712:
279:
38:
590:, Weizsäcker was present at a crucial meeting at the Army Ordnance headquarters in Berlin on 17 September 1939, at which the German atomic weapons program was launched. Early in the war — possibly until 1942 — he hoped a successful nuclear weapons project would earn him political influence. In July 1940 he was co-author of a report to the army on the possibility of "energy production" from refined
621:, Weizsäcker frankly admitted to the scientific ambitions of those years "We wanted to know if chain reactions were possible. No matter what we would end up doing with our knowledge – we wanted to know." Only by "divine grace", Weizsäcker said, were they spared the temptation to build the bomb as the German war economy was unable to mobilize the necessary resources.
1673:, "...und führe uns nicht in Versuchung: Vom gespaltenen Atom zum gespaltenen Gewissen – Die Geschichte einer menschheitsgefährdenden Waffe (...and do not lead us into temptation: From the split atom to the split conscience – the history of a mankind-endangering weapon)", vol. 11(19) (Mai 8, 1957), p. 52
645:
But the "Farm Hall
Transcripts" also revealed that Weizsäcker had taken the lead in arguing for an agreement among the scientists that they would claim that they had never wanted to develop a German nuclear weapon. It was this version of events which was given to Jungk as the basis of his book. This
2271:
an effort a complete shutdown , which would condemn young physicists to military service... or takeover by Nazi extremists who might think an atomic bomb could still give Hitler a complete victory." (p. 66.) Desiring on ethical grounds to prevent the introduction of nuclear weapons into the
1104:
Weizsäcker was nominated four times for the Nobel Prize in
Physics. Since 2009, the Donors' Association for German Science and the Leopoldina makes a biennial award of €50,000 "Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker Award" for "outstanding scientific contribution to resolving socially important problems".
606:
Historians have been divided as to whether
Heisenberg and his team were sincerely trying to construct a nuclear weapon, or whether their failure reflected a desire not to succeed because they did not want the Nazi regime to have such a weapon. This latter view, largely based on postwar interviews
372:. His grandfather was ennobled in 1897 and raised to the hereditary nobility with the title of Baron (Freiherr) in 1916. As such, the four-year-old Carl Friedrich Weizsäcker became Baron Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. Since 1919, noble titles have legally been considered parts of the family name.
695:
in
September 1941. Allegedly, he tried to persuade Bohr to mediate for peace between Germany and Great Britain. According to Weizsäcker's own account, he had persuaded Heisenberg to meet Bohr in order to broker an accord of the international nuclear physicist "community" not to build the bomb.
598:
for the same purpose including the production of a new type of explosives. During summer 1942 Weizsäcker filed a patent on a transportable "process to generate energy and neutrons by an explosion... e.g. a bomb". The patent application was found in the 1990s in
280:
2826:
641:
news on dropping of the atomic bomb on 6 August 1945, Weizsäcker said: "I believe the reason we didn't do it was because all the physicists didn't want to do it, on principle. If we had wanted
Germany to win the war we would have succeeded!"
1887:
582:
about this research and highlighted that "the son of the German Under-Secretary of State, von Weizsäcker, is attached to the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut in Berlin where some of the
American work on uranium is now being repeated."
696:
However, according to Bohr's (posthumously published) account of the events, Heisenberg enthusiastically promoted the prospect of German victory and wanted Bohr and his colleagues to assist in the German atomic program.
499:
during an initial phase, and the 1% of heavier elements within this 10% of the total mass of the cloud would tally with the fraction of roughly 1% that the planets contribute to the mass of the Solar System today.
507:
of the planets of the Solar System, from inward to outward. This result was a natural outcome of the increasing size of "planetary eddies" of gas and dust farther from the centre of the early solar system.
624:
Original sources about this question were not revealed until 1993, when transcripts of secretly recorded conversations among ten top German physicists, including
Heisenberg and Weizsäcker, detained under
1884:
913:
823:
near
Starnberg. Opinions are split on the question of whether he accepted his share of responsibility for the German scientific community's efforts to build a nuclear weapon for Nazi Germany.
305:'s leadership. There is ongoing debate as to whether or not he and the other members of the team actively and willingly pursued the development of a nuclear bomb for Germany during this time.
1083:
2841:
1078:
2821:
187:
679:
in comparison with
Diebner Gerlach ... Heisenberg and finally Weizsäcker did obviously not use all power they commanded to provide the National Socialists with nuclear weapons
2272:
world, the key German nuclear physicists "'agreed... not to deny an atomic bomb, but... to that it could not be implemented within a realistic time frame...'" (p. 67.)
