268: 19264: 19259: 19255: 19251: 19246: 19242: 19238: 19233: 19229: 19225: 19220: 19216: 19212: 19207: 19203: 19199: 19194: 19190: 19186: 19181: 19177: 19173: 19168: 19164: 19160: 19155: 19151: 19147: 19141: 19137: 19132: 19128: 19124: 19119: 19115: 19111: 19106: 19102: 19098: 19093: 19089: 19085: 19080: 19076: 19072: 19067: 19063: 19059: 19054: 19050: 19045: 19039: 19035: 19030: 19024: 19020: 19019: 19017: 19015: 19011: 19007: 19002: 18990: 18987: 18985: 18982: 18980: 18977: 18975: 18972: 18970: 18967: 18966: 18963: 18960: 18959: 18956: 18951: 18941: 18938: 18936: 18935:Water buffalo 18933: 18931: 18928: 18926: 18923: 18921: 18918: 18916: 18913: 18909: 18906: 18904: 18901: 18899: 18896: 18894: 18891: 18889: 18886: 18884: 18881: 18880: 18879: 18876: 18874: 18871: 18869: 18866: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18817: 18814: 18812: 18809: 18807: 18804: 18802: 18801:Detection dog 18799: 18797: 18794: 18793: 18792: 18789: 18785: 18782: 18780: 18777: 18776: 18775: 18772: 18770: 18767: 18765: 18762: 18761: 18758: 18754: 18747: 18742: 18740: 18735: 18733: 18728: 18727: 18724: 18704: 18700: 18699: 18697: 18695: 18691: 18681: 18679: 18674: 18673: 18671: 18669: 18668: 18663: 18657: 18655: 18650: 18649: 18647: 18645: 18644: 18639: 18636: 18634: 18630: 18626: 18622: 18616: 18612: 18594: 18592: 18587: 18585: 18583: 18578: 18576: 18574: 18573:C. bactrianus 18569: 18568: 18566: 18564: 18563: 18558: 18552: 18550: 18545: 18543: 18541: 18536: 18534: 18532: 18527: 18525: 18523: 18518: 18517: 18515: 18513: 18512: 18507: 18504: 18502: 18498: 18494: 18490: 18484: 18480: 18462: 18460: 18455: 18454: 18452: 18450: 18449: 18444: 18438: 18436: 18431: 18430: 18428: 18426: 18425: 18420: 18414: 18412: 18407: 18406: 18404: 18402: 18401: 18396: 18393: 18391: 18387: 18377: 18375: 18374:S. verrucosus 18370: 18368: 18366: 18361: 18359: 18357: 18352: 18350: 18348: 18343: 18341: 18339: 18334: 18332: 18330: 18325: 18323: 18321: 18320:S. domesticus 18316: 18314: 18312: 18311:S. celebensis 18307: 18305: 18303: 18298: 18296: 18294: 18289: 18287: 18285: 18280: 18279: 18277: 18275: 18274: 18269: 18263: 18261: 18256: 18254: 18252: 18247: 18246: 18244: 18242: 18241: 18240:Potamochoerus 18236: 18230: 18228: 18223: 18222: 18220: 18218: 18217: 18212: 18206: 18204: 18199: 18197: 18195: 18190: 18189: 18187: 18185: 18184: 18179: 18173: 18171: 18166: 18165: 18163: 18161: 18160: 18155: 18149: 18147: 18142: 18140: 18138: 18137:B. celebensis 18133: 18131: 18129: 18124: 18123: 18121: 18119: 18118: 18113: 18110: 18108: 18104: 18100: 18096: 18090: 18086: 18068: 18066: 18061: 18060: 18058: 18056: 18055: 18050: 18044: 18042: 18037: 18035: 18033: 18028: 18026: 18024: 18021:Blue duiker ( 18019: 18018: 18016: 18014: 18013: 18008: 18002: 18000: 17995: 17993: 17991: 17986: 17984: 17982: 17977: 17975: 17973: 17968: 17966: 17964: 17959: 17957: 17955: 17950: 17948: 17946: 17941: 17939: 17937: 17936:C. nigrifrons 17932: 17930: 17928: 17923: 17921: 17919: 17918:C. natalensis 17914: 17912: 17910: 17905: 17903: 17901: 17896: 17894: 17892: 17887: 17885: 17883: 17878: 17876: 17874: 17869: 17867: 17865: 17864:C. callipygus 17860: 17858: 17856: 17851: 17849: 17847: 17842: 17841: 17839: 17837: 17836: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17822: 17812: 17810: 17805: 17803: 17801: 17796: 17794: 17792: 17791:R. campestris 17787: 17786: 17784: 17782: 17781: 17776: 17770: 17768: 17763: 17762: 17760: 17758: 17757: 17752: 17746: 17744: 17743:O. oreotragus 17739: 17738: 17736: 17734: 17733: 17728: 17722: 17720: 17715: 17713: 17711: 17706: 17704: 17702: 17697: 17696: 17694: 17692: 17691: 17686: 17680: 17678: 17673: 17671: 17669: 17664: 17662: 17660: 17655: 17653: 17651: 17646: 17645: 17643: 17641: 17640: 17635: 17629: 17627: 17622: 17621: 17619: 17617: 17616: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17602: 17592: 17590: 17585: 17584: 17582: 17580: 17579: 17574: 17568: 17566: 17561: 17560: 17558: 17556: 17555: 17550: 17547: 17543: 17533: 17531: 17526: 17524: 17522: 17517: 17515: 17513: 17508: 17507: 17505: 17503: 17502: 17497: 17491: 17489: 17484: 17482: 17480: 17475: 17473: 17471: 17466: 17464: 17462: 17457: 17455: 17453: 17448: 17447: 17445: 17443: 17442: 17437: 17431: 17429: 17424: 17423: 17421: 17419: 17418: 17413: 17407: 17405: 17400: 17398: 17396: 17391: 17389: 17387: 17386:G. leptoceros 17382: 17380: 17378: 17373: 17371: 17369: 17364: 17362: 17360: 17355: 17353: 17351: 17346: 17344: 17342: 17337: 17336: 17334: 17332: 17331: 17326: 17320: 17318: 17313: 17311: 17309: 17304: 17302: 17300: 17295: 17293: 17291: 17290:E. albonotata 17286: 17285: 17283: 17281: 17280: 17275: 17269: 17267: 17266:A. cervicapra 17262: 17261: 17259: 17257: 17256: 17251: 17245: 17243: 17238: 17237: 17235: 17233: 17232: 17227: 17221: 17219: 17214: 17213: 17211: 17209: 17208: 17203: 17200: 17198: 17194: 17190: 17184: 17180: 17173: 17169: 17151: 17149: 17144: 17142: 17140: 17137:Giant eland ( 17135: 17134: 17132: 17130: 17129: 17124: 17118: 17116: 17115:T. sylvaticus 17111: 17109: 17107: 17102: 17100: 17098: 17093: 17091: 17089: 17084: 17082: 17080: 17077:Lesser kudu ( 17075: 17073: 17071: 17066: 17064: 17062: 17057: 17055: 17053: 17048: 17047: 17045: 17039: 17031: 17030: 17025: 17022: 17020: 17016: 17006: 17004: 16999: 16998: 16996: 16994: 16993: 16988: 16982: 16980: 16975: 16974: 16972: 16970: 16969: 16964: 16958: 16956: 16951: 16949: 16947: 16942: 16940: 16938: 16933: 16931: 16929: 16924: 16922: 16920: 16915: 16913: 16911: 16906: 16904: 16902: 16897: 16895: 16893: 16892:B. domesticus 16890:Bali cattle ( 16888: 16886: 16884: 16879: 16877: 16875: 16870: 16869: 16867: 16865: 16864: 16859: 16853: 16851: 16846: 16844: 16842: 16837: 16835: 16833: 16828: 16826: 16824: 16819: 16817: 16815: 16810: 16809: 16807: 16805: 16804: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16790: 16780: 16778: 16773: 16772: 16770: 16768: 16767: 16762: 16756: 16754: 16749: 16748: 16746: 16744: 16743: 16738: 16735: 16733: 16729: 16725: 16719: 16715: 16708: 16704: 16690: 16688: 16683: 16681: 16679: 16674: 16673: 16671: 16669: 16668: 16663: 16657: 16655: 16650: 16649: 16647: 16645: 16644: 16639: 16633: 16631: 16626: 16624: 16622: 16617: 16615: 16613: 16608: 16606: 16604: 16599: 16597: 16595: 16594:O. canadensis 16590: 16588: 16586: 16581: 16579: 16577: 16572: 16571: 16569: 16567: 16566: 16561: 16555: 16553: 16548: 16547: 16545: 16543: 16542: 16541:Nilgiritragus 16537: 16531: 16529: 16524: 16523: 16521: 16519: 16518: 16513: 16507: 16505: 16504:O. americanus 16500: 16499: 16497: 16495: 16494: 16489: 16483: 16481: 16476: 16474: 16472: 16467: 16465: 16463: 16458: 16456: 16454: 16449: 16448: 16446: 16444: 16443: 16438: 16432: 16430: 16429:H. jemlahicus 16425: 16424: 16422: 16420: 16419: 16414: 16408: 16406: 16401: 16399: 16397: 16392: 16390: 16388: 16383: 16381: 16379: 16374: 16373: 16371: 16369: 16368: 16363: 16357: 16355: 16350: 16348: 16346: 16341: 16339: 16337: 16332: 16330: 16328: 16325:Nubian ibex ( 16323: 16321: 16319: 16316:Alpine ibex ( 16314: 16312: 16310: 16305: 16303: 16301: 16296: 16294: 16292: 16287: 16285: 16283: 16278: 16276: 16274: 16269: 16268: 16266: 16264: 16263: 16258: 16252: 16250: 16245: 16244: 16242: 16240: 16239: 16234: 16228: 16226: 16221: 16220: 16218: 16216: 16215: 16210: 16204: 16202: 16197: 16196: 16194: 16192: 16191: 16186: 16182: 16176: 16172: 16165: 16161: 16147: 16145: 16141: 16135: 16133: 16129: 16123: 16121: 16117: 16107: 16105: 16100: 16099: 16097: 16095: 16094: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16083:Pantholopinae 16080: 16070: 16068: 16063: 16061: 16059: 16054: 16053: 16051: 16049: 16048: 16043: 16037: 16035: 16034:A. buselaphus 16030: 16029: 16027: 16025: 16024: 16019: 16013: 16011: 16006: 16004: 16002: 15997: 15996: 15994: 15992: 15991: 15986: 15980: 15978: 15973: 15972: 15970: 15968: 15967: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15953: 15943: 15941: 15938:Grey rhebok ( 15936: 15935: 15933: 15931: 15930: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15916: 15906: 15904: 15899: 15898: 15896: 15894: 15893: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15882:Aepycerotinae 15879: 15869: 15867: 15862: 15860: 15858: 15853: 15851: 15849: 15844: 15843: 15841: 15839: 15838: 15833: 15827: 15825: 15820: 15818: 15816: 15813:Nile lechwe ( 15811: 15809: 15807: 15802: 15800: 15798: 15793: 15791: 15789: 15784: 15783: 15781: 15779: 15778: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15764: 15754: 15752: 15747: 15746: 15744: 15742: 15741: 15736: 15730: 15728: 15723: 15721: 15719: 15714: 15712: 15710: 15705: 15703: 15701: 15696: 15695: 15693: 15691: 15690: 15685: 15679: 15677: 15672: 15670: 15668: 15663: 15662: 15660: 15658: 15657: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15646:Hippotraginae 15643: 15639: 15634: 15627: 15623: 15605: 15603: 15598: 15596: 15594: 15589: 15587: 15585: 15580: 15579: 15577: 15575: 15574: 15569: 15563: 15561: 15556: 15554: 15552: 15547: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15540: 15535: 15529: 15527: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15512: 15511: 15509: 15507: 15506: 15501: 15495: 15493: 15492:B. dichotomus 15488: 15487: 15485: 15483: 15482: 15477: 15471: 15469: 15466:Pampas deer ( 15464: 15463: 15461: 15459: 15458: 15453: 15447: 15445: 15440: 15438: 15436: 15431: 15429: 15427: 15426:M. nemorivaga 15422: 15420: 15418: 15413: 15411: 15409: 15404: 15402: 15400: 15395: 15393: 15391: 15386: 15384: 15382: 15377: 15375: 15373: 15370:Red brocket ( 15368: 15367: 15365: 15363: 15362: 15357: 15351: 15349: 15344: 15342: 15340: 15339:H. antisensis 15335: 15334: 15332: 15330: 15329: 15324: 15318: 15316: 15311: 15310: 15308: 15306: 15305: 15300: 15294: 15292: 15287: 15285: 15283: 15278: 15277: 15275: 15273: 15272: 15267: 15261: 15259: 15254: 15253: 15251: 15249: 15248: 15243: 15237: 15235: 15230: 15229: 15227: 15225: 15224: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15210: 15200: 15198: 15193: 15191: 15189: 15184: 15182: 15180: 15179:C. canadensis 15175: 15173: 15171: 15166: 15164: 15162: 15157: 15156: 15154: 15152: 15151: 15146: 15140: 15138: 15133: 15131: 15129: 15128:R. timorensis 15124: 15122: 15120: 15115: 15113: 15111: 15106: 15105: 15103: 15101: 15100: 15095: 15089: 15087: 15086:E. davidianus 15082: 15081: 15079: 15077: 15076: 15071: 15065: 15063: 15058: 