307:". They argue for example that researchers cannot make valid causal inferences about war outbreaks by only looking at instances where war did happen (the researcher should also look at cases where war did not happen). Scholars of qualitative methods have disputed this claim, however. They argue that selecting the dependent variable can be useful depending on the purposes of the research. Barbara Geddes shares their concerns with selecting the dependent variable (she argues that it cannot be used for theory testing purposes), but she argues that selecting on the dependent variable can be useful for theory creation and theory modification.
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100:), the thickness of the research (a comprehensive examination of a phenomenon and its context), and the naturalism (a "real-life context" is being examined) involved in the research. There is general agreement among scholars that a case study does not necessarily have to entail one observation (N=1), but can include many observations within a single case or across numerous cases. For example, a case study of the
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video-recordings of interviews) often accompany the case studies. Similarly, teaching case studies have become increasingly popular in science education, covering different biological and physical sciences. The
National Center for Case Studies in Teaching Science has made a growing body of teaching case studies available for classroom use, for university as well as secondary school coursework.
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lacks a sufficient number of observations to properly estimate the effects of an independent variable. They write that the number of observations could be increased through various means, but that would simultaneously lead to another problem: that the number of variables would increase and thus reduce
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Through fine-gained knowledge and description, case studies can fully specify the causal mechanisms in a way that may be harder in a large-N study. In terms of identifying "causal mechanisms", some scholars distinguish between "weak" and "strong chains". Strong chains actively connect elements of the
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thus proposes a typology for the case study wherein purposes are first identified (evaluative or exploratory), then approaches are delineated (theory-testing, theory-building, or illustrative), then processes are decided upon, with a principal choice being between whether the study is to be single or
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cases (those which are extreme, deviant or atypical) can reveal more information than the potentially representative case. A case may also be chosen because of the inherent interest of the case or the circumstances surrounding it. Alternatively, it may be chosen because of researchers' in-depth local
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Case selection in case study research is generally intended to find cases that are representative samples and which have variations on the dimensions of theoretical interest. Using that is solely representative, such as an average or typical case is often not the richest in information. In clarifying
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According to John
Gerring, the key characteristic that distinguishes case studies from all other methods is the "reliance on evidence drawn from a single case and its attempts, at the same time, to illuminate features of a broader set of cases". Scholars use case studies to shed light on a "class" of
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The purported "degrees of freedom" problem that KKV identify is widely considered flawed; while quantitative scholars try to aggregate variables to reduce the number of variables and thus increase the degrees of freedom, qualitative scholars intentionally want their variables to have many different
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and qualitative research as being "unable to yield strong causal inference" due to the fact that qualitative scholars would struggle with determining which of many intervening variables truly links the independent variable with a dependent variable. The primary problem is that qualitative research
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As small-N research should not rely on random sampling, scholars must be careful in avoiding selection bias when picking suitable cases. A common criticism of qualitative scholarship is that cases are chosen because they are consistent with the scholar's preconceived notions, resulting in biased
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KKV also identify inductive reasoning in qualitative research as a problem, arguing that scholars should not revise hypotheses during or after data has been collected because it allows for ad hoc theoretical adjustments to fit the collected data. However, scholars have pushed back on this claim,
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in rationalist scholarship than quantitative methods. Case studies can identify necessary and insufficient conditions, as well as complex combinations of necessary and sufficient conditions. They argue that case studies may also be useful in identifying the scope conditions of a theory: whether
73:=1), but may include many observations (one or multiple individuals and entities across multiple time periods, all within the same case study). Research projects involving numerous cases are frequently called cross-case research, whereas a study of a single case is called within-case research.
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While a random selection of cases is a valid case selection strategy in large-N research, there is a consensus among scholars that it risks generating serious biases in small-N research. Random selection of cases may produce unrepresentative cases, as well as uninformative cases. Cases should
346:: the unintentional comparison of dissimilar cases). Case studies add descriptive richness, and can have greater internal validity than quantitative studies. Case studies are suited to explain outcomes in individual cases, which is something that quantitative methods are less equipped to do.
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has been among the most prominent developers and users of teaching case studies. Teachers develop case studies with particular learning objectives in mind. Additional relevant documentation, such as financial statements, time-lines, short biographies, and multimedia supplements (such as
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Case studies of cases that defy existing theoretical expectations may contribute knowledge by delineating why the cases violate theoretical predictions and specifying the scope conditions of the theory. Case studies are useful in situations of causal complexity where there may be
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research. Alexander George and Andrew
Bennett also note that a common problem in case study research is that of reconciling conflicting interpretations of the same data. Another limit of case study research is that it can be hard to estimate the magnitude of causal effects.