703:. The American capture of his laboratory and papers there in December 1944 revealed to the Western Allies that the Germans had not come close to developing a nuclear weapon.
800:
His experiences in the Nazi era, and with his own behavior in that time, gave Weizsäcker an interest in questions of ethics and responsibility. In 1957, he was one of the
673:
and he had a private agreement to study nuclear fission to the fullest possible extent in order to "decide" themselves how to proceed with its technical application. "
2811:
2044:
2776:
2756:
847:
from the distinction between empirically observable, binary alternatives. Weizsäcker used his theory to derive the 3-dimensionality of space and to estimate the
2184:
348:
In his late career, he focused more on philosophical, ethical and historical issues, and was awarded several international honours for his work in those areas.
1603:
675:
There was no conspiracy, not even in our small three-man-circle, with certainty not to make the bomb. Just as little, there was no passion to make the bomb...
554:
could potentially be built. He discussed the upsetting implications in
February 1939 with philosopher friend Georg Max Friedrich Valentin Picht (1913–1982).
947:
1989 Theodor Heuss Prize "for his world-renowned, diverse and dedicated contributions to humanity themes: peace – justice – Integrity of Creation"
2836:
2831:
2781:
483:. His views were later generally acknowledged and refined by a large number of other physicists and astronomers. According to the theory, the Sun and its
2333:
646:
story was untrue at least to the extent that the detainees also included scientists actively engaged in eager attempts to build a nuclear bomb, namely
2846:
1859:
2297:
1975:
1943:
1894:("Heisenberg wanted to help Bohr. A new document about the meeting of the two scientists in Copenhagen in 1941.") Berliner Zeitung, 5 April 2002
2137:
1475:
C.F. von Weizsäcker (1938) "Über Elementumwandlungen im Innern der Sterne. II" (On transformations of elements in the interiors of stars. II),
1058:
1831:
1716:
1462:
C.F. von Weizsäcker (1937) "Über Elementumwandlungen im Innern der Sterne. I" (On transformations of elements in the interiors of stars. I),
820:
464:
1105:
There is a Carl-Friedrich von Weizsäcker Foundation, knowledge and responsibility – Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker-Gesellschaft eV.
2257:, edited by Anna Maria Hirsch-Heisenberg and translated from the German by Irene Heisenberg, Yale University Press, 312 pp., $ 40.00),
2065:
For further discussion of this and other controversial issues around C.F. v. Weizsäcker see Klaus Hentschel and Dieter Hoffmann (eds.)
1073:
2766:
2796:
2856:
2851:
935:
901:
2791:
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2326:
132:
2494:
2284:
2221:
2121:
1304:
1068:
1023:
1687:
885:
2305: ("I wanted to find out if atomic bombs were possible")– Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker interviewed by Michael Schaaf.
891:
687:(one of Heisenberg's students and friends) claimed that Weizsäcker was the main figure behind the famous and controversial
2040:
2816:
2771:
2319:
907:
2871:
1542:
Gamow, G.; Hynek, J. A. (1 March 1945). "A New Theory by C. F. Von Weizsacker of the Origin of the Planetary System".
2173:
1362:
1348:
1334:
1320:
1296:
1281:
1267:
1249:
1233:
1218:
1187:
1172:
1158:
1122:
1997:
Cassidy, David C. (2015). "Werner Heisenberg and Carl Friedrich Freiherr von Weizsäcker: A Fifty-Year Friendship".
724:
700:
2302:
1028:
1001:
711:
662:" (the Version). Although the memorandum which the scientists drew up was drafted by Heisenberg, von Laue wrote: "
20:
1638:
677:" In a recent report based on additional documents from Russian archives, historian Mark Walker concludes that "
530:
co-authored an influential paper supporting Weizsäcker's work on planetary formation in the early solar system.
444:
558:
503:
The theory also helped to explain the empirically observed regular pattern of increase in the diameters of the
361:
69:
324:
2751:
1048:
995:
2761:
1375:
789:, a research foundation "for western sciences and eastern wisdom". After his retirement in 1980 he became a
664:
The leader in all these discussions was Weizsäcker. I did not hear any mention of any ethical point of view.
