Ontology - Knowledge

828: 423: 383: 1244:, processes or events are the fundamental entities. This view usually emphasizes that nothing in reality is static, meaning that being is dynamic and characterized by constant change. Bundle theories state that there are no regular objects but only bundles of co-present properties. For example, a lemon may be understood as a bundle that includes the properties yellow, sour, and round. According to traditional bundle theory, the bundled properties are universals, meaning that the same property may belong to several different bundles. According to 12562:

also stones, hills, cups, and knives to be devaru: beings that stand in active, quasi-social relationships with them (Bird-David, 1999). Devaru are aspects of a larger kin structure that incorporates potential "partners" in the nonhuman world. In addition to these ethnographic observations, there are intriguing cross-cultural similarities in animist ontologies. Indigenous communities around the world tend to be much more permissive in their ascription of intentionality than Western participants (Ojalehto, Douglas, & García, 2017).

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One hierarchical ontology says that elementary particles are more fundamental than the macroscopic objects they compose, like chairs and tables. Other hierarchical theories assert that substances are more fundamental than their properties and that nature is more fundamental than culture. Flat ontologies, by contrast, deny that any entity has a privileged status, meaning that all entities exist on the same level. For them, the main question is only whether something exists rather than identifying the level at which it exists.

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objects are bundles of properties. This view is rejected by relational ontologies, which say that objects have no internal structure, meaning that properties do not inhere in them but are externally related to them. According to one analogy, objects are like pin-cushions and properties are pins that can be stuck to objects and removed again without becoming a real part of objects. Relational ontologies are common in certain forms of nominalism that reject the existence of universal properties.

394: 2340: 905:. Numerical identity, by contrast, means that there is only a single entity. For example, if Fatima is the mother of Leila and Hugo then Leila's mother is numerically identical to Hugo's mother. Another distinction is between synchronic and diachronic identity. Synchronic identity relates an entity to itself at the same time. Diachronic identity relates an entity to itself at different times, as in "the woman who bore Leila three years ago is the same woman who bore Hugo this year". 2024: 286:. A different conception understands ontology as a preliminary discipline that provides a complete inventory of reality while metaphysics examines the features and structure of the entities in this inventory. Another conception says that metaphysics is about real being while ontology examines possible being or the concept of being. It is not universally accepted that there is a clear boundary between metaphysics and ontology. Some philosophers use both terms as synonyms. 1459: 19601: 18577: 374: 567: 1000: 956:. It aims to determine the nature and essential features of these concepts while also examining their mode of existence. According to a common view, social kinds are useful constructions to describe the complexities of social life. This means that they are not pure fictions but, at the same time, lack the objective or mind-independent reality of natural phenomena like elementary particles, lions, and stars. In the fields of 403: 414: 2188: 19612: 18564: 1365:. It says that traditional ontology sees identity as the more basic term by first characterizing things in terms of their essential features and then elaborating differences based on this conception. Differential ontologists, by contrast, privilege difference and say that the identity of a thing is a secondary determination that depends on how this thing differs from other things. 2389:(1941–2001) formulated the position of modal realism, which says that possible worlds are as real and concrete as the actual world. Since the end of the 20th century, interest in applied ontology has risen in computer and information science with the development of conceptual frameworks for specific domains. 1231:

is a polycategorical theory. It says that reality is at its most fundamental level made up of unanalyzable substances that are characterized by universals, such as the properties an individual substance has or relations that exist between substances. The closely related to substratum theory says that

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Another contrast is between analytic and speculative ontology. Analytic ontology examines the types and categories of being to determine what kinds of things could exist and what features they would have. Speculative ontology aims to determine which entities actually exist, for example, whether there

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Concrete objects are entities that exist in space and time, such as a tree, a car, and a planet. They have causal powers and can affect each other, like when a car hits a tree and both are deformed in the process. Abstract objects, by contrast, are outside space and time, such as the number 7 and the

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within it. In its widest sense, being only contrasts with non-being or nothingness. It is controversial whether a more substantial analysis of the concept or meaning of being is possible. One proposal understands being as a property possessed by every entity. Critics of this view argue that an entity

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but the exact relation of these two disciplines is disputed. According to a traditionally influential characterization, metaphysics is the study of fundamental reality in the widest sense while ontology is the subdiscipline of metaphysics that restricts itself to the most general features of reality.

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There are different and sometimes overlapping ways to divide ontology into branches. Pure ontology focuses on the most abstract topics associated with the concept and nature of being. It is not restricted to a specific domain of entities and studies existence and the structure of reality as a whole.

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Since roughly the 1990s, a growing number of anthropologists have become interested in the study of ontology – the investigation and theorization of diverse experiences and understandings of the nature of being itself. This generally takes the form of ethnographic accounts of indigenous non-Western

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Consider the animism debate. Animists consider nonhuman entities (e.g., plants, forests, or rivers) as intentional actors (Harvey, 2005). There is substantial evidence that animism is a widespread metaphysical view. For example, the Nayaka people of South India consider not only certain animals but

1455:, ontology can be conducted by analyzing the ontological commitments of scientific theories. This method is based on the idea that scientific theories provide the most reliable description of reality and that their power can be harnessed by investigating the ontological assumptions underlying them. 751:

studies the relation between parts and wholes. One position in mereology says that every collection of entities forms a whole. According to a different view, this is only the case for collections that fulfill certain requirements, for instance, that the entities in the collection touch one another.

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is the process of creating and refining conceptual models of specific domains. Developing a new ontology from scratch involves various preparatory steps, such as delineating the scope of the domain one intends to model and specifying the purpose and use cases of the ontology. Once the foundational

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and, at any moment, only one part of them is present but not the others. According to perdurantists, change means that an earlier part exhibits different qualities than a later part. When a tree loses its leaves, for instance, there is an earlier temporal part with leaves and a later temporal part

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Hierarchical ontologies state that the world is organized into levels. Entities on all levels are real but low-level entities are more fundamental than high-level entities. This means that they can exist without high-level entities while high-level entities cannot exist without low-level entities.

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agrees with this basic idea and focuses on how these relations form complex structures. Some structural realists state that there is nothing but relations, meaning that individual objects do not exist. Others say that individual objects exist but depend on the structures in which they participate.

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Ontological dependence is a relation between entities. An entity depends ontologically on another entity if the first entity cannot exist without the second entity. For instance, the surface of an apple cannot exist without the apple. An entity is ontologically independent if it does not depend on

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aim to explain how material objects persist through time. Endurantism is the view that material objects are three-dimensional entities that travel through time while being fully present in each moment. They remain the same even when they gain or lose properties as they change. Perdurantism is the

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Various alternative ontological theories have been proposed that deny the role of substances as the foundational building blocks of reality. Stuff ontologies say that the world is not populated by distinct entities but by continuous stuff that fills space. This stuff may take various forms and is

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facts about what exists and what the nature and categories of being are. Ontological realists do not make claims about what those facts are, for example, whether elementary particles exist. They merely state that there are mind-independent facts that determine which ontological theories are true.

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The dispute between constituent and relational ontologies concerns the internal structure of concrete particular objects. Constituent ontologies say that objects have an internal structure with properties as their component parts. Bundle theories are an example of this position: they state that

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to express their findings in an abstract and general manner. Formal ontology contrasts with material ontology, which distinguishes between different areas of objects and examines the features characteristic of a specific area. Examples are ideal spatial beings in the area of geometry and living

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Substances play an important role in the history of ontology as the particular entities that underlie and support properties and relations. They are often considered the fundamental building blocks of reality that can exist on their own, while entities like properties and relations cannot exist

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says that simple theories are preferable. A theory can be simple in different respects, for example, by using very few basic types or by describing the world with a small number of fundamental entities. Ontologists are also interested in the explanatory power of theories and give preference to

1058:, for example, ontological statements are relative to language and depend on the ontological framework of the speaker. This means that there are no framework-independent ontological facts since different frameworks provide different views while there is no objectively right or wrong framework. 2002:

as the greatest conceivable being. From this definition it concludes that God must exist since God would not be the greatest conceivable being if God lacked existence. Another overlap in the two disciplines is found in ontological theories that use God or an ultimate being as the foundational

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to store this information and defines computational processes to automatically transform and use it. For instance, to encode and store information about academic activities, a college database may use an ontology with categories such as person, teacher, student, and exam. In some cases, it is

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method, Grüninger and Fox's methodology, and the "methontology" (a portmanteau of "methodology" and "ontology") of Gómez-Pérez and Fernández-López. In some cases, it is feasible to adapt a pre-existing ontology to fit a specific domain and purpose rather than creating a new one from scratch.

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and examines the nature and role of objects. It sees objects as the fundamental building blocks of reality. As a flat ontology, it denies that some entities have a more fundamental form of existence than others. It uses this idea to argue that objects exist independently of human thought and

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state that only properties exist. Polycategorical theories, by contrast, hold that there is more than one basic category, meaning that entities are divided into two or more fundamental classes. They take the form of systems of categories, which list the highest genera of being to provide a

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ontology that aims to identify the essential features of different types of objects. Phenomenologists start by imagining an example of the investigated type. They proceed by varying the imagined features to determine which ones cannot be changed, meaning they are essential. The

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as a view not about the number of basic types but the number of entities. In this sense, monism is the controversial position that only a single all-encompassing entity exists in all of reality. Pluralism is more commonly accepted and says that several distinct entities exist.

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Ontologies are often used in information science to provide a conceptual scheme or inventory of a specific domain, making it possible to classify objects and formally represent information about them. This is of specific interest to computer science, which builds

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is sometimes used with a more limited meaning to refer only to certain aspects of reality. In one sense, being is unchanging and impermanent and is distinguished from becoming, which implies change. Another contrast is between being, as what truly exists, and

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Descriptive ontology aims to articulate the conceptual scheme underlying how people ordinarily think about the world. Prescriptive ontology departs from common conceptions of the structure of reality and seeks to formulate a new and better conceptualization.

783:. Some philosophers say that fictional objects are one type of abstract object, existing outside space and time. Others understand them as artifacts that are created as the works of fiction are written. Intentional objects are entities that exist within 918:, also called domain ontology. Applied ontology examines the application of ontological theories and principles to specific disciplines and domains, often in the field of science. It considers ontological problems in regard to specific entities such as 1013:

studies the underlying concepts, assumptions, and methods of ontology. Unlike other forms of ontology, it does not ask "what exists" but "what does it mean for something to exist" and "how can people determine what exists". It is closely related to

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Monocategorical theories say that there is only one fundamental category, meaning that every single entity belongs to the same universal class. For example, some forms of nominalism state that only concrete particulars exist while some forms of

2281:(1724–1804) rejected the idea that humans can have direct knowledge of independently existing things and their nature, limiting knowledge to the field of appearances. For Kant, ontology does not study external things but provides a system of 1303:

includes a system of twelve categories, which Kant saw as pure concepts of understanding. They are subdivided into four classes: quantity, quality, relation, and modality. In more recent philosophy, theories of categories were developed by

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means that two things are the same. Philosophers distinguish between qualitative and numerical identity. Two entities are qualitatively identical if they have exactly the same features, such as perfect identical twins. This is also called

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Fact ontologies present a different approach by focusing on how entities belonging to different categories come together to constitute the world. Facts, also known as states of affairs, are complex entities; for example, the fact that

854:. Ontological commitments can be used to analyze which ontologies people explicitly defend or implicitly assume. They play a central role in contemporary metaphysics when trying to decide between competing theories. For example, the 734:

Concrete objects encountered in everyday life are complex entities composed of various parts. For example, a book is made up of two covers and pages between them. Each of these components is itself constituted of smaller parts, like

1268:. Fact ontologies state that facts are the fundamental constituents of reality, meaning that objects, properties, and relations cannot exist on their own and only form part of reality to the extent that they participate in facts. 80:

objects existing in space and time, like a tree, and abstract objects existing outside space and time, like the number 7. Systems of categories aim to provide a comprehensive inventory of reality, employing categories such as

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anything else, meaning that it is fundamental and can exist on its own. Ontological dependence plays a central role in ontology and its attempt to describe reality on its most fundamental level. It is closely related to

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is the study of objects in general while focusing on their abstract structures and features. It divides objects into different categories based on the forms they exemplify. Formal ontologists often rely on the tools of

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is an influential monist view; it says that everything is material. This means that mental phenomena, such as beliefs, emotions, and consciousness, either do not exist or exist as aspects of matter, like brain states.

2529:, who studied objects in general by relying on fundamental categories such as unity, plurality, state of affairs, part, and whole. He examined the relations between these categories and how they depend on one another. 1106:, says that mathematical facts exist independently of human language, thought, and practices and are discovered rather than invented. According to mathematical Platonism, this is the case because of the existence of 450:

without being cannot have any properties, meaning that being cannot be a property since properties presuppose being. A different suggestion says that all beings share a set of essential features. According to the

11664: 712:. They usually involve some kind of change, like the lawn becoming dry. In some cases, no change occurs, like the lawn staying wet. Complex events, also called processes, are composed of a sequence of events. 1498:. In the following review phase, the validity of the ontology is assessed using test data. Various more specific instructions for how to carry out the different steps have been suggested. They include the 869:

exists". Necessity describes what must be the case, as in "it is necessary that three plus two equals five". Possibility and necessity contrast with actuality, which describes what is the case, as in "

2251:(1596–1650) formulated a dualist ontology at the beginning of the modern period. It distinguishes between mind and matter as distinct substances that causally interact. Rejecting Descartes's dualism, 1414:

method begins with a simple observation that a certain entity exists. In the following step, it studies the ontological repercussions of this observation by examining how it is possible or which

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says that space and time are nothing but relations. Spacetime substantivalists reject this view and state that spacetime is a distinct object rather than a relational structure between objects.

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is an accidental property. Relations are ways how two or more entities stand to one another. Unlike properties, they apply to several entities and characterize them as a group. For example,

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and matter are independent principles. According to some ontologists, there are no objective answers to ontological questions but only perspectives shaped by different linguistic practices.

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Universals can take the form of properties or relations. Properties express what entities are like. They are features or qualities possessed by an entity. Properties are often divided into

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states that dogs exist. Some philosophers study ontology by examining the structure of thought and language, saying that they reflect the structure of being. Doubts about the accuracy of

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In this context, the term "relational ontology" has a slightly different meaning than the term "relationalism", which says that, at the most basic level, reality is made up of relations.

1114:. Influential forms of mathematical anti-realism include conventionalism, which says that mathematical theories are trivially true simply by how mathematical terms are defined, and game 968:, applied ontology is interested in the development of formal frameworks to encode and store information about a limited domain of entities in a structured way. A related application in 1963:". This type of inquiry is focused on how people from different cultures experience and understand the nature of being. Specific interest has been given to the ontological outlook of 1586: 1202:

take the converse perspective, arguing that everything is mental. They may understand physical phenomena, like rocks, trees, and planets, as ideas or perceptions of conscious minds.

13320: 12966: 12695: 12514: 12482: 11722: 10857: 507:. They can be used to provide systems of categories, which offer a comprehensive inventory of reality in which every entity belongs to exactly one category. Some philosophers, like 13922: 9076: 6006: 2468:

Other influential distinctions are between intrinsic and extrinsic properties, between determinate or determinable properties, and between categorical and dispositional properties.

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This idea is denied by ontological anti-realists, also called ontological deflationists, who say that there are no substantive facts one way or the other. According to philosopher

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States of affairs are complex particular entities that have several other entities as their components. The state of affairs "Socrates is wise" has two components: the individual

1132:. Modal anti-realists reject this view and argue that possible worlds do not have concrete reality but exist in a different sense, for example, as abstract or fictional objects. 1076:

In a more narrow sense, realism refers to the existence of certain types of entities. Realists about universals say that universals have mind-independent existence. According to

12856: 11809: 2113:(c. 515–450 BCE) is sometimes considered the founder of ontology because of his explicit discussion of the concepts of being and non-being. Inspired by Presocratic philosophy, 13009: 19476: 1473:

Principles of theory choice offer guidelines for assessing the advantages and disadvantages of ontological theories rather than guiding their construction. The principle of

1110:, like numbers and sets. Mathematical Platonists say that mathematical objects are as real as physical objects, like atoms and stars, even though they are not accessible to 8817: 2625:

Some flat ontologies allow that there are entities on higher levels but stipulate that they are reducible to the lowest level, meaning that they are no addition to being.

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of ontology are ways of conducting ontological inquiry and deciding between competing theories. There is no single standard method; the diverse approaches are studied by

2180:(c. 1287–1347 CE) proposed that one can decide between competing ontological theories by assessing which one uses the smallest number of elements, a principle known as 11648: 1545: 12376: 1206:

occupies a middle ground by saying that both mind and matter are derivative phenomena. Dualists state that mind and matter exist as independent principles, either as

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within it. To articulate the basic structure of being, ontology examines what all entities have in common and how they are divided into fundamental classes, known as

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concepts within the area have been identified, ontology engineers proceed by defining them and characterizing the relations between them. This is usually done in a

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The problem of material constitution asks whether or in what sense a whole should be considered a new object in addition to the collection of parts composing it.

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each concrete object is made up of properties and a substratum. The difference is that the substratum is not characterized by properties: it is a featureless or

2381:(1891–1970) questioned the objectivity of ontological theories by claiming that what exists depends on one's linguistic framework. He had a strong influence on 1049:

is used for various theories that affirm that some kind of phenomenon is real or has mind-independent existence. Ontological realism is the view that there are

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modes and models of being, presented in more or less explicit contrast with aspects of a Euro-American or modern ontology imputed to conventional anthropology.

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Some ontologies focus not on distinct objects but on interrelatedness. According to relationalism, all of reality is relational at its most fundamental level.

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as real and concrete as the actual world. The primary difference is that the actual world is inhabited by us while other possible worlds are inhabited by our

731:. They lack causal powers and do not undergo changes. It is controversial whether or in what sense abstract objects exist and how people can know about them. 187:. These frameworks are used to store information in a structured way, such as a college database tracking academic activities. Ontology is closely related to 1092:, by contrast, is a form of anti-realism, stating that universals only exist in the mind as concepts that people use to understand and categorize the world. 1909:

necessary to exchange information belonging to different domains or to integrate databases using distinct ontologies. This can be achieved with the help of

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aimed to provide rational explanations of the universe. They suggested that a first principle, such as water or fire, is the primal source of all things.

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says that a sentence is possibly true if it is true in at least one possible world. A sentence is necessarily true if it is true in all possible worlds.