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John
Gerring defines the case study approach as an "intensive study of a single unit or a small number of units (the cases), for the purpose of understanding a larger class of similar units (a population of cases)". According to Gerring, case studies lend themselves to an
406:, primarily applies lessons from regression-oriented analysis to qualitative research, arguing that the same logics of causal inference can be used in both types of research. The authors' recommendation is to increase the number of observations (a recommendation that
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attributes and complexity. For example, James
Mahoney writes, "the Bayesian nature of process of tracing explains why it is inappropriate to view qualitative research as suffering from a small-N problem and certain standard causal identification problems." By using
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lines of history and causation it is more useful to select subjects that offer an interesting, unusual, or particularly revealing set of circumstances. A case selection that is based on representativeness will seldom be able to produce these kinds of insights.
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style of analysis. He adds that "the defining feature of qualitative work is its use of noncomparable observations—observations that pertain to different aspects of a causal or descriptive question", whereas quantitative observations are comparable.
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Case studies have commonly been seen as a fruitful way to come up with hypotheses and generate theories. Case studies are useful for understanding outliers or deviant cases. Classic examples of case studies that generated theories includes Darwin's
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A commonly described limit of case studies is that they do not lend themselves to generalizability. Due to the small number of cases, it may be harder to ensure that the chosen cases are representative of the larger population.
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Aaron
Rapport reformulated "least-likely" and "most-likely" case selection strategies into the "countervailing conditions" case selection strategy. The countervailing conditions case selection strategy has three components:
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would at the bare minimum be an observation of two observations: France before and after a revolution. John
Gerring writes that the N=1 research design is so rare in practice that it amounts to a "myth".
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Kyburz-Graber, Regula (2004). "Does case-study methodology lack rigour? The need for quality criteria for sound case-study research, as illustrated by a recent case in secondary and higher education".
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As with other social science methods, no single research design dominates case study research. Case studies can use at least four types of designs. First, there may be a "no theory first" type of case
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Diverse cases are cases that have variations on the relevant X and Y variables. Due to the range of variation on the relevant variables, these cases are representative of the full population of cases.
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Case studies have been characterized as useful to assess the plausibility of arguments that explain empirical regularities. Case studies are also useful for understanding outliers or deviant cases.
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assumptions becomes important. However, although the designs can have substantial methodological differences, the designs also can be used in explicitly acknowledged combinations with each other.
342:, which are an important aspect of theory construction. The concepts used in qualitative research will tend to have higher conceptual validity than concepts used in quantitative research (due to
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While case studies can be intended to provide bounded explanations of single cases or phenomena, they are often intended to raise theoretical insights about the features of a broader population.
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Underwood, Peter; Waterson, Patrick; Braithwaite, Graham (2016). "'Accident investigation in the wild' – A small-scale, field-based evaluation of the STAMP method for accident analysis".
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Deviant cases are cases that defy existing theories and common sense. They not only have extreme values on X or Y (like extreme cases) but defy existing knowledge about causal relations.
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Typical cases are cases that exemplify a stable cross-case relationship. These cases are representative of the larger population of cases, and the purpose of the study is to look
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Generally, a case study can highlight nearly any individual, group, organization, event, belief system, or action. A case study does not necessarily have to be one observation (
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Beyond decisions about case selection and the subject and object of the study, decisions need to be made about the purpose, approach, and process of the case study.
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Outside of law, teaching case studies have become popular in many different fields and professions, ranging from business education to science education. The
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and began using cases pled before courts as the basis for class discussions. By 1920, this practice had become the dominant pedagogical approach used by
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identified five types of case study research designs (depending on the research objectives), Alexander George and Andrew
Bennett added a sixth category:
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multiple, and choices also about whether the study is to be retrospective, snapshot or diachronic, and whether it is nested, parallel or sequential.
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Hypothesis-generating (or heuristic) case studies aim to inductively identify new variables, hypotheses, causal mechanisms, and causal paths.
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Seawright, Jason; Gerring, John (2014), "Case
Selection Techniques in Case Study Research: A Menu of Qualitative and Quantitative Options",
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For theoretical discovery, Jason
Seawright recommends using deviant cases or extreme cases that have an extreme value on the X variable.
153:'s methodological work. A second type of research design highlights the distinction between single- and multiple-case studies, following
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Influential cases are cases that are central to a model or theory (for example, Nazi Germany in theories of fascism and the far-right).
427:. Christopher H. Achen and Duncan Snidal similarly argue that case studies are not useful for theory construction and theory testing.
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Widner, Jennifer; Woolcock, Michael; Nieto, Daniel Ortega (2022), Ortega Nieto, Daniel; Widner, Jennifer; Woolcock, Michael (eds.),
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Qualitative research may be necessary to determine whether a treatment is as-if random or not. As a consequence, good quantitative
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The chosen cases fall within the scope conditions of both the primary theory being tested and the competing alternative hypotheses.
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In determining how difficult a test is, the analyst should identify the strength of countervailing conditions in the chosen cases.
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Most different cases are cases that are different on all the independent variables, except the one of interest to the researcher.
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1804:"Using Case Studies to Enhance the Quality of Explanation and Implementation: Integrating Scholarship and Development Practice"
157:'s guidelines and extensive examples. A third design deals with a "social construction of reality", represented by the work of
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is an in-depth, detailed examination of a particular case (or cases) within a real-world context. For example, case studies in
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Atheoretical (or configurative idiographic) case studies aim to describe a case very well, but not to contribute to a theory.