15056: 15054: 15053:R. duvaucelii 15049: 15048: 15046: 15044: 15043: 15038: 15032: 15030: 15025: 15023: 15021: 15018:Bawean deer ( 15016: 15014: 15012: 15007: 15005: 15003: 14998: 14997: 14995: 14993: 14992: 14987: 14981: 14979: 14974: 14972: 14970: 14965: 14964: 14962: 14960: 14959: 14954: 14948: 14946: 14943:Tufted deer ( 14941: 14940: 14938: 14936: 14935: 14930: 14924: 14922: 14917: 14915: 14913: 14908: 14906: 14904: 14899: 14897: 14895: 14890: 14888: 14886: 14881: 14879: 14877: 14876:M. putaoensis 14872: 14870: 14868: 14863: 14861: 14859: 14854: 14852: 14850: 14845: 14843: 14841: 14836: 14834: 14832: 14827: 14825: 14823: 14822:M. crinifrons 14818: 14816: 14814: 14809: 14808: 14806: 14804: 14803: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14789: 14785: 14780: 14773: 14769: 14755: 14753: 14749: 14743: 14741: 14737: 14727: 14725: 14720: 14718: 14716: 14715:T. versicolor 14711: 14709: 14707: 14702: 14700: 14698: 14693: 14691: 14689: 14684: 14682: 14680: 14675: 14674: 14672: 14670: 14669: 14664: 14658: 14656: 14651: 14649: 14647: 14642: 14640: 14638: 14633: 14632: 14630: 14628: 14627: 14622: 14616: 14614: 14609: 14608: 14606: 14604: 14603: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14589: 14579: 14577: 14572: 14570: 14568: 14563: 14561: 14559: 14554: 14552: 14550: 14545: 14543: 14541: 14536: 14534: 14532: 14527: 14525: 14523: 14522:M. anhuiensis 14518: 14517: 14515: 14513: 14512: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14498: 14488: 14486: 14481: 14479: 14477: 14476:G. reticulata 14472: 14470: 14468: 14463: 14461: 14459: 14454: 14453: 14451: 14449: 14448: 14443: 14437: 14435: 14430: 14429: 14427: 14425: 14424: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14410: 14400: 14398: 14393: 14392: 14390: 14388: 14387: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14373: 14369: 14365: 14359: 14355: 14349: 14345: 14343: 14339: 14337: 14333: 14331: 14327: 14325: 14321: 14320: 14317: 14312: 14304: 14299: 14297: 14292: 14290: 14285: 14284: 14281: 14275: 14272: 14269: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14256: 14253: 14252: 14234: 14233: 14228: 14224: 14221: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14209: 14197: 14193: 14189: 14185: 14173: 14169: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14152: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14137: 14136: 14131: 14127: 14123: 14119: 14118: 14113: 14109: 14105: 14104: 14101: 14097: 14094: 14093: 14089: 14086: 14082: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14070: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14034: 14027: 14023: 14022: 14001: 13997: 13990: 13988: 13982: 13981: 13970: 13966: 13963: 13958: 13951: 13947: 13944: 13939: 13923: 13919: 13913: 13897: 13893: 13889: 13883: 13876: 13872: 13868: 13865: 13860: 13858: 13841: 13837: 13830: 13828: 13812: 13808: 13804: 13798: 13796: 13779: 13775: 13771: 13764: 13757: 13753: 13749: 13746: 13741: 13734: 13730: 13727: 13721: 13714: 13709: 13705: 13701: 13694: 13686: 13682: 13678: 13674: 13670: 13666: 13662: 13658: 13651: 13644: 13637: 13633: 13630: 13625: 13609: 13605: 13599: 13592: 13588: 13585: 13580: 13564: 13560: 13559: 13551: 13544: 13543:1-55750-458-X 13540: 13536: 13530: 13521: 13517: 13509: 13505: 13498: 13490: 13486: 13482: 13475: 13467: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13449: 13445: 13441: 13437: 13433: 13426: 13420: 13416: 13412: 13405: 13397: 13393: 13387: 13376: 13369: 13362: 13354: 13350: 13346: 13342: 13338: 13334: 13330: 13326: 13319: 13312: 13306: 13298: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13280: 13276: 13272: 13268: 13267:Polar Science 13264: 13257: 13242: 13238: 13237: 13229: 13222: 13209: 13205: 13201: 13194: 13192: 13190: 13181: 13177: 13173: 13167: 13163: 13159: 13155: 13148: 13130: 13126: 13119: 13113: 13094: 13090: 13083: 13077: 13069: 13065: 13058: 13050: 13046: 13039: 13032: 13028: 13025: 13020: 13013: 13009: 13006: 13001: 12994: 12990: 12987: 12982: 12975: 12969: 12961: 12955: 12946: 12941: 12937: 12933: 12932: 12927: 12925: 12916: 12900: 12895: 12891: 12887: 12886: 12881: 12879: 12870: 12862: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12844: 12840: 12836: 12832: 12831: 12826: 12819: 12804: 12800: 12793: 12784: 12777: 12773: 12767: 12752: 12748: 12747: 12744: 12736: 12734: 12718: 12714: 12710: 12704: 12702: 12693: 12689: 12685: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12667: 12663: 12659: 12658: 12653: 12646: 12630: 12626: 12620: 12612: 12611:Goat Medicine 12605: 12597: 12593: 12589: 12585: 12581: 12577: 12573: 12569: 12562: 12546: 12542: 12538: 12536: 12528: 12509: 12502: 12496: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12466: 12458: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12440: 12436: 12432: 12431: 12426: 12419: 12411: 12407: 12403: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12385: 12381: 12377: 12373: 12372:Polar Biology 12369: 12367: 12363: 12354: 12339: 12338: 12333: 12326: 12318: 12314: 12310: 12306: 12302: 12298: 12291: 12284: 12280: 12277: 12271: 12256: 12252: 12248: 12244: 12243: 12238: 12231: 12216: 12212: 12208: 12207: 12202: 12195: 12180: 12179: 12174: 12167: 12160: 12156: 12153: 12148: 12141: 12140:1-55325-035-4 12137: 12133: 12127: 12121: 12117: 12112: 12105: 12101: 12098: 12093: 12077: 12073: 12066: 12058: 12054: 12048: 12044: 12043: 12035: 12028: 12022: 12018: 12011: 12009: 12002: 11998: 11994: 11991: 11985: 11977: 11973: 11969: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11951: 11947: 11943: 11939: 11935: 11928: 11920: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11902: 11898: 11894: 11887: 11879: 11875: 11871: 11867: 11863: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11843: 11842: 11834: 11832: 11830: 11813: 11809: 11805: 11798: 11796: 11779: 11773: 11757: 11753: 11746: 11731: 11727: 11723: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11707: 11703: 11702: 11697: 11690: 11682: 11678: 11674: 11670: 11663: 11657: 11653: 11647: 11639: 11632: 11625: 11621: 11618: 11613: 11604: 11596: 11590: 11586: 11579: 11577: 11568: 11564: 11560: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11542: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11514: 11507: 11499: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11471: 11464: 11457: 11453: 11450: 11445: 11437: 11431: 11427: 11423: 11419: 11412: 11410: 11408: 11399: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11383: 11379: 11375: 11371: 11364: 11356: 11352: 11346: 11344: 11328: 11324: 11323: 11315: 11313: 11311: 11309: 11300: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11267: 11252: 11248: 11241: 11233: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11189: 11185: 11181: 11174: 11172: 11164: 11163:9781405107242 11160: 11154: 11146: 11142: 11138: 11134: 11127: 11125: 11118:(pp. 49–108). 11117: 11111: 11103: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11085: 11081: 11077: 11073: 11069: 11062: 11055: 11049: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11015: 11008: 11000: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10974: 10970: 10966: 10962: 10958: 10951: 10944: 10940: 10937: 10932: 10924: 10917: 10910: 10904: 10900: 10893: 10885: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10843: 10837: 10835: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10811: 10804: 10798: 10794: 10787: 10785: 10783: 10781: 10773: 10769: 10766: 10761: 10759: 10757: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10726: 10719: 10711: 10707: 10700: 10694: 10686: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10660: 10656: 10652: 10645: 10626: 10619: 10612: 10604: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10586: 10582: 10578: 10574: 10570: 10563: 10548: 10547: 10539: 10537: 10535: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10499: 10490: 10482: 10475: 10460: 10456: 10455: 10448: 10441: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10414: 10405: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10391: 10386: 10379: 10377: 10375: 10366: 10362: 10355: 10347: 10345:9781551994178 10341: 10337: 10333: 10332:Richler, Noah 10327: 10312: 10311: 10304: 10302: 10300: 10298: 10289: 10286: 10279: 10272: 10260: 10256: 10255: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10241: 10232: 10225: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10196: 10188: 10181: 10163: 10159: 10153: 10146: 10145: 10137: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10115: 10113: 10105: 10099: 10097: 10095: 10086: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10057: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10005: 9998: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9976: 9972: 9971: 9966: 9959: 9957: 9948: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9925: 9920: 9913: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9893: 9891: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9843: 9835: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9799: 9790: 9775:. 