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Its initial ideas were developed in the 7th and 6th centuries BCE but it was not until 350 CE that it received its classical and systematic formulation.

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view that material objects are four-dimensional entities that extend not just through space but also through time. This means that they are composed of

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defend a strong form of anti-realism by saying that universals have no existence. This means that the world is entirely composed of particular objects.

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claim that there exist mind-independent moral facts. According to them, there are objective principles that determine which behavior is morally right.

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is about the most fundamental types that make up reality. According to monism, there is only one kind of thing or substance on the most basic level.

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This view sees ontology as general metaphysics, which is to be distinguished from special metaphysics focused on more specific subject matters, like

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under which a concept applies to an entity. This information can help ontologists decide whether a certain type of entity, such as numbers, exists.

1287:, relation, place, date, posture, state, action, and passion. An early influential system of categories in Indian philosophy, first proposed in the 1275:, various ontological theories based on several fundamental categories have been proposed. One of the first theories of categories was suggested by 672:

without substances. Substances persist through changes as they acquire or lose properties. For example, when a tomato ripens, it loses the property

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The scope of ontology covers diverse entities, including everyday objects, living beings, celestial bodies, ideas, numbers, and fictional creatures.

2336:(1882–1950) developed a complex hierarchical ontology that divides reality into four levels: inanimate, biological, psychological, and spiritual. 2235:

school built on Vaisheshika ontology with a particular focus on the problem of non-existence and negation. 9th-century China saw the emergence of

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say that the scientific description of the world is an accurate representation of reality. It is of particular relevance in regard to things that

1080:, universals exist not only independent of the mind but also independent of particular objects that exemplify them. This means that the universal 13740:

Poli, Roberto (2011). "Hartmann's Theory of Categories: Introductory Remarks". In Poli, Roberto; Scognamiglio, Carlo; Tremblay, Frederic (eds.).

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This focus on general principles rather than specific entities is traditionally expressed in the characterization of ontology as the science of

2125:(384–322 BCE) suggested an elaborate system of categories that introduced the concept of substance as the primary kind of being. The school of 10824: 8444:

Ontology-Based Evolution of Domain-Oriented Languages: Models, Methods and Tools for User Interface Design in General-Purpose Software Systems

2271:(1679–1754) was influential in establishing ontology as a distinct discipline, delimiting its scope from other forms of metaphysical inquiry. 1967:

and how it differs from a Western perspective. As an example of this contrast, it has been argued that various indigenous communities ascribe

1482:. Some ontologists use this principle as an argument against theories that are very different from how ordinary people think about the issue. 16333: 9613: 8733: 2267:(1632–1704) proposed his substratum theory, which says that each object has a featureless substratum that supports the object's properties. 15649: 15556: 9527: 8774: 2357:(1853–1920) articulated a controversial ontological theory that includes nonexistent objects as part of being. Arguing against this theory, 12662: 8321: 14927: 13304: 12942: 12679: 12498: 12466: 12445: 11706: 10841: 10486: 10426: 10401: 9570: 9144: 8868: 2826: 2701: 2227:

emerged. It says that only a single all-encompassing entity exists, stating that the impression of a plurality of distinct entities is an

2046:, ancient Indian scriptures dating from as early as 700 BCE. They say that the universe has a divine foundation and discuss in what sense 16518: 15839: 15516: 15299: 15120: 14779: 14723: 14672: 14567: 14411: 14376: 14319: 14265: 14165: 13501: 13469: 13078: 12814: 11842: 11527: 11409: 11320: 11286: 10910: 10175: 9986: 9673: 9436: 9299: 9060: 8852: 8279: 258:, which restrict themselves to a limited domain of entities, such as living entities and celestial phenomena. In some contexts, the term 15087: 15010: 14814: 14445: 14432:

Advances in Databases and Information Systems: 21st European Conference, ADBIS 2017, Nicosia, Cyprus, September 24-27, 2017, Proceedings

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to assess the consequences of this situation. For example, some ontologists examine the relation between mind and matter by imagining

523:'s work. The more common view in contemporary philosophy is that a thing either exists or not with no intermediary states or degrees. 17639: 14073: 12830: 12779: 11783: 1050: 12043: 11932: 9245: 8986: 2219:. He identified God as a necessary being that is the source of everything else, which only has contingent existence. In 8th-century 1924:

Similar applications of ontology are found in various fields seeking to manage extensive information within a structured framework.

15197: 12983: 8625: 976:, which is a comprehensive framework for the standardized representation of gene-related information across species and databases. 13635: 10588: 10451: 10010: 2305:(1846–1924) saw absolute spirit as the ultimate and all-encompassing reality while denying that there are any external relations. 2042:

are speculations about the nature of being and the source of the universe. Discussions of the essence of reality are found in the

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ontologies, which emphasize the interconnectedness of all living entities and the importance of balance and harmony with nature.

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is a method to understand ontological concepts and clarify their meaning. It proceeds by analyzing their component parts and the

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to analyze possibility and necessity. A possible world is a complete and consistent way how things could have been. For example,

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Possibility and necessity are further topics in ontology. Possibility describes what can be the case, as in "it is possible that

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Knowledge Management in Organizations: 13th International Conference, KMO 2018, Žilina, Slovakia, August 6–10, 2018, Proceedings

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Grenon, Pierre (2008). "A Primer on Knowledge Management and Ontological Engineering". In Munn, Katherine; Smith, Barry (eds.).

2121:. It distinguishes between unchangeable perfect forms and matter, which has a lower degree of existence and imitates the forms. 14469: 8791: 18276: 14849:

Smith, Barry; Klagges, Bert (2008). "Philosophy and Biomedical Information Systems". In Munn, Katherine; Smith, Barry (eds.).

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was born in 1949 in the actual world but there are possible worlds in which he was born at a different date. Using this idea,

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employs ontological theories and principles to study entities belonging to a specific area. It is of particular relevance to

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David Armstrong and his followers use a different terminology that does not distinguish between states of affairs and facts.

2385:(1908–2000), who analyzed the ontological commitments of scientific theories to solve ontological problems. Quine's student 2298: 1425:

in the form of non-inferential impressions about the correctness of general principles. These principles can be used as the

668:. External relations express characteristics that go beyond what the connected objects are like, such as spatial relations. 19546: 19466: 16415: 16386: 16343: 15967: 15674: 15481: 13122: 12610: 11025: 8600: 2634:

For example, it is essential for a triangle to have three sides since it ceases to be a triangle if a fourth side is added.

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Fernández-López, Mariano; Gómez-Pérez, Asunción (2002). "Overview and Analysis of Methodologies for Building Ontologies".

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Hawley, Katherine (2016). "Applied Metaphysics". In Lippert-Rasmussen, Kasper; Brownlee, Kimberley; Coady, David (eds.).

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refers not to the general study of being but to a specific ontological theory within this discipline. It can also mean a

15412: 14534: 14130: 12395:. In Kauark-Leite, Patricia; Cecchinato, Giorgia; Figueiredo, Virginia De Araujo; Ruffing, Margit; Serra, Alice (eds.). 11425: 10032:

Time and History: Proceedings of the 28. International Ludwig Wittgenstein Symposium, Kirchberg am Wechsel, Austria 2005

9352: 7943: 636:. A property is essential if an entity must have it; it is accidental if the entity can exist without it. For instance, 16845: 14015: 1976: 283: 17902: 10684:

Databases and Information Systems IV: Selected Papers from the Seventh International Baltic Conference, DB&IS'2006

2591: 2152:(1224–1274 CE) developed and refined fundamental ontological distinctions, such as the contrast between existence and 808: 633: 17927: 16358: 8337: 1913:, which are not limited to one specific domain. They use general categories that apply to most or all domains, like 18459: 14611: 13792:"A Linked Science Investigation: Enhancing Climate Change Data Discovery with Ontologies and Semantic Technologies" 11134: 9188: 9043: 1437:

to evoke new intuitions. This happens by imagining a situation relevant to an ontological issue and then employing

1118:, which understands mathematics not as a theory of reality but as a game governed by rules of string manipulation. 827: 661: 526:

The relation between being and non-being is a frequent topic in ontology. Influential issues include the status of

441:, is the main topic of ontology. It is one of the most general and fundamental concepts, encompassing the whole of 11024:

Heil, John (2009). "Relations". In Le Poidevin, Robin; Peter, Simons; Andrew, McGonigal; Cameron, Ross P. (eds.).

19396: 18489: 16511: 16463: 16311: 1914: 1895: 519:. A related dispute is whether some entities have a higher degree of being than others, an idea already found in 18097: 10260: 7003:, p. 96, Righting Names: The Importance of Native American Philosophies of Naming for Environmental Justice 422: 18515: 17675: 16338: 9261:

Chalmers, David (2009). "Ontological Anti-Realism". In Chalmers, David; Manley, David; Wasserman, Ryan (eds.).

1523:

to express their insights, specifically in the field of formal ontology. Of particular interest to them is the

1451:

rely on the insights of the natural sciences to determine what exists. According to an influential approach by

1160:

either claim that moral principles are subjective and differ between persons and cultures, a position known as

531: 226:. In the modern period, philosophers conceived ontology as a distinct academic discipline and coined its name. 184: 39: 14485:

Schaffer, Jonathan (2009). "On What Grounds What". In Chalmers, David; Manley, David; Wasserman, Ryan (eds.).

14428:"'Is It a Fleet or a Collection of Ships?': Ontological Anti-patterns in the Modeling of Part-Whole Relations" 14343: 10353:

Ontological Engineering: With Examples from the Areas of Knowledge Management, e-Commerce and the Semantic Web

1554: 19252: 19162: 19137: 19048: 17089: 16674: 11543: 2665:

The founding text of the school was written 500–300 BCE and the first major commentary on it is dated 400 CE.

2286: 2275:(1685–1753) developed an idealist ontology according to which material objects are ideas perceived by minds. 2268: 2255:(1632–1677) proposed a monist ontology according to which there is only a single entity that is identical to 2144:(477–524 CE) suggested that universals can exist not only in matter but also in the mind. This view inspired 500: 94: 13344: 2507:

Some ontologists also use the term in a less common sense to refer to universals in the form of event types.

862:, asserting that numbers exist because the best scientific theories are ontologically committed to numbers. 19581: 18687: 18494: 18399: 18047: 16764: 15606: 14902: 13526: 13402: 12719: 10511: 10334: 9774: 9486: 9461: 9109: 7891:, § 1. Preliminary Remarks: The Rejection of Ontology (general metaphysics) and the Transcendental Analytic 2332:

from the perspective of human existence, freedom, and consciousness. Based on the phenomenological method,

15029:

Logic, Theology and Poetry in Boethius, Anselm, Abelard, and Alan of Lille: Words in the Absence of Things

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Sider, Theodore (2009). "Ontological Realism". In Chalmers, David; Manley, David; Wasserman, Ryan (eds.).

6176:, § 3. Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy: The Perceptual Noema 1952:

provides a conceptual framework to represent relations between people and their interests and activities.

1088:, rejects this idea and says that universals only exist as long as there are objects that exemplify them. 19456: 18298: 18012: 16641: 16369: 12060: 2674:

The exact date is disputed and some theorists suggest a later date between the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE.

2581:

This view contrasts with atomism, which states that the world is composed of discrete, indivisible units.

2538:

They are usually distinguished by combining them with a qualifier to express which type is meant, as in

589:

A central distinction in ontology is between particular and universal entities. Particulars, also called

250:

as a whole in its most general aspects. In this regard, ontology contrasts with individual sciences like

2459:

This idea is opposed by trope theorists, who understand properties and relations as particular entities.

1084:

could exist by itself even if there were no red objects in the world. Aristotelian realism, also called

19561: 19027: 18642: 18165: 17834: 17140: 16916: 16504: 13456:

Money and Thoughtlessness: A Genealogy and Defense of the Traditional Suspicions of Money and Merchants

2313: 1406: 1142:

by humans but are assumed to exist by scientific theories, like electrons, forces, and laws of nature.

156: 48:

is the philosophical study of being. As one of the most fundamental concepts, being encompasses all of

16550: 1245: 474:, as what merely appears to exist. In some contexts, being expresses the fact that something is while 19297: 19132: 18752: 18607: 18371: 16583: 16573: 16473: 16425: 10605: 2386: 2260: 1384: 1103: 664:. Internal relations depend only on the properties of the objects they connect, like the relation of 148: 14797:"Righting Names: The Importance of Native American Philosophies of Naming for Environmental Justice" 3577:, § 1.7 Kinds of Properties, § 5.2. Essentially Categorical vs. Essentially Dispositional Properties 19571: 19506: 18474: 18037: 17287: 17127: 17124: 16850: 16684: 16669: 16458: 16107: 15960: 11169: 10800: 1415: 1411: 1368: 1321: 1252: 965: 886: 223: 9587: 9325: 8709: 701:

of statements, meaning that whether a statement is true or false depends on the underlying facts.

19436: 19366: 19247: 19032: 18712: 18052: 17993: 17946: 17804: 17767: 17135: 17050: 17040: 16964: 16830: 16802: 15623: 15532: 9503: 8750: 8302:. Nijhoff International Philosophy Series. Vol. 53. Springer Netherlands. pp. 199–232. 2382: 2302: 2055: 1486: 1452: 1438: 1362: 1300: 1143: 831: 821: 705: 665: 547: 125: 65: 38:

This article is about the philosophical study of being. For the information science concept, see

13651:

Phillips, R. L. (1967). "Descriptive Versus Revisionary Metaphysics and the Mind–Body Problem".

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of a person or a theory is an entity that exists according to them. For instance, a person who

843: 835: 152: 16484: 15909: 15877: 15821: 15498: 15349: 15281: 15104: 14761: 14707: 14656: 14551: 14393: 14360: 14303: 14249: 14147: 13485: 13451: 13419: 13060: 12796: 11826: 11584: 11509: 11477: 11393: 11302: 11270: 10892: 10766: 10157: 9968: 9841: 9655: 9420: 9281: 8834: 8261: 8150: 8117: 8030: 8006: 7991: 7916: 7520: 7412: 7325: 7304: 7277: 7055: 6995: 6915: 6885: 6867: 6858: 6687: 6456: 6402: 6198: 6159: 6132: 6105: 5973: 5943: 5913: 5850: 5781: 5590: 5569: 5524: 5443: 5425: 4793: 4574: 4448: 4412: 3560: 3356: 3303: 3144: 2988: 2943: 2740: 1530: 807:. People can think about existing and non-existing objects, making it difficult to assess the 214:

with speculations about the nature of being and the source of the universe, including ancient

19496: 19406: 19277: 18967: 18912: 18907: 18865: 18793: 18727: 18657: 18422: 18361: 18341: 18175: 18087: 18067: 18057: 17690: 17539: 17172: 17104: 17012: 16979: 16807: 16787: 16593: 16322: 15691: 15155: 15079: 14994: 14796: 14427: 14181:

Robinson, Howard (2004). "Thought Experiments, Ontology, and Concept-Dependent Truthmakers".

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Hennig, Boris (2008). "What Is Formal Ontology?". In Munn, Katherine; Smith, Barry (eds.).

6695:, Lead Section, §1. Existence as a Second-Order Property and Its Relation to Quantification 2293:. He said that being and thought are identical and examined their foundational structures. 1995: 1991: 1284: 1107: 1099: 1015: 511:, say that entities belonging to different categories exist in distinct ways. Others, like 479: 57: 14065: 12771: 3341: 2297:(1788–1860) rejected Hegel's philosophy and proposed that the world is an expression of a 1478:

theories that can explain many observations. A further factor is how close a theory is to

8: 19386: 19222: 19187: 19167: 19122: 18937: 18927: 18897: 18580: 18535: 18525: 18484: 18432: 18417: 18346: 18326: 18308: 18140: 18107: 17968: 17955: 17762: 17559: 17470: 17425: 17331: 17217: 17030: 16878: 16397: 16363: 16328: 16142: 15953: 15911:

One and Many: A Comparative Study of Plato's Philosophy and Daoism Represented by Ge Hong

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Poli, Roberto; Simons, Peter (1996). "Foreword". In Poli, Roberto; Simons, Peter (eds.).

12035: 11924: 9237: 8978: 7558:, § 2.3 Divine Infinity and the Doctrine of Univocity, § 3.3 Universals and Individuation 2604: 2481:

has a specific meaning in philosophy distinct from ordinary language expressions such as

2366: 2347: 2294: 2018: 1430: 1394: 1372: 961: 780: 744: 527: 487: 243: 207: 176: 117: 19102: 17292: 15189: 8617: 19576: 19566: 19336: 19326: 18830: 18742: 18530: 18499: 18479: 18427: 18409: 18384: 18379: 18331: 18318: 18285: 18180: 18082: 18017: 17973: 17917: 17757: 17586: 17480: 17388: 17192: 17071: 17062: 17025: 17020: 16926: 16921: 16898: 16817: 16631: 16558: 16348: 16316: 16117: 16102: 14603: 13627: 12552: 11126: 10580: 10443: 10002: 9180: 3827: 2208: 2169: 2039: 1434: 1241: 1157: 1135: 1129: 756: 709: 516: 504: 382: 219: 164: 98: 12917: 12892: 12258: 11739: 11073: 10273: 9947: 9814:

Towards Continental Philosophy: Reason and Imagination in the Thought of Max Deutscher

2324:(1889–1976) to clarify the meaning of being by exploring the mode of human existence. 19637: 19616: 19346: 19262: 19217: 18803: 18772: 18568: 18469: 18464: 18449: 18389: 18351: 18336: 18293: 17864: 17824: 17742: 17670: 17653: 17631: 17259: 17234: 17045: 16865: 16608: 16213: 16196: 16122: 16112: 16064: 15915: 15883: 15829: 15794: 15790:

An Anthropological Inquiry Into Confucianism: Ritual, Emotion, and Rational Principle

15773: 15754: 15699: 15639: 15546: 15506: 15433: 15395: 15357: 15323: 15289: 15163: 15140: 15110: 15064: 15033: 15000: 14944: 14854: 14835: 14804: 14769: 14713: 14692: 14662: 14557: 14490: 14435: 14401: 14366: 14309: 14255: 14155: 14096: 14038: 13992: 13962: 13928: 13875: 13829: 13799: 13776: 13747: 13714: 13679: 13600: 13568: 13547: 13491: 13459: 13425: 13394: 13310: 13278: 13257: 13186: 13167: 13146: 13099: 13068: 13034: 12999: 12956: 12877: 12846: 12804: 12744: 12685: 12654: 12631: 12575: 12556: 12504: 12472: 12451: 12430: 12400: 12366: 12207: 12175: 12141: 12107: 12074: 12009: 11976: 11953: 11911: 11907: 11865: 11832: 11799: 11795: 11768: 11712: 11654: 11622: 11590: 11557: 11517: 11483: 11462: 11431: 11399: 11368: 11342: 11310: 11276: 11245: 11219: 11196: 11154: 11118: 11058: 11039: 11010: 10979: 10964: 10932: 10900: 10893:"Knowledge Based Framework for Genetic Disease Diagnosis Using Data Mining Technique" 10877: 10847: 10814: 10774: 10740: 10687: 10652: 10619: 10565: 10534: 10476: 10391: 10357: 10300: 10277: 10230: 10197: 10165: 10110: 10035: 9976: 9932: 9901: 9866: 9845: 9818: 9739: 9706: 9663: 9603: 9560: 9517: 9426: 9405: 9375: 9329: 9289: 9266: 9210: 9172: 9134: 9101: 9066: 9009: 8952: 8895: 8874: 8842: 8807: 8764: 8723: 8683: 8648: 8565: 8544: 8514: 8480: 8448: 8416: 8384: 8351: 8311: 8269: 2644: 2220: 2181: 2177: 2098:

emerged in the 3rd century CE and explored the relation between being and non-being.