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Teachers may prepare a case study that will then be used in classrooms in the form of a "teaching" case study (also see
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Interpretative (or disciplined configurative) case studies aim to use established theories to explain a specific case.
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put it, and thereby to offer reasoned lines of explanation based on this rich knowledge of setting and circumstances.
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The Extended Case Method: Four Countries, Four Decades, Four Great Transformations, and One Theoretical Tradition
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Braumoeller, Bear and Anne Sartori. 2004. "The Promise and Perils of Statistics in International Relations." in
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335:'s theories of economic development (derived from case studies of early developing states, such as England).
1528:"A Typology for the Case Study in Social Science Following a Review of Definition, Discourse, and Structure"
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noting that inductive reasoning is a legitimate practice (both in qualitative and quantitative research).
165:. Each of these four designs may lead to different applications, and understanding their sometimes unique
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knowledge; where researchers have this local knowledge they are in a position to "soak and poke" as
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418:, and that an event in a single case was caused by random error or unobservable factors. KKV sees
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Extreme cases are cases that have an extreme value on the X or Y variable relative to other cases.
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Bennett, Andrew (2008-08-21). Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M; Brady, Henry E; Collier, David (eds.).
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Theory testing case studies aim to assess the validity and scope conditions of existing theories.
2154:"Ontology, methodology, and causation in the American school of international political economy"
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725:"A Pragmatic Guide to Qualitative Historical Analysis in the Study of International Relations"
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Unraveling the Mysteries of Case Study Research: A Guide for Business and Management Students
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2793:"Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers"
2015:
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Bennett, Andrew (2008). Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M; Brady, Henry E; Collier, David (eds.).
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1093:(1991). "Better Stories and Better Constructs: The Case for Rigor and Comparative Logic".
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Building block studies of types or subtypes, aim to identify common patterns across cases.
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In a 2015 article, John Gerring and Jason Seawright list seven case selection strategies:
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King, Keohane, and Verba argue that there is no methodological problem in selecting the
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For the theories being tested, the analyst must derive clearly stated expected outcomes.
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Paradigms and Sand Castles: Theory Building and Research Design in Comparative Politics
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causal chain to produce an outcome whereas weak chains are just intervening variables.
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Humphreys, Macartan; Jacobs, Alan M. (2015). "Mixing Methods: A Bayesian Approach".
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Plausibility probes, aim to assess the plausibility of new hypotheses and theories.
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There are multiple definitions of case studies, which may emphasize the number of
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The Case Study Handbook: How to Read, Write, and Discuss Persuasively about Cases
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The Case for Case Studies: Methods and Applications in International Development
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Embedded Case Study Methods. Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Knowledge
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can range from a narrow happening over time like the operations of a specific
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generally be chosen that have a high expected information gain. For example,
154:
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Herreid, Clyde F.; Schiller, Nancy A.; Wright, Carolyn; Herreid, Ky (eds.).
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Levy, Jack (2014), "Case Studies: Types, Designs, and Logics of Inference",
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2511:"From Methodology to Practice: Inductive Iteration in Comparative Research"
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The Inception of Modern Professional Education: C. C. Langdell, 1826–1906
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Multi-Method Social Science: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Tools
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2695:. In Courtney, Nigel; Poulsen, Christian; Stylios, Chrysostomos (eds.).
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1480:(2014). "Observation, Context, and Sequence in the Study of Politics".
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Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research
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Designing Social Inquiry. Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research
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657:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 52–53.
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departed from the traditional lecture-and-notes approach to teaching
59:
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2641:"Making the Case: Professional Education for the World of Practice"
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Fearon, James D.; Laitin, David D. (2011). Goodin, Robert E (ed.).
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369:. They may also be more appropriate for empirical verifications of
166:
112:
research is frequently used for studies of multiple cases, whereas
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39:
35:
2974:(6th ed.). Thousand Oaks, California, US: SAGE Publications.
837:(6th ed.). Thousand Oaks, California, US: SAGE Publications.
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Mills, Albert J.; Durepos, Gabrielle; Wiebe, Elden, eds. (2010).
1999:"Qualitative Research: Recent Developments in Case Study Methods"
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Mills, Albert J.; Durepos, Gabrielle; Wiebe, Elden, eds. (2010).
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variables are sufficient or necessary to bring about an outcome.
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Cases, Numbers, Models: International Relations Research Methods
1692:
Rethinking social inquiry : diverse tools, shared standards
1431:
Development of New Methods to Support Systemic Incident Analysis
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How to Do Your Case Study: A Guide for Students and Researchers
76:
Case study research has been extensively practiced in both the
38:
may focus on an individual patient or ailment; case studies in
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3023:
1600:"Hard Thinking about Hard and Easy Cases in Security Studies"
486:
Engineering students participate in a case study competition.