21 May 2021 9774: 9770: 9764: 9762: 9753: 9746: 9738: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9697: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9654: 9646: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9595: 9576: 9569: 9568: 9560: 9551: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9532: 9523: 9514: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9500: 9495: 9488: 9486: 9476: 9474: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9413: 9411: 9401: 9394: 9388: 9381: 9374: 9367: 9361: 9351: 9344: 9338: 9331: 9324: 9317: 9311: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9290: 9283: 9277: 9275: 9258: 9254: 9248: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9205: 9198: 9192: 9190: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9165: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9084: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9057: 9050: 9048: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9034: 9028: 9021: 9019: 9010: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8956: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8936: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8921: 8911: 8909: 8901: 8894: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8862: 8853: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8834: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8809: 8801: 8793: 8784: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8770: 8765: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8750: 8741: 8737: 8729: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8700: 8695: 8688: 8686: 8678: 8672: 8670: 8660: 8652: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8619: 8611: 8607: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8587: 8580: 8578: 8576: 8567: 8560: 8553: 8547: 8540: 8538: 8528: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8504: 8489: 8485: 8478: 8470: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8412: 8403: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8371: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8301: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8252: 8250: 8248: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8192: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8129: 8121: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8098: 8093: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8056: 8048: 8044: 8037: 8035: 8033: 8024: 8020: 8019:Palaozoologie 8013: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7970: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7947: 7941: 7936: 7932: 7924: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7850: 7842: 7835: 7827: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7765: 7760: 7758: 7749: 7747: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7725: 7710: 7706: 7700: 7684: 7680: 7674: 7667: 7666: 7661: 7657: 7654: 7649: 7642: 7637: 7630: 7624: 7617: 7611: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7557: 7551: 7544: 7538: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7520: 7519:Sarauw, Georg 7514: 7512: 7510: 7501: 7494: 7492: 7473: 7469: 7462: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7431: 7427: 7420: 7418: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7386: 7382: 7375: 7369: 7361: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7328: 7320: 7316: 7309: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7286: 7284: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7176: 7174: 7165: 7157: 7151: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7117: 7102: 7098: 7092: 7084: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7054: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7032: 7026: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6974: 6970: 6968: 6967:SVFU Bulletin 6963: 6959: 6955: 6948: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6899: 6891: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6877: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6826: 6807: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6787: 6785: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6749: 6743: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6709: 6707:9780811704960 6703: 6699: 6698: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6669: 6665: 6658: 6652: 6648: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6591: 6589: 6580: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6565: 6557: 6555: 6546: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6496: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6399:0-8018-8221-4 6395: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6384:Wilson, D. E. 6381: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6308: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6247: 6245: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6145: 6143: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6104: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6081: 6077: 6063: 6062:groenlandicus 6059: 6053: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6016: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5991: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5861: 5856: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5771: 5770:and abstract. 5766: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5742: 5737: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5704: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5639:– printed in 5638: 5637: 5632: 5629:According to 5626: 5624: 5620: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5601:Julius Caesar 5593: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5555: 5540: 5535: 5528: 5523: 5516: 5511: 5504: 5499: 5492: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5436:Russian North 5433: 5429: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5418:Wales, Alaska 5415: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5399:Sitka, Alaska 5395: 5391: 5389: 5388:Russian North 5384: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5330:and 2,500 in 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5281: 5276: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5243:Russian North 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5131: 5127: 5125: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5101:Caribou Inuit 5094: 5089: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5074:First Nations 5071: 5060: 5050: 5044: 5040: 5037:This section 5035: 5031: 5026: 5025: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5007: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4993:Finnish Sápmi 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4811:Caribou Inuit 4808: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4777:Peary caribou 4774: 4767:Peary caribou 4764: 4762: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4742: 4739: 4735: 4725: 4722: 4717: 4715: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4691:Kootenay Lake 4688: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4672: 4671:Dolphin-Union 4667: 4665: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4625: 4611: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4561:Other threats 4558: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4518: 4517:common ravens 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4490: 4485: 4483: 4482:grizzly bears 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4460:Golden eagles 4457: 4450: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4377:Reindeer are 4375: 4373: 4369: 4366:, as well as 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4328:Reindeer are 4324: 4319: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4257: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4202:Younger Dryas 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4180:. During the 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4146:50th latitude 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4117: 4116:Lake Khövsgöl 4112: 4105: 4101: 4093: 4079: 4077: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4027:and northern 4026: 4017: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3958: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3931: 3926: 3923: 3918: 3908: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3885: 3876: 3874: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3851: 3847: 3845: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3801: 3794:Heat exchange 3791: 3789: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3759: 3758:Peary caribou 3754: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3713: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3680: 3679:Arctic Circle 3676: 3670: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3611: 3609: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3553:Dolphin-Union 3550: 3546: 3545:Baffin Island 3542: 3541:R. t. caribou 3538: 3534: 3533:R. t. osborni 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3414:R. t. caribou 3411: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3390: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3355:Popoff Island 3352: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3331:Baffin Island 3328: 3324: 3320: 3319:groenlandicus 3316: 3315:groenlandicus 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3274:groenlandicus 3270: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3247: 3244:lineage (see 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3198:Flerov, 1933 3196: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3168:Graham Island 3166: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3150:R. a. dawsoni 3146: 3145:R. t. dawsoni 3143: 3142: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3116: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3085: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2784:Novaya Zemlya 2781: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2766:Novaya Zemlya 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2550:northwestern 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2521: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481:(Allen, 1896) 2479: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447:and northern 2446: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2378:R. c. caribou 2374: 2373:R. t. caribou 2369: 2365: 2363: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2288:Baffin Island 2285: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2275:Peary caribou 2273: 2271:(Allen, 1902) 2269: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220:(Allen, 1902) 2218: 2217:R. a. osborni 2213: 2212:R. t. osborni 2208: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2194:Selkirk Range 2191: 2187: 2186:Illecillewaet 2183: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2166:, Canada and 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2113:Popoff Island 2110: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2043: 2040:the Canadian 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1927:R. a. articus 1923: 1918: 1914: 1912: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1891: 1887: 1857: 1854: 1843: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1816: 1815:Baffin Island 1812: 1808: 1804: 1794: 1792: 1791:R. t. osborni 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1756:R. t. caribou 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1617:R. t. osborni 1614: 1610: 1609:R. t. dawsoni 1606: 1605:R. t. caribou 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1577:R. t. caribou 1574: 1570: 