1964: 1937: 1548: 1516: 1474: 1466: 1462: 1402: 1358: 1317: 1207: 800: 698: 263: 246:. It aims to discover the foundational building blocks of the world and characterize 215: 19107: 14461: 12571:

Cosmological Theories of Value: Science, Philosophy, and Meaning in Cosmic Evolution

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Possible Worlds in Humanities, Arts and Sciences: Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 65

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arose in the 3rd century CE and proposed an ineffable source of everything, called

1987: 1960: 1925: 1589: 1313: 1228: 1211: 1161: 1085: 1019: 1003: 957: 915: 768: 512: 180: 172: 105: 82: 15725: 15448: 15213:

Thomasson, Amie L. (2012). "Experimental Philosophy and the Methods of Ontology".

14869: 14294: 7528:, § 4.1 The first model: God as the cause of transcendental being (Thomas Aquinas) 6731:, § 4.5 The fundamental language. (L1) meets (O4) and (the new beginning of?) (O2) 1248:

bundle theory, properties are particular entities that belong to a single bundle.

19356: 19287: 19272: 19192: 19172: 19147: 18957: 18767: 18702: 18226: 18195: 18160: 18125: 18003: 17854: 17752: 17710: 17621: 17609: 17594: 17569: 17544: 17314: 17182: 17177: 17094: 17079: 16752: 16636: 16285: 16275: 16234: 16186: 16037: 16010: 15855:

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to non-human entities, like plants, forests, or rivers. This outlook is known as

1593: 1491: 1147: 1077: 979: 937: 882: 485:

Ontologists often divide being into fundamental classes or highest kinds, called

459: 211: 168: 17366: 15666: 15473: 14801:

Indigenous Resurgence: Decolonialization and Movements for Environmental Justice

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Hancock, Roger (2006). "Metaphysics, History of". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.).

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Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History

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responded to Heidegger's philosophy by examining the relation between being and

242:, the features all entities have in common, and how they are divided into basic 19486: 19267: 19257: 19112: 19097: 19042: 18813: 18672: 18135: 18130: 17998: 17963: 17895: 17869: 17705: 17554: 17493: 17406: 17249: 17145: 16888: 16568: 16168: 16152: 13201: 12801:

Encyclopedia of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology: ABC of Bioinformatics

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Encyclopedia of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology: ABC of Bioinformatics

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Meta-metaphysics: On Metaphysical Equivalence, Primitiveness, and Theory Choice

2550:. The qualifiers are sometimes left out if the meaning is clear in the context. 2526: 2309: 2252: 2149: 2106: 1968: 1910: 1309: 1203: 1165: 1125: 878: 462:, all existence is mental, expressed in his slogan "to be is to be perceived". 17576: 17351: 14752: 14517: 14203: 13772: 13664: 12952: 12333: 11681: 11514:

Mind, Values, and Metaphysics: Philosophical Essays in Honor of Kevin Mulligan

10074: 8937: 8176:, § 4.4 Carnap’s rejection of ontology. (L1) meets (O4) and (the end of?) (O2) 4885:, § 4.4 Carnap’s rejection of ontology. (L1) meets (O4) and (the end of?) (O2) 3080:, § 1. Existence as a Second-Order Property and Its Relation to Quantification 2232: 19631: 19556: 19282: 19232: 19197: 19177: 19157: 18722: 18190: 18102: 18032: 17774: 17564: 17498: 17455: 17324: 16949: 16735: 16717: 16391: 15868: 15404: 15260: 14526: 14122: 13398: 13227:"Boundaries and Things. A Metaphysical Study of the Brentano-Chisholm Theory" 12658: 12363:

Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices

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influence truly exist. According to a controversial proposal by philosopher

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T. F. Torrance's Christological Anthropology: Discerning Humanity in Christ

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Being, Freedom, and Method: Themes from the Philosophy of Peter Van Inwagen

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entities. Particulars are unique, non-repeatable entities, like the person

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The Actual and the Possible: Modality and Metaphysics in Modern Philosophy

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The Applicability of Mathematics in Science: Indispensability and Ontology

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approach interested in the relation between the concepts of identity and

1341: 1288: 1194: 776: 270: 188: 129: 104:

Ontologists disagree about which entities exist on the most basic level.

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Russell on Metaphysics: Selections from the Writings of Bertrand Russell

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The Spectricity of Humanness: Spectral Ontology and Being-in-the-World

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An essential step in Quine's analysis is to translate the theory into

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The Singular Voice of Being: John Duns Scotus and Ultimate Difference

11891: 8921: 5741:, § 1.3 Husserlian Descriptivism, § 1.4 Contemporary Category Systems 2569: 2173: 2148:(1079–1142 CE), who proposed that universals exist only in the mind. 2122: 2003:

principle of reality. Heidegger criticized this approach, terming it

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Van Inwagen, Peter (2011). "Relational Vs. Constituent Ontologies".

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The idea of formal ontology was first formulated by phenomenologist

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is a formal framework for the standardized representation of

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then the Loch Ness Monster is the intentional object of this

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proposed fundamental ontology to study the meaning of being.

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Events are particular entities that occur in time, like the

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on which an ontological system is built and expanded using

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dualist ontology based on the Upanishads, identifying

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often conceived as infinitely divisible. According to