2587:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp.
1447:
621:. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. p. 117.
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2917:
What is a Case? Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry
2732:
National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science (NCCSTS)
550:
The case-study method in psychology and related disciplines
43:
2841:
Case studies and theory development in the social sciences
2693:"Exploring Cases Using Emotion, Open Space and Creativity"
1567:
Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences
1350:
Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences
776:
Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences
581:
Feagin, Joe R.; Orum, Anthony M.; Sjoberg, Gideon (1991).
2271:"Rational Deterrence Theory and Comparative Case Studies"
1137:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 99–102.
394:(also called "KKV"), an influential 1994 book written by
232:
Most similar cases are cases that are similar on all the
66:
of real-world problems affecting multiple stakeholders.
2725:
1837:"After KKV: The New Methodology of Qualitative Research"
1041:"The theory contribution of case study research designs"
1437:(Doctoral dissertation). London: Queen Mary University.
2811:(1989). "Building Theories from Case Study Research".
2482:
King, Gary; Keohane, Robert O.; Verba, Sidney (1994).
804:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. p. xxxi.
653:
King, Gary; Keohane, Robert O.; Verba, Sidney (1994).
2697:
Case Based Teaching and Learning for the 21st Century
2620:
Jackson, Giles (2011). "Rethinking the case method".
331:(derived from his travels to the Easter Island), and
116:
research is frequently used for a single case study.
2915:
Ragin, Charles C. and Becker, Howard S. Eds. (1992)
1801:
1694:(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
585:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
27:
In-depth, detailed examination of a particular case
2663:
2562:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44, 53–55.
2080:"Process Tracing and Qualitative Causal Inference"
1958:"Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods"
1730:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 129–139.
2943:Straits, Bruce C. and Singleton, Royce A. (2004)
2896:
2839:George, Alexander L. and Bennett, Andrew. (2005)
2041:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press: ch. 6.
1319:Random sampling is unreliable in small-N research
872:
799:
699:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1, 19–20.
580:
217:the case rather than compare it with other cases.
4526:
2481:
2454:
2151:
1658:. Princeton University Press. pp. 221–227.
1196:
873:Taylor, Marilyn L.; Søndergaard, Mikael (2017).
652:
2225:
1935:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43, 49.
1394:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 75–106,
1284:King, Gary/ Keohane, Robert O./ Verba, Sidney:
236:, except the one of interest to the researcher.
179:
2691:Palmer, Grier; Iordanou, Ioanna (2015-01-01).
2690:
2488:. Princeton University Press. pp. 20–22.
2369:"Mechanisms, Bayesianism, and process tracing"
2269:Achen, Christopher H.; Snidal, Duncan (1989).
2205:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–55.
2131:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 61–62.
1776:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 39–40.
1565:George, Alexander L.; Bennett, Andrew (2005).
1348:George, Alexander L.; Bennett, Andrew (2005).
1083:
936:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 29–32.
773:George, Alexander L.; Bennett, Andrew (2005).
3540:
3009:
2867:
2670:. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
2559:Case Study Research: Principles and Practices
2455:Fairfield, Tasha; Charman, Andrew E. (2022).
2202:Case Study Research: Principles and Practices
2128:Case Study Research: Principles and Practices
2054:Case Study Research: Principles and Practices
1932:Case Study Research: Principles and Practices
1810:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–26,
1773:Case Study Research: Principles and Practices
1651:
1564:
1441:
1347:
1304:Case Study Research: Principles and Practices
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
960:Case Study Research: Principles and Practices
933:Case Study Research: Principles and Practices
901:Case Study Research: Principles and Practices
772:
696:Case Study Research: Principles and Practices
338:Case studies are also useful for formulating
2420:The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology
2330:The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology
1996:
1955:
1689:
1167:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2929:Scholz, Roland W. and Tietje, Olaf. (2002)
2268:
1652:Goertz, Gary; Mahoney, James (2012-09-09).
1151:
3547:
3533:
3016:
3002:
2807:
2790:
2684:
2152:Farrell, Henry; Finnemore, Martha (2009).
2057:. Cambridge University Press. p. 42.
1307:. Cambridge University Press. p. 87.
1089:
1025:
963:. Cambridge University Press. p. 37.
904:. Cambridge University Press. p. 17.
2758:
2622:Journal of Management Policy and Practice
2416:"Process Tracing: a Bayesian Perspective"
2326:"Process Tracing: a Bayesian Perspective"
2158:Review of International Political Economy
2014:
1902:
1664:10.23943/princeton/9780691149707.001.0001
1470:
1421:
1385:
1244:, SAGE Publications Ltd, pp. II113,
1121:
1066:
1056:
1008:
851:
3308:Preventable fraction among the unexposed
3304:Attributable fraction for the population
2857:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1962:The Oxford Handbook of Political Science
1690:Brady, Henry E.; Collier, David (2010).