2861:
2601:
2259:
1043:
1038:
971:
1863:
2806:
2666:
573:
448:
447:, published 1937–1939). This discovery should not be confused with his earlier (1935) development of the
146:
2279:, Critique of Impure Reason: Horizons of Possibility and Meaning, Studies in Theory and Behavior, 2021,
365:
2866:
2530:
1885:"Heisenberg wollte Bohr helfen. Ein neues Dokument zum Treffen der beiden Physiker in Kopenhagen 1941."
1965:
1933:
400:
107:
2801:
1599:
1063:
1033:
794:
764:
328:
985:
771:
369:
320:
2368:
1860:"A March 2006 interview with Ivan Supek relating to 1941 Bohr – Heisenberg meeting (Croatian)"
778:
as the official border between Germany and Poland and spoke against a possible nuclear armament of
637:
in late 1945, were published. In the conversation after the group of detainees had listened to the
515:
out in the universe, with characteristics similar to the Sun, would have to be expected to possess
273:
139:
1824:
1709:
919:
1053:
809:
427:
Weizsäcker's special interests as a young researcher were the nuclear processes in stars and the
831:
Weizsäcker developed the theory of ur-alternatives (archetypal objects), publicized in his book
793:, and intensified his work on the conceptual definition of quantum physics, particularly on the
313:
2427:
979:
951:
566:
452:
451:, or Semi-Empirical Mass Formula (SEMF), which was a theoretical formula relating the curve of
2678:
2613:
2276:
1825:"EINE WAFFENSCHMIEDE? KERNWAFFEN- UND REAKTORFORSCHUNG AM KAISER-WILHELM-INSTITUT FÜR PHYSIK"
1710:"EINE WAFFENSCHMIEDE? KERNWAFFEN- UND REAKTORFORSCHUNG AM KAISER-WILHELM-INSTITUT FÜR PHYSIK"
975:
736:
579:
404:
114:
2298:
Annotated bibliography for Carl Weizsacker from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
495:, and 1% of heavier elements. Some 10% of the cloud remained around the Sun as an extensive
337:
Weizsäcker made important theoretical discoveries regarding energy production in stars from
2746:
2741:
2409:
2342:
2253:, "The Private Heisenberg and the Absent Bomb" (review of Werner and Elisabeth Heisenberg,
2006:
1753:
1551:
1005:
925:
775:
744:
317:
231:
309:
253:
8:
2827:
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1904:
1390:
1262:, New York, intro. by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, which is half the book, 1971, 1972 (
1259:
989:
786:
2654:
2010:
1757:
1555:
341:
processes. He also did influential theoretical work on planetary formation in the early
2630:
2583:
2577:
2386:
2374:
2131:
2022:
1779:
1098:
1090:
1017:
790:
480:
91:
1684:"Heisenberg / Uncertainty Principle – Werner Heisenberg and the Uncertainty Principle"
2589:
2571:
2536:
2280:
2264:
2217:
2117:
2026:
1783:
1771:
1384:
1358:
1344:
1330:
1316:
1300:
1292:
1277:
1263:
1245:
1229:
1214:
1183:
1168:
1154:
1118:
879:
740:
688:
626:
587:
550:, Weizsäcker (and by his own estimate, 200 other physicists) quickly recognised that
302:
2233:
For more details about the nominations of Bethe and Weizsäcker see: Michael Schaaf:
1929:
2719:
2433:
2014:
1761:
1559:
869:
516:
468:
298:
293:. He was the longest-living member of the team which performed nuclear research in
238:
171:
2607:
2392:
2701:
2684:
2672:
2642:
2565:
2445:
2415:
1891:
1683:
941:
844:
804:, a group of prominent German physicists who protested against the idea that the
752:
651:
570:
539:
412:
195:
37:
1430:). In Germany since 1919, it forms part of family names. The feminine forms are
801:
2595:
2506:
2500:
2467:
2457:
1529:
1132:
1126:
576:
551:
440:
432:
428:
416:
338:
243:
2018:
2735:
2713:
2559:
2512:
2488:
2439:
2380:
2362:
2356:
2250:
1855:
1775:
897:
467:, based on considerations regarding the unequal share of lighter and heavier
331:
73:
2311:
929:
723:
in 1946, and became director of a department for theoretical physics in the
719:
Weizsäcker was allowed to return to the part of Germany administered by the
2707:
2648:
2451:
2421:
875:
813:
779:
720:
655:
647:
608:
547:
527:
476:
342:
294:
179:
1766:
1741:
816:
should declare its definitive abdication of all kinds of nuclear weapons.