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Hospitable theories 4046:Kroon & Voltolini 2023 4016:Kroon & Voltolini 2023 3392:Pruss & Rasmussen 2018 2016: 2012: 1379: 1034: 934:, and cultural artifacts. 719: 676:and acquires the property 541: 538:Particulars and universals 321: 299: 37: 18: 19595: 19519: 19318: 19058: 18786: 18630: 18556: 18508: 18408: 18370: 18317: 18284: 18275: 18271: 18254: 18204: 18116: 17954: 17945: 17878: 17661: 17652: 17630: 17585: 17527: 17479: 17433: 17424: 17387: 17258: 17123: 17070: 17061: 17011: 17007: 16996: 16935: 16907: 16864: 16816: 16773: 16726: 16698: 16650: 16622: 16584:Philosophy of mathematics 16574:Philosophy of information 16549: 16545: 16534: 16474:Outline of the humanities 16454:Criticism of mass culture 16434: 16426:National Humanities Medal 16379: 16304: 16135: 15983: 15724:Williams, Thomas (2022). 15665:Wheeler, Michael (2020). 15432:(5 ed.). Routledge. 15259:Thompson, Kirill (2021). 15059:Tahko, Tuomas E. (2015). 14996:Body and Practice in Kant 14834:(2 ed.). 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Palgrave Macmillan UK. 8511:Philosophy of Mathematics 8377:Armstrong, D. M. (2010). 8268:. John Wiley & Sons. 7603:, § 4. Natural Philosophy 5829:Rettler & Bailey 2023 5723:, § 1. Categories in Kant 4825:, pp. 1–2, 21, 25–26 3700:, pp. 1–2, 12–13, 29 3557:Vaidya & Wallner 2024 2373:'s (1926–2014) ontology. 2369:(1889–1951) and inspired 2299:blind and irrational will 2261:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 2209:Arabic-Persian philosophy 2199:conceived the concept of 2038:The roots of ontology in 1857: 1833: 1809: 1785: 1761: 1745: 1700: 1676: 1660: 1632: 1371:belongs to the school of 1327: 1223:By fundamental categories 1104:philosophy of mathematics 19572:Philosophy of psychology 19507:Simulacra and Simulation 16459:Educational essentialism 16096:Interdisciplinary fields 15869:10.1515/opphil-2020-0159 15622:Westerhoff, Jan (2019). 15497:Vineberg, Susan (2013). 15356:. Taylor & Francis. 15234:Thomasson, Amie (2022). 15162:. 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What Is Possible? 3704:Robinson & Weir 2024 3452:MacLeod & Rubenstein 3416:MacLeod & Rubenstein 2934:Berto & Plebani 2015 2907:Berto & Plebani 2015 2868:Berto & Plebani 2015 2817:Berto & Plebani 2015 2772:, § The Basics: Ontology 2758:Berto & Plebani 2015 2731:Berto & Plebani 2015 2412: 2346:proposed that there are 2160:. He also discussed the 2103:Presocratic philosophers 1986:and its interest in the 1540:{\displaystyle \exists } 1369:Object-oriented ontology 1253:Ontic structural realism 1031:Realism and anti-realism 966:knowledge representation 887:possible world semantics 363: 19:Not to be confused with 19437:Critique of Pure Reason 18053:Postanalytic philosophy 17994:Experimental philosophy 15690:Widder, Nathan (2009). 15472:Varzi, Achille (2019). 15409:Encyclopædia Britannica 15227:10.5840/monist201295211 15156:"The Riddle of Reality" 14600:10.1111/1467-9655.12067 14550:Schalow, Frank (2019). 14394:"Fuzzy Formal Ontology" 14195:10.5840/monist200487422 14064:Reicher, Maria (2022). 13989:Metaphysics: The Basics 13244:10.1515/krt-2019-330203 12735:Marenbon, John (2009). 12034:Ladyman, James (2023). 11890:Kriegel, Uriah (2007). 11861:Form, Matter, Substance 11784:"Material Constitution" 11738:Klement, Kevin (2019). 11335:Isrow, Zachary (2022). 11097:Heywood, Paolo (2012). 10193:The Existence Principle 10135:Gallois, Andre (2016). 9946:Epstein, Brian (2024). 9811:Deutscher, Max (2021). 9703:10.1057/9781137344557_1 9586:Craig, Edward (1998a). 9345:"Differential Ontology" 8558:Benovsky, Jiri (2016). 8505:Balaguer, Mark (2009). 8473:Baird, Forrest (2017). 7838:Hettche & Dyck 2019 7456:, § Boethius, § Abelard 6389:, pp. 37–38, 40–43 6291:Brown & Fehige 2019 5745:Grim & Rescher 2023 2383:Willard Van Orman Quine 2303:Francis Herbert Bradley 1487:ontological engineering 1453:Willard Van Orman Quine 1439:counterfactual thinking 1405:is a related method in 1301:transcendental idealism 1172:By number of categories 1144:Scientific anti-realism 836:ontological commitments 832:Willard Van Orman Quine 775:, and people, like the 706:fall of the Berlin Wall 19028:Type–token distinction 18856:Hypostatic abstraction 18638:Abstract object theory 18186:Social constructionism 17198:Hellenistic philosophy 16614:Theoretical philosophy 16589:Philosophy of religion 16579:Philosophy of language 16247:Liberal arts education 15908:Zhang, Jiayan (2011). 14868:Sorensen, Roy (2023). 14830:Smart, Ninian (2008). 14760:Simons, Peter (2013). 14006:Redding, Paul (2020). 13484:Palmer, Clare (1998). 13271:Okasha, Samir (2016). 12357:Lopez, Carlos (2010). 12307:Lizzini, Olga (2021). 12132:Lehrer, Keith (1993). 11952:(2 ed.). Meiner. 11367:Jacob, Pierre (2023). 11115:10.3167/ca.2012.300112 10442:Gowans, Chris (2021). 10190:Gibson, Q. B. (1998). 10158:"Easy Social Ontology" 9543:Craig, Edward (1998). 9454:"Material Composition" 9400:Colyvan, Mark (2001). 9159:Ceylan, Yasin (1993). 9127:"Framing Posthumanism" 8023:, § 2.2.1 The Question 4786:, § 2.2.1 The Question 4655:Poli & Simons 1996 2375:Alfred North Whitehead 2351: 2312:(1859–1938) developed 2204: 2035: 1582: 1541: 1525:existential quantifier 1470: 1073: 1007: 860:mathematical Platonism 844:ontological commitment 839: 822:metaphysical grounding 652:is a relation, as in " 583:is a universal entity. 147:Ontology uses diverse 19617:Philosophy portal 19497:Being and Nothingness 18913:Mental representation 18569:Philosophy portal 18088:Scientific skepticism 18068:Reformed epistemology 16594:Philosophy of science 16323:History of Humanities 15505:. Walter de Gruyter. 15280:Thomson, Ian (2011). 15188:Textor, Mark (2021). 14993:Svare, Helge (2006). 14768:. Walter de Gruyter. 14308:. Walter de Gruyter. 14251:Scientific Philosophy 14066:"Nonexistent Objects" 13746:. Walter de Gruyter. 13713:. Walter de Gruyter. 13450:Pack, Justin (2023). 13418:Pack, Justin (2022). 12982:Moore, A. W. (1998). 12399:. Georg Olms Verlag. 11975:. Walter de Gruyter. 11680:Kirk, Robert (2023). 11341:. Walter de Gruyter. 11192:The Divine Attributes 10714:Philosophical Studies 10162:Thomasson on Ontology 10034:. Walter de Gruyter. 9479:"Persistence in Time" 9419:Cook, Roy T. (2009). 9125:Ceder, Simon (2018). 8979:"Thought Experiments" 8539:Bangu, Sorin (2012). 8262:"Aquinas, St. Thomas" 8215:, § 2. Lewis' Realism 8123:Loux & Crisp 2017 7630:, § Indian Philosophy 7301:Rée & Urmson 2004 7153:, § Indian Philosophy 7120:, § Indian Philosophy 7096:, § Indian Philosophy 6693:Casati & Fujikawa 6297:Goffi & Roux 2011 4925:Loux & Crisp 2017 4360:, pp. 1867–1867b 4292:Berto & Jago 2023 4262:Loux & Crisp 2017 4160:Tahko & Lowe 2020 3947:Loux & Crisp 2017 3911:Loux & Crisp 2017 3470:Loux & Crisp 2017 3380:Casati & Fujikawa 3314:Casati & Fujikawa 3219:Loux & Crisp 2017 3078:Casati & Fujikawa 3054:Casati & Fujikawa 2572:, this entity is God. 2342: 2190: 2170:exist in the same way 2138:problem of universals 2082:'s (6th century BCE) 2026: 1975:and is also found in 1919:Basic Formal Ontology 1583: 1542: 1485:In applied ontology, 1461: 1273:history of philosophy 1258:the Earth is a planet 1112:empirical observation 1064: 1037:Philosophical realism 1002: 867:extraterrestrial life 830: 773:The Lord of the Rings 722:Concrete and abstract 482:or what it is like. 293:has its roots in the 19542:Feminist metaphysics 17989:Critical rationalism 17696:Edo neo-Confucianism 17540:Acintya bheda abheda 17519:Renaissance humanism 17230:School of the Sextii 16604:Practical philosophy 16599:Political philosophy 16479:Renaissance humanism 16411:Master of Humanities 15820:Yao, Zhihua (2014). 15026:Sweeney, E. (2016). 14709:Logic for Philosophy 13843:Proops, Ian (2022). 13385:O’Madagain, Cathal. 12282:Littlejohn, Ronnie. 12036:"Structural Realism" 11925:"Fictional Entities" 11618:Ontology Engineering 11246:"Logic and Ontology" 11149:Hoad, T. F. (1993). 10928:New Ways of Ontology 10327:"Geometrical Method" 10325:Goldenbaum, Ursula. 10137:"Identity Over Time" 9654:Daly, Chris (2009). 9629:Dalal, Neil (2021). 9238:"Scientific Realism" 9203:Chai, David (2020). 8194:, pp. 37–38, 40 6822:Goy & Magro 2014 6798:Goy & Magro 2014 6771:Goy & Magro 2014 5882:, pp. 31, 44–45 4927:, pp. 17–19, 45 4538:Goy & Magro 2014 3056:, § 2b. Universalism 2794:Merriam-Webster 2024 2544:mathematical realism 1996:Anselm of Canterbury 1994:, first proposed by 1992:ontological argument 1555: 1531: 1449:Naturalistic methods 1108:mathematical objects 1100:Mathematical realism 1016:fundamental ontology 838:to analyze theories. 834:used the concept of 745:elementary particles 648:is a property while 118:mathematical objects 19387:Daneshnameh-ye Alai 18898:Linguistic modality 17560:Nimbarka Sampradaya 17471:Korean Confucianism 17218:Academic Skepticism 16398:Geisteswissenschaft 16364:Teaching Philosophy 16143:Abductive reasoning 15876:Yu, Liyang (2014). 15572:Weir, Alan (2024). 15190:"States of Affairs" 13871:Necessary Existence 13519:"Modal Metaphysics" 13490:. Clarendon Press. 13335:Onof, Christian J. 12924:. Merriam-Webster. 12574:. Springer Nature. 12284:"Daoist Philosophy" 11621:. Springer Nature. 10164:. Springer Nature. 9209:. Springer Nature. 8618:"Impossible Worlds" 8591:Berthrong, John H. 8447:. Springer Nature. 7363:, § 3b. Metaphysics 7333:, § 6.a. Parmenides 6617:, pp. 153, 195 6129:Garcia-Godinez 2023 6102:Garcia-Godinez 2023 4657:, pp. vii–viii 4627:, pp. 199, 206 4571:Haritha et al. 2018 2605:Ludwig Wittgenstein 2540:ontological realism 2367:Ludwig Wittgenstein 2348:nonexistent objects 2295:Arthur Schopenhauer 2019:History of ontology 1435:thought experiments 1431:deductive reasoning 1395:Conceptual analysis 1373:speculative realism 1208:distinct substances 1158:Moral anti-realists 1136:Scientific realists 962:information science 781:Journey to the West 757:intentional objects 528:nonexistent objects 488:categories of being 244:categories of being 208:origins of ontology 165:thought experiments 19577:Philosophy of self 19567:Philosophy of mind 18831:Embodied cognition 18743:Scientific realism 18181:Post-structuralism 18083:Scientific realism 18038:Quinean naturalism 18018:Logical positivism 17974:Analytical Marxism 17193:Peripatetic school 17105:Chinese naturalism 16632:Aesthetic response 16559:Applied philosophy 16485:Studia Humanitatis 15726:"John Duns Scotus" 15692:"John Duns Scotus" 15667:"Martin Heidegger" 15599:"Moral Relativism" 15597:Westacott, Emrys. 14832:World Philosophies 14803:. Berghahn Books. 14648:10.1111/meta.12158 13628:"Nicolai Hartmann" 12548:10.1111/phc3.12621 12535:Philosophy Compass 10726:10.1007/bf00368051 10444:"Moral Relativism" 10026:Faye, Jan (2013). 10003:"Abstract Objects" 9343:Cisney, Vernon W. 9036:"Dualism and Mind" 8143:, § 6. Metaphysics 7840:, § 5. Metaphysics 7771:, pp. 190–191 7450:, pp. 188–189 7426:, pp. 590–591 7420:, pp. 187–188 7351:, pp. 184–185 6809:, pp. 168–169 6782:, pp. 168–170 6650:, pp. 112–113 6599:, pp. 109–110 6281:, pp. 177–178 6089:, pp. 175–176 5888:, pp. 354–356 5816:, pp. 390–392 5810:, pp. 104–105 5768:, pp. 104–105 5236:, pp. 685–691 5182:, pp. 389–390 5167:, pp. 389–390 5140:, pp. 389–390 5122:, pp. 240–241 5102:Sayre-McCord 2023a 4861:, pp. 385–386 4837:, pp. 385–386 4711:, pp. 361–362 4705:, pp. 105–106 4651:, pp. 199–200 4549:, pp. 168–170 4516:, pp. 185–186 4510:, pp. 259–263 4348:, pp. 417–418 4270:, pp. 154–155 4264:, pp. 149–150 4144:, pp. 269–270 4108:, pp. 269–270 4078:, pp. 307–308 3913:, pp. 250–251 3844:, pp. 498–499 3050:, pp. 528–529 3023:, pp. 528–529 2790:, pp. 469–470 2568:According to some 2483:chemical substance 2352: 2205: 2064:pure consciousness 2040:ancient philosophy 2036: 1950:Friend of a Friend 1578: 1537: 1471: 1074: 1026:Schools of thought 1008: 873:is the capital of 840: 710:first moon landing 638:having three sides 346:the study of being 149:methods of inquiry 19625: 19624: 18804:Category of being 18773:Truthmaker theory 18590: 18589: 18552: 18551: 18548: 18547: 18544: 18543: 18250: 18249: 18246: 18245: 18242: 18241: 17969:Analytic feminism 17941: 17940: 17903:Kierkegaardianism 17865:Transcendentalism 17825:Neo-scholasticism 17671:Classical Realism 17648: 17647: 17420: 17419: 17235:Neopythagoreanism 16992: 16991: 16988: 16987: 16609:Social philosophy 16494: 16493: 16214:General knowledge 16197:Cultural literacy 16131: 16130: 16065:Religious studies 16001:Classical studies 15921:978-0-8248-6118-6 15889:978-3-662-43796-4 15835:978-1-317-68383-4 15800:978-1-7936-5432-8 15779:978-1-032-20134-4 15760:978-0-415-25562-2 15705:978-0-7486-3195-7 15645:978-0-415-25069-6 15552:978-0-415-25069-6 15512:978-3-11-032368-9 15439:978-1-032-40916-0 15363:978-1-040-01688-6 15329:978-3-11-061767-2 15295:978-1-139-50042-5 15169:978-3-86838-213-6 15146:978-1-3500-0671-3 15116:978-1-5013-2526-7 15070:978-1-107-07729-4 15039:978-1-137-06373-1 15006:978-1-4020-4118-1 14893:Spear, Andrew D. 14860:978-3-938793-98-5 14841:978-0-415-41188-2 14810:978-1-80073-247-6 14775:978-3-11-032705-2 14719:978-0-19-265881-4 14698:978-0-19-954604-6 14668:978-1-317-95214-5 14563:978-1-5381-2436-9 14496:978-0-19-954604-6 14441:978-3-319-66917-5 14407:978-3-642-24672-2 14372:978-0-19-029215-7 14315:978-3-11-021234-1 14261:978-3-319-97631-0 14161:978-1-135-79634-1 14102:978-0-8229-7393-5 14044:978-1-134-33177-2 13998:978-0-367-13607-9 13968:978-0-8476-8384-0 13934:978-1-4744-5938-9 13881:978-0-19-874689-8 13835:978-0-02-865790-5 13805:978-1-61499-501-2 13782:978-0-7923-4104-8 13753:978-3-11-025418-1 13720:978-3-11-032180-7 13685:978-1-84706-593-3 13678:. A&C Black. 13606:978-0-521-85356-9 13574:978-0-674-29966-5 13553:978-0-19-871570-2 13497:978-0-19-826952-6 13465:978-3-031-22261-0 13431:978-1-77048-866-3 13316:978-0-19-926479-7 13284:978-0-19-874558-7 13263:978-1-108-94074-0 13192:978-0-19-159809-8 13173:978-1-317-19845-1 13152:978-0-415-64074-9 13105:978-0-19-965712-4 13074:978-1-136-90272-7 13040:978-94-011-2602-1 13005:978-0-415-25069-6 12962:978-0-415-25069-6 12893:"Possible Worlds" 12883:978-0-521-63722-0 12852:978-0-415-25069-6 12810:978-0-12-811432-2 12750:978-1-139-82815-4 12691:978-0-19-926479-7 12637:978-0-02-865781-3 12581:978-3-030-25339-4 12510:978-0-19-926479-7 12478:978-0-19-926479-7 12457:978-0-19-926479-7 12436:978-1-138-63933-1 12406:978-3-487-15124-3 12372:978-1-59884-204-3 12257:Liston, Michael. 12213:978-1-134-91157-8 12181:978-0-19-108973-2 12147:978-0-7923-2438-6 12113:978-0-8232-8459-7 12080:978-0-415-25069-6 12015:978-981-13-2965-4 11982:978-3-11-086685-8 11959:978-3-7873-1999-2 11871:978-0-19-255708-7 11838:978-0-521-26496-9 11805:978-0-19-539657-7 11774:978-1-4051-9574-4 11718:978-0-19-926479-7 11660:978-0-19-926479-7 11628:978-3-031-79486-5 11596:978-0-19-156006-4 11563:978-0-415-25069-6 11523:978-3-319-04199-5 11489:978-90-04-69118-6 11468:978-90-04-35825-6 11437:978-0-19-825003-6 11405:978-1-317-48959-7 11348:978-3-11-069099-6 11316:978-94-011-2500-0 11282:978-1-55753-256-5 11225:978-0-19-264853-2 11202:978-0-470-69271-4 11160:978-0-19-283098-2 11074:"Christian Wolff" 11064:978-3-938793-98-5 11045:978-0-203-87930-6 11016:978-3-89838-297-7 10970:978-1-118-86911-6 10938:978-1-4128-4704-9 10906:978-3-319-95204-8 10883:978-0-02-865786-8 10853:978-0-19-926479-7 10820:978-0-415-25069-6 10780:978-1-317-59136-8 10746:978-1-009-08033-0 10693:978-1-58603-715-4 10658:978-1-83998-815-8 10625:978-0-415-25069-6 10571:978-3-938793-98-5 10540:978-0-241-98086-6 10482:978-1-4666-5889-9 10397:978-1-4666-5889-9 10363:978-1-85233-840-4 10306:978-3-319-70052-6 10283:978-90-04-20177-4 10236:978-0-567-67870-6 10203:978-0-7923-5188-7 10171:978-3-031-23672-3 10116:978-1-4411-1629-1 10041:978-3-11-033321-3 9982:978-1-351-62250-9 9948:"Social Ontology" 9938:978-0-7456-5254-2 9907:978-1-61069-566-4 9872:978-1-5381-3345-3 9851:978-0-19-989207-5 9824:978-1-5381-4777-1 9765:DeLapp, Kevin M. 9745:978-1-135-95102-3 9712:978-1-137-34455-7 9669:978-1-134-15585-9 9609:978-0-415-25069-6 9566:978-0-415-25069-6 9523:978-0-415-25069-6 9432:978-0-7486-3197-1 9411:978-0-19-803144-4 9381:978-0-230-29524-7 9335:978-0-19-924655-7 9295:978-0-12-811432-2 9272:978-0-19-954604-6 9216:978-3-030-49228-1 9140:978-1-351-04417-2 9072:978-0-02-865787-5 9015:978-94-6270-356-8 8958:978-1-009-36707-3 8901:978-1-4725-2194-1 8880:978-0-19-926479-7 8848:978-0-470-99724-6 8813:978-0-415-25069-6 8770:978-0-415-25069-6 8729:978-0-415-25069-6 8689:978-3-11-031957-6 8654:978-1-4725-7330-8 8571:978-3-319-25334-3 8550:978-0-230-28520-0 8520:978-0-08-093058-9 8486:978-1-351-21745-3 8454:978-3-031-42202-7 8422:978-1-315-29291-5 8390:978-0-19-161542-9 8357:978-0-415-25069-6 8317:978-94-015-8733-4 8275:978-1-4051-5298-3 7664:Bhattacharya 2013 7186:, § 1. Categories 6569:, pp. v, 195 5927:, § Flat ontology 5894:, § Flat ontology 5864:, § Flat ontology 5644:Wittgenstein 2001 5063:Chakravartty 2017 5048:Chakravartty 2017 4445:Sadegh-Zadeh 2011 4409:Sadegh-Zadeh 2011 4121:Nuñez Erices 2019 2645:first-order logic 2221:Indian philosophy 2178:William of Ockham 1965:Indigenous people 1938:Sequence Ontology 1901: 1900: 1888: 1887: 1879: 1878: 1870: 1869: 1713: 1712: 1567: 1549:first-order logic 1517:correct reasoning 1463:William of Ockham 1403:Eidetic variation 1359:poststructuralist 1318:Roderick Chisholm 1264:and the property 1078:Platonic realists 801:Loch Ness Monster 687:and the property 613:, and the virtue 452:Eleatic principle 264:conceptual scheme 19645: 19615: 19614: 19613: 19603: 19602: 19512: 19502: 19492: 19482: 19472: 19462: 19452: 19442: 19432: 19422: 19412: 19402: 19392: 19382: 19372: 19362: 19352: 19342: 19332: 19008:Substantial form 18820:Cogito, ergo sum 18763:Substance theory 18617: 18610: 18603: 18594: 18593: 18579: 18578: 18567: 18566: 18565: 18282: 18281: 18273: 18272: 18256: 18255: 18146:Frankfurt School 18093:Transactionalism 18043:Normative ethics 18023:Legal positivism 17999:Falsificationism 17984:Consequentialism 17979:Communitarianism 17952: 17951: 17820:New Confucianism 17659: 17658: 17466:Neo-Confucianism 17431: 17430: 17240:Second Sophistic 17225:Middle Platonism 17068: 17067: 17009: 17008: 16998: 16997: 16841:Epiphenomenalism 16708:Consequentialism 16642:Institutionalism 16547: 16546: 16536: 16535: 16521: 16514: 16507: 16498: 16497: 16281:Self-realization 16093: 16092: 15970: 15963: 15956: 15947: 15946: 15936: 15934: 15933: 15904: 15902: 15901: 15872: 15851: 15849: 15847: 15816: 15814: 15812: 15787:Wu, Guo (2022). 15783: 15764: 15745: 15743: 15741: 15720: 15718: 15717: 15686: 15684: 15682: 15661: 15659: 15657: 15618: 15616: 15614: 15593: 15591: 15589: 15568: 15566: 15564: 15527: 15525: 15524: 15493: 15491: 15489: 15468: 15466: 15464: 15443: 15424: 15422: 15420: 15399: 15378: 15376: 15375: 15344: 15342: 15341: 15310: 15308: 15307: 15276: 15274: 15272: 15255: 15253: 15251: 15230: 15209: 15207: 15205: 15184: 15182: 15181: 15150: 15131: 15129: 15128: 15099: 15097: 15095: 15074: 15055: 15053: 15051: 15022: 15020: 15018: 14989: 14987: 14985: 14964: 14962: 14960: 14945:"Neutral Monism" 14939: 14937: 14935: 14914: 14912: 14910: 14889: 14887: 14885: 14864: 14853:. Ontos Verlag. 14845: 14826: 14824: 14822: 14791: 14789: 14787: 14756: 14735: 14733: 14731: 14702: 14683: 14681: 14680: 14651: 14642:(4–5): 555–563. 14626: 14620: 14619: 14578: 14576: 14575: 14546: 14544: 14542: 14521: 14500: 14481: 14479: 14477: 14456: 14454: 14453: 14422: 14420: 14419: 14388: 14386: 14384: 14355: 14353: 14351: 14330: 14328: 14327: 14298: 14277: 14275: 14273: 14244: 14242: 14240: 14223: 14221: 14219: 14198: 14177: 14175: 14173: 14142: 14140: 14138: 14117: 14115: 14114: 14085: 14083: 14081: 14060: 14058: 14056: 14027: 14025: 14023: 14002: 13983: 13981: 13980: 13949: 13947: 13946: 13917: 13896: 13894: 13893: 13864: 13862: 13860: 13839: 13820: 13818: 13817: 13786: 13757: 13736: 13734: 13732: 13701: 13699: 13697: 13668: 13659:(160): 105–118. 