793:
481:
450:
3312:Preventable fraction for the population
3300:Attributable fraction among the exposed
2972:Case study research: design and methods
2734:. University at Buffalo. Archived from
2619:
2582:
2555:
2428:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.001.0001
2413:
2366:
2338:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.001.0001
2323:
2198:
2124:
2077:
2050:
2016:10.1146/annurev.polisci.8.082103.104918
1970:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.001.0001
1928:
1884:
1834:
1769:
1597:
1300:
1157:
990:
956:
929:
897:
834:Case Study Research: Design and Methods
692:
547:
381:often entails a qualitative component.
14:
4527:
2960:
2719:
2638:
2632:
1997:Bennett, Andrew; Elman, Colin (2006).
1924:
1922:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1765:
1763:
1725:
1685:
1683:
1522:
1516:
1296:
1294:
1038:
986:
984:
982:
980:
925:
923:
921:
862:. Abingdon, England: Hodder Education.
616:
3528:
2997:
2661:
2655:
2458:Social Inquiry and Bayesian Inference
1880:
1878:
1721:
1719:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1476:
1427:
1381:
1379:
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1235:
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1229:
1227:
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1192:
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1188:
1186:
1184:
1127:
1010:10.1146/annurev-polisci-092415-024158
857:
823:
821:
768:
766:
722:
718:
716:
688:
686:
684:
682:
648:
646:
612:
610:
463:). For instance, as early as 1870 at
3475:Correlation does not imply causation
3391:Animal testing on non-human primates
2791:Baxter, Pamela; Jack, Susan (2008).
2783:Bartlett, L. and Vavrus, F. (2017).
2759:Baskarada, Sasa (October 19, 2014).
2699:. Faringdon: Libri. pp. 19–38.
1891:PS: Political Science & Politics
1239:
2969:
2949:, 4th ed. Oxford University Press.
2899:Encyclopedia of Case Study Research
2761:"Qualitative Case Study Guidelines"
2508:
2407:
1919:
1823:
1790:
1760:
1680:
1291:
1288:. Princeton University Press, 1994.
977:
918:
827:
802:Encyclopedia of Case Study Research
140:
24:
2752:
2219:
2003:Annual Review of Political Science
1875:
1716:
1638:
1569:. MIT Press. pp. 74–76, 213.
1374:
1324:
1265:
1222:
1181:
1039:Ridder, Hans-Gerd (October 2017).
997:Annual Review of Political Science
860:Classic Case Studies in Psychology
818:
763:
729:International Studies Perspectives
713:
679:
643:
607:
58:, to an enormous undertaking like
25:
4566:
2989:
2228:American Political Science Review
1482:American Political Science Review
1388:"Case Selection after Regression"
3756:
2870:Environmental Education Research
2813:The Academy of Management Review
2444:from the original on 2014-08-04.
1986:from the original on 2014-05-30.
1095:The Academy of Management Review
477:law schools in the United States
149:, which is closely connected to
2785:Rethinking Case Study Research.
2613:
2576:
2549:
2502:
2475:
2448:
2360:
2317:
2262:
2192:
2145:
2118:
2071:
2044:
2031:
1990:
1949:
1887:"Understanding Process Tracing"
1591:
1558:
950:
891:
866:
303:warn against "selecting on the
3554:
3358:Pre- and post-test probability
3080:Patient and public involvement
2970:Yin, Robert K (October 2017).
2919:. Cambridge University Press.
2461:. Cambridge University Press.
1134:The Art of Case Study Research
574:
541:
384:
314:, however. They do warn about
13:
1:
3852:Industrial and organizational
2946:Approaches to Social Research
2515:Comparative Political Studies
2385:10.1080/13563467.2016.1201803
2367:Mahoney, James (2016-09-02).
2096:10.1080/09636412.2015.1036624
2078:Waldner, David (2015-06-22).
1616:10.1080/09636412.2015.1070615
741:10.1111/1528-3577.t01-1-00099
535:
87:
50:; similarly, case studies in
4093:Human factors and ergonomics
3485:Sex as a biological variable
1400:10.1017/cbo9781316160831.004
1199:Political Research Quarterly
291:In terms of case selection,
180:Case selection and structure
7:
3449:Intention-to-treat analysis
3421:Analysis of clinical trials
3350:Specificity and sensitivity
3104:Randomized controlled trial
2882:10.1080/1350462032000173706
877:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
498:
124:style of analysis, whereas
10:
4571:
2583:Kimball, Bruce A. (2009).
1464:10.1016/j.ssci.2015.08.014
723:Thies, Cameron G. (2002).
619:Paradigms and Sand Castles
412:Paradigms and Sand Castles
4479:
4416:
4123:
4033:
3945:
3782:Applied behavior analysis
3765:
3754:
3590:
3562:
3493:
3458:Interpretation of results
3457:
3419:
3368:
3318:
3292:
3254:
3224:
3215:
3191:Nested case–control study
3141:
3088:
3035:
2639:Garvin, David A. (2003).