728:
2660:
2636:
2542:
2524:
2518:
1669:
1521:
760:
756:
617:
562:
392:
290:
1528:(1965; in German); "Die Entstehung der Erde" , Rororo pocket edition at
2268:
1582:
Der Garten des Menschlichen. Beiträge zur geschichtlichen Anthropologie
914:
Grand Merit Cross with Star and Sash of the Federal Republic of Germany
856:
805:
732:
692:
684:
670:
496:
436:
408:
384:
221:
2067:
Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker – Physik, Philosophie, Friedensforschung
1586:
The garden of the human ones. Contributions to historical anthropology
2484:
1642:
1379:
1242:
Deutlichkeit: Beiträge zu politischen und religiösen Gegenwartsfragen
1094:
748:
638:
634:
630:
595:
543:
396:
376:
286:
153:
1125:), 2002, 14th edition, renewed and with introduction by Holger Lyre
1970:
1938:
1563:
1413:
488:
848:
743:" (world internal policy). From 1970 to 1980, he was head of the
591:
523:
388:
217:
739:. In 1957 he won the Max Planck medal. In 1970 he formulated a "
2113:
852:
600:
492:
484:
785:
In the 1970s he founded, together with the Indian philosopher
2214:
Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker: Physiker, Philosoph, Humanist.
1423:
840:
747:
for the Research of Living Conditions in the Modern World in
699:
Later during the war Weizsäcker worked as a professor at the
504:
380:
19:"Carl von Weizsäcker" redirects here. For the economist, see
512:
357:
65:
2842:
Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
2263:, vol. LXIII, no. 20 (December 22, 2016, pp. 65–67. "
439:
he found a mechanism or pathway for the cyclic process of
2822:
Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
1811:
Lieber Freund, lieber Gegner (Dear friend, dear opponent)
472:
327:
and father-in-law of the former General Secretary of the
2174:"Pour le Mérite: Carl Friedrich Freiherr von Weizsäcker"
455:, nuclear masses, and certain other nuclear properties.
323:, father of the physicist and environmental researcher
2237:, Acta Historica Leopoldina, No. 63 (2014), p. 145-156
1905:
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.2968/058003007
839:) and further developed through the 1990s. The theory
1809:
CFvW August 5, 1990, Letter to Mark Walker in: CFvW,
594:. The report also predicted the possibility of using
1228:, essays on historical anthropology, New York 1988 (
422:
1508:); in: Zeitschrift für Physik (Journal of Physics)
1488:Hans A. Bethe (1939) "Energy production in stars",
808:(West German armed forces) should be equipped with
607:with Heisenberg and Weizsäcker, was put forward by
557:During the Second World War, Weizsäcker joined the
1580:(1977). "Selbstdarstellung (Self-manifestation)".
960:Karl IV Prize of the City and University of Prague
511:A further implication of his theory was that many
285:; 28 June 1912 – 28 April 2007) was a German
2303:"Ich wollte erkennen, ob Atombomben möglich sind"
1541:
731:. From 1957 to 1969, Weizsäcker was professor of
2733:
407:, supervised by and working with Heisenberg and
1600:"Einstein's letter to Roosevelt, 2 August 1939"
751:. He researched and published on the danger of
542:became known in early 1939 through the work of
2812:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
2777:Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg
2757:People from the Province of Schleswig-Holstein
2212:in: Josef Makovitzky und László Imre Komlosi:
2150:
2100:
2078:
1576:
463:In 1938, Weizsäcker developed a theory on the
458:
2341:
2327:
819:In 2007, Weizsäcker died at the age of 94 in
615:. In a 1957 interview with the German weekly
2069:, Stuttgart: Wiss. Verlagsgesellschaft 2015.
1631:
1437:
1431:
1411:
826:
2837:Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences
2832:Members of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
2782:Academic staff of the University of Hamburg
2216:Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 2019,
1990:
1256:The Biological Basis of Religion and Genius
1093:school was named after him, in the town of
1059:Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques
770:He was one of the eight signatories of the
669:Weizsäcker himself stated that Heisenberg,
561:, participating in efforts to construct an
387:. Between 1929 and 1933 Weizsäcker studied
351:
2334:
2320:
2136:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1958:
1466:(Physics Journal), vol. 38, pages 176–191.
1074:German Academy for Language and Literature
755:, what he saw as the conflict between the
36:
1854:
1765:
533:
524:the end of the Second World War in Europe
2847:Fellows of the American Physical Society
2267:, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, and...