13647: 13645: 13643: 13622: 13620: 13618: 13589: 13587: 13586: 13564:Fictional Worlds 13557: 13538: 13536: 13534: 13513: 13511: 13509: 13480: 13478: 13477: 13446: 13444: 13443: 13414: 13412: 13410: 13387:"Intentionality" 13381: 13379: 13377: 13356: 13354: 13352: 13331: 13329: 13328: 13299: 13297: 13296: 13267: 13248: 13246: 13221: 13219: 13217: 13196: 13177: 13156: 13134: 13132: 13130: 13109: 13090: 13088: 13086: 13055: 13053: 13052: 13021: 13019: 13017: 12978: 12976: 12974: 12937: 12935: 12933: 12912: 12910: 12908: 12887: 12868: 12866: 12864: 12825: 12823: 12822: 12791: 12789: 12787: 12766: 12764: 12762: 12731: 12729: 12727: 12706: 12704: 12703: 12674: 12672: 12670: 12641: 12622: 12620: 12618: 12597: 12595: 12593: 12564: 12550: 12525: 12523: 12522: 12493: 12491: 12490: 12461: 12440: 12421: 12419: 12418: 12387: 12385: 12384: 12353: 12351: 12349: 12328: 12326: 12324: 12303: 12301: 12299: 12278: 12276: 12274: 12253: 12251: 12249: 12228: 12226: 12225: 12196: 12194: 12193: 12162: 12160: 12159: 12128: 12126: 12125: 12096: 12094: 12092: 12055: 12053: 12051: 12030: 12028: 12027: 11998: 11996: 11994: 11963: 11944: 11942: 11940: 11919: 11886: 11884: 11883: 11854: 11852: 11850: 11821: 11819: 11817: 11778: 11759: 11757: 11755: 11734: 11732: 11730: 11701: 11699: 11697: 11676: 11674: 11672: 11643: 11641: 11640: 11611: 11609: 11608: 11579: 11577: 11575: 11538: 11536: 11535: 11504: 11502: 11501: 11472: 11461:. Brill Rodopi. 11453: 11451: 11449: 11420: 11418: 11417: 11388: 11386: 11384: 11369:"Intentionality" 11363: 11361: 11360: 11331: 11329: 11328: 11297: 11295: 11294: 11265: 11263: 11261: 11240: 11238: 11237: 11206: 11185: 11183: 11181: 11164: 11145: 11143: 11142: 11093: 11091: 11089: 11068: 11057:. Ontos Verlag. 11049: 11020: 10999: 10997: 10995: 10980:"Temporal Parts" 10974: 10953: 10951: 10950: 10921: 10919: 10918: 10887: 10868: 10866: 10865: 10836: 10834: 10832: 10795: 10793: 10792: 10761: 10759: 10758: 10729: 10708: 10706: 10705: 10674: 10672: 10670: 10651:. Anthem Press. 10641: 10639: 10637: 10600: 10598: 10596: 10575: 10564:. Ontos Verlag. 10556: 10554: 10552: 10523: 10521: 10519: 10498: 10496: 10494: 10463: 10461: 10459: 10438: 10436: 10434: 10413: 10411: 10409: 10378: 10376: 10375: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10321: 10319: 10318: 10287: 10267: 10251: 10249: 10248: 10219: 10217: 10215: 10186: 10184: 10183: 10152: 10150: 10148: 10131: 10129: 10128: 10099: 10078: 10057: 10055: 10053: 10022: 10020: 10018: 9997: 9995: 9994: 9963: 9961: 9959: 9942: 9931:. Polity Press. 9923: 9921: 9919: 9888: 9886: 9884: 9855: 9828: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9786: 9784: 9782: 9761: 9759: 9757: 9728: 9726: 9724: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9650: 9648: 9646: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9582: 9580: 9578: 9539: 9537: 9535: 9498: 9496: 9494: 9477:Costa, Damiano. 9473: 9471: 9469: 9452:Cornell, David. 9448: 9446: 9444: 9415: 9396: 9394: 9393: 9364: 9362: 9360: 9339: 9310: 9308: 9307: 9276: 9257: 9255: 9253: 9232: 9230: 9228: 9199: 9197: 9196: 9155: 9153: 9152: 9121: 9119: 9117: 9088: 9086: 9084: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9030: 9028: 9027: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8973: 8971: 8970: 8941: 8932:(5): 1295–1314. 8916: 8914: 8913: 8884: 8863: 8861: 8860: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8745: 8743: 8741: 8704: 8702: 8701: 8682:. Ontos Verlag. 8670: 8668: 8666: 8637: 8635: 8633: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8587: 8585: 8583: 8554: 8535: 8533: 8532: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8469: 8467: 8466: 8437: 8435: 8434: 8405: 8403: 8402: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8290: 8288: 8287: 8246: 8222: 8216: 8210: 8204: 8186: 8180: 8162: 8156: 8135: 8129: 8096: 8090: 8081: 8075: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8036: 8015: 8009: 8000: 7994: 7985: 7979: 7955: 7949: 7936:, § Schopenhauer 7928: 7922: 7901: 7895: 7874: 7868: 7850: 7844: 7823: 7817: 7799: 7793: 7763: 7757: 7739: 7733: 7712: 7706: 7679: 7673: 7652: 7646: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7592: 7568: 7562: 7544: 7538: 7511: 7505: 7484: 7478: 7442: 7436: 7403: 7397: 7373: 7367: 7343: 7337: 7316: 7310: 7289: 7283: 7259: 7253: 7232: 7226: 7205: 7199: 7178: 7172: 7163: 7157: 7130: 7124: 7106: 7100: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7040: 7034: 7013: 7007: 6980: 6974: 6969: 6963: 6939: 6933: 6924: 6918: 6909: 6903: 6894: 6888: 6879: 6873: 6849: 6843: 6834: 6828: 6819: 6813: 6792: 6786: 6765: 6759: 6750: 6744: 6723: 6717: 6711: 6705: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6642: 6636: 6609: 6603: 6593:, pp. 47–49 6585: 6579: 6555: 6549: 6531: 6525: 6504: 6498: 6468: 6462: 6449:, pp. 48–49 6441: 6435: 6414: 6408: 6381: 6375: 6362:, pp. 40–41 6354: 6348: 6338:, pp. 30–31 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6273: 6267: 6258:Leuenberger 2017 6246: 6240: 6219: 6213: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6141: 6135: 6126: 6120: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6078: 6060: 6054: 6032:, pp. 83–84 6024: 6018: 5991: 5985: 5952: 5946: 5937: 5931: 5904: 5898: 5874: 5868: 5841: 5835: 5814:Van Inwagen 2011 5802: 5796: 5778:Runggaldier 2009 5760: 5754: 5733: 5727: 5709: 5703: 5682: 5676: 5652: 5646: 5641: 5635: 5620:Rosenkrantz 2018 5608: 5602: 5581: 5575: 5545: 5539: 5521:Runggaldier 2009 5509: 5503: 5499:, pp. 52–53 5493:, pp. 35–37 5485: 5479: 5466:, § Lead section 5452: 5446: 5437: 5431: 5410: 5404: 5400:, § Lead section 5394:, pp. 52–53 5386: 5380: 5370:, pp. 34–35 5362: 5356: 5346:, § Lead section 5332: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5305: 5299: 5295:, § Lead Section 5281: 5275: 5258: 5252: 5228: 5222: 5218:, § Lead Section 5204: 5198: 5188:, pp. 32–33 5180:Van Inwagen 2011 5174: 5168: 5165:Van Inwagen 2011 5162: 5156: 5146:, pp. 32–33 5138:Van Inwagen 2011 5132: 5126: 5090: 5084: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5009: 5003: 4982: 4976: 4943: 4937: 4933:, pp. 28–29 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4871: 4865: 4855:, pp. 77–78 4847: 4841: 4831:, pp. 77–78 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4778: 4772: 4751: 4745: 4721: 4715: 4699:, pp. 35–36 4691: 4685: 4676: 4670: 4643: 4637: 4633:, pp. 43–44 4619: 4613: 4594:, pp. 43–44 4586: 4580: 4567:, pp. 35–36 4559: 4553: 4526: 4520: 4502: 4496: 4475: 4469: 4460: 4454: 4424: 4418: 4394: 4388: 4370: 4364: 4340: 4334: 4313: 4307: 4286: 4280: 4250: 4244: 4234:, pp. 40–43 4228:, pp. 26–27 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4178: 4172: 4168:, pp. 53–55 4154: 4148: 4138:, pp. 53–55 4130: 4124: 4123:, pp. 15–16 4118: 4112: 4102:, pp. 53–55 4094: 4088: 4064: 4058: 4040: 4034: 4010: 4004: 3983: 3977: 3949:, pp. 82–83 3941: 3935: 3931:, pp. 19–21 3899: 3893: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3716: 3710: 3694:, pp. 23–24 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3664:, pp. 24–25 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3593: 3587: 3569: 3563: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3490:, pp. 24–25 3482: 3476: 3472:, pp. 17–19 3446: 3440: 3404: 3398: 3368: 3362: 3332: 3326: 3309:Van Inwagen 2023 3294: 3288: 3264: 3258: 3245:, pp. 23–25 3237: 3231: 3221:, pp. 11–12 3207: 3198: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3129: 3123: 3108:Van Inwagen 2024 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3066: 3060: 3042: 3036: 3015: 3009: 2985:Jaroszyński 2023 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2928: 2922: 2901: 2895: 2892:Jaroszyński 2018 2889: 2883: 2862: 2856: 2838: 2832: 2811: 2805: 2801:, pp. 21–22 2782: 2776: 2766:, pp. 21–22 2752: 2746: 2725: 2719: 2709:, pp. 21–22 2692: 2675: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2626: 2623: 2617: 2614: 2608: 2601: 2595: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2551: 2536: 2530: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2490: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2451: 2440: 2434: 2423: 2359:Bertrand Russell 2334:Nicolai Hartmann 2326:Jean-Paul Sartre 2322:Martin Heidegger 2237:Neo-Confucianism 2223:, the school of 2166:John Duns Scotus 2058:, formulated an 2050:is one or many. 2048:ultimate reality 1988:existence of God 1961:ontological turn 1926:Protein Ontology 1911:upper ontologies 1861: 1853: 1850: 1837: 1829: 1826: 1813: 1805: 1802: 1789: 1781: 1778: 1765: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1704: 1696: 1693: 1680: 1672: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1613: 1612: 1603: 1602: 1590:natural language 1587: 1585: 1584: 1579: 1568: 1565: 1546: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1407:phenomenological 1354:without leaves. 1314:Samuel Alexander 1242:process ontology 1162:moral relativism 1086:moderate realism 1020:Martin Heidegger 1004:Martin Heidegger 958:computer science 916:applied ontology 903:indiscernibility 899:exact similarity 769:J. R. R. Tolkien 569: 560: 513:John Duns Scotus 501:state of affairs 425: 416: 405: 396: 385: 376: 350: 347: 344: 340: 337: 334: 330: 324: 323: 318: 315: 312: 308: 302: 301: 224:Greek philosophy 183:, which develop 181:computer science 173:Applied ontology 106:Platonic realism 95:state of affairs 19653: 19652: 19648: 19647: 19646: 19644: 19643: 19642: 19628: 19627: 19626: 19621: 19611: 19609: 19591: 19515: 19510: 19500: 19490: 19480: 19470: 19460: 19450: 19440: 19430: 19420: 19410: 19400: 19390: 19380: 19370: 19360: 19357:De rerum natura 19350: 19340: 19330: 19314: 19054: 18958:Physical object 18794:Abstract object 18782: 18768:Theory of forms 18703:Meaning of life 18626: 18621: 18591: 18586: 18563: 18561: 18540: 18504: 18404: 18366: 18313: 18267: 18266: 18238: 18227:Russian cosmism 18200: 18196:Western Marxism 18161:New Historicism 18126:Critical theory 18112: 18108:Wittgensteinian 18004:Foundationalism 17937: 17874: 17855:Social contract 17711:Foundationalism 17644: 17626: 17610:Illuminationism 17595:Aristotelianism 17581: 17570:Vishishtadvaita 17523: 17475: 17416: 17383: 17254: 17183:Megarian school 17178:Eretrian school 17119: 17080:Agriculturalism 17057: 17003: 16984: 16931: 16903: 16860: 16812: 16769: 16753:Incompatibilism 16722: 16694: 16646: 16618: 16541: 16530: 16525: 16495: 16490: 16430: 16375: 16300: 16286:Self-reflection 16276:Moral character 16235:Human condition 16187:Critical theory 16127: 16091: 16038:Performing arts 15979: 15974: 15944: 15939: 15931: 15929: 15922: 15899: 15897: 15890: 15857:Open Philosophy 15845: 15843: 15836: 15810: 15808: 15801: 15780: 15761: 15739: 15737: 15715: 15713: 15706: 15680: 15678: 15655: 15653: 15646: 15612: 15610: 15587: 15585: 15562: 15560: 15553: 15522: 15520: 15513: 15487: 15485: 15462: 15460: 15440: 15418: 15416: 15373: 15371: 15364: 15350:"Conferralism;" 15339: 15337: 15330: 15305: 15303: 15296: 15270: 15268: 15249: 15247: 15203: 15201: 15179: 15177: 15170: 15147: 15126: 15124: 15117: 15093: 15091: 15071: 15049: 15047: 15040: 15016: 15014: 15007: 14983: 14981: 14958: 14956: 14933: 14931: 14908: 14906: 14883: 14881: 14861: 14842: 14820: 14818: 14811: 14785: 14783: 14776: 14729: 14727: 14720: 14699: 14678: 14676: 14669: 14617: 14615: 14573: 14571: 14564: 14540: 14538: 14497: 14475: 14473: 14462:"Moral Realism" 14451: 14449: 14442: 14417: 14415: 14408: 14382: 14380: 14373: 14349: 14347: 14334:Ruzsa, Ferenc. 14325: 14323: 14316: 14271: 14269: 14262: 14238: 14236: 14217: 14215: 14171: 14169: 14162: 14136: 14134: 14112: 14110: 14103: 14079: 14077: 14054: 14052: 14045: 14021: 14019: 13999: 13978: 13976: 13969: 13944: 13942: 13935: 13891: 13889: 13882: 13858: 13856: 13836: 13815: 13813: 13806: 13783: 13764:Formal Ontology 13754: 13730: 13728: 13721: 13695: 13693: 13686: 13641: 13639: 13616: 13614: 13607: 13584: 13582: 13575: 13554: 13532: 13530: 13507: 13505: 13498: 13475: 13473: 13466: 13441: 13439: 13432: 13408: 13406: 13375: 13373: 13350: 13348: 13326: 13324: 13317: 13294: 13292: 13285: 13264: 13215: 13213: 13193: 13174: 13153: 13128: 13126: 13106: 13084: 13082: 13075: 13050: 13048: 13041: 13015: 13013: 13006: 12972: 12970: 12963: 12931: 12929: 12906: 12904: 12884: 12862: 12860: 12853: 12820: 12818: 12811: 12785: 12783: 12760: 12758: 12751: 12725: 12723: 12701: 12699: 12692: 12668: 12666: 12638: 12616: 12614: 12591: 12589: 12582: 12520: 12518: 12511: 12488: 12486: 12479: 12458: 12437: 12416: 12414: 12407: 12382: 12380: 12373: 12347: 12345: 12322: 12320: 12297: 12295: 12272: 12270: 12247: 12245: 12223: 12221: 12214: 12191: 12189: 12182: 12157: 12155: 12148: 12123: 12121: 12114: 12090: 12088: 12081: 12049: 12047: 12025: 12023: 12016: 11992: 11990: 11983: 11960: 11938: 11936: 11881: 11879: 11872: 11848: 11846: 11839: 11815: 11813: 11806: 11775: 11753: 11751: 11728: 11726: 11719: 11695: 11693: 11670: 11668: 11661: 11638: 11636: 11629: 11606: 11604: 11597: 11586:Essays on Being 11573: 11571: 11564: 11533: 11531: 11524: 11499: 11497: 11490: 11469: 11447: 11445: 11438: 11415: 11413: 11406: 11382: 11380: 11358: 11356: 11349: 11326: 11324: 11317: 11292: 11290: 11283: 11259: 11257: 11235: 11233: 11226: 11203: 11179: 11177: 11161: 11140: 11138: 11087: 11085: 11065: 11046: 11017: 10993: 10991: 10971: 10948: 10946: 10939: 10916: 10914: 10907: 10884: 10863: 10861: 10854: 10830: 10828: 10821: 10790: 10788: 10781: 10756: 10754: 10747: 10736:Formal Ontology 10703: 10701: 10694: 10668: 10666: 10659: 10635: 10633: 10626: 10594: 10592: 10572: 10550: 10548: 10541: 10517: 10515: 10502:Graham, Jacob. 10492: 10490: 10483: 10457: 10455: 10432: 10430: 10407: 10405: 10398: 10373: 10371: 10364: 10340: 10338: 10316: 10314: 10307: 10284: 10265: 10246: 10244: 10237: 10213: 10211: 10204: 10181: 10179: 10172: 10146: 10144: 10126: 10124: 10117: 10051: 10049: 10042: 10016: 10014: 9992: 9990: 9983: 9957: 9955: 9939: 9917: 9915: 9908: 9882: 9880: 9873: 9852: 9825: 9801: 9799: 9780: 9778: 9755: 9753: 9746: 9722: 9720: 9713: 9679: 9677: 9670: 9644: 9642: 9619: 9617: 9610: 9576: 9574: 9567: 9533: 9531: 9524: 9492: 9490: 9467: 9465: 9442: 9440: 9433: 9412: 9391: 9389: 9382: 9358: 9356: 9336: 9305: 9303: 9296: 9273: 9251: 9249: 9226: 9224: 9217: 9194: 9192: 9165:Islamic Studies 9150: 9148: 9141: 9115: 9113: 9082: 9080: 9073: 9049: 9047: 9025: 9023: 9016: 8992: 8990: 8968: 8966: 8959: 8911: 8909: 8902: 8881: 8858: 8856: 8849: 8835:"Phenomenology" 8823: 8821: 8814: 8780: 8778: 8771: 8739: 8737: 8730: 8699: 8697: 8690: 8664: 8662: 8655: 8631: 8629: 8606: 8604: 8581: 8579: 8572: 8551: 8530: 8528: 8521: 8496: 8494: 8487: 8464: 8462: 8455: 8432: 8430: 8423: 8400: 8398: 8391: 8367: 8365: 8358: 8327: 8325: 8318: 8300:Formal Ontology 8285: 8283: 8276: 8255: 8250: 8249: 8245: 8223: 8219: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8097: 8093: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8055: 8051: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8016: 8012: 8001: 7997: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7813:, p. 1860b 7800: 7796: 7792: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7623: 7619: 7611: 7607: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7588:, p. 1859b 7569: 7565: 7561: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7409:Halfwassen 2014 7404: 7400: 7396: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7179: 7175: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7080: 7076: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7014: 7010: 7006: 6981: 6977: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6940: 6936: 6925: 6921: 6910: 6906: 6895: 6891: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6850: 6846: 6835: 6831: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6766: 6762: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6724: 6720: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6699:Albertazzi 1996 6679: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6325: 6321: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6191:, pp. ix–x 6184: 6180: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6142: 6138: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6097: 6093: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6025: 6021: 6017: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5953: 5949: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5688:Westerhoff 2019 5683: 5679: 5675: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5453: 5449: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5333: 5329: 5321: 5317: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5234:McLaughlin 1999 5229: 5225: 5221: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5058: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4949:Blanchette 1998 4944: 4940: 4936: 4931:Niiniluoto 2002 4908: 4904: 4898:Niiniluoto 2002 4896: 4892: 4888: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4823:Niiniluoto 2002 4818: 4814: 4808:Niiniluoto 2002 4806: 4802: 4798: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4692: 4688: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4649:Albertazzi 1996 4644: 4640: 4636: 4625:Albertazzi 1996 4620: 4616: 4612: 4607:Albertazzi 1996 4587: 4583: 4579: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4476: 4472: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3570: 3566: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3208: 3201: 3197: 3178: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3016: 3012: 3008: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2909:, pp. 3, 5 2902: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2602: 2598: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2537: 2533: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2487:substance abuse 2476: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2446:is the same as 2441: 2437: 2427:being qua being 2424: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2395: 2371:D. M. Armstrong 2363:logical atomism 2355:Alexius Meinong 2344:Alexius Meinong 2273:George Berkeley 2269:Christian Wolff 2225:Advaita Vedanta 2162:transcendentals 2158:matter and form 2119:theory of forms 2021: 2015: 1977:Native American 1889: 1880: 1871: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1714: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1594:formal language 1564: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1521:logical systems 1515:, the study of 1509: 1492:formal language 1382: 1330: 1234:bare particular 1225: 1174: 1126:possible worlds 1043: 1035:Main articles: 1033: 1028: 980:Formal ontology 938:Social ontology 911: 883:Haruki Murakami 879:possible worlds 848:believes in God 817: 771:'s book series 724: 718: 587: 586: 585: 584: 572: 571: 570: 562: 561: 550: 542:Main articles: 540: 460:George Berkeley 435: 434: 433: 432: 428: 427: 426: 418: 417: 408: 407: 406: 398: 397: 388: 387: 386: 378: 377: 366: 361: 348: 345: 342: 338: 335: 332: 316: 313: 310: 232: 169:natural science 43: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 19651: 19641: 19640: 19623: 19622: 19620: 19619: 19607: 19596: 19593: 19592: 19590: 19589: 19584: 19579: 19574: 19569: 19564: 19559: 19554: 19549: 19544: 19539: 19534: 19529: 19523: 19521: 19520:Related topics 19517: 19516: 19514: 19513: 19503: 19493: 19487:Being and Time 19483: 19473: 19463: 19453: 19443: 19433: 19423: 19413: 19403: 19393: 19383: 19373: 19363: 19353: 19343: 19333: 19322: 19320: 19316: 19315: 19313: 19312: 19305: 19300: 19295: 19290: 19285: 19280: 19275: 19270: 19265: 19260: 19255: 19250: 19245: 19240: 19235: 19230: 19225: 19220: 19215: 19210: 19205: 19200: 19195: 19190: 19185: 19180: 19175: 19170: 19165: 19160: 19155: 19150: 19145: 19140: 19135: 19130: 19125: 19120: 19115: 19110: 19105: 19100: 19095: 19090: 19085: 19080: 19075: 19070: 19064: 19062: 19060:Metaphysicians 19056: 19055: 19053: 19052: 19045: 19040: 19035: 19030: 19025: 19020: 19015: 19010: 19005: 19000: 18995: 18990: 18985: 18980: 18975: 18970: 18965: 18960: 18955: 18950: 18945: 18940: 18935: 18930: 18925: 18920: 18915: 18910: 18905: 18900: 18895: 18890: 18885: 18880: 18879: 18878: 18868: 18863: 18858: 18853: 18848: 18843: 18838: 18833: 18828: 18823: 18816: 18814:Causal closure 18811: 18806: 18801: 18796: 18790: 18788: 18784: 18783: 