2240:10.1017/s0003055415000453
2170:10.1080/09692290802524075
1904:10.1017/s1049096511001429
1853:10.1017/S0043887109990220
1386:Seawright, Jason (2016),
1250:10.4135/9781473915480.n26
1207:10.4135/9781473915480.n31
1058:10.1007/s40685-017-0045-z
779:. MIT Press. p. 18.
583:A Case for the case study
96:(a small N), the method (
46:'s strategy or a broader
42:might cover a particular
3060:Academic clinical trials
2527:10.1177/0010414014554685
1726:Geddes, Barbara (2003).
1544:10.1177/1077800411409884
1107:10.5465/amr.1991.4279496
858:Rolls, Geoffrey (2005).
655:Designing Social Inquiry
617:Geddes, Barbara (2003).
391:Designing Social Inquiry
4058:Behavioral neuroscience
3622:Behavioral neuroscience
3278:Relative risk reduction
3126:Adaptive clinical trial
3070:Evidence-based medicine
3053:Adaptive clinical trial
2809:Eisenhardt, Kathleen M.
1885:Collier, David (2011).
1835:Mahoney, James (2010).
1598:Rapport, Aaron (2015).
1091:Eisenhardt, Kathleen M.
548:Bromley, D. B. (1986).
492:Harvard Business School
321:
128:work lends itself to a
4555:Management cybernetics
4108:Psychology of religion
4048:Behavioral engineering
3985:Human subject research
3641:Cognitive neuroscience
3607:Affective neuroscience
3266:Number needed to treat
2853:Gerring, John. (2008)
2797:The Qualitative Report
2765:The Qualitative Report
2556:Gerring, John (2007).
2199:Gerring, John (2007).
2125:Gerring, John (2007).
2051:Gerring, John (2007).
1929:Gerring, John (2007).
1770:Gerring, John (2007).
1655:A Tale of Two Cultures
1301:Gerring, John (2007).
991:Gerring, John (2017).
957:Gerring, John (2007).
930:Gerring, John (2007).
898:Gerring, John (2007).
693:Gerring, John (2007).
487:
379:observational research
371:strategic interactions
151:Kathleen M. Eisenhardt
4484:Wiktionary definition
4020:Self-report inventory
4015:Quantitative research
3270:Number needed to harm
3157:Cross-sectional study
3109:Scientific experiment
3065:Clinical study design
2961:Thomas, Gary (2011).
2901:. SAGE Publications.
2373:New Political Economy
1428:Huang, Huayi (2015).
993:"Qualitative Methods"
663:10.1515/9781400821211
552:. Chichester: Wiley.
485:
451:Teaching case studies
344:conceptual stretching
234:independent variables
4010:Qualitative research
3965:Behavior epigenetics
3236:Cumulative incidence
2965:. SAGE Publications.
469:Christopher Langdell
433:Bayesian probability
312:explanatory variable
62:, or more often the
4489:Wiktionary category
4053:Behavioral genetics
4025:Statistical surveys
3882:Occupational health
3617:Behavioral genetics
3143:Observational study
3075:Real world evidence
3029:experimental design
2855:Case Study Research
1532:Qualitative Inquiry
363:interaction effects
329:theory of evolution
4545:Evaluation methods
4461:Schools of thought
4364:Richard E. Nisbett
4244:Donald T. Campbell
3922:Sport and exercise
3429:Risk–benefit ratio
3396:First-in-man study
3346:Case fatality rate
3187:Case–control study
3161:Longitudinal study
2662:Ellet, W. (2007).
2509:Yom, Sean (2015).
1754:10.3998/mpub.11910
1736:10.3998/mpub.11910
627:10.3998/mpub.11910
505:Analytic narrative
488:
465:Harvard Law School
425:degrees of freedom
305:dependent variable
56:political campaign
4550:Scientific method
4522:
4521:
4499:Wikimedia Commons
4426:Counseling topics
4389:Ronald C. Kessler
4379:Shelley E. Taylor
4304:Lawrence Kohlberg
4279:Stanley Schachter
4078:Consumer behavior
3960:Archival research
3728:Psycholinguistics
3612:Affective science
3522:
3521:
3470:Survivorship bias
3434:Systematic review
3401:Multicenter trial
3364:
3363:
3354:Likelihood-ratios
3326:Clinical endpoint
3294:Population impact
3248:Period prevalence
3025:Clinical research
2981:978-1-5063-3616-9
2908:978-1-4129-5670-3
2863:978-0-521-67656-4
2677:978-1-422-10158-2
2598:978-0-8078-3257-8
2569:978-0-521-85928-8
2495:978-1-4008-2121-1
2468:978-1-108-42164-5
2212:978-0-521-85928-8
2138:978-0-521-85928-8
2064:978-0-521-85928-8
1979:978-0-19-960445-6
1942:978-0-521-85928-8
1817:978-1-108-42727-2
1783:978-0-521-85928-8
1745:978-0-472-09835-4
1701:978-1-4422-0343-3
1673:978-0-691-14970-7
1576:978-0-262-30307-1
1478:Fenno, Richard F.