1567:, renamed as 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1549:R. t. osborni 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1516: 1514: 1509: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1464:Carl Linnaeus 1451: 1449: 1448:boreal forest 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1407:trapping pits 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1290:Rancholabrean 1288:(LGM) are of 1287: 1283: 1279: 1278:4-Würm period 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238:polar deserts 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1202:Late Pliocene 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1136:, along with 1135: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 990: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 943:thought that 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 925:Carl Linnaeus 922: 918: 914: 913:De animalibus 910: 906: 902: 893: 891: 887: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 841:R. t. dawsoni 838: 833: 831: 830:R. t. osborni 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 806: 801: 797: 793: 788: 786: 782: 778: 777:Novaya Zemlya 774: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 716: 712: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 652:and northern 651: 647: 646:R. t. caribou 643: 638: 636: 632: 631:Graham Island 628: 627:R. t. dawsoni 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 603:R. t. osborni 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 575:Peary caribou 572: 568: 564: 563:Arctic Alaska 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 527: 525: 524:R. t. osborni 521: 520:platyrhynchus 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 491: 489: 485: 481: 480:Arctic people 476: 474: 470: 466: 465:R. t. osborni 462: 461:platyrhynchus 458: 454: 450: 445: 443: 439: 434: 432: 431: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 401: 396: 392: 382: 377: 373: 368: 365: 363: 358: 353: 348: 342: 340: 334: 331: 330:Binomial name 327: 323: 322: 317: 314: 313: 308: 303: 302: 298: 295: 294: 291: 288: 285: 284: 281: 278: 275: 274: 271: 268: 265: 264: 261: 258: 255: 254: 251: 248: 245: 244: 241: 238: 235: 234: 231: 228: 225: 224: 221: 218: 215: 214: 209: 204: 200: 194: 180: 174: 169: 158: 154: 149: 144: 140: 135: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 59: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 19550:Pack animals 19378: 19013: 18929: 18903:Riding horse 18677: 18665: 18654:H. amphibius 18653: 18643:Hippopotamus 18641: 18621:Whippomorpha 18590: 18581: 18572: 18560: 18548: 18539: 18530: 18521: 18509: 18458: 18446: 18434: 18422: 18410: 18398: 18373: 18364: 18355: 18346: 18337: 18328: 18319: 18310: 18302:S. cebifrons 18301: 18292: 18283: 18271: 18259: 18250: 18238: 18226: 18214: 18203:P. africanus 18202: 18193: 18183:Phacochoerus 18181: 18169: 18157: 18145: 18136: 18128:B. babyrussa 18127: 18115: 18064: 18052: 18040: 18032:P. maxwellii 18031: 18023:P. monticola 18022: 18010: 17998: 17989: 17980: 17971: 17963:C. rufilatus 17962: 17953: 17944: 17935: 17926: 17917: 17908: 17899: 17890: 17881: 17880:Bay duiker ( 17873:C. crusalbum 17872: 17863: 17854: 17845: 17833: 17825:Cephalophini 17808: 17800:R. melanotis 17799: 17790: 17778: 17766: 17754: 17742: 17730: 17718: 17710:N. moschatus 17709: 17700: 17688: 17676: 17667: 17658: 17650:M. guentheri 17649: 17637: 17626:D. megalotis 17625: 17613: 17588: 17576: 17565:P. hodgsonii 17564: 17552: 17529: 17520: 17512:P. gutturosa 17511: 17499: 17487: 17478: 17469: 17460: 17451: 17439: 17427: 17415: 17403: 17394: 17385: 17376: 17368:G. erlangeri 17367: 17358: 17349: 17341:G. bennettii 17340: 17328: 17316: 17308:E. thomsonii 17307: 17299:E. rufifrons 17298: 17289: 17277: 17265: 17253: 17241: 17229: 17217: 17205: 17147: 17139:T. derbianus 17138: 17126: 17114: 17105: 17096: 17087: 17078: 17070:T. eurycerus 17069: 17060: 17051: 17027: 17019:Tragelaphini 17002: 16990: 16978: 16966: 16954: 16945: 16937:B. javanicus 16936: 16927: 16919:B. grunniens 16918: 16909: 16901:B. frontalis 16900: 16891: 16882: 16873: 16861: 16849: 16840: 16831: 16822: 16813: 16801: 16776: 16764: 16752: 16740: 16687:R. rupicapra 16686: 16678:R. pyrenaica 16677: 16665: 16653: 16641: 16629: 16620: 16619:Snow sheep ( 16611: 16602: 16601:Dall sheep ( 16593: 16584: 16575: 16563: 16552:N. hylocrius 16551: 16539: 16528:O. moschatus 16527: 16515: 16503: 16491: 16479: 16470: 16461: 16452: 16440: 16428: 16416: 16404: 16395: 16386: 16377: 16365: 16353: 16352:Walia ibex ( 16344: 16336:C. pyrenaica 16335: 16326: 16317: 16308: 16300:C. falconeri 16299: 16290: 16281: 16272: 16260: 16249:B. taxicolor 16248: 16236: 16224: 16212: 16200: 16188: 16104:P. hodgsonii 16103: 16091: 16066: 16057: 16047:Connochaetes 16045: 16033: 16032:Hartebeest ( 16021: 16009: 16000: 15988: 15976: 15964: 15956:Alcelaphinae 15940:P. capreolus 15939: 15927: 15902: 15890: 15865: 15856: 15848:R. arundinum 15847: 15835: 15823: 15815:K. megaceros 15814: 15805: 15796: 15787: 15775: 15750: 15738: 15726: 15717: 15708: 15699: 15687: 15675: 15666: 15654: 15601: 15592: 15583: 15571: 15559: 15550: 15537: 15525: 15515: 15503: 15491: 15490:Marsh deer ( 15479: 15467: 15455: 15443: 15434: 15425: 15416: 15407: 15398: 15389: 15380: 15372:M. americana 15371: 15359: 15347: 15338: 15328:Hippocamelus 15326: 15314: 15312: 15303: 15302: 15290: 15282:C. capreolus 15281: 15269: 15257: 15256:Water deer ( 15245: 15233: 15221: 15196: 15187: 15178: 15169: 15160: 15148: 15136: 15127: 15119:R. mariannus 15118: 15109: 15097: 15085: 15073: 15061: 15060:Eld's deer ( 15052: 15051:Barasingha ( 15040: 15028: 15019: 15010: 15001: 14989: 14977: 14968: 14956: 14944: 14932: 14920: 14912:M. vaginalis 14911: 14902: 14893: 14884: 14875: 14866: 14857: 14848: 14839: 14830: 14821: 14813:M. atherodes 14812: 14800: 14723: 14714: 14706:T. nigricans 14705: 14696: 14687: 14679:T. javanicus 14678: 14666: 14654: 14645: 14636: 14624: 14613:H. aquaticus 14612: 14600: 14575: 14566: 14557: 14548: 14539: 14530: 14521: 14509: 14484: 14475: 14466: 14457: 14445: 14434:O. johnstoni 14433: 14421: 14397:A. americana 14396: 14384: 14346:Superorder: 14340:Infraclass: 14311:Artiodactyla 14237:. Retrieved 14230: 14211: 14200:. Retrieved 14196:the original 14192:ScienceDaily 14191: 14176:. Retrieved 14172:the original 14165: 14148: 14133: 14115: 14091: 14032: 14007:. Retrieved 14000:the original 13995: 13989:) in Canada" 13986: 13978:Bibliography 13957: 13938: 13926:. Retrieved 13921: 13912: 13900:. Retrieved 13896:the original 13882: 13844:. Retrieved 13840:the original 13815:, retrieved 13806: 13782:. Retrieved 13773: 13763: 13740: 13720: 13711: 13703: 13693: 13660: 13656: 13643: 13624: 13612:. Retrieved 13598: 13579: 13569:16 September 13567:. Retrieved 13557: 13550: 13534: 13529: 13519: 13515: 13507: 13503: 13497: 13489:the original 13484: 13474: 13439: 13435: 13425: 13410: 13404: 13386: 13375:the original 13366:Lund, Erik. 13361: 13331:(1): 72–99. 13328: 13324: 13318: 13310: 13305: 13270: 13266: 13256: 13245:, retrieved 13235: 13228: 13219: 13212:, retrieved 13203: 13156:. Springer. 13153: 13147: 13136:, retrieved 13124: 13112: 13100:. Retrieved 13093:the original 13088: 13076: 13068:the original 13057: 13049:the original 13038: 13019: 13000: 12981: 12973: 12968: 12959: 12954: 12935: 12929: 12923: 12915: 12903:. Retrieved 12889: 12883: 12877: 12869: 12834: 12828: 12818: 12806:. Retrieved 12802: 12792: 12783: 12771: 12766: 12755:, retrieved 12746: 12742: 12721:, retrieved 12717:the original 12712: 12661: 12655: 12645: 12633:. Retrieved 12619: 12610: 12604: 12571: 12567: 12561: 12551:16 September 12549:. Retrieved 12545:the original 12540: 12534: 12527: 12515:. Retrieved 12508:the original 12495: 12485:16 September 12483:. Retrieved 12474: 12465: 12434: 12428: 12418: 12375: 12371: 12365: 12361: 12353: 12341:. Retrieved 12335: 12325: 12300: 12296: 12290: 12270: 12258:. Retrieved 12246: 12240: 12230: 12218:. Retrieved 12204: 12194: 12182:. Retrieved 12178:Live Science 12176: 12166: 12147: 12131: 12126: 12111: 12092: 12080:. Retrieved 12075: 12065: 12041: 12034: 12016: 12000: 11984: 11941: 11937: 11927: 11900: 11896: 11886: 11845: 11839: 11818:16 September 11816:. Retrieved 11807: 11782:. Retrieved 11772: 11760:. Retrieved 11755: 11745: 11733:. Retrieved 11705: 11699: 11689: 11672: 11668: 11662: 11646: 11640:. Edinburgh. 11637: 11631: 11612: 11603: 11584: 11524: 11520: 11506: 11476:(3): 68–72. 11473: 11469: 11463: 11444: 11417: 11376:(1): 10–13. 11373: 11369: 11363: 11355:the original 11331:, retrieved 11321: 11280: 11276: 11266: 11254:. Retrieved 11251:ScienceDaily 11250: 11240: 11187: 11183: 11153: 11136: 11132: 11115: 11110: 11075: 11071: 11061: 11021: 11018:i-Perception 11017: 11007: 10964: 10960: 10950: 10931: 10922: 10916: 10898: 10892: 10855: 10851: 10841: 10825:the original 10820: 10810: 10792: 10745:16 September 10743:. Retrieved 10739:the original 10734: 10725: 10716: 10710:the original 10705: 10693: 10658: 10654: 10644: 10632:. Retrieved 10625:the original 10611: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10562: 10551:, retrieved 10545: 10508: 10504: 10498: 10489: 10480: 10474: 10463:, retrieved 10453: 10447: 10439: 10432:. Retrieved 10428:the original 10423: 10413: 10394: 10388: 10354: 10335: 10326: 10315:, retrieved 10309: 10288: 10284: 10278: 10270: 10263:, retrieved 10253: 10230: 10224: 10213:, retrieved 10204: 10195: 10186: 10180: 10169:, retrieved 10162:the original 10143: 10136: 10123: 10103: 10066: 10062: 10056: 10007: 10003: 9997: 9977:(1): 21–34. 