18781: 18780: 18775: 18770: 18765: 18760: 18755: 18750: 18745: 18740: 18735: 18730: 18725: 18720: 18715: 18710: 18705: 18700: 18695: 18690: 18688:Libertarianism 18685: 18680: 18675: 18673:Existentialism 18670: 18665: 18660: 18655: 18650: 18645: 18640: 18634: 18632: 18628: 18627: 18620: 18619: 18612: 18605: 18597: 18588: 18587: 18585: 18584: 18572: 18557: 18554: 18553: 18550: 18549: 18546: 18545: 18542: 18541: 18539: 18538: 18533: 18528: 18523: 18518: 18512: 18510: 18506: 18505: 18503: 18502: 18497: 18492: 18487: 18482: 18477: 18472: 18467: 18462: 18457: 18452: 18447: 18442: 18437: 18436: 18435: 18425: 18420: 18414: 18412: 18406: 18405: 18403: 18402: 18397: 18392: 18387: 18382: 18376: 18374: 18372:Middle Eastern 18368: 18367: 18365: 18364: 18359: 18354: 18349: 18344: 18339: 18334: 18329: 18323: 18321: 18315: 18314: 18312: 18311: 18306: 18301: 18296: 18290: 18288: 18279: 18269: 18268: 18265: 18264: 18260: 18252: 18251: 18248: 18247: 18244: 18243: 18240: 18239: 18237: 18236: 18229: 18224: 18219: 18214: 18208: 18206: 18202: 18201: 18199: 18198: 18193: 18188: 18183: 18178: 18173: 18168: 18163: 18158: 18153: 18148: 18143: 18138: 18136:Existentialism 18133: 18131:Deconstruction 18128: 18122: 18120: 18114: 18113: 18111: 18110: 18105: 18100: 18095: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18075: 18070: 18065: 18060: 18055: 18050: 18045: 18040: 18035: 18030: 18025: 18020: 18015: 18010: 18001: 17996: 17991: 17986: 17981: 17976: 17971: 17966: 17964:Applied ethics 17960: 17958: 17949: 17943: 17942: 17939: 17938: 17936: 17935: 17930: 17928:Nietzscheanism 17925: 17920: 17915: 17910: 17905: 17900: 17899: 17898: 17888: 17882: 17880: 17876: 17875: 17873: 17872: 17870:Utilitarianism 17867: 17862: 17857: 17852: 17847: 17842: 17837: 17832: 17827: 17822: 17817: 17812: 17807: 17802: 17797: 17792: 17787: 17782: 17777: 17772: 17771: 17770: 17768:Transcendental 17765: 17760: 17755: 17750: 17745: 17735: 17734: 17733: 17723: 17718: 17713: 17708: 17706:Existentialism 17703: 17698: 17693: 17688: 17683: 17678: 17673: 17668: 17662: 17656: 17650: 17649: 17646: 17645: 17643: 17642: 17636: 17634: 17628: 17627: 17625: 17624: 17619: 17612: 17607: 17602: 17597: 17591: 17589: 17583: 17582: 17580: 17579: 17574: 17573: 17572: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17552: 17547: 17542: 17531: 17529: 17525: 17524: 17522: 17521: 17516: 17511: 17506: 17501: 17496: 17494:Augustinianism 17491: 17485: 17483: 17477: 17476: 17474: 17473: 17468: 17463: 17458: 17453: 17448: 17443: 17437: 17435: 17428: 17422: 17421: 17418: 17417: 17415: 17414: 17409: 17407:Zoroastrianism 17404: 17399: 17393: 17391: 17385: 17384: 17382: 17381: 17380: 17379: 17374: 17369: 17364: 17359: 17354: 17349: 17344: 17339: 17329: 17328: 17327: 17322: 17312: 17311: 17310: 17305: 17300: 17295: 17290: 17285: 17280: 17275: 17264: 17262: 17256: 17255: 17253: 17252: 17250:Church Fathers 17247: 17242: 17237: 17232: 17227: 17222: 17221: 17220: 17215: 17210: 17205: 17195: 17190: 17185: 17180: 17175: 17170: 17165: 17164: 17163: 17158: 17153: 17148: 17143: 17132: 17130: 17121: 17120: 17118: 17117: 17112: 17107: 17102: 17097: 17092: 17087: 17082: 17076: 17074: 17065: 17059: 17058: 17056: 17055: 17054: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17023: 17017: 17015: 17005: 17004: 16994: 16993: 16990: 16989: 16986: 16985: 16983: 16982: 16977: 16972: 16967: 16962: 16957: 16952: 16947: 16941: 16939: 16933: 16932: 16930: 16929: 16924: 16919: 16913: 16911: 16905: 16904: 16902: 16901: 16896: 16891: 16886: 16881: 16876: 16870: 16868: 16862: 16861: 16859: 16858: 16853: 16848: 16843: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16822: 16820: 16814: 16813: 16811: 16810: 16805: 16800: 16795: 16790: 16785: 16779: 16777: 16771: 16770: 16768: 16767: 16765:Libertarianism 16762: 16761: 16760: 16750: 16749: 16748: 16738: 16732: 16730: 16724: 16723: 16721: 16720: 16715: 16710: 16704: 16702: 16696: 16695: 16693: 16692: 16687: 16682: 16677: 16672: 16667: 16662: 16656: 16654: 16648: 16647: 16645: 16644: 16639: 16634: 16628: 16626: 16620: 16619: 16617: 16616: 16611: 16606: 16601: 16596: 16591: 16586: 16581: 16576: 16571: 16569:Metaphilosophy 16566: 16561: 16555: 16553: 16543: 16542: 16532: 16531: 16524: 16523: 16516: 16509: 16501: 16492: 16491: 16489: 16488: 16481: 16476: 16471: 16466: 16461: 16456: 16451: 16450: 16449: 16438: 16436: 16432: 16431: 16429: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16413: 16408: 16403: 16402: 16401: 16389: 16383: 16381: 16377: 16376: 16374: 16373: 16366: 16361: 16356: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16319: 16314: 16308: 16306: 16302: 16301: 16299: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16272: 16271: 16261: 16260: 16259: 16254: 16244: 16237: 16232: 16227: 16221: 16216: 16211: 16210: 16209: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16172: 16169:Belles-lettres 16165: 16160: 16155: 16153:Antipositivism 16150: 16145: 16139: 16137: 16133: 16132: 16129: 16128: 16126: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16110: 16105: 16099: 16097: 16090: 16089: 16088: 16087: 16082: 16077: 16067: 16062: 16057: 16056: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16035: 16030: 16029: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16008: 16003: 15998: 15993: 15987: 15985: 15981: 15980: 15973: 15972: 15965: 15958: 15950: 15943: 15942:External links 15940: 15938: 15937: 15920: 15905: 15888: 15873: 15852: 15834: 15817: 15799: 15784: 15778: 15765: 15759: 15746: 15721: 15704: 15687: 15662: 15644: 15619: 15594: 15569: 15551: 15528: 15511: 15494: 15469: 15444: 15438: 15425: 15400: 15390:(1): 389–405. 15379: 15362: 15345: 15328: 15311: 15294: 15282:"Ontotheology" 15277: 15256: 15231: 15221:(2): 175–199. 15210: 15185: 15168: 15151: 15145: 15132: 15115: 15100: 15075: 15069: 15056: 15038: 15023: 15005: 14990: 14965: 14940: 14915: 14890: 14865: 14859: 14846: 14840: 14827: 14809: 14792: 14774: 14757: 14747:(3): 469–473. 14736: 14718: 14703: 14697: 14684: 14667: 14652: 14636:Metaphilosophy 14627: 14594:(4): 859–872. 14579: 14562: 14547: 14522: 14501: 14495: 14482: 14457: 14440: 14423: 14406: 14389: 14371: 14356: 14331: 14314: 14299: 14289:(5): 679–700. 14278: 14260: 14245: 14224: 14199: 14189:(4): 537–553. 14178: 14160: 14143: 14118: 14101: 14086: 14061: 14043: 14028: 14003: 13997: 13984: 13967: 13955:"Introduction" 13950: 13933: 13918: 13897: 13880: 13865: 13840: 13834: 13821: 13804: 13787: 13781: 13758: 13752: 13737: 13719: 13707:"Introduction" 13702: 13684: 13669: 13648: 13623: 13605: 13590: 13573: 13558: 13552: 13539: 13514: 13496: 13481: 13464: 13447: 13430: 13415: 13382: 13357: 13332: 13315: 13300: 13283: 13268: 13262: 13249: 13222: 13197: 13191: 13178: 13172: 13157: 13151: 13135: 13110: 13104: 13091: 13073: 13056: 13039: 13022: 13004: 12979: 12961: 12938: 12913: 12888: 12882: 12869: 12851: 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Bloomsbury. 12354: 12329: 12304: 12279: 12254: 12229: 12212: 12197: 12180: 12163: 12146: 12129: 12112: 12097: 12079: 12056: 12031: 12014: 11999: 11981: 11964: 11958: 11945: 11920: 11902:(1): 307–340. 11887: 11870: 11855: 11837: 11822: 11804: 11779: 11773: 11760: 11735: 11717: 11702: 11677: 11659: 11644: 11627: 11612: 11595: 11580: 11562: 11539: 11522: 11505: 11488: 11473: 11467: 11454: 11436: 11421: 11404: 11389: 11364: 11347: 11332: 11315: 11298: 11281: 11266: 11241: 11224: 11207: 11201: 11186: 11165: 11159: 11146: 11109:(1): 143–151. 11094: 11069: 11063: 11050: 11044: 11021: 11015: 11000: 10975: 10969: 10954: 10937: 10922: 10905: 10888: 10882: 10869: 10852: 10837: 10819: 10796: 10779: 10762: 10745: 10730: 10720:(4): 361–371. 10709: 10692: 10675: 10657: 10642: 10624: 10601: 10576: 10570: 10557: 10539: 10533:. Penguin UK. 10524: 10504:"Presocratics" 10499: 10481: 10464: 10439: 10414: 10396: 10379: 10362: 10347: 10322: 10305: 10288: 10282: 10255:Goffi, J.-Y.; 10252: 10235: 10229:. Bloomsbury. 10220: 10202: 10187: 10170: 10153: 10132: 10115: 10100: 10090:(1): 269–290. 10079: 10069:(2): 129–156. 10058: 10040: 10023: 9998: 9981: 9964: 9943: 9937: 9924: 9906: 9889: 9871: 9856: 9850: 9829: 9823: 9808: 9787: 9762: 9744: 9729: 9711: 9686: 9668: 9651: 9626: 9608: 9583: 9565: 9540: 9522: 9499: 9474: 9449: 9431: 9416: 9410: 9397: 9380: 9365: 9340: 9334: 9311: 9294: 9277: 9271: 9258: 9233: 9215: 9200: 9171:(3): 329–337. 9156: 9139: 9122: 9089: 9071: 9056: 9034:Calef, Scott. 9031: 9014: 8999: 8974: 8957: 8942: 8917: 8900: 8885: 8879: 8864: 8847: 8830: 8812: 8787: 8769: 8746: 8728: 8705: 8688: 8671: 8653: 8638: 8613: 8588: 8570: 8555: 8549: 8536: 8519: 8502: 8485: 8470: 8453: 8438: 8421: 8406: 8389: 8374: 8356: 8333: 8316: 8291: 8274: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8234: 8228:Guizzardi 2007 8224: 8217: 8205: 8202: 8201: 8195: 8188: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8154: 8153: 8144: 8137: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8120: 8111: 8110:, Lead Section 8105: 8104:, Lead Section 8098: 8091: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8066: 8056: 8049: 8047:, Lead Section 8037: 8034: 8033: 8024: 8017: 8010: 7995: 7988:Johansson 2014 7980: 7977: 7976: 7970: 7964: 7957: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7937: 7930: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7910: 7903: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7886: 7876: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7859: 7852: 7845: 7842: 7841: 7835: 7825: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7808: 7801: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7784: 7778: 7772: 7765: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7748: 7741: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7721: 7714: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7697: 7688: 7681: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7661: 7654: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7637: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7605: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7570: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7553: 7546: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7534:, p. 1859 7529: 7523: 7513: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7496: 7486: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7466: 7457: 7451: 7444: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7427: 7421: 7415: 7405: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7388: 7385:Studtmann 2024 7382: 7379:Thomasson 2022 7375: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7345: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7328: 7318: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7298: 7291: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7271: 7261: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7241: 7234: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7217: 7207: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7187: 7180: 7173: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7148: 7147:, Lead Section 7142: 7132: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7115: 7114:, Lead Section 7108: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7091: 7081: 7074: 7072:, § 1. History 7062: 7059: 7058: 7049: 7048:, Lead Section 7042: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7022: 7015: 7008: 7005: 7004: 6998: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6951: 6941: 6934: 6919: 6904: 6889: 6882:Masseroli 2018 6874: 6871: 6870: 6864:Masseroli 2018 6861: 6851: 6844: 6829: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6804: 6794: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6777: 6767: 6760: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6732: 6725: 6718: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6680: 6673: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6651: 6644: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6627: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6557: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6540: 6537:Effingham 2013 6533: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6513: 6510:Effingham 2013 6506: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6486: 6477: 6474:Effingham 2013 6470: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6453:Jacquette 2014 6450: 6443: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6423: 6420:Effingham 2013 6416: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6396: 6390: 6383: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6363: 6356: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6339: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6294: 6293:, Lead Section 6288: 6282: 6275: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6231: 6221: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6204:Pihlström 2009 6201: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6153: 6143: 6136: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6108: 6098: 6091: 6087:Thomasson 2012 6079: 6076: 6075: 6069: 6066:Effingham 2013 6062: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6042: 6033: 6026: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6009: 6000: 5999:, Lead Section 5993: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5976: 5967: 5961: 5960:, Lead Section 5954: 5947: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5906: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5889: 5883: 5876: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5843: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5826: 5817: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5787:Lupisella 2020 5784: 5775: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5742: 5739:Thomasson 2022 5735: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5718: 5715:Thomasson 2022 5711: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5667: 5664:Studtmann 2024 5661: 5658:Thomasson 2022 5654: 5647: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5626:Armstrong 2010 5623: 5622:, pp. 1–4 5617: 5610: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5593: 5583: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5563: 5554: 5553:, Lead Section 5547: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5530:Lupisella 2020 5527: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5497:O'Conaill 2022 5494: 5487: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5467: 5461: 5458:O'Conaill 2022 5454: 5447: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5419: 5416:O'Conaill 2022 5412: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5395: 5392:O'Conaill 2022 5388: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5352:, pp. 1–3 5350:O'Conaill 2022 5347: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5325:, Lead Section 5315: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5290: 5289:, Lead Section 5283: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5248:, Lead Section 5243: 5237: 5230: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5213: 5212:, Lead Section 5206: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5176: 5169: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5117: 5116:, Lead Section 5111: 5105: 5104:, Lead Section 5099: 5092: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5072: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5035:, Lead section 5030: 5021: 5011: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4999:, Lead Section 4994: 4984: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4972:, Lead Section 4967: 4958: 4957:, Lead Section 4952: 4951:, Lead Section 4945: 4938: 4935: 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4173: 4170: 4169: 4163: 4156: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4139: 4132: 4125: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4066: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4049: 4042: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4025: 4024:, Lead Section 4019: 4018:, Lead Section 4012: 4005: 4002: 4001: 4000:, Lead Section 3995: 3985: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3973:, Lead Section 3968: 3962: 3961:, p. 1295 3956: 3950: 3943: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3907:, Lead Section 3901: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3881: 3874: 3867: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3830: 3821: 3820:, Lead Section 3814: 3807: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3785: 3778: 3771: 3759: 3757:, Lead Section 3747: 3745:, Lead Section 3735: 3732: 3731: 3730:, Lead Section 3725: 3718: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3706:, Lead Section 3701: 3698:O'Conaill 2022 3695: 3688: 3681: 3677:O'Conaill 2022 3669: 3666: 3665: 3662:Armstrong 2010 3659: 3653: 3646: 3639: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3617: 3616:, lead section 3611: 3605: 3595: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3583:, Lead Section 3578: 3571: 3564: 3549: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3532:, Lead Section 3527: 3520: 3513: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3496:, Lead Section 3491: 3484: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3467: 3466:, Lead Section 3461: 3460:, Lead Section 3455: 3454:, Lead Section 3448: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3436:, Lead Section 3431: 3425: 3424:, Lead Section 3419: 3413: 3406: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3394:, pp. 4–5 3389: 3383: 3377: 3370: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3350: 3344: 3334: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3322:, pp. 5–8 3317: 3311: 3306: 3296: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3276: 3266: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3246: 3239: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3227:, Lead Section 3222: 3216: 3215:, Lead Section 3213:Thomasson 2022 3209: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3186: 3179: 3172: 3168:MacIntyre 2006 3160: 3157: 3156: 3147: 3138: 3135:MacIntyre 2006 3131: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3114:Deutscher 2021 3111: 3104: 3097: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3075: 3068: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3051: 3048:MacIntyre 2006 3044: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3027:Jacquette 2014 3024: 3021:MacIntyre 2006 3017: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3000:Jacquette 2014 2997: 2991: 2982: 2979:MacIntyre 2006 2975: 2968: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2946: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2910: 2903: 2896: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2871: 2870:, pp. 4–5 2864: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2847: 2840: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2820: 2819:, pp. 3–4 2813: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2796: 2791: 2784: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2770:Effingham 2013 2767: 2761: 2760:, pp. 1–3 2754: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2734: 2727: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2715:, Lead Section 2710: 2704: 2694: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2667: 2658: 2649: 2636: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2596: 2583: 2574: 2561: 2552: 2531: 2527:Edmund Husserl 2518: 2509: 2500: 2491: 2470: 2461: 2452: 2435: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2310:Edmund Husserl 2257:God and nature 2253:Baruch Spinoza 2249:René Descartes 2182:Ockham's razor 2150:Thomas Aquinas 2107:ancient Greece 2017:Main article: 2014: 2011: 1969:intentionality 1899: 1898: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1856: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1832: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1808: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1784: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1760: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1699: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1675: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1563: 