1409:978-1-107-09771-1
1359:978-0-262-30307-1
1314:978-0-521-85928-8
1259:978-1-4462-7448-4
1216:978-1-4462-7448-4
1174:978-0-520-94338-4
1144:978-0-8039-5767-1
1045:Business Research
970:978-0-521-85928-8
943:978-0-521-85928-8
911:978-0-521-85928-8
844:978-1-5063-3616-9
811:978-1-4129-5670-3
786:978-0-262-57222-4
706:978-0-521-85928-8
672:978-1-4008-2121-1
636:978-0-472-09835-4
416:measurement error
316:multicollinearity
102:French Revolution
16:(Redirected from
4562:
4456:Research methods
4399:Richard Davidson
4394:Joseph E. LeDoux
4269:George A. Miller
4259:David McClelland
4254:Herbert A. Simon
4154:Edward Thorndike
3975:Content analysis
3760:
3733:Psychophysiology
3549:
3542:
3535:
3526:
3525:
3369:Trial/test types
3244:Point prevalence
3222:
3221:
3165:Ecological study
3148:EBM II-2 to II-3
3119:Open-label trial
3114:Blind experiment
3090:Controlled study
3018:
3011:
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2645:Harvard Magazine
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2084:Security Studies
2075:
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2018:
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1604:Security Studies
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1179:
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1159:Burawoy, Michael
1155:
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1129:Stake, Robert E.
1125:
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520:Case competition
141:Research designs
82:natural sciences
21:
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4565:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4475:
4451:Psychotherapies
4412:
4369:Martin Seligman
4334:Daniel Kahneman
4274:Richard Lazarus
4224:Raymond Cattell
4128:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4029:
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3768:
3761:
3752:
3713:Neuropsychology
3593:
3586:
3558:
3553:
3523:
3518:
3489:
3453:
3415:
3360:
3314:
3288:
3262:Risk difference
3250:
3211:
3145:
3137:
3092:
3084:
3048:Trial protocols
3031:
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2992:
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2755:
2753:Further reading
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538:
530:Process tracing
510:Casebook method
501:
461:casebook method
453:
420:process-tracing
387:
367:path dependency
324:
182:
171:epistemological
163:Michael Burawoy
159:Robert E. Stake
143:
90:
64:policy analysis
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4409:Roy Baumeister
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4344:Michael Posner
4341:
4336:
4331:
4329:Elliot Aronson
4326:
4324:Walter Mischel
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4289:Albert Bandura
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4264:Leon Festinger
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4234:Neal E. Miller
4231:
4229:Abraham Maslow
4226:
4221:
4216:
4214:Ernest Hilgard
4211:
4209:Donald O. Hebb
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4189:J. P. Guilford
4186:
4184:Gordon Allport
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4164:John B. Watson
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4129:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3955:Animal testing
3951:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3763:
3762:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3658:Cross-cultural
3655:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3513:List of topics
3509:
3502:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3465:Selection bias
3461:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3386:Animal testing
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3338:Mortality rate
3324:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3230:
3228:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3167:
3153:
3151:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3131:Platform trial
3123:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3100:
3098:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3043:Clinical trial
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2998:
2991:
2990:External links
2988:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2967:
2958:
2941:
2927:
2913:
2907:
2894:
2865:
2851:
2837:
2825:10.2307/258557
2805:
2788:
2781:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2718:
2705:
2683:
2676:
2654:
2631:
2612:
2597:
2575:
2568:
2548:
2521:(5): 616–644.
2501:
2494:
2474:
2467:
2447:
2436:
2406:
2379:(5): 493–499.
2359:
2346:
2316:
2281:(2): 143–169.
2275:World Politics
2261:
2218:
2211:
2191:
2144:
2137:
2117:
2090:(2): 239–250.
2070:
2063:
2043:
2030:
2009:(1): 455–476.
1989:
1978:
1948:
1941:
1918:
1897:(4): 823–830.
1874:
1847:(1): 120–147.
1841:World Politics
1822:
1816:
1789:
1782:
1759:
1744:
1715:
1700:
1679:
1672:
1637:
1610:(3): 431–465.
1590:
1575:
1557:
1515:
1469:
1451:Safety Science
1440:
1420:
1408:
1373:
1358:
1323:
1313:
1290:
1264:
1258:
1221:
1215:
1180:
1173:
1150:
1143:
1120:
1101:(3): 620–627.
1082:
1051:(2): 281–305.
1024:
976:
969:
949:
942:
917:
910:
890:
884:978-1786437235
883:
865:
850:
843:
829:Yin, Robert K.
817:
810:
792:
785:
762:
735:(4): 351–372.