936:Sigmund Freud Prize for Scientific Prose
774:which called for the recognition of the
710:
526:, the Russian émigré American physicist
487:evolved from a gas cloud made up of 99%
1996:
1968:[The Memorandum of the eight].
1928:
1922:
2734:
2255:My Dear Li: Correspondence, 1937–1946
2190:from the original on 18 September 2020
2144:
2094:
2072:
1903:The Bohr Letters: No more uncertainty
1707:
1532:, Reinbek near Hamburg 1967, pp. 19–23
411:, among others. The supervisor of his
266:Carl Friedrich Freiherr von Weizsäcker
52:Carl Friedrich Freiherr von Weizsäcker
2315:
2275:"Foreword" by C. F. von Weizäcker in
1739:
1570:
1069:Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
1024:German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
918:1982 Ernst Hellmut Vits Prize of the
862:
272:
2235:Weizsäcker, Bethe und der Nobelpreis
2047:from the original on August 26, 2018
1946:from the original on 28 October 2019
1606:from the original on 15 January 2016
1535:
1084:Hamburg Institute for Human Sciences
892:Peace Prize of the German Book Trade
2210:Weizsäckers Beiträge zur Kernphysik
1978:from the original on 7 October 2019
1813:. München (Hanser) 2002, pp 277–283
274:[kaʁlˈfʁiːdʁɪçfɔnˈvaɪtsɛkɐ]
13:
2244:
1822:
1089:The Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker
1079:Joachim Jungius Society of Science
908:Austrian Medal for Science and Art
886:Pour le Mérite for Science and Art
706:
567:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin
14:
2883:
2291:
1418:is a former title (translated as
423:Work on nuclear fusion in the Sun
2797:20th-century German philosophers
2055:– via www.telegraph.co.uk.
725:Max Planck Institute for Physics
2857:Winners of the Max Planck Medal
2852:Nuclear program of Nazi Germany
2227:
2202:
2166:
2059:
2041:"Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker"
2033:
1936:[Lobbyists of reason].
1909:
1897:
1877:
1862:. Jutarnji list. Archived from
1848:
1837:from the original on 2022-04-02
1816:
1803:
1790:
1733:
1722:from the original on 2022-04-02
1701:
1690:from the original on 1999-05-08
1676:
1662:
1649:
1618:
1588:] (in German). p. 568.
1506:On the theory of nuclear masses
1313:Der Mensch in seiner Geschichte
1244:, Hanser, München, 1978, 1979 (
1020:for the Advancement of Sciences
2792:German philosophers of science
2787:20th-century German physicists
2767:University of Göttingen alumni
2152:von Weizsäcker, Carl Friedrich
2102:von Weizsäcker, Carl Friedrich
2080:von Weizsäcker, Carl Friedrich
1592:
1578:von Weizsäcker, Carl Friedrich
1515:
1495:
1482:
1469:
1456:
1404:
559:German nuclear weapons program
316:, elder brother of the former
1:
2464:Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker
1449:
1049:Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts
1029:Göttingen Academy of Sciences
1002:Technische Universität Berlin
996:Karl Marx University, Leipzig
658:later called this agreement "
613:Brighter Than a Thousand Suns
465:formation of the Solar System
312:, he was son of the diplomat
30:Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker
21:Carl Christian von Weizsäcker
2260:The New York Review of Books
1131:translation into English by
1044:Bavarian Academy of Sciences
1039:Austrian Academy of Sciences
972:Free University of Amsterdam
812:. He further suggested that
368:, the Prime Minister of the
16:German physicist (1912–2007)
7:
1974:(in German). 2 March 1962.
1369:
1226:The Ambivalence of progress
1211:Der Garten des Menschlichen
1143:Le Monde vu par la Physique
701:Reichsuniversität Straßburg
569:. As early as August 1939,
459:Work on planetary formation
325:Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker
10:
2888:
2531:Pandurang Shastri Athavale
1502:Zur Theorie der Kernmassen
1410:Regarding personal names:
944:for "Progress in Religion"
763:, and the consequences of
308:A member of the prominent
18:
2817:Templeton Prize laureates
2772:Leipzig University alumni
2694:
2623:
2552:
2477:
2402:
2349:
2343:Templeton Prize laureates
2181:www.orden-pourlemerite.de
2019:10.1007/s00016-014-0152-6
1966:"Das Memorandum der Acht"
1934:"Lobbyisten der Vernunft"
1883:see also: Michael Schaaf
1544:The Astrophysical Journal
1492:, vol. 55, pages 434–456.