1560: 1536: 1508: 1507:Related fields 1505: 1475:Ockham's Razor 1467:Ockham's Razor 1412:transcendental 1381: 1378: 1351:temporal parts 1329: 1326: 1310:Edmund Husserl 1266:being a planet 1224: 1221: 1204:Neutral monism 1173: 1170: 1166:moral nihilism 1154:Moral realists 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 910: 907: 816: 815:Other concepts 813: 720:Main article: 717: 714: 574: 573: 564: 563: 555: 554: 553: 552: 551: 539: 536: 478:expresses its 430: 429: 420: 419: 411: 410: 409: 400: 399: 391: 390: 389: 380: 379: 371: 370: 369: 368: 367: 365: 362: 360: 359:Basic concepts 357: 341:), literally, 231: 228: 212:ancient period 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19650: 19639: 19636: 19635: 19633: 19618: 19608: 19606: 19598: 19597: 19594: 19588: 19585: 19583: 19580: 19578: 19575: 19573: 19570: 19568: 19565: 19563: 19562:Phenomenology 19560: 19558: 19555: 19553: 19550: 19548: 19545: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19530: 19528: 19525: 19524: 19522: 19518: 19509: 19508: 19504: 19499: 19498: 19494: 19489: 19488: 19484: 19479: 19478: 19474: 19469: 19468: 19464: 19459: 19458: 19454: 19449: 19448: 19444: 19439: 19438: 19434: 19429: 19428: 19424: 19419: 19418: 19414: 19409: 19408: 19404: 19399: 19398: 19394: 19389: 19388: 19384: 19379: 19378: 19374: 19369: 19368: 19364: 19359: 19358: 19354: 19349: 19348: 19344: 19339: 19338: 19334: 19329: 19328: 19324: 19323: 19321: 19319:Notable works 19317: 19311: 19310: 19306: 19304: 19301: 19299: 19296: 19294: 19291: 19289: 19286: 19284: 19281: 19279: 19276: 19274: 19271: 19269: 19266: 19264: 19261: 19259: 19256: 19254: 19251: 19249: 19246: 19244: 19241: 19239: 19236: 19234: 19231: 19229: 19226: 19224: 19221: 19219: 19216: 19214: 19211: 19209: 19206: 19204: 19201: 19199: 19196: 19194: 19191: 19189: 19186: 19184: 19181: 19179: 19176: 19174: 19171: 19169: 19166: 19164: 19161: 19159: 19156: 19154: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19131: 19129: 19126: 19124: 19121: 19119: 19116: 19114: 19111: 19109: 19106: 19104: 19101: 19099: 19096: 19094: 19091: 19089: 19086: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19076: 19074: 19071: 19069: 19066: 19065: 19063: 19061: 19057: 19051: 19050: 19046: 19044: 19041: 19039: 19036: 19034: 19031: 19029: 19026: 19024: 19021: 19019: 19016: 19014: 19011: 19009: 19006: 19004: 19001: 18999: 18996: 18994: 18991: 18989: 18986: 18984: 18981: 18979: 18976: 18974: 18971: 18969: 18966: 18964: 18961: 18959: 18956: 18954: 18951: 18949: 18946: 18944: 18941: 18939: 18936: 18934: 18931: 18929: 18926: 18924: 18921: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18909: 18906: 18904: 18901: 18899: 18896: 18894: 18891: 18889: 18886: 18884: 18881: 18877: 18874: 18873: 18872: 18869: 18867: 18864: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18821: 18817: 18815: 18812: 18810: 18807: 18805: 18802: 18800: 18797: 18795: 18792: 18791: 18789: 18785: 18779: 18776: 18774: 18771: 18769: 18766: 18764: 18761: 18759: 18756: 18754: 18751: 18749: 18746: 18744: 18741: 18739: 18736: 18734: 18731: 18729: 18726: 18724: 18723:Phenomenalism 18721: 18719: 18716: 18714: 18711: 18709: 18706: 18704: 18701: 18699: 18696: 18694: 18691: 18689: 18686: 18684: 18681: 18679: 18676: 18674: 18671: 18669: 18666: 18664: 18661: 18659: 18656: 18654: 18651: 18649: 18646: 18644: 18643:Action theory 18641: 18639: 18636: 18635: 18633: 18629: 18625: 18618: 18613: 18611: 18606: 18604: 18599: 18598: 18595: 18583: 18582: 18573: 18571: 18570: 18559: 18558: 18555: 18537: 18534: 18532: 18529: 18527: 18524: 18522: 18519: 18517: 18514: 18513: 18511: 18509:Miscellaneous 18507: 18501: 18498: 18496: 18493: 18491: 18488: 18486: 18483: 18481: 18478: 18476: 18473: 18471: 18468: 18466: 18463: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18446: 18443: 18441: 18438: 18434: 18431: 18430: 18429: 18426: 18424: 18421: 18419: 18416: 18415: 18413: 18411: 18407: 18401: 18398: 18396: 18393: 18391: 18388: 18386: 18383: 18381: 18378: 18377: 18375: 18373: 18369: 18363: 18360: 18358: 18355: 18353: 18350: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18340: 18338: 18335: 18333: 18330: 18328: 18325: 18324: 18322: 18320: 18316: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18302: 18300: 18297: 18295: 18292: 18291: 18289: 18287: 18283: 18280: 18278: 18274: 18270: 18262: 18261: 18257: 18253: 18235: 18234: 18230: 18228: 18225: 18223: 18220: 18218: 18215: 18213: 18210: 18209: 18207: 18205:Miscellaneous 18203: 18197: 18194: 18192: 18191:Structuralism 18189: 18187: 18184: 18182: 18179: 18177: 18176:Postmodernism 18174: 18172: 18169: 18167: 18166:Phenomenology 18164: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18144: 18142: 18139: 18137: 18134: 18132: 18129: 18127: 18124: 18123: 18121: 18119: 18115: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18103:Vienna Circle 18101: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18076: 18074: 18071: 18069: 18066: 18064: 18061: 18059: 18056: 18054: 18051: 18049: 18046: 18044: 18041: 18039: 18036: 18034: 18033:Moral realism 18031: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18005: 18002: 18000: 17997: 17995: 17992: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17982: 17980: 17977: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17965: 17962: 17961: 17959: 17957: 17953: 17950: 17948: 17944: 17934: 17931: 17929: 17926: 17924: 17921: 17919: 17916: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17897: 17894: 17893: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17883: 17881: 17877: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17836: 17835:Phenomenology 17833: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17823: 17821: 17818: 17816: 17813: 17811: 17808: 17806: 17803: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17775:Individualism 17773: 17769: 17766: 17764: 17761: 17759: 17756: 17754: 17751: 17749: 17746: 17744: 17741: 17740: 17739: 17736: 17732: 17729: 17728: 17727: 17724: 17722: 17719: 17717: 17714: 17712: 17709: 17707: 17704: 17702: 17699: 17697: 17694: 17692: 17689: 17687: 17684: 17682: 17679: 17677: 17674: 17672: 17669: 17667: 17664: 17663: 17660: 17657: 17655: 17651: 17641: 17640:Judeo-Islamic 17638: 17637: 17635: 17633: 17629: 17623: 17620: 17618: 17617: 17616:ʿIlm al-Kalām 17613: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17603: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17593: 17592: 17590: 17588: 17584: 17578: 17575: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17565:Shuddhadvaita 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17537: 17536: 17533: 17532: 17530: 17526: 17520: 17517: 17515: 17512: 17510: 17507: 17505: 17502: 17500: 17499:Scholasticism 17497: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17487: 17486: 17484: 17482: 17478: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17462: 17459: 17457: 17454: 17452: 17449: 17447: 17444: 17442: 17439: 17438: 17436: 17432: 17429: 17427: 17423: 17413: 17410: 17408: 17405: 17403: 17400: 17398: 17395: 17394: 17392: 17390: 17386: 17378: 17375: 17373: 17370: 17368: 17365: 17363: 17360: 17358: 17355: 17353: 17350: 17348: 17345: 17343: 17340: 17338: 17335: 17334: 17333: 17330: 17326: 17323: 17321: 17318: 17317: 17316: 17313: 17309: 17306: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17271: 17270: 17269: 17266: 17265: 17263: 17261: 17257: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17228: 17226: 17223: 17219: 17216: 17214: 17211: 17209: 17206: 17204: 17201: 17200: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17162: 17159: 17157: 17154: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17138: 17137: 17134: 17133: 17131: 17129: 17126: 17122: 17116: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17106: 17103: 17101: 17098: 17096: 17093: 17091: 17088: 17086: 17083: 17081: 17078: 17077: 17075: 17073: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17060: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17028: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17018: 17016: 17014: 17010: 17006: 16999: 16995: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16971: 16968: 16966: 16963: 16961: 16958: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16950:Conceptualism 16948: 16946: 16943: 16942: 16940: 16938: 16934: 16928: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16918: 16915: 16914: 16912: 16910: 16906: 16900: 16897: 16895: 16892: 16890: 16887: 16885: 16882: 16880: 16879:Particularism 16877: 16875: 16872: 16871: 16869: 16867: 16863: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16849: 16847: 16846:Functionalism 16844: 16842: 16839: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16831:Eliminativism 16829: 16827: 16824: 16823: 16821: 16819: 16815: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16791: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16781: 16780: 16778: 16776: 16772: 16766: 16763: 16759: 16756: 16755: 16754: 16751: 16747: 16744: 16743: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16736:Compatibilism 16734: 16733: 16731: 16729: 16725: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16705: 16703: 16701: 16697: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16678: 16676: 16675:Particularism 16673: 16671: 16668: 16666: 16663: 16661: 16658: 16657: 16655: 16653: 16649: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16629: 16627: 16625: 16621: 16615: 16612: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16590: 16587: 16585: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16575: 16572: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16556: 16554: 16552: 16548: 16544: 16537: 16533: 16529: 16522: 16517: 16515: 16510: 16508: 16503: 16502: 16499: 16487: 16486: 16482: 16480: 16477: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16462: 16460: 16457: 16455: 16452: 16448: 16445: 16444: 16443: 16440: 16439: 16437: 16433: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16400: 16399: 16395: 16394: 16393: 16392:Human science 16390: 16388: 16385: 16384: 16382: 16378: 16372: 16371: 16367: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16324: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16309: 16307: 16303: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16270: 16267: 16266: 16265: 16262: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16249: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16242: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16226: 16222: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16208: 16205: 16204: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16177: 16173: 16171: 16170: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16140: 16138: 16134: 16124: 16121: 16119: 16116: 16114: 16111: 16109: 16108:Environmental 16106: 16104: 16101: 16100: 16098: 16094: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16072: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16040: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16013: 16012: 16011:Language arts 16009: 16007: 16004: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15988: 15986: 15982: 15978: 15971: 15966: 15964: 15959: 15957: 15952: 15951: 15948: 15927: 15923: 15917: 15913: 15912: 15906: 15895: 15891: 15885: 15881: 15880: 15874: 15870: 15866: 15862: 15858: 15853: 15841: 15837: 15831: 15828:. Routledge. 15827: 15823: 15818: 15806: 15802: 15796: 15792: 15791: 15785: 15781: 15775: 15772:. Routledge. 15771: 15766: 15762: 15756: 15752: 15747: 15735: 15731: 15727: 15722: 15711: 15707: 15701: 15697: 15693: 15688: 15676: 15672: 15668: 15663: 15651: 15647: 15641: 15637: 15633: 15630:. Routledge. 15629: 15625: 15620: 15608: 15604: 15600: 15595: 15583: 15579: 15575: 15570: 15558: 15554: 15548: 15544: 15540: 15537:. Routledge. 15536: 15535: 15529: 15518: 15514: 15508: 15504: 15500: 15495: 15483: 15479: 15475: 15470: 15458: 15454: 15450: 15449:"Metaphysics" 15445: 15441: 15435: 15431: 15426: 15414: 15410: 15406: 15401: 15397: 15393: 15389: 15385: 15380: 15369: 15365: 15359: 15355: 15351: 15346: 15335: 15331: 15325: 15321: 15317: 15312: 15301: 15297: 15291: 15287: 15283: 15278: 15266: 15262: 15257: 15245: 15241: 15237: 15232: 15228: 15224: 15220: 15216: 15211: 15199: 15195: 15191: 15186: 15175: 15171: 15165: 15161: 15157: 15152: 15148: 15142: 15138: 15133: 15122: 15118: 15112: 15108: 15107: 15101: 15089: 15085: 15081: 15076: 15072: 15066: 15062: 15057: 15045: 15041: 15035: 15031: 15030: 15024: 15012: 15008: 15002: 14998: 14997: 14991: 14979: 14975: 14971: 14966: 14954: 14950: 14946: 14941: 14929: 14926:. Routledge. 14925: 14921: 14916: 14904: 14900: 14896: 14891: 14879: 14875: 14871: 14870:"Nothingness" 14866: 14862: 14856: 14852: 14847: 14843: 14837: 14833: 14828: 14816: 14812: 14806: 14802: 14798: 14793: 14781: 14777: 14771: 14767: 14763: 14758: 14754: 14750: 14746: 14742: 14737: 14725: 14721: 14715: 14711: 14710: 14704: 14700: 14694: 14690: 14685: 14674: 14670: 14664: 14661:. Routledge. 14660: 14659: 14653: 14649: 14645: 14641: 14637: 14633: 14628: 14625: 14613: 14609: 14605: 14601: 14597: 14593: 14589: 14585: 14580: 14569: 14565: 14559: 14555: 14554: 14548: 14536: 14532: 14528: 14523: 14519: 14515: 14511: 14507: 14502: 14498: 14492: 14488: 14483: 14471: 14467: 14463: 14458: 14447: 14443: 14437: 14433: 14429: 14424: 14413: 14409: 14403: 14399: 14395: 14390: 14378: 14374: 14368: 14364: 14363: 14357: 14345: 14341: 14337: 14332: 14321: 14317: 14311: 14307: 14306: 14300: 14296: 14292: 14288: 14284: 14279: 14267: 14263: 14257: 14253: 14252: 14246: 14234: 14230: 14225: 14213: 14209: 14205: 14200: 14196: 14192: 14188: 14184: 14179: 14167: 14163: 14157: 14154:. Routledge. 14153: 14149: 14144: 14132: 14128: 14124: 14119: 14108: 14104: 14098: 14094: 14093: 14087: 14075: 14071: 14067: 14062: 14050: 14046: 14040: 14037:. Routledge. 14036: 14035: 14029: 14017: 14013: 14009: 14004: 14000: 13994: 13990: 13985: 13974: 13970: 13964: 13960: 13956: 13951: 13940: 13936: 13930: 13926: 13925: 13919: 13915: 13911: 13908:(1): 86–105. 13907: 13903: 13898: 13887: 13883: 13877: 13873: 13872: 13866: 13854: 13850: 13846: 13841: 13837: 13831: 13827: 13822: 13811: 13807: 13801: 13798:. IOS Press. 13797: 13793: 13788: 13784: 13778: 13774: 13770: 13766: 13765: 13759: 13755: 13749: 13745: 13744: 13738: 13726: 13722: 13716: 13712: 13708: 13703: 13691: 13687: 13681: 13677: 13676: 13670: 13666: 13662: 13658: 13654: 13649: 13637: 13633: 13629: 13624: 13612: 13608: 13602: 13598: 13597: 13591: 13580: 13576: 13570: 13566: 13565: 13559: 13555: 13549: 13545: 13540: 13528: 13524: 13520: 13517:Parent, Ted. 13515: 13503: 13499: 13493: 13489: 13488: 13482: 13471: 13467: 13461: 13457: 13453: 13448: 13437: 13433: 13427: 13423: 13422: 13416: 13404: 13400: 13396: 13392: 13388: 13383: 13371: 13367: 13363: 13358: 13346: 13342: 13338: 13333: 13322: 13318: 13312: 13308: 13307: 13301: 13290: 13286: 13280: 13276: 13275: 13269: 13265: 13259: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13236: 13232: 13228: 13223: 13211: 13207: 13203: 13198: 13194: 13188: 13184: 13179: 13175: 13169: 13166:. Routledge. 13165: 13164: 13158: 13154: 13148: 13144: 13140: 13136: 13124: 13120: 13116: 13111: 13107: 13101: 13097: 13092: 13080: 13076: 13070: 13067:. Routledge. 13066: 13062: 13057: 13046: 13042: 13036: 13032: 13028: 13023: 13011: 13007: 13001: 12997: 12993: 12990:. Routledge. 12989: 12985: 12980: 12968: 12964: 12958: 12954: 12950: 12947:. Routledge. 12946: 12945: 12939: 12927: 12923: 12919: 12914: 12902: 12898: 12894: 12889: 12885: 12879: 12875: 12870: 12858: 12854: 12848: 12844: 12840: 12836: 12832: 12831:"Particulars" 12827: 12816: 12812: 12806: 12802: 12798: 12793: 12781: 12777: 12773: 12768: 12756: 12752: 12746: 12742: 12738: 12733: 12721: 12717: 12713: 12708: 12697: 12693: 12687: 12683: 12682: 12676: 12664: 12660: 12656: 12653:. Routledge. 12652: 12648: 12643: 12639: 12633: 12629: 12624: 12612: 12608: 12604: 12599: 12587: 12583: 12577: 12573: 12572: 12566: 12563: 12558: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12540: 12536: 12532: 12527: 12516: 12512: 12506: 12502: 12501: 12495: 12484: 12480: 12474: 12470: 12469: 12463: 12459: 12453: 12449: 12448: 12442: 12438: 12432: 12428: 12423: 12412: 12408: 12402: 12398: 12394: 12389: 12378: 12374: 12368: 12364: 12360: 12355: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12330: 12318: 12314: 12310: 12305: 12293: 12289: 12285: 12280: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12255: 12243: 12239: 12235: 12230: 12219: 12215: 12209: 12206:. Routledge. 12205: 12204: 12198: 12187: 12183: 12177: 12173: 12169: 12164: 12153: 12149: 12143: 12139: 12135: 12130: 12119: 12115: 12109: 12105: 12104: 12098: 12086: 12082: 12076: 12072: 12068: 12065:. Routledge. 12064: 12063: 12057: 12045: 12041: 12037: 12032: 12021: 12017: 12011: 12007: 12006: 12000: 11988: 11984: 11978: 11974: 11970: 11965: 11961: 11955: 11951: 11946: 11934: 11930: 11926: 11921: 11917: 11913: 11909: 11905: 11901: 11897: 11893: 11888: 11877: 11873: 11867: 11863: 11862: 11856: 11844: 11840: 11834: 11830: 11829: 11823: 11811: 11807: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11785: 11780: 11776: 11770: 11766: 11761: 11749: 11745: 11741: 11736: 11724: 11720: 11714: 11710: 11709: 11703: 11691: 11687: 11683: 11678: 11666: 11662: 11656: 11652: 11651: 11645: 11634: 11630: 11624: 11620: 11619: 11613: 11602: 11598: 11592: 11588: 11587: 11581: 11569: 11565: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11548:. Routledge. 11547: 11546: 11540: 11529: 11525: 11519: 11515: 11511: 11506: 11495: 11491: 11485: 11481: 11480: 11474: 11470: 11464: 11460: 11455: 11443: 11439: 11433: 11429: 11428: 11422: 11411: 11407: 11401: 11398:. Routledge. 11397: 11396: 11390: 11378: 11374: 11370: 11365: 11354: 11350: 11344: 11340: 11339: 11333: 11322: 11318: 11312: 11308: 11304: 11299: 11288: 11284: 11278: 11274: 11273: 11267: 11255: 11251: 11247: 11242: 11231: 11227: 11221: 11217: 11213: 11208: 11204: 11198: 11195:. Blackwell. 11194: 11193: 11187: 11175: 11171: 11166: 11162: 11156: 11152: 11147: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11124: 11120: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11095: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11070: 11066: 11060: 11056: 11051: 11047: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11029: 11028: 11022: 11018: 11012: 11009:. IOS Press. 11008: 11007: 11001: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10976: 10972: 10966: 10962: 10961: 10955: 10944: 10940: 10934: 10930: 10929: 10923: 10912: 10908: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10889: 10885: 10879: 10875: 10870: 10859: 10855: 10849: 10845: 10844: 10838: 10826: 10822: 10816: 10812: 10808: 10805:. Routledge. 10804: 10803: 10797: 10786: 10782: 10776: 10773:. Routledge. 10772: 10768: 10763: 10752: 10748: 10742: 10738: 10737: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10719: 10715: 10710: 10699: 10695: 10689: 10686:. IOS Press. 10685: 10681: 10676: 10664: 10660: 10654: 10650: 10649: 10643: 10631: 10627: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10610:. Routledge. 10609: 10608: 10602: 10590: 10586: 10582: 10577: 10573: 10567: 10563: 10558: 10546: 10542: 10536: 10532: 10531: 10525: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10500: 10488: 10484: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10465: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10440: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10415: 10403: 10399: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10380: 10369: 10365: 10359: 10355: 10354: 10348: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10323: 10312: 10308: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10289: 10285: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10264: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10242: 10238: 10232: 10228: 10227: 10221: 10209: 10205: 10199: 10195: 10194: 10188: 10177: 10173: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10154: 10142: 10138: 10133: 10122: 10118: 10112: 10109:. Continuum. 