9974: 9968: 9928: 9922: 9912: 9897: 9856: 9852: 9842: 9807: 9803: 9797: 9789: 9777:. Retrieved 9772: 9751: 9745: 9710: 9706: 9696: 9663: 9659: 9653: 9608: 9604: 9594: 9582:. Retrieved 9575:the original 9566: 9559: 9540: 9536: 9530: 9522: 9503: 9497: 9423: 9419: 9400: 9392: 9387: 9378: 9373: 9365: 9360: 9350: 9342: 9337: 9328: 9323: 9315: 9310: 9294: 9289: 9281: 9261:. Retrieved 9256: 9247: 9214: 9211:The Holocene 9210: 9204: 9196: 9170: 9164: 9152:. Retrieved 9143: 9117:. Retrieved 9097: 9093: 9083: 9077:. Article X. 9066: 9062: 8982: 8978: 8954: 8934: 8899: 8893: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8861: 8842: 8838: 8832: 8808: 8800:conservation 8798: 8792: 8773: 8767: 8734: 8728: 8703: 8697: 8693: 8659: 8632: 8628: 8618: 8609: 8605: 8585: 8565: 8559: 8517: 8513: 8503: 8491:. Retrieved 8487: 8477: 8426: 8422: 8411: 8384: 8380: 8370: 8327: 8323: 8265: 8261: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8191: 8175: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8128: 8101: 8095: 8061: 8055: 8046: 8042: 8022: 8018: 8012: 7979: 7975: 7969: 7961: 7956: 7930: 7923: 7864: 7860: 7849: 7840: 7834: 7825: 7819: 7768: 7762: 7756: 7737: 7733: 7724: 7713:, retrieved 7709:First Voices 7708: 7699: 7687:. Retrieved 7682: 7673: 7663: 7648: 7640: 7636: 7628: 7623: 7615: 7610: 7602:the original 7597: 7588: 7576:. Retrieved 7572: 7563: 7555: 7550: 7542: 7537: 7527: 7498: 7479:, retrieved 7467: 7437:, retrieved 7430:the original 7425: 7419:) in Canada" 7416: 7392:. Retrieved 7385:the original 7380: 7368: 7341: 7337: 7327: 7318: 7314: 7308: 7299: 7296:Acta Arctica 7295: 7291: 7257: 7254:Can. J. Zool 7253: 7249: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7172: 7164: 7150: 7138:. Retrieved 7126: 7116: 7104:. Retrieved 7100: 7091: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7025:cite journal 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6972: 6965: 6962:ВЕСТНИК СВФУ 6961: 6957: 6953: 6947: 6917:(1): 42–49. 6914: 6908: 6904: 6898: 6889: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6869: 6842: 6838: 6825: 6813:. Retrieved 6806:the original 6797: 6792: 6752:. Retrieved 6750:(in Swedish) 6742: 6730:. Retrieved 6725: 6716: 6696: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6609:(1): 33–41. 6606: 6600: 6596: 6563: 6500: 6494: 6448: 6444: 6388: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6284:. Retrieved 6277:the original 6256: 6252: 6243: 6217: 6204: 6192:. Retrieved 6188: 6179: 6167:. Retrieved 6153: 6147: 6141: 6106:. Retrieved 6087: 6080: 6061: 6057: 6052: 6015: 6007: 6006:if wild and 6003: 5994: 5972: 5938: 5934:Bowring Park 5911: 5891:Västerbotten 5864: 5845:Coat of arms 5830:Caribou Song 5829: 5823: 5819: 5816:Caribou Song 5815: 5779: 5768: 5755:Brian Jungen 5752: 5749: 5739: 5735: 5715: 5668:pack animals 5660:World War II 5657: 5634: 5631:Olaus Magnus 5628: 5617:There is an 5616: 5604: 5598: 5571: 5568:Theophrastus 5561: 5557: 5553: 5483:Carta marina 5481: 5478:Olaus Magnus 5467:photovoltaic 5452: 5432:Fennoscandia 5426: 5403: 5385: 5378: 5349:and Western 5347:Fennoscandia 5344: 5339: 5335: 5319: 5315: 5313: 5288:Fennoscandia 5285: 5227:Fennoscandia 5224: 5205: 5173: 5163: 5139: 5129: 5121: 5098: 5067: 5054: 5038: 5011: 5008: 5001: 4988: 4962: 4911: 4900: 4877: 4804: 4773:Banks Island 4770: 4758: 4743: 4731: 4720: 4718: 4711: 4701:, including 4681:, along the 4675: 4668: 4660: 4639: 4633: 4614:Conservation 4608: 4603: 4595: 4587: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4550: 4544: 4537: 4531: 4521: 4501:Arctic foxes 4494: 4486: 4468: 4458: 4455: 4420: 4418: 4403: 4390: 4379:osteophagous 4376: 4337: 4327: 4300: 4296:phenological 4263: 4261: 4255: 4253: 4220: 4218: 4127: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4062: 4050: 4046: 4022: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3934: 3927: 3914: 3905: 3896:Allen's rule 3889: 3886: 3882: 3870: 3859: 3849: 3846:), woodland 3841: 3804: 3797: 3785: 3773:Aivilingmiut 3762: 3750: 3736: 3721: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3683: 3675:Scandinavian 3671: 3667: 3658: 3648: 3642: 3616: 3612: 3604: 3589: 3568: 3566: 3556: 3548: 3540: 3532: 3521:R. t. caboti 3520: 3507: 3506:Some of the 3505: 3500: 3496: 3489:R. t. setoni 3488: 3486: 3482:R. t. stonei 3481: 3478:R. t. granti 3477: 3474:R. t. stonei 3473: 3469: 3466:R. t. stonei 3465: 3463: 3458: 3454:R. t. granti 3453: 3449: 3445: 3433: 3428:". The late 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3406:R. t. granti 3405: 3401: 3394: 3392: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3346: 3343:R. t. granti 3342: 3340: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3287:grœnlandicus 3286: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3266: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3250: 3233: 3230:R. t. caboti 3229: 3227: 3195:R. f. setoni 3194: 3190:R. t. setoni 3189: 3149: 3144: 3110: 3083: 3069: 3060: 3051: 3042: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3016: 3007: 2998: 2992: 2984: 2974: 2970: 2961: 2955: 2906: 2892: 2888: 2839: 2822: 2799: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2697: 2692: 2681: 2675: 2644: 2639: 2626: 2577: 2572: 2535: 2530: 2519: 2513: 2506:Newfoundland 2492:Newfoundland 2477: 2472: 2421:R. c. caboti 2420: 2416:R. t. caboti 2415: 2377: 2372: 2361: 2355: 2315:R. a. stonei 2314: 2310:R. t. stonei 2309: 2286:(except for 2268:R. a. pearyi 2267: 2263:R. t. pearyi 2262: 2216: 2211: 2131: 2126: 2080:R. a. granti 2079: 2075:R. t. granti 2074: 2067:Mount Robson 2051: 2047: 2025: 2020: 1983: 1978: 1926: 1921: 1910: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1889: 1872:Common name 1852: 1839: 1837: 1833:Beverly herd 1829: 1824: 1819: 1800: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1779:R. t. stonei 1778: 1772: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1731: 1727: 1719: 1715: 1712:genetic data 1709: 1683: 1681: 1672: 1663: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1621:R. t. pearyi 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1601:R. t. caboti 1600: 1595:agreed with 1584: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1561:Newfoundland 1556: 1548: 1541:R. t. caboti 1540: 1536: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1508:mammalogists 1504: 1495: 1487: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1470:, the genus 1467: 1462: 1439: 1425: 1419: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1368:DNA analysis 1363: 1359: 1356:Scandinavian 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1327: 1323: 1317: 1312: 1309:R. t. pearyi 1308: 1306: 1265: 1257: 1249: 1241: 1224:metabolism, 1218: 1209: 1197: 1193: 1190:Late Miocene 1175: 1174:(sheep) and 1169: 1163: 1159: 1151: 1141: 1134:Odocoileinae 1129: 1127: 1102: 1098: 1092: 1078: 1077:, sometimes 1074: 1066: 1064: 1055: 1051: 1046:) people, a 1039: 1019: 1017: 1012: 1005: 1001: 997: 987: 983: 979: 971: 967: 965: 961:Theophrastus 952: 948: 944: 936: 928: 920: 912: 911:used in his 904: 899: 885: 856: 845:R. t. setoni 844: 840: 834: 829: 825: 821: 803: 792:R. t. caboti 791: 789: 772: 770: 765: 749: 740: 724: 722: 713: 700: 696: 688: 676: 670: 665: 662:Newfoundland 658:R. t. caboti 657: 645: 639: 629:), lived on 626: 614: 610: 607:R. t. stonei 606: 602: 591:R. t. granti 590: 585:of the high 583:polar desert 579:R. t. pearyi 578: 570: 554: 528: 523: 519: 515: 511: 503: 497: 477: 464: 460: 456: 452: 446: 435: 429: 428: 411:, native to 399: 398: 394: 390: 388: 360: 338: 336: 320: 319: 300: 299: 260:Artiodactyla 43: 19500:Capreolinae 19271:NatureServe 19180:iNaturalist 19038:Wikispecies 18989:Pack animal 18908:Stock horse 18888:Guide horse 18883:Draft horse 18861:Therapy dog 18851:Service dog 18826:Hunting dog 18821:Herding dog 18806:Draught dog 18769:Bali cattle 18531:L. guanicoe 18390:Tayassuidae 18354:Wild boar ( 18293:S. barbatus 18251:P. larvatus 18227:P. salvania 18225:Pygmy hog ( 18159:Hylochoerus 18012:Philantomba 17900:C. jentinki 17882:C. dorsalis 17835:Cephalophus 17719:N. pygmaeus 17677:M. saltiana 17615:Dorcatragus 17589:S. tatarica 17479:N. petersii 17417:Litocranius 17317:E. tilonura 17264:Blackbuck ( 17240:Springbok ( 17183:Antilopinae 17181:(subfamily 17128:Taurotragus 17095:Sitatunga ( 17088:T. scriptus 17079:T. imberbis 17036:(including 17029:Tragelaphus 16850:B. quarlesi 16732:Boselaphini 16716:(subfamily 16621:O. nivicola 16462:N. caudatus 16451:Red goral ( 16442:Naemorhedus 16405:C. swinhoei 16385:Red serow ( 16367:Capricornis 16345:C. sibirica 16282:C. caucasia 16273:C. aegagrus 16271:Wild goat ( 16225:A. jayakari 16214:Arabitragus 16173:(subfamily 16144:Antilopinae 16067:C. taurinus 16010:D. pygargus 15903:A. melampus 15824:K. vardonii 15786:Waterbuck ( 15727:O. leucoryx 15656:Hippotragus 15584:O. hemionus 15582:Mule deer ( 15481:Blastocerus 15390:M. bricenii 15348:H. bisulcus 15315:R. tarandus 15291:C. pygargus 15213:Capreolinae 15195:Sika deer ( 15137:R. unicolor 15126:Rusa deer ( 15029:A. porcinus 14849:M. montanus 14646:M. kathygre 14395:Pronghorn ( 14386:Antilocapra 14239:23 November 14202:25 December 14178:24 December 14009:18 December 13971:. Inari.fi. 13928:16 February 13663:: 253–267. 13102:12 February 12938:(11): 900. 12892:(6): 1–14. 12668:: 117–130. 12635:14 November 12475:Learner.org 12441:: 271–295. 12260:7 September 12220:7 September 11784:16 February 11762:7 September 11756:China Today 11333:3 September 11256:25 December 10852:BMC Biology 10661:: 445–454. 9584:27 December 9263:9 September 9069:: 119–127. 8635:: 168–169. 7771:(1): 8980. 7711:, 2001–2013 7689:15 November 7523:Warming, E. 7481:27 December 7439:18 December 7394:17 December 6815:16 November 6732:14 November 6169:19 November 6002:, known as 5930:World War I 5722:Santa Claus 5698:Santa Claus 5688:Arkhangelsk 5664:Soviet Army 5455:diesel fuel 5278:Milking in 5265:Arkhangelsk 5142:Yukon River 5004:aphrodisiac 4869: [ 4864:, antlers, 4858: [ 4588:Alces alces 4528:black flies 4474:polar bears 4470:Brown bears 4430:Biśnik Cave 4387:Arctic char 4130:Scandinavia 4118:in Mongolia 4104:Suomussalmi 3724:snow knives 3643:R. tarandus 3551:); and the 3470:R. arcticus 3436:end of the 3402:R. arcticus 3387:R. montanus 3366:R. arcticus 3353:, opposite 3311:R. tarandus 3307:R. arcticus 3172:Haida Gwaii 3093:Common name 2949:Scandinavia 2861:during the 2782:"Island of 2770:New Siberia 2735:R. tarandus 2727:Spitzbergen 2514:R. fennicus 2426:G. M. Allen 2111:, opposite 2059:Smoky River 1905:R. arcticus 1890:R. tarandus 1869:Subspecies 1710:Meanwhile, 1668:Lake Baikal 1593:Peter Grubb 1573:R. arcticus 1529:R. tarandus 1403:Jotunheimen 1302:Sangamonian 1274:Pleistocene 1212:fossils in 1186:Odocoileini 875:(COSEWIC). 