1479:, vol. 39, pages 633–646.
1477:Physikalische Zeitschrift
1464:Physikalische Zeitschrift
1136:The World View of Physics
1064:American Physical Society
1034:Saxon Academy of Sciences
835:(published in English as
827:Theory of ur-alternatives
795:Copenhagen interpretation
765:environmental degradation
375:Weizsäcker was raised in
364:, he was the grandson of
329:World Council of Churches
259:
249:
237:
227:
213:
206:
163:
124:
99:
80:
47:
35:
28:
2369:Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
2110:The Structure of Physics
1740:Lucas, Amand A. (2007).
1397:
1289:The Structure of Physics
1151:Die Geschichte der Natur
1141:translation into French
1108:
810:tactical nuclear weapons
449:Bethe–Weizsäcker formula
445:Bethe–Weizsäcker process
366:Karl Hugo von Weizsäcker
352:Early life and education
154:Bethe–Weizsäcker process
147:Bethe–Weizsäcker formula
140:Method of virtual quanta
1115:Zum Weltbild der Physik
1054:German Physical Society
689:Heisenberg–Bohr meeting
108:University of Göttingen
2872:Richard von Weizsäcker
2428:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
1999:Physics in Perspective
1742:"Revisiting Farm Hall"
1438:
1432:
1412:
1376:Bethe–Weizsäcker cycle
986:University of Tübingen
980:University of Aberdeen
957:Hanseatic Goethe Prize
952:University of Lausanne
772:Memorandum of Tübingen
716:
715:Von Weizsäcker in 1983
534:Work on atomic weapons
453:nuclear binding energy
370:Kingdom of Württemberg
321:Richard von Weizsäcker
2679:Abdullah II of Jordan
2277:Steven James Bartlett
1708:Walker, Mike (2005).
1203:The Politics of Peril
1165:Die Einheit der Natur
976:University of Alberta
950:Prix Arnold Reymond (
920:University of Münster
737:University of Hamburg
714:
580:Franklin D. Roosevelt
565:, while based at the
133:Weizsäcker correction
115:University of Leipzig
2752:Scientists from Kiel
2410:Ralph Wendell Burhoe
1645:on February 7, 2007.
1512:(1935) pages 431–458
1006:University of Aachen
926:Heinrich Heine Prize
745:Max Planck Institute
519:similar to our own.
314:Ernst von Weizsäcker
232:Max Planck Institute
2862:German male writers
2495:Immanuel Jakobovits
2287:, pp. xxxiii–xxxiv.
2112:] (in German).
2088:The Unity of Nature
2011:2015PhP....17...33C
1917:Hitler's Scientists
1798:Hitler's Scientists
1767:10.1051/epn:2007015
1758:2007ENews..38d..25L
1657:Hitler's Scientists
1626:Hitler's Scientists
1556:1945ApJ...101..249G
1526:Unser blauer Planet
1391:The Heavy Water War
1341:Der bedrohte Friede
1291:, Heidelberg 2006 (
1180:The Unity of Nature
1153:, Göttingen 1948 (
990:University of Basel
837:The Unity of Nature
787:Pandit Gopi Krishna
481:terrestrial planets
2807:Lutheran pacifists
2631:Francisco J. Ayala
2614:Bernard d'Espagnat
2584:George F. R. Ellis
2578:Holmes Rolston III
2387:Thomas F. Torrance
2162:] (in German).
2090:] (in German).
2043:. April 29, 2007.
1890:2015-05-05 at the
1628:(Viking 2003), 232
1196:Wege in der Gefahr
1182:, New York, 1980 (
1099:Schleswig-Holstein
1018:Max Planck Society
863:Awards and honours
791:Christian pacifist
717:
362:Schleswig-Holstein
92:Starnberg, Bavaria
70:Schleswig-Holstein
42:Weizsäcker in 1993
2867:Operation Epsilon
2762:Weizsäcker family
2729:
2728:
2590:Charles H. Townes
2572:John Polkinghorne
2537:Sigmund Sternberg
2434:Michael Bourdeaux
2375:Leo Josef Suenens
2285:978-0-578-88646-6
2222:978-3-00-062340-0
2123:978-1-4020-5234-7
2106:Aufbau der Physik
2084:Einheit der Natur
1385:Liquid drop model
1305:978-1-4020-5234-7
1274:Aufbau der Physik
880:Frankfurt am Main
833:Einheit der Natur
627:Operation Epsilon
611:in his 1957 book
588:Werner Heisenberg
517:planetary systems
310:Weizsäcker family
303:Werner Heisenberg
263:
262:
254:Karl-Heinz Höcker
250:Doctoral students
208:Scientific career
2879:
2802:German Lutherans
2720:Edna Adan Ismail
2336:
2329:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2238:
2231:
2225:
2208:Michael Schaaf:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2178:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2160:Time and Knowing
2148:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2127:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2076:
2070:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2037:
2031:
2030:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1932:(2 March 1962).