712:
705:
678:
671:
642:
635:
606:
591:
573:
558:
539:
537:
534:
533:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
500:
497:
452:
449:
410:also makes in
408:Barbara Geddes
400:Robert Keohane
386:
383:
333:Douglass North
323:
320:
297:Robert Keohane
289:
288:
285:
282:
274:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
251:Harry Eckstein
247:Arend Lijphart
241:
240:
237:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
181:
178:
142:
139:
89:
86:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4567:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4446:Psychologists
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4436:Organizations
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4384:John Anderson
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4314:Ulric Neisser
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4299:Endel Tulving
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4284:Robert Zajonc
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4239:Jerome Bruner
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4204:B. F. Skinner
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4169:Clark L. Hull
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4149:Sigmund Freud
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4139:William James
4137:
4135:
4134:Wilhelm Wundt
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:Psychologists
4122:
4114:
4113:Psychometrics
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4073:Consciousness
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4005:Psychophysics
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3947:Methodologies
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3907:Psychotherapy
3905:
3903:
3902:Psychometrics
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3764:
3759:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3668:Developmental
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3545:
3543:
3538:
3536:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3444:Meta-analysis
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3411:Vaccine trial
3409:
3407:
3406:Seeding trial
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3175:Retrospective
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:EBM I to II-1
3091:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3014:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2955:0-19-514794-4
2952:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2939:0-7619-1946-5
2936:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2925:0-521-42188-8
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2849:0-262-57222-2
2846:
2843:. MIT Press.
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2819:(4): 532–50.
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2738:on 2018-09-13
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2708:
2706:9781909818569
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2437:9780199286546
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2349:
2347:9780199286546
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1879:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1819:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1684:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1538:(6): 511–21.
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1352:. MIT Press.
1351:
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1340:
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1336:
1334:
1332:
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1002:
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962:
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953:
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924:
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913:
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902:
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876:
869:
861:
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846:
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836:
835:
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824:
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807:
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796:
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782:
778:
777:
769:
767:
758:
754:
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742:
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734:
730:
726:
719:
717:
708:
702:
698:
697:
689:
687:
685:
683:
674:
668:
664:
660:
656:
649:
647:
638:
632:
628:
624:
620:
613:
611:
602:
598:
594:
592:0-8078-1973-5
588:
584:
577:
569:
565:
561:
559:0-471-90853-3
555:
551:
544:
540:
531:
528:
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521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
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493:
484:
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478:
474:
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462:
458:
448:
444:
440:
436:
434:
428:
426:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
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4194:Carl Rogers
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4144:Ivan Pavlov
4000:Observation
3980:Experiments
3927:Suicidology
3822:Educational
3777:Anomalistic
3748:Theoretical
3723:Personality
3653:Comparative
3636:Cognitivism
3627:Behaviorism
3480:Null result
3439:Replication
3334:Infectivity
3256:Association
3207:Case report
3197:Case series
3180:Prospective
1488:(1): 3–15.
525:Case report
515:Case method
457:case method
385:Limitations
203:Gary Thomas
167:ontological
137:phenomena.
122:idiographic
114:within-case
98:qualitative
4529:Categories
4494:Wikisource
4339:Paul Ekman
4174:Kurt Lewin
4068:Competence
3990:Interviews
3970:Case study
3847:Humanistic
3827:Ergonomics
3812:Counseling
3787:Assessment
3769:psychology
3718:Perception
3678:Ecological
3594:psychology
3572:Philosophy
3556:Psychology
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3274:Risk ratio
3240:Prevalence
3226:Occurrence
3202:Case study
2787:Routledge.
2742:2018-09-12
2728:"About Us"
2712:2024-09-27
2353:2021-02-19
2234:(4): 654.
1458:: 129–43.
1415:2021-02-11
536:References
361:, complex
130:nomothetic
110:cross-case
88:Definition
32:case study
4514:Wikibooks
4504:Wikiquote
4374:Ed Diener
4159:Carl Jung
4063:Cognition
3892:Political
3802:Community
3632:Cognitive
3342:Morbidity
3330:Virulence
3232:Incidence
2890:218499108
2607:261174163
2543:143936902
2535:0010-4140
2401:156167903
2393:1356-3467
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2186:145230528
2178:0969-2290
2112:143163960
2104:0963-6412
2025:1094-2939
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1861:1086-3338
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1019:1094-2939
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396:Gary King
293:Gary King
108:The term
60:world war
4540:Evidence
4509:Wikinews
4466:Timeline
4088:Feelings
4083:Emotions
4043:Behavior
4034:Concepts
3912:Religion
3897:Positive
3887:Pastoral
3872:Military
3837:Forensic
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3817:Critical
3807:Consumer
3797:Coaching
3792:Clinical
3767:Applied
3663:Cultural
3602:Abnormal
3506:Glossary
3499:Category
3376:In vitro
3217:Measures
3036:Overview
2933:. Sage.
2442:Archived
1984:Archived
1869:43923978
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1161:(2009).
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601:22909879
568:12235475
499:See also
340:concepts
52:politics
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36:medicine
4441:Outline
3937:Traffic
3932:Systems
3867:Medical
3693:Gestalt
3567:History
3381:In vivo
2777:2559424
2589:143-444
2303:2010405
2256:1846974
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