781:New Siberia 745:Taimyr herd 693:Lake Baikal 635:Haida Gwaii 555:R. arcticus 494:Description 307:C. H. Smith 290:Odocoileini 280:Capreolinae 276:Subfamily: 193:NatureServe 19464:Categories 19394:Q106448061 18893:Pack horse 18841:Police dog 18667:Choeropsis 18549:L. vicugna 18435:C. wagneri 18338:S. oliveri 18329:S. heureni 18065:S. grimmia 18054:Sylvicapra 18041:P. walteri 17954:C. rubidis 17945:C. ogilbyi 17891:C. harveyi 17855:C. brookei 17809:R. sharpei 17789:Steenbok ( 17780:Raphicerus 17732:Oreotragus 17605:Neotragini 17554:Pantholops 17470:N. notatus 17428:L. walleri 17377:G. gazella 17350:G. cuvieri 17339:Chinkara ( 17231:Antidorcas 17218:A. clarkei 17207:Ammodorcas 17197:Antilopini 17097:T. spekeii 17061:T. buxtoni 17052:T. angasii 16944:Wild yak ( 16928:B. indicus 16883:B. bonasus 16823:B. bubalis 16766:Boselaphus 16742:Tetracerus 16612:O. gmelini 16480:N. griseus 16453:N. baileyi 16418:Hemitragus 16387:C. rubidus 16378:C. crispus 16327:C. nubiana 16190:Ammotragus 16093:Pantholops 16023:Alcelaphus 16008:Bontebok ( 16001:D. lunatus 15990:Damaliscus 15977:B. hunteri 15866:R. redunca 15767:Reduncinae 15718:O. gazella 15667:H. equinus 15593:O. pandora 15573:Odocoileus 15457:Ozotoceros 15313:Reindeer ( 15258:H. inermis 15247:Hydropotes 15170:C. elaphus 15168:Red deer ( 15110:R. alfredi 15027:Hog deer ( 14885:M. reevesi 14858:M. muntjak 14688:T. kanchil 14655:M. meminna 14602:Hyemoschus 14592:Tragulidae 14549:M. cupreus 14467:G. giraffa 14413:Giraffidae 14364:Ruminantia 13846:31 January 13817:17 January 13784:15 January 13614:15 January 13247:30 October 13214:11 January 13138:14 January 12757:14 January 12723:16 January 12517:17 January 12343:26 October 11808:Earth News 11669:Mammal Rev 11024:(6): 1–6. 10634:3 November 10553:2 November 10465:31 October 10434:30 October 10397:(2): 297. 10317:3 November 10265:30 October 10215:17 January 10171:31 October 9713:. e00920. 9636:1993/31986 9380:Quadrupeds 9174:. London. 9154:15 January 9140:"Reindeer" 9119:5 February 8651:1029734421 8546:"Synonymy" 8493:8 December 8049:: 323–330. 8025:: 367–788. 7715:17 January 7578:13 January 6754:8 November 6073:References 5796:playwright 5474:Miniatures 5463:snowmobile 5442:region in 5440:Cairngorms 5290:(northern 5269:photochrom 5241:) and the 5229:(northern 5080:, and the 5057:March 2023 4853:for meat, 4841:, and the 4831:Inuvialuit 4787:See also: 4746:Threatened 4738:extirpated 4703:Washington 4695:extirpated 4652:subspecies 4644:Vulnerable 4524:mosquitoes 4464:Wolverines 4344:gastropods 4162:Washington 4140:, Russia, 3708:) antlers 3659:amiraijaut 3090:Subspecies 2940:introduced 2932:Austfirðir 2885:River Lena 2871:extirpated 2857:, Russia, 2654:sedentary 2611:Chulyshman 2502:Grand Lake 2356:R. caribou 2190:Revelstoke 2168:Washington 1996:migratory 1803:haplotypes 1722:) and the 1696:morphology 1571:(formerly 1547:caribou), 1383:Mesolithic 1372:R. caribou 1160:Hydropotes 1156:water deer 1083:Icelanders 1024:Inuvialuit 869:Washington 735:villages. 617:) are all 469:vulnerable 168:Vulnerable 60:to present 19515:Livestock 18979:Livestock 18831:Mercy dog 18816:Guide dog 18811:Guard dog 18784:Dromedary 18619:Suborder 18529:Guanaco ( 18501:Camelidae 18487:Suborder 18459:D. tajacu 18448:Dicotyles 18424:Catagonus 18411:T. pecari 18356:S. scrofa 18260:P. porcus 18249:Bushpig ( 18117:Babyrousa 18093:Suborder 17990:C. weynsi 17981:C. spadix 17846:C. adersi 17767:O. ourebi 17701:N. batesi 17690:Neotragus 17659:M. kirkii 17461:N. granti 17426:Gerenuk ( 17395:G. spekei 17359:G. dorcas 17216:Dibatag ( 17003:S. caffer 16968:Pseudoryx 16955:B. taurus 16935:Banteng ( 16910:B. gaurus 16839:Tamaraw ( 16685:Chamois ( 16667:Rupicapra 16654:P. nayaur 16630:O. vignei 16610:Mouflon ( 16309:C. hircus 16298:Markhor ( 16201:A. lervia 15966:Beatragus 15892:Aepyceros 15716:Gemsbok ( 15709:O. dammah 15551:P. carlae 15444:M. temama 15435:M. rufina 15399:M. chunyi 15381:M. bororo 15271:Capreolus 15197:C. nippon 15188:C. hanglu 15075:Elaphurus 15020:A. kuhlii 14934:Elaphodus 14802:Muntiacus 14637:M. indica 14626:Moschiola 14558:M. fuscus 14501:Moschidae 14362:Suborder 14322:Kingdom: 14257:from the 14128:(1911). " 14110:(1920). " 13888:"Logotyp" 13685:110090767 13353:230507240 13345:0066-6939 13297:1873-9652 13180:132900160 12931:Diversity 12808:16 August 12692:154741203 12684:0362-1626 12457:1543-592X 12410:241470816 12402:0722-4060 11968:1365-2656 11919:0022-2372 11870:1354-1013 11730:1866-9557 11708:(5): 98. 11422:Baltimore 11390:0022-2372 11214:1932-6203 10594:2164/4960 10525:138926309 10120:"Caribou" 10071:CiteSeerX 10032:0029-8549 10004:Oecologia 9881:216556342 9737:213145519 9688:254418477 9448:0962-1083 9239:140183093 9075:2246/1666 8776:(4): 25. 8451:1476-4687 8354:0906-7590 8324:Ecography 8230:1062-3590 8120:1890-6729 8104:(4): 25. 8070:0345-0074 8004:0277-3791 7950:236436985 7899:0962-1083 7793:2045-2322 7360:1923-1245 7135:0362-4331 7083:2500-008X 6861:1708-3087 6527:1313-2970 6380:Grubb, P. 6341:161921691 6286:4 January 6253:Evolution 5975:(journal) 5564:Aristotle 5422:satellite 5249:Husbandry 5195:Fairbanks 5150:gold rush 5117:Ahiarmiut 5082:Kalaallit 5076:peoples, 5049:talk page 4965:meatballs 4950:Iron Ages 4930:Yukaghirs 4903:Christmas 4600:mule deer 4444:Predators 4414:ultradian 4395:bird eggs 4348:lichenase 4330:ruminants 4290:due to a 4268:Holarctic 4190:Tennessee 4138:Greenland 4106:, Finland 4058:Greenland 4054:Porcupine 3860:Reindeer 3855:SARA 2014 3815:body heat 3729:Inuit art 3600:Androgens 3484:as well. 3410:R. stonei 3378:R. granti 3374:R. stonei 3347:R. granti 3323:R. arctus 3216:, Russia 3132:Greenland 2919:migratory 2893:asiaticus 2889:sibiricus 2832:Kamchatka 2668:Greenland 2659:Greenland 2609:"Head of 2547:migratory 2451:, Canada 1955:Greenland 1938:migratory 1768:Evolution 1760:Evolution 1736:Evolution 1490:Evolution 1446:, with a 1430:from the 1415:Stone Age 1395:Greenland 1387:Neolithic 1336:geuttardi 1318:The late 1300:; and in 1222:vitamin D 1143:Capreolus 1089:Evolution 1081:, by the 994:Old Norse 980:Rangifer, 957:Aristotle 486:legends, 484:Christmas 442:sedentary 438:migratory 417:subarctic 383:(orange) 315:Species: 226:Kingdom: 220:Eukaryota 58:Chibanian 51:(Caribou) 19480:Reindeer 19388:Wikidata 19276:2.103369 19263:14200328 19198:10453154 19023:Wikidata 18930:Reindeer 18898:Pit pony 18856:Sled dog 18591:C. ferus 18547:Vicuña ( 18540:L. pacos 18538:Alpaca ( 18522:L. glama 18489:Tylopoda 17999:C. zebra 17927:C. niger 17501:Procapra 17279:Eudorcas 17255:Antilope 16992:Syncerus 16953:Cattle ( 16946:B. mutus 16874:B. bison 16814:B. arnee 16775:Nilgai ( 16652:Bharal ( 16643:Pseudois 16603:O. dalli 16585:O. aries 16576:O. ammon 16574:Argali ( 16526:Muskox ( 16493:Oreamnos 16471:N. goral 16354:C. walie 16238:Budorcas 16175:Caprinae 16120:Caprinae 15975:Hirola ( 15919:Peleinae 15901:Impala ( 15806:K. leche 15804:Lechwe ( 15700:O. beisa 15676:H. niger 15337:Taruca ( 15304:Rangifer 15234:A. alces 15135:Sambar ( 15062:R. eldii 15042:Rucervus 15000:Chital ( 14792:Cervinae 14779:Cervidae 14740:Cervidae 14668:Tragulus 14342:Eutheria 14336:Mammalia 14330:Chordata 14328:Phylum: 14324:Animalia 14145:Reindeer 14130:Reindeer 14092:Rangifer 14081:Archived 14069:Archived 13965:Archived 13946:Archived 13867:Archived 13811:archived 13778:Archived 13748:Archived 13729:Archived 13713:cornuum. 13708:Archived 13632:Archived 13608:Archived 13587:Archived 13563:Archived 13466:18460427 13396:Archived 13241:archived 13208:archived 13129:archived 13027:Archived 13008:Archived 12989:Archived 12986:Reindeer 12861:18460427 12751:archived 12745:Rangifer 12629:Archived 12596:39879199 12588:12038147 12479:Archived 12279:Archived 12155:Archived 12116:Lemmings 12100:Archived 12057:Archived 11993:Archived 11976:26529139 11878:86111815 11812:Archived 11735:19 April 11620:Archived 11559:21618914 11498:21227095 11452:Archived 11327:archived 11299:38141616 11232:26061003 11184:PLOS ONE 11102:24174115 11048:38107029 11039:10725117 10999:24621320 10939:Archived 10884:18986518 10768:Archived 10603:25039753 10459:archived 10390:Rangifer 10361:Igloolik 10259:archived 10209:archived 10128:archived 10085:40512709 10048:40646035 10040:28307241 9989:Archived 9970:Rangifer 9873:32338826 9834:31221829 9645:90484948 9499:Rangifer 9464:22614440 9456:25403098 9355:297-322. 9148:Archived 9009:90854394 8769:Rangifer 8720:34394002 8469:36477129 8300:29988428 8238:15672189 8097:Rangifer 7962:Rangifer 7915:73423576 7907:30714247 7811:32488117 7656:Archived 7525:(eds.). 7472:archived 7140:18 April 7106:18 April 6975:: 15–20. 6892:: 22–30. 6793:Rangifer 6623:12580784 6545:36762356 6495:Rangifer 6408:62265494 6382:(2005). 6273:12703955 6194:30 March 6108:6 August 6008:reindeer 5973:Rangifer 5951:See also 5812:Manitoba 5800:novelist 5789:Canadian 5773:— 5759:Dane-zaa 5744:— 5718:folklore 5672:Murmansk 5573:tarandos 5480:'s 1539 5444:Scotland 5434:and the 5428:Domestic 5365:and the 5166:Gwichʼin 5133:— 4936:and the 4905:legend, 4843:Gwichʼin 4761:Gaspésie 4721:Rangifer 4687:Kootenay 4683:Columbia 4580:nematode 4555:Atlantic 4489:Svalbard 4438:mesowear 4399:Chukchis 4393:)), and 4383:lemmings 4352:lichenin 4292:mismatch 4264:Rangifer 4256:Rangifer 4225:Mongolia 4221:Rangifer 4174:Scotland 4142:Mongolia 4038:parasite 4029:Labrador 3853:— 3832:nostrils 3715:— 3702:Igloolik 3663:Igloolik 3626:and the 3590:In most 3537:Gaspésie 3508:Rangifer 3493:Sakhalin 3440:and the 3335:Taxonomy 3299:Rangifer 3248:above). 3246:Taxonomy 3238:Beringia 3219:no data 3210:Sakhalin 3164:woodland 3130:eastern 3096:Division 3084:Rangifer 2945:no data 2930:and the 2876:no data 2863:Holocene 2827:no data 2788:Bramcote 2779:no data 2776:, Russia 2714:Svalbard 2663:no data 2606:no data 2602:Mongolia 2565:Lappland 2494:, Canada 2454:no data 2449:Labrador 2339:no data 2298:, Canada 2294:and the 2237:, Canada 2181:no data 2087:, 1902) 2007:and the 1949:and the 1896:reindeer 1853:Rangifer 1840:Rangifer 1811:Gaspésie 1732:Rangifer 1716:Rangifer 1692:ecotypes 1688:taxonomy 1678:Ecotypes 1635:(called 1545:Labrador 1525:Rangifer 1515:below). 1478:Rangifer 1472:Rangifer 1454:Taxonomy 1444:Holocene 1440:Rangifer 1344:fennicus 1282:Beringia 1266:Rangifer 1250:Rangifer 1242:Rangifer 1210:Rangifer 1198:Rangifer 1194:Rangifer 1138:roe deer 1130:Rangifer 1103:Rangifer 1099:Rangifer 1075:hreindýr 1060:Gwichʼin 1020:Rangifer 989:reindeer 984:Rangifer 968:reindeer 953:tarandos 949:tarandus 945:rangifer 929:tarandus 905:Rangifer 892:(IUCN). 