1926:
1920:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1829:
1820:
1814:
1807:
1801:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1769:
1746:Europhysics News
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1714:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1680:
1674:
1666:
1660:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1641:. Archived from
1635:
1629:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1539:
1533:
1519:
1513:
1499:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1473:
1467:
1460:
1443:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1117:, Leipzig 1946 (
965:Honorary degrees
870:Max Planck Medal
741:Weltinnenpolitik
586:As a protégé of
435:. Together with
318:German President
299:Second World War
284:
283:
282:
276:
271:
239:Doctoral advisor
199:
190:
183:
175:
172:Max Planck Medal
156:
149:
142:
135:
117:
110:
87:
61:
59:
40:
26:
25:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2702:Francis Collins
2690:
2685:Marcelo Gleiser
2673:Alvin Plantinga
2643:14th Dalai Lama
2619:
2566:Arthur Peacocke
2548:
2473:
2446:James I. McCord
2416:Cicely Saunders
2398:
2345:
2340:
2294:
2247:
2245:Further reading
2242:
2241:
2232:
2228:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2156:Zeit und Wissen
2149:
2145:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2099:
2095:
2077:
2073:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2034:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1930:Dönhoff, Marion
1927:
1923:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1892:Wayback Machine
1882:
1878:
1869:
1867:
1853:
1849:
1840:
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1817:
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1712:
1706:
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1693:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1650:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1624:John Cornwell,
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1575:
1571:
1540:
1536:
1520:
1516:
1500:
1496:
1490:Physical Review
1487:
1483:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1372:
1357:, Munich 1999 (
1329:, Munich 1992 (
1327:Zeit und Wissen
1315:, Munich 1991 (
1276:, Munich 1985 (
1213:, Munich 1977 (
1205:, New York 1978
1167:, Munich 1971 (
1111:
942:Templeton Prize
928:of the city of
900:of the city of
878:of the city of
865:
855:falling into a
845:quantum physics
829:
776:Oder–Neiße line
709:
707:Post-war career
652:Walther Gerlach
571:Albert Einstein
552:nuclear weapons
540:nuclear fission
536:
461:
425:
413:doctoral thesis
354:
278:
277:
269:
202:
196:Templeton Prize
194:
186:
178:
170:
159:
152:
145:
138:
131:
120:
113:
106:
100:Alma mater
95:
89:
85:
76:
63:
57:
55:
54:
53:
43:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2885:
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2717:
2711:
2705:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2667:Jonathan Sacks
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2602:Charles Taylor
2599:
2596:John D. Barrow
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
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2556:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2507:Charles Colson
2504:
2501:Kyung-Chik Han
2498:
2492:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2468:George MacLeod
2461:
2458:Inamullah Khan
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2406:
2404:
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2338:
2331:
2324:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:uni-hamburg.de
2300:
2293:
2292:External links
2290:
2289:
2288:
2273:
2251:Powers, Thomas
2246:
2243:
2240:
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2226:
2201:
2165:
2143:
2122:
2093:
2071:
2058:
2032:
1989:
1957:
1921:
1908:
1896:
1876:
1847:
1830:. p. 39.
1823:Walker, Mark.
1815:
1802:
1789:
1732:
1700:
1675:
1661:
1648:
1630:
1617:
1591:
1569:
1564:10.1086/144711
1534:
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1451:
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1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
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1387:
1382:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1355:Große Physiker
1352:
1338:
1324:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1271:
1253:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1198:, Munich 1976
1193:
1192:
1191:
1162:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1138:, London, 1952
1133:Marjorie Grene
1127:de:Holger Lyre
1110:
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882:
872:
864:
861:
828:
825:
721:Western Allies
708:
705:
577:U.S. President
535:
532:
522:Shortly after
460:
457:
429:binding energy
424:
421:
417:Friedrich Hund
353:
350:
339:nuclear fusion
261:
260:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
244:Friedrich Hund
241:
235:
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201:
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188:Pour le Mérite
184:
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136:
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126:
125:Known for
122:
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111:
103:
101:
97:
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90:
88:(aged 94)
82:
78:
77:
64:
51:
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45:
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41:
33:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
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2737:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2714:Frank Wilczek
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
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2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2608:Michał Heller
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2560:Freeman Dyson
2558:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2513:Michael Novak
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2489:Charles Birch
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2440:Alister Hardy
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2393:Nikkyō Niwano
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2381:Chiara Lubich
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2363:Brother Roger
2361:
2358:
2357:Mother Teresa
2355:
2354:
2352:
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2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2186:
2182:
2175:
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2147:
2139:
2133:
2125:
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2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
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2089:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2068:
2062:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1945:
1942:(in German).
1941:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1866:on 2009-06-28
1865:
1861:
1857:
1856:Jutarnji list
1851:
1833:
1826:
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1812:
1806:
1799:
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1403:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1364:
1363:3-446-18772-3
1360:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1349:3-446-13454-9
1346:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1335:3-446-16367-0
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1321:3-446-16361-1
1318:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:1-4020-5234-0
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:3-446-14142-1
1279:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:0-06-064788-4
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:3-446-12623-6
1247:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1234:0-913729-92-2
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:3-446-12423-3
1216:
1212:
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1204:
1200:
1199:
1197:
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1189:
1188:0-374-28100-9
1185:
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1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:3-423-33083-X
1170:
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1159:3-7776-1398-3
1156:
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1140:
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1123:3-7776-1209-X
1120:
1116:
1113:
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1080:
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1025:
1022:
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933:
931:
927:
923:
921:
917:
915:
911:
909:
905:
903:
899:
898:Erasmus Prize
895:
893:
889:
887:
883:
881:
877:
873:
871:
867:
866:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:axiomatically
838:
834:
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822:
817:
815:
811:
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798:
796:
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470:
466:
456:
454:
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446:
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434:
433:atomic nuclei
430:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
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349:
346:
344:
340:
335:
333:
332:Konrad Raiser
330:
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86:(2007-04-28)
62:28 June 1912
2747:2007 deaths
2742:1912 births
2661:Jean Vanier
2655:Tomáš Halík
2637:Martin Rees
2543:Ian Barbour
2525:Bill Bright
2519:Paul Davies
1982:17 November
1950:17 November
1670:Der Spiegel
1610:23 December
1522:Heinz Haber
1012:Memberships
843:constructs
761:Third World
757:First World
753:nuclear war
618:Der Spiegel
563:atomic bomb
399:in Berlin,
393:mathematics
297:during the
291:philosopher
2736:Categories
2269:Karl Wirtz
2265:Heisenberg
2224:, p. 19-28
1915:Cornwell,
1870:2007-08-13
1841:2022-05-04
1796:Cornwell,
1726:2022-05-04
1694:2010-01-24
1655:Cornwell,
1450:References
984:Theology:
930:Düsseldorf
857:black hole
806:Bundeswehr
733:philosophy
693:Copenhagen
685:Ivan Supek
671:Karl Wirtz
660:die Lesart
497:atmosphere
443:in stars (
437:Hans Bethe
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2027:122504552
1784:120864496
1776:0531-7479
1380:CNO cycle
1095:Barmstedt
1091:Gymnasium
994:Science:
749:Starnberg
729:Göttingen
639:BBC Radio
635:Cambridge
631:Farm Hall
596:plutonium
544:Otto Hahn
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397:astronomy
377:Stuttgart
287:physicist
94:, Germany
2185:Archived
2183:. 2018.
2154:(1992).
2082:(1971).
2051:April 4,
2045:Archived
1976:Archived
1971:Die Zeit
1944:Archived
1939:Die Zeit
1888:Archived
1832:Archived
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1688:Archived
1604:Archived
1433:Freifrau
1414:Freiherr
1370:See also
1343:, 1994 (
759:and the
489:hydrogen
475:and the
469:elements
356:Born in
301:, under
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633:, near
592:uranium
485:planets
471:in the
405:Leipzig
389:physics
270:German:
218:Physics
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2716:(2022)
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191:(1961)
182:(1958)
174:(1957)
164:Awards
2695:2020s
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2403:1980s
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