886:Rangifer 851:and the 849:Sakhalin 762:Chukotka 654:Labrador 504:Rangifer 430:Rangifer 391:reindeer 362:See text 355:Species 347:Linnaeus 301:Rangifer 270:Cervidae 266:Family: 250:Mammalia 240:Chordata 236:Phylum: 230:Animalia 216:Domain: 173:IUCN 3.1 49:Reindeer 18:Caribous 19442:ZooBank 19421:7536739 19250:1006306 19159:5220114 18703:Cetacea 18694:Cetacea 18562:Camelus 18520:Llama ( 18400:Tayassu 18216:Porcula 17765:Oribi ( 17756:Ourebia 17639:Madoqua 17624:Beira ( 17545:Saigini 17452:N. dama 17330:Gazella 17179:Bovidae 17177:Family 17148:T. oryx 17068:Bongo ( 17050:Nyala ( 16977:Saola ( 16899:Gayal ( 16803:Bubalus 16718:Bovinae 16714:Bovidae 16712:Family 16628:Urial ( 16318:C. ibex 16247:Takin ( 16171:Bovidae 16169:Family 16132:Bovinae 16058:C. gnou 15837:Redunca 15749:Addax ( 15633:Bovidae 15631:Family 15539:Pudella 15526:P. pudu 15417:M. nana 15232:Moose ( 15002:A. axis 14969:D. dama 14831:M. feae 14777:Family 14752:Bovidae 14697:T. napu 14511:Moschus 14447:Giraffa 14432:Okapi ( 14334:Class: 14313:species 14309:Extant 14153:. 1905. 14112:Caribou 13996:COSEWIC 13902:7 March 13665:Bibcode 13457:2593925 13275:Bibcode 12852:2593925 12713:COSEWIC 12380:Bibcode 12337:Science 12317:3802682 12184:22 June 12097:Biology 12082:30 June 11946:Bibcode 11850:Bibcode 11810:. BBC. 11710:Bibcode 11567:9018584 11550:7163749 11529:Bibcode 11521:Ecology 11478:Bibcode 11398:1382230 11322:Caribou 11223:4464525 11192:Bibcode 11093:3826237 10990:4232876 10969:Bibcode 10875:2596769 10685:6887057 10676:1199219 10454:Oopakak 10367:. 1991. 10365:Nunavut 10233:. 2000. 10012:Bibcode 9947:1383113 9812:Bibcode 9804:Science 9779:21 July 9715:Bibcode 9668:Bibcode 9613:Bibcode 9428:Bibcode 9219:Bibcode 9114:3808683 8987:Bibcode 8460:9729109 8431:Bibcode 8389:Bibcode 8362:4518424 8332:Bibcode 8291:6024114 8270:Bibcode 8210:Bibcode 8167:9878226 8147:Bibcode 7984:Bibcode 7935:bioRxiv 7869:Bibcode 7802:7265531 7773:Bibcode 7426:COSEWIC 7321:: 1–88. 7302:: 1–57. 7274:4950388 7230:9878226 7210:Bibcode 6971:]. 6939:9180267 6919:Bibcode 6536:9848878 6505:Bibcode 6501:ZooKeys 6004:caribou 5941:Kuusamo 5914:quarter 5849:Kuusamo 5808:Brochet 5674:to the 5658:During 5603:in his 5582:Scythia 5578:Bodines 5550:History 5496:Milking 5324:Karelia 5308:Yakutia 5300:Finland 5239:Finland 5189:at the 5174:vadzaih 5105:Nunavut 5013:Caribou 4973:sausage 4938:Koryaks 4934:Chukchi 4851:Duhalar 4827:Iñupiat 4817:of the 4734:habitat 4714:extinct 4697:in the 4656:extinct 4648:species 4598:), and 4513:falcons 4372:grasses 4364:birches 4360:willows 4356:glucose 4334:lichens 4294:in the 4214:Siberia 4210:Finland 4194:Alabama 4170:Ireland 4082:Ecology 4042:culling 4033:migrate 3822:. Like 3733:Iqaluit 3661:in the 3596:antlers 3578:Antlers 3543:); the 3512:ecotype 3434:eastern 3285:, gave 3242:Eurasia 3212:in the 3181:no data 3136:no data 2936:Iceland 2881:Siberia 2867:cal. BP 2855:Siberia 2619:Siberia 2556:Finland 2459:Nachvak 2428:, 1914) 2292:Nunavut 2176:Montana 2156:Purcell 2152:Selkirk 2063:Alberta 1947:Nunavut 1900:caribou 1864:Species 1859:Species 1807:alleles 1354:in the 1298:Alabama 1214:Eurasia 1154:), and 1069:by the 1044:Tłı̨chǫ 1010:Mi'kmaq 1006:caribou 972:caribou 847:) from 619:montane 539:Nunavut 473:antlers 395:caribou 349:, 1758) 296:Genus: 286:Tribe: 256:Order: 246:Class: 191: ( 189:Secure 171: ( 126:↓ 19434:993632 19367:993630 19328:410153 19224:180701 19143:FEIS: 19123:305273 19110:RANFTA 19097:328653 19029:Q39624 18868:Donkey 18107:Suidae 17708:Suni ( 17441:Nanger 16926:Zebu ( 16908:Gaur ( 16793:Bovini 16517:Ovibos 15822:Puku ( 15797:K. kob 15361:Mazama 15150:Cervus 14423:Okapia 13683: 13541: 13464: 13454: 13351: 13343: 13295: 13178: 13168: 12962:, 1971 12905:24 May 12859: 12849: 12690: 12682: 12594: 12586: 12455: 12408: 12400: 12315: 12138: 12049: 12023: 11974: 11966: 11917: 11876: 11868: 11728: 11591: 11565: 11557: 11547: 11496: 11432: 11396: 11388: 11297: 11230: 11220: 11212: 11161: 11100: 11090: 11046: 11036: 10997: 10987: 10905: 10882: 10872: 10858:: 47. 10799: 10683: 10673: 10601: 10523: 10342: 10154: 10083: 10073: 10063:Arctic 10046: 10038: 10030: 9945: 9904: 9879: 9871: 9832: 9735: 9686: 9643: 9462: 9454: 9446: 9237: 9112: 9007: 8877:, and 8718: 8649: 8514:Arctic 8467: 8457: 8449: 8423:Nature 8360: 8352: 8298: 8288: 8236: 8228: 8165: 8118: 8068: 8002: 7948: 7937: 7913: 7905: 7897: 7809: 7799: 7791: 7738:tuttut 7685:. 2021 7594:"deer" 7358: 7338:Arctic 7272: 7228: 7133: 7081: 6937: 6859: 6704: 6621: 6575: 6543: 6533: 6525: 6455: 6406: 6396: 6339: 6333:278435 6331: 6271: 6099: 5895:Sweden 5885:, and 5802:, and 5680:Nenets 5662:, the 5367:Yakuts 5363:Nenets 5361:, the 5355:herded 5351:Russia 5296:Sweden 5292:Norway 5235:Sweden 5231:Norway 5214:, and 5212:Nenets 5158:Tanana 5154:Huslia 4985:smoked 4981:salted 4946:Bronze 4932:, the 4928:, the 4926:Evenks 4924:, the 4922:Khanty 4920:, the 4918:Nenets 4837:, the 4833:, the 4829:, the 4515:, and 4505:eagles 4412:to an 4368:sedges 4307:lichen 4272:tundra 4262:While 4206:Norway 4192:, and 4186:Nevada 4178:Orkney 4150:Alaska 4095:Sweden 4025:Ungava 3960:Sweden 3867:lichen 3862:hooves 3838:Hooves 3811:mucosa 3769:woolly 3737:Nunali 3620:velvet 3592:cervid 3459:granti 3426:granti 3395:granti 3222:2007? 3205:tundra 3126:tundra 2928:Norway 2718:Norway 2552:Russia 2348:Alaska 2331:Alaska 2230:muskeg 2005:Alaska 1878:Range 1623:, and 1555:) and 1391:Norway 1234:tundra 1123:Arctic 1058:. The 1052:Ɂekwǫ̀ 1013:qalipu 998:hreinn 996:words 921:raingo 896:Naming 816:. The 719:Status 683:. The 543:tundra 533:, the 425:boreal 421:tundra 413:Arctic 309:, 1827 19429:WoRMS 19408:11378 19403:EUNIS 19362:WoRMS 19354:15422 19341:51308 19315:79957 19237:29742 19211:66662 19193:IRMNG 19185:42199 19084:4RF6J 19071:19364 18915:Llama 18878:Horse 18873:Gayal 18774:Camel 18095:Suina 17578:Saiga 17519:Goa ( 17038:kudus 16262:Capra 15929:Pelea 15795:Kob ( 15777:Kobus 15740:Addax 15223:Alces 15177:Elk ( 14268:CPAWS 14029:(PDF) 14003:(PDF) 13992:(PDF) 13681:S2CID 13653:(PDF) 13518:[ 13506:[ 13378:(PDF) 13371:(PDF) 13349:S2CID 13221:life. 13176:S2CID 13132:(PDF) 13121:(PDF) 13096:(PDF) 13085:(PDF) 12688:S2CID 12664:(1). 12592:S2CID 12511:(PDF) 12504:(PDF) 12437:(1). 12406:S2CID 12313:JSTOR 11874:S2CID 11563:S2CID 11394:JSTOR 10713:(PDF) 10702:(PDF) 10628:(PDF) 10621:(PDF) 10521:S2CID 10165:(PDF) 10148:(PDF) 10081:JSTOR 10044:S2CID 9943:JSTOR 9877:S2CID 9733:S2CID 9684:S2CID 9641:S2CID 9578:(PDF) 9571:(PDF) 9460:S2CID 9235:S2CID 9110:JSTOR 9059:(PDF) 9005:S2CID 8736:eds.) 8716:S2CID 8612:(66). 8381:Earth 8358:S2CID 8234:S2CID 7946:S2CID 7911:S2CID 7734:tuttu 7475:(PDF) 7464:(PDF) 7433:(PDF) 7422:(PDF) 7388:(PDF) 7377:(PDF) 7270:S2CID 7178:(PDF) 7067:(3). 7007:[ 6964:[ 6935:S2CID 6882:[ 6835:(PDF) 6809:(PDF) 6802:(PDF) 6337:S2CID 6329:JSTOR 6280:(PDF) 6249:(PDF) 6065:1738. 5986:Notes 5945:Inari 5903:Piteå 5860:Inari 5787:is a 5757:, of 5562:Both 5380:siida 5220:Dukha 5093:parka 5070:Inuit 4942:Inuit 4892:Sápmi 4888:Sápmi 4873:] 4862:] 4855:hides 4815:Inuit 4707:Idaho 4584:moose 4578:), a 4509:hawks 4434:MIS 3 4276:taiga 4229:China 4198:Spain 4166:Idaho 4158:Maine 4156:from 4114:Near 3824:moose 3706:tuktu 3696:skull 3651:Inuit 3645:skull 3608:moose 3448:(now 3398:' 3184:1908 3139:1900 3099:Range 3070:ZMASL 3052:RSMNH 2985:NHMUK 2615:Altai 2335:Yukon 2290:) of 2198:B. C. 2172:Idaho 2162:) in 2085:Allen 2009:Yukon 1559:(the 1543:(the 1254:Yukon 1182:clade 1177:Capra 1152:Alces 1067:tuttu 1056:tǫdzı 1040:tuktu 1032:Inuit 919:word 865:Maine 863:from 705:Altai 547:taiga 531:Yukon 407:with 19416:GBIF 19302:9870 19297:NCBI 19232:IUCN 19219:ITIS 19172:1264 19167:GISD 19154:GBIF 19146:rata 19105:EPPO 19066:BOLD 18920:Mule 18701:see 18511:Lama 16565:Ovis 15689:Oryx 15505:Pudu 15099:Rusa 14991:Axis 14958:Dama 14241:2022 14204:2015 14180:2014 14011:2013 13930:2021 13904:2012 13848:2014 13819:2014 13786:2014 13616:2014 13571:2011 13539:ISBN 13462:PMID 13341:ISSN 13293:ISSN 13249:2017 13216:2015 13166:ISBN 13140:2014 13104:2008 12907:2023 12857:PMID 12810:2014 12759:2014 12725:2014 12680:ISSN 12637:2013 12584:PMID 12553:2011 12519:2014 12487:2011 12453:ISSN 12398:ISSN 12345:2021 12262:2024 12222:2024 12186:2018 12136:ISBN 12084:2021 12047:ISBN 12021:ISBN 11972:PMID 11964:ISSN 11915:ISSN 11866:ISSN 11820:2011 11786:2022 11764:2021 11737:2024 11726:ISSN 11589:ISBN 11555:PMID 11494:PMID 11430:ISBN 11386:ISSN 11335:2014 11295:PMID 11258:2023 11228:PMID 11210:ISSN 11159:ISBN 11098:PMID 11044:PMID 10995:PMID 10903:ISBN 10880:PMID 10797:ISBN 10747:2011 10681:PMID 10636:2014 10599:PMID 10571:)". 10555:2014 10467:2017 10436:2017 10340:ISBN 10319:2014 10267:2017 10217:2014 10173:2014 10152:ISBN 10036:PMID 10028:ISSN 9902:ISBN 9869:PMID 9830:PMID 9781:2022 9586:2013 9452:PMID 9444:ISSN 9265:2019 9156:2014 9121:2023 8647:OCLC 8495:2022 8465:PMID 8447:ISSN 8350:ISSN 8296:PMID 8226:ISSN 8163:PMID 8137:)". 8116:ISSN 8066:ISSN 8023:1969 8000:ISSN 7903:PMID 7895:ISSN 7807:PMID 7789:ISSN 7736:(pl 7717:2014 7691:2022 7580:2024 7483:2013 7441:2013 7396:2013 7356:ISSN 7252:)". 7226:PMID 7200:)". 7142:2018 7131:ISSN 7108:2018 7079:ISSN 7031:link 6878:)". 6857:ISSN 6817:2022 6756:2023 6734:2022 6702:ISBN 6619:PMID 6599:)". 6573:ISBN 6541:PMID 6523:ISSN 6453:ISBN 6404:OCLC 6394:ISBN 6288:2013 6269:PMID 6196:2022 6171:2021 6154:2016 6110:2013 6097:ISBN 5793:Cree 5791:and 5692:Komi 5690:and 5641:Rome 5623:stag 5566:and 5461:and 5359:Sámi 5332:Komi 5306:and 5298:and 5237:and 5216:Komi 5208:Sámi 5164:The 5099:The 4948:and 4896:pulk 4884:Sámi 4866:milk 4791:and 4705:and 4685:and 4650:and 4636:IUCN 4511:and 4499:and 4478:wolf 4472:and 4370:and 4362:and 4313:Diet 4274:and 3935:The 3911:Eyes 3890:The 3879:Size 3844:SARA 3788:MC1R 3765:coat 3763:The 3747:Pelt 3677:and 3527:and 3063:, - 3061:USNM 2999:DMNH 2993:BMNH 2977:the 2975:RBCM 2971:BCPM 2962:AMNH 2768:and 2764:the 2712:the 2592:the 2554:and 2282:the 2174:and 2158:and 2146:the 2050:and 1941:the 1805:and 1789:and 1742:and 1651:and 1393:and 1385:and 1246:Omsk 1171:Ovis 1079:rein 1073:and 1048:Dene 1030:and 976:ICUN 970:and 959:and 947:and 917:Sámi 760:and 733:Sámi 707:and 640:The 565:and 537:and 440:and 405:deer 389:The 65:PreꞒ 19349:TSA 19284:NBN 19258:MSW 19245:MDD 19206:ISC 19092:EoL 19079:CoL 19053:ADW 18940:Yak 18791:Dog 18273:Sus 16863:Bos 14147:". 14132:". 14114:". 13673:doi 13452:PMC 13444:doi 13440:275 13415:doi 13333:doi 13283:doi 13158:doi 12940:doi 12894:doi 12847:PMC 12839:doi 12835:275 12670:doi 12576:doi 12443:doi 12388:doi 12305:doi 12251:doi 12247:286 12211:doi 12118:at 11954:doi 11905:doi 11858:doi 11718:doi 11677:doi 11545:PMC 11537:doi 11486:doi 11378:doi 11285:doi 11218:PMC 11200:doi 11141:doi 11088:PMC 11080:doi 11076:280 11034:PMC 11026:doi 10985:PMC 10977:doi 10870:PMC 10860:doi 10671:PMC 10663:doi 10659:340 10589:hdl 10581:doi 10513:doi 10399:doi 10020:doi 10008:110 9979:doi 9933:doi 9861:doi 9820:doi 9808:364 9723:doi 9676:doi 9631:hdl 9621:doi 9545:doi 9508:doi 9436:doi 9300:doi 9227:doi 9176:doi 9102:doi 9071:hdl 9067:XVI 8995:doi 8883:doi 8847:doi 8778:doi 8708:doi 8637:doi 8610:177 8522:doi 8455:PMC 8439:doi 8427:612 8397:doi 8340:doi 8286:PMC 8278:doi 8218:doi 8181:doi 8155:doi 8106:doi 7992:doi 7885:hdl 7877:doi 7797:PMC 7781:doi 7346:doi 7262:doi 7218:doi 7101:CBC 7069:doi 7013:doi 6927:doi 6847:doi 6778:pp. 6647:doi 6611:doi 6531:PMC 6513:doi 6321:doi 6307:the 6261:doi 6158:doi 5998:In 5893:in 5847:of 5728:". 5633:'s 5580:in 5193:in 5107:'s 4997:PDO 4954:fur 4835:Hän 4821:in 4658:. 4592:elk 4590:), 4497:red 4354:to 4160:to 3939:of 3875:). 3753:fur 3452:). 3301:as 3170:of 3119:or 3034:CMN 3030:CGS 3026:NMC 3017:MSI 3008:MCZ 2934:in 2926:in 2743:or 2054:." 2003:of 1945:of 1898:or 1236:or 1165:Bos 1146:), 1105:in 1002:dýr 935:'s 867:to 633:in 561:of 393:or 19466:: 19444:: 19431:: 19418:: 19405:: 19390:: 19364:: 19351:: 19338:: 19325:: 19312:: 19299:: 19286:: 19273:: 19260:: 19247:: 19234:: 19221:: 19208:: 19195:: 19182:: 19169:: 19156:: 19133:: 19120:: 19107:: 19094:: 19081:: 19068:: 19055:: 19040:: 19025:: 18925:Ox 14229:. 14190:. 14164:. 14031:, 13994:. 13920:. 13873:. 13856:^ 13826:^ 13805:, 13794:^ 13776:. 13772:. 13754:. 13702:. 13679:. 13671:. 13661:89 13659:. 13655:. 13483:. 13460:. 13450:. 13438:. 13434:. 13347:. 13339:. 13329:57 13327:. 13291:. 13281:. 13271:10 13269:. 13265:. 13218:, 13206:, 13202:, 13188:^ 13174:. 13164:. 13123:, 13087:. 12936:14 12934:. 12928:. 12888:. 12882:. 12855:. 12845:. 12833:. 12827:. 12801:. 12732:^ 12711:, 12700:^ 12686:. 12678:. 12662:14 12660:. 12654:. 12590:. 12582:. 12572:38 12570:. 12539:. 12537:)" 12477:. 12473:. 12451:. 12435:45 12433:. 12427:. 12404:. 12396:. 12386:. 12376:44 12374:. 12370:. 12334:. 12311:. 12301:67 12299:. 12245:. 12239:. 12203:. 12175:. 12074:. 12055:. 12007:^ 11999:. 11970:. 11962:. 11952:. 11942:85 11940:. 11936:. 11913:. 11901:98 11899:. 11895:. 11872:. 11864:. 11856:. 11846:15 11844:. 11828:^ 11806:. 11794:^ 11754:. 11724:. 11716:. 11706:12 11704:. 11698:. 11673:36 11671:. 11654:, 11575:^ 11561:. 11553:. 11543:. 11535:. 11525:92 11523:. 11519:. 11492:. 11484:. 11472:. 11424:: 11406:^ 11392:. 11384:. 11374:75 11372:. 11342:^ 11307:^ 11293:. 11281:34 11279:. 11275:. 11249:. 11226:. 11216:. 11208:. 11198:. 11188:10 11186:. 11182:. 11170:^ 11137:77 11135:. 11123:^ 11096:. 11086:. 11074:. 11070:. 11056:). 11042:. 11032:. 11022:14 11020:. 11016:. 10993:. 10983:. 10975:. 10965:28 10963:. 10959:. 10878:. 10868:. 10854:. 10850:. 10833:^ 10819:. 10779:^ 10755:^ 10733:. 10704:. 10679:. 10669:. 10657:. 10653:. 10597:. 10587:. 10577:45 10575:. 10533:^ 10519:. 10509:25 10507:. 10438:. 10422:. 10393:. 10387:. 10373:^ 10363:, 10296:^ 10269:, 10239:^ 10203:, 10122:, 10111:^ 10093:^ 10079:. 10067:58 10065:. 10042:. 10034:. 10026:. 10018:. 10006:. 9987:. 9975:31 9973:. 9967:. 9955:^ 9941:. 9929:79 9927:. 9921:. 9889:^ 9875:. 9867:. 9857:95 9855:. 9851:. 9828:. 9818:. 9806:. 9802:. 9800:)" 9771:. 9760:^ 9731:. 9721:. 9711:22 9709:. 9705:. 9682:. 9674:. 9664:20 9662:. 9639:. 9629:. 9619:. 9609:44 9607:. 9603:. 9541:89 9539:. 9535:. 9504:16 9502:. 9496:. 9484:^ 9472:^ 9458:. 9450:. 9442:. 9434:. 9424:23 9422:. 9409:^ 9273:^ 9255:. 9233:. 9225:. 9215:10 9213:. 9188:^ 9142:. 9129:^ 9108:. 9098:46 9096:. 9092:. 9065:. 9061:. 9040:^ 9017:^ 9003:. 8993:. 8983:24 8981:. 8977:. 8963:^ 8943:^ 8919:^ 8907:^ 8873:, 8843:86 8841:. 8837:. 8817:^ 8774:27 8772:. 8766:. 8748:^ 8738:. 8714:. 8702:. 8684:^ 8668:^ 8645:. 8633:76 8631:. 8627:. 8594:^ 8574:^ 8536:^ 8518:19 8516:. 8512:. 8486:. 8463:. 8453:. 8445:. 8437:. 8425:. 8421:. 8395:. 8383:. 8379:. 8356:. 8348:. 8338:. 8328:41 8326:. 8322:. 8308:^ 8294:. 8284:. 8276:. 8264:. 8260:. 8246:^ 8232:. 8224:. 8216:. 8206:43 8204:. 8161:. 8153:. 8143:10 8141:. 8114:. 8102:27 8100:. 8094:. 8078:^ 8045:. 8031:^ 8021:. 7998:. 7990:. 7980:30 7978:. 7909:. 7901:. 7893:. 7883:. 7875:. 7865:28 7863:. 7859:. 7805:. 7795:. 7787:. 7779:. 7769:10 7767:. 7761:. 7745:^ 7707:, 7681:. 7662:, 7596:. 7571:. 7508:^ 7500:97 7490:^ 7466:, 7448:^ 7424:, 7404:^ 7379:. 7354:. 7342:41 7340:. 7336:. 7319:20 7317:. 7300:10 7298:. 7282:^ 7268:. 7258:80 7256:. 7238:^ 7224:. 7216:. 7206:10 7204:. 7186:^ 7129:. 7125:. 7099:. 7077:. 7063:. 7057:. 7039:^ 7027:}} 7023:{{ 6981:^ 6933:. 6925:. 6915:38 6913:. 6855:. 6845:. 6843:20 6841:. 6837:. 6783:^ 6764:^ 6724:. 6676:^ 6631:^ 6617:. 6607:34 6605:. 6587:^ 6571:. 6569:81 6553:^ 6539:. 6529:. 6521:. 6511:. 6499:. 6463:^ 6416:^ 6402:. 6349:^ 6335:. 6327:. 6317:37 6315:. 6296:^ 6267:. 6257:57 6255:. 6251:. 6228:^ 6216:. 6187:. 6152:. 6146:. 6118:^ 6091:. 6038:^ 6024:^ 5881:, 5877:, 5873:, 5869:, 5810:, 5798:, 5785:CM 5783:, 5720:, 5619:ox 5294:, 5233:, 5210:, 5126:: 5016:. 4871:ru 4860:de 4638:, 4557:. 4526:, 4519:. 4507:, 4374:. 4247:, 4243:, 4239:, 4227:, 4212:, 4208:, 4188:, 4136:, 4132:, 4078:. 4031:, 3898:. 3834:. 3692:A 3641:A 3574:. 3192:or 3147:or 3072:- 3054:- 3045:- 3043:NR 3010:- 3001:- 2987:- 2964:- 2790:, 2695:or 2670:" 2642:or 2617:, 2600:, 2575:or 2533:or 2504:, 2475:or 2418:or 2375:or 2346:, 2312:or 2265:or 2247:, 2214:or 2196:, 2192:, 2170:, 2154:, 2129:or 2077:or 2061:, 2023:or 1981:or 1924:or 1785:, 1781:, 1670:. 1647:, 1643:, 1631:, 1619:, 1615:, 1611:, 1607:, 1603:, 1417:. 1307:A 1125:. 1085:. 963:. 923:. 802:. 794:) 711:. 545:, 518:) 516:t. 512:R. 459:) 457:t. 453:R. 423:, 419:, 415:, 115:Pg 18745:e 18738:t 18731:v 18680:) 18656:) 18593:) 18584:) 18575:) 18551:) 18542:) 18533:) 18524:) 18461:) 18437:) 18413:) 18376:) 18367:) 18358:) 18349:) 18340:) 18331:) 18322:) 18313:) 18304:) 18295:) 18286:) 18262:) 18253:) 18229:) 18205:) 18196:) 18172:) 18148:) 18139:) 18130:) 18067:) 18043:) 18034:) 18025:) 18001:) 17992:) 17983:) 17974:) 17965:) 17956:) 17947:) 17938:) 17929:) 17920:) 17911:) 17902:) 17893:) 17884:) 17875:) 17866:) 17857:) 17848:) 17811:) 17802:) 17793:) 17769:) 17745:) 17721:) 17712:) 17703:) 17679:) 17670:) 17661:) 17652:) 17628:) 17591:) 17567:) 17532:) 17523:) 17514:) 17490:) 17481:) 17472:) 17463:) 17454:) 17430:) 17406:) 17397:) 17388:) 17379:) 17370:) 17361:) 17352:) 17343:) 17319:) 17310:) 17301:) 17292:) 17268:) 17244:) 17220:) 17185:) 17150:) 17141:) 17117:) 17108:) 17099:) 17090:) 17081:) 17072:) 17063:) 17054:) 17040:) 17005:) 16981:) 16957:) 16948:) 16939:) 16930:) 16921:) 16912:) 16903:) 16894:) 16885:) 16876:) 16852:) 16843:) 16834:) 16825:) 16816:) 16779:) 16755:) 16720:) 16689:) 16680:) 16656:) 16632:) 16623:) 16614:) 16605:) 16596:) 16587:) 16578:) 16554:) 16530:) 16506:) 16482:) 16473:) 16464:) 16455:) 16431:) 16407:) 16398:) 16389:) 16380:) 16356:) 16347:) 16338:) 16329:) 16320:) 16311:) 16302:) 16293:) 16284:) 16275:) 16251:) 16227:) 16203:) 16177:) 16106:) 16069:) 16060:) 16036:) 16012:) 16003:) 15979:) 15942:) 15905:) 15868:) 15859:) 15850:) 15826:) 15817:) 15808:) 15799:) 15790:) 15753:) 15729:) 15720:) 15711:) 15702:) 15678:) 15669:) 15604:) 15595:) 15586:) 15562:) 15553:) 15542:? 15528:) 15520:? 15518:) 15494:) 15470:) 15446:) 15437:) 15428:) 15419:) 15410:) 15401:) 15392:) 15383:) 15374:) 15350:) 15341:) 15317:) 15293:) 15284:) 15260:) 15236:) 15199:) 15190:) 15181:) 15172:) 15163:) 15139:) 15130:) 15121:) 15112:) 15088:) 15064:) 15055:) 15031:) 15022:) 15013:) 15004:) 14980:) 14971:) 14947:) 14923:) 14914:) 14905:) 14896:) 14887:) 14878:) 14869:) 14860:) 14851:) 14842:) 14833:) 14824:) 14815:) 14726:) 14717:) 14708:) 14699:) 14690:) 14681:) 14657:) 14648:) 14639:) 14615:) 14578:) 14569:) 14560:) 14551:) 14542:) 14533:) 14524:) 14487:) 14478:) 14469:) 14460:) 14436:) 14399:) 14302:e 14295:t 14288:v 14243:. 14206:. 14182:. 14143:" 14120:. 14013:. 13932:. 13906:. 13877:. 13850:. 13788:. 13687:. 13675:: 13667:: 13618:. 13573:. 13545:. 13524:) 13468:. 13446:: 13417:: 13409:( 13355:. 13335:: 13313:. 13299:. 13285:: 13277:: 13182:. 13160:: 13106:. 12948:. 12942:: 12909:. 12896:: 12890:3 12863:. 12841:: 12812:. 12694:. 12672:: 12639:. 12598:. 12578:: 12555:. 12521:. 12489:. 12459:. 12445:: 12412:. 12390:: 12382:: 12368:" 12347:. 12319:. 12307:: 12253:: 12213:: 12188:. 12142:. 12086:. 11978:. 11956:: 11948:: 11921:. 11907:: 11880:. 11860:: 11852:: 11822:. 11788:. 11766:. 11739:. 11720:: 11712:: 11683:. 11679:: 11597:. 11569:. 11539:: 11531:: 11500:. 11488:: 11480:: 11474:3 11438:. 11400:. 11380:: 11301:. 11287:: 11260:. 11234:. 11202:: 11194:: 11165:. 11147:. 11143:: 11104:. 11082:: 11050:. 11028:: 11001:. 10979:: 10971:: 10886:. 10862:: 10856:6 10749:. 10687:. 10665:: 10638:. 10605:. 10591:: 10583:: 10527:. 10515:: 10407:. 10401:: 10395:6 10348:. 10087:. 10050:. 10022:: 10014:: 9981:: 9949:. 9935:: 9883:. 9863:: 9836:. 9822:: 9814:: 9783:. 9739:. 9725:: 9717:: 9690:. 9678:: 9670:: 9647:. 9633:: 9623:: 9615:: 9588:. 9553:. 9547:: 9516:. 9510:: 9466:. 9438:: 9430:: 9330:4 9302:: 9267:. 9241:. 9229:: 9221:: 9182:. 9178:: 9158:. 9123:. 9104:: 9073:: 9035:. 9029:. 9011:. 8997:: 8989:: 8898:( 8885:: 8855:. 8849:: 8786:. 8780:: 8722:. 8710:: 8704:4 8653:. 8639:: 8554:. 8548:. 8530:. 8524:: 8497:. 8471:. 8441:: 8433:: 8405:. 8399:: 8391:: 8385:3 8364:. 8342:: 8334:: 8302:. 8280:: 8272:: 8266:8 8240:. 8220:: 8212:: 8183:: 8169:. 8157:: 8149:: 8122:. 8108:: 8072:. 8047:1 8006:. 7994:: 7986:: 7943:. 7929:( 7917:. 7887:: 7879:: 7871:: 7813:. 7783:: 7775:: 7693:. 7582:. 7398:. 7362:. 7348:: 7276:. 7264:: 7232:. 7220:: 7212:: 7158:. 7144:. 7110:. 7085:. 7071:: 7065:3 7033:) 7015:: 6973:6 6941:. 6929:: 6921:: 6890:1 6863:. 6849:: 6819:. 6758:. 6736:. 6710:. 6649:: 6625:. 6613:: 6581:. 6547:. 6515:: 6507:: 6410:. 6343:. 6323:: 6290:. 6263:: 6222:. 6198:. 6173:. 6160:: 6144:" 6140:" 6112:. 5818:/ 5059:) 5055:( 5051:. 4886:( 4602:( 4594:( 4586:( 4568:( 4549:( 4425:C 4423:C 4421:δ 4389:( 3240:- 3156:† 3039:) 2995:) 2981:) 2942:) 2879:" 2873:) 2725:" 2666:" 2500:" 2424:( 2342:" 2243:" 2184:" 2083:( 1726:( 1158:( 1150:( 1140:( 839:( 748:( 687:( 675:( 664:( 656:( 644:( 625:( 577:( 569:( 514:( 510:( 455:( 451:( 397:( 345:( 195:) 175:) 120:N 110:K 105:J 100:T 95:P 90:C 85:D 80:S 75:O 70:Ꞓ 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index