10108: 10107: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10059: 10047: 10043: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10024: 10012: 10008: 10004: 9999: 9988: 9984: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9965: 9953: 9949: 9944: 9940: 9934: 9930: 9925: 9913: 9909: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9890: 9878: 9874: 9868: 9864: 9863: 9857: 9853: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9830: 9826: 9820: 9816: 9815: 9809: 9797: 9793: 9788: 9776: 9772: 9768: 9763: 9751: 9747: 9741: 9738:. Routledge. 9737: 9736: 9730: 9718: 9714: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9692: 9687: 9675: 9671: 9665: 9662:. Routledge. 9661: 9657: 9652: 9640: 9636: 9632: 9627: 9615: 9611: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9594:. Routledge. 9593: 9589: 9588:"Metaphysics" 9584: 9572: 9568: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9551:. Routledge. 9550: 9546: 9541: 9529: 9525: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9508:. Routledge. 9507: 9506: 9500: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9475: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9450: 9438: 9434: 9428: 9424: 9423: 9417: 9413: 9407: 9403: 9398: 9387: 9383: 9377: 9373: 9372: 9366: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9341: 9337: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9318: 9312: 9301: 9297: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9278: 9274: 9268: 9264: 9259: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9234: 9222: 9218: 9212: 9208: 9207: 9201: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9157: 9146: 9142: 9136: 9133:. Routledge. 9132: 9128: 9123: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9090: 9078: 9074: 9068: 9064: 9063: 9057: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9032: 9021: 9017: 9011: 9007: 9006: 9000: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8975: 8964: 8960: 8954: 8950: 8949: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8918: 8907: 8903: 8897: 8893: 8892: 8886: 8882: 8876: 8872: 8871: 8865: 8854: 8850: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8831: 8819: 8815: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8798:. Routledge. 8797: 8793: 8788: 8776: 8772: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8755:. Routledge. 8754: 8753: 8747: 8735: 8731: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8714:. Routledge. 8713: 8712: 8706: 8695: 8691: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8672: 8660: 8656: 8650: 8646: 8645: 8639: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8614: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8589: 8577: 8573: 8567: 8563: 8562: 8556: 8552: 8546: 8542: 8537: 8526: 8522: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8503: 8492: 8488: 8482: 8478: 8477: 8471: 8460: 8456: 8450: 8446: 8445: 8439: 8428: 8424: 8418: 8415:. Routledge. 8414: 8413: 8407: 8396: 8392: 8386: 8382: 8381: 8375: 8363: 8359: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8342:. Routledge. 8341: 8340: 8334: 8323: 8319: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8292: 8281: 8277: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8258: 8257: 8242: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8221: 8214: 8209: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8190: 8189: 8185: 8175: 8174:Hofweber 2023 8172: 8169: 8168:Chalmers 2009 8166: 8165: 8161: 8152: 8148: 8145: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8134: 8125:, p. 148 8124: 8121: 8119: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8106: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8095: 8089: 8085: 8084:Aspenson 2016 8080: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8053: 8046: 8041: 8032: 8028: 8025: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8014: 8008: 8004: 8003:Boedeker 2008 7999: 7993: 7989: 7984: 7974: 7973:Grayling 2019 7971: 7969:, p. 592 7968: 7965: 7963:, p. 193 7962: 7959: 7958: 7954: 7945: 7941: 7938: 7935: 7934:Grayling 2019 7932: 7931: 7927: 7918: 7914: 7913:Houlgate 2006 7911: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7900: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7873: 7864:, p. 591 7863: 7860: 7858:, p. 192 7857: 7854: 7853: 7849: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7822: 7812: 7811:Kuhlmann 2010 7809: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7798: 7788: 7785: 7782: 7779: 7777:, p. 591 7776: 7773: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7762: 7753:, p. 591 7752: 7749: 7747:, p. 190 7746: 7743: 7742: 7738: 7729: 7725: 7722: 7720:, p. 591 7719: 7716: 7715: 7711: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7678: 7669: 7665: 7662: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7651: 7641: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7628:Grayling 2019 7626: 7625: 7621: 7614: 7609: 7602: 7601:Thompson 2021 7597: 7587: 7586:Kuhlmann 2010 7584: 7581: 7580:Grayling 2019 7578: 7576:, p. 190 7575: 7572: 7571: 7567: 7557: 7556:Williams 2022 7554: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7543: 7533: 7532:Kuhlmann 2010 7530: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7510: 7501:, p. 189 7500: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7483: 7474: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7461: 7460:Marenbon 2009 7458: 7455: 7454:Grayling 2019 7452: 7449: 7446: 7445: 7441: 7431: 7428: 7425: 7422: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7402: 7392: 7389: 7386: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7372: 7362: 7359: 7357:, p. 590 7356: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7342: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7315: 7306: 7302: 7299: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7288: 7279: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7258: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7231: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7204: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7177: 7171: 7167: 7162: 7152: 7151:Grayling 2019 7149: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7129: 7119: 7118:Grayling 2019 7116: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7105: 7095: 7094:Grayling 2019 7092: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7078: 7071: 7066: 7057: 7053: 7050: 7047: 7046:Halteman 1998 7044: 7043: 7039: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7020: 7019:Grayling 2019 7017: 7016: 7012: 7002: 7001:Sinclair 2022 6999: 6997: 6993: 6990: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6973: 6968: 6959: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6938: 6932: 6928: 6923: 6917: 6913: 6908: 6902: 6898: 6893: 6887: 6883: 6878: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6838: 6833: 6827: 6823: 6818: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6764: 6758: 6754: 6753:Heckmann 2006 6749: 6740: 6736: 6735:Hofweber 2021 6733: 6730: 6729:Hofweber 2023 6727: 6726: 6722: 6715: 6714:Hofweber 2023 6710: 6701:, p. 206 6700: 6697: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6677: 6670: 6669:Hofweber 2023 6665: 6656:, p. 129 6655: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6641: 6632:, p. 129 6631: 6628: 6626: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6608: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6584: 6575:, p. 129 6574: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6554: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6530: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6503: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6467: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6404: 6400: 6399:Vineberg 2013 6397: 6394: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6380: 6371: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6353: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6323: 6316: 6311: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6285:Robinson 2004 6283: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6245: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6175: 6170: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6147:Drummond 2022 6145: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6095: 6088: 6083: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6050: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5941: 5936: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5919:Schaffer 2009 5917: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5886:Schaffer 2009 5884: 5881: 5880:Schaffer 2010 5878: 5877: 5873: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5856:Schaffer 2009 5854: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5840: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5820:Koslicki 2018 5818: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5792: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5774:, p. 310 5773: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5645: 5640: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5614:Campbell 2006 5612: 5611: 5607: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5571: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5557:Benovsky 2016 5555: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5517:, p. 310 5516: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5324: 5323:Schaffer 2018 5319: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5294: 5293:Robinson 2023 5291: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5247: 5244: 5242:, p. 608 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5216:Robinson 2023 5214: 5211: 5210:Schaffer 2018 5208: 5207: 5203: 5193: 5192:Woznicki 2022 5190: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5161: 5151: 5150:Woznicki 2022 5148: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5131: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5044: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5015:Borghini 2016 5013: 5012: 5008: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4988:Balaguer 2009 4986: 4985: 4981: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4961:Balaguer 2009 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4919:Bigelow 1998a 4917: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4894: 4884: 4883:Hofweber 2023 4881: 4878: 4877:Chalmers 2009 4875: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4853:Chalmers 2009 4851: 4850: 4846: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4829:Chalmers 2009 4827: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4804: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4703:Phillips 1967 4701: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4609:, p. 199 4608: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4450: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4359: 4358:Kuhlmann 2010 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4201: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4117: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4052:Lamarque 1998 4050: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4030:, p. 493 4029: 4026: 4023: 4022:Lamarque 1998 4020: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3859: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3803:Campbell 2006 3799: 3789: 3788:Campbell 2006 3786: 3784:, p. 272 3783: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3769:, p. 272 3768: 3763: 3756: 3751: 3744: 3739: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3722:Campbell 2006 3720: 3719: 3715: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3692:Campbell 2006 3690: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3673: 3663: 3660: 3658:, p. 316 3657: 3654: 3651: 3650:MacBride 2020 3648: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3635:MacBride 2020 3631: 3621: 3620:Campbell 2006 3618: 3615: 3614:MacBride 2020 3612: 3610:, p. 798 3609: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3546: 3541: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3524:Campbell 2006 3522: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3509:Campbell 2006 3505: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3488:Campbell 2006 3486: 3485: 3481: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3458:Bigelow 1998a 3456: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3428:Campbell 2006 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3412:, p. 683 3411: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3386:Sorensen 2023 3384: 3381: 3378: 3376:, p. 277 3375: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3358: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3254: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3243:Campbell 2006 3241: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3204: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3170:, p. 527 3169: 3164: 3155: 3151: 3150:Hartmann 2012 3148: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3137:, p. 527 3136: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3110:, p. 280 3109: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3093:Campbell 2006 3089: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3032: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2981:, p. 527 2980: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2960: 2951:, p. 323 2950: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2918: 2914: 2913:Mulligan 2012 2911: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2888: 2879: 2875: 2874:Tambassi 2022 2872: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2800: 2799:Campbell 2006 2797: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2764:Campbell 2006 2762: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2742: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2707:Campbell 2006 2705: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2671: 2662: 2653: 2646: 2640: 2631: 2622: 2613: 2606: 2600: 2593: 2590:For example, 2587: 2578: 2571: 2565: 2556: 2549: 2548:moral realism 2545: 2541: 2535: 2528: 2522: 2513: 2504: 2495: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2465: 2456: 2449: 2445: 2439: 2432: 2428: 2422: 2418: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2379:Rudolf Carnap 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2314:phenomenology 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2279:Immanuel Kant 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2193:Neo-Confucian 2189: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2146:Peter Abelard 2143: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2076:ancient China 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2010: 2008: 2007: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1934:Gene Ontology 1931: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1884: 1883: 1875: 1874: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1822: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1750: 1749: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1665: 1664: 1637: 1636: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1572: 1561: 1550: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1496:computability 1493: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1476: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1297:Immanuel Kant 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1235: 1230: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1180: 1179:bundle theory 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1122:Modal realism 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1090:Conceptualism 1087: 1083: 1079: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1057: 1056:Rudolf Carnap 1052: 1048: 1042: 1038: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 986: 981: 977: 975: 974:Gene Ontology 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 906: 904: 900: 895: 892:In ontology, 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 837: 833: 829: 825: 823: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 785:mental states 782: 779:in the novel 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 753: 750: 746: 742: 738: 732: 730: 723: 713: 711: 707: 702: 700: 696: 695: 690: 686: 681: 679: 675: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 650:being east of 647: 643: 639: 635: 630: 628: 624: 620: 619:Mount Everest 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 582: 578: 568: 559: 549: 545: 535: 533: 529: 524: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 489: 483: 481: 477: 473: 468: 463: 461: 457: 453: 448: 444: 440: 424: 415: 404: 395: 384: 375: 356: 354: 329: 307: 296: 295:ancient Greek 292: 287: 285: 281: 277: 272: 267: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 227: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 204: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 159:, the use of 158: 154: 150: 145: 143: 140:asserts that 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 110:Conceptualism 107: 102: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 41: 34: 30: 26: 22: 19537:Epistemology 19505: 19495: 19485: 19475: 19465: 19455: 19445: 19435: 19425: 19415: 19405: 19395: 19385: 19375: 19365: 19355: 19347:Nyāya Sūtras 19345: 19335: 19325: 19307: 19223:Wittgenstein 19168:Schopenhauer 19047: 19038:Unobservable 18942: 18888:Intelligence 18818: 18758:Subjectivism 18753:Spiritualism 18668:Essentialism 18648:Anti-realism 18574: 18560: 18231: 18222:Postcritique 18212:Kyoto School 18171:Posthumanism 18151:Hermeneutics 18006: / 17947:Contemporary 17923:Newtonianism 17886:Cartesianism 17845:Reductionism 17681:Conservatism 17676:Collectivism 17614: 17342:Sarvāstivadā 17320:Anekantavada 17245:Neoplatonism 17213:Epicureanism 17146:Pythagoreans 17085:Confucianism 17051:Contemporary 17041:Early modern 16945:Anti-realism 16908: 16899:Universalism 16856:Subjectivism 16652:Epistemology 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Retrieved 8265: 8220: 8208: 8184: 8170:, p. 78 8160: 8133: 8114:Mumford 2003 8108:Klement 2019 8094: 8079: 8064:1, 11, 21–22 8052: 8040: 8027:Schalow 2019 8021:Wheeler 2020 8013: 7998: 7983: 7975:, § Idealism 7961:Hancock 2006 7953: 7940:Janaway 1999 7926: 7907:Redding 2020 7899: 7872: 7856:Hancock 2006 7848: 7821: 7797: 7769:Hancock 2006 7761: 7745:Hancock 2006 7737: 7710: 7702:, p. 99 7677: 7650: 7634:Perrett 2016 7620: 7613:Lizzini 2021 7608: 7596: 7574:Hancock 2006 7566: 7542: 7517:Aertsen 2009 7509: 7499:Hancock 2006 7482: 7469:Sweeney 2016 7448:Hancock 2006 7440: 7418:Hancock 2006 7401: 7371: 7349:Hancock 2006 7341: 7314: 7287: 7274:Robinet 2013 7257: 7230: 7203: 7176: 7161: 7128: 7104: 7077: 7065: 7052:Thomson 2011 7038: 7011: 6978: 6967: 6954:Heywood 2012 6937: 6922: 6907: 6892: 6877: 6847: 6832: 6817: 6790: 6763: 6748: 6721: 6709: 6676: 6664: 6640: 6607: 6583: 6563:, p. 70 6553: 6545:, p. 35 6529: 6502: 6480:Brenner 2024 6466: 6439: 6412: 6379: 6352: 6322: 6310: 6301:165, 168–169 6271: 6244: 6236:, p. 35 6217: 6189:Gabriel 2011 6181: 6169: 6156:Ryckman 2005 6139: 6133:186, 188–189 6124: 6111:Shaffer 2015 6094: 6082: 6058: 6022: 6014:, p. 86 5989: 5950: 5935: 5902: 5872: 5839: 5800: 5758: 5731: 5707: 5680: 5650: 5639: 5606: 5596:Ladyman 2023 5579: 5543: 5507: 5483: 5470:Rescher 2000 5460:, p. 53 5450: 5435: 5418:, p. 53 5408: 5384: 5360: 5340:, p. 34 5330: 5318: 5312:71–72, 84–85 5303: 5279: 5270:Griffin 1998 5256: 5246:Sprigge 1998 5226: 5202: 5194:, p. 97 5172: 5160: 5152:, p. 97 5130: 5088: 5055: 5043: 5024:Chihara 2001 5007: 4980: 4970:Linnebo 2024 4941: 4905: 4893: 4879:, p. 78 4869: 4845: 4815: 4803: 4790:Schalow 2019 4784:Wheeler 2020 4776: 4749: 4727:Coggins 2010 4719: 4689: 4674: 4641: 4617: 4584: 4557: 4534:, p. 21 4524: 4500: 4481:Epstein 2024 4473: 4458: 4441:, p. 21 4422: 4392: 4376:Gallois 2016 4368: 4338: 4311: 4284: 4274:Mumford 2012 4248: 4222:, p. 23 4220:Colyvan 2001 4212: 4200: 4186:, p. 31 4176: 4152: 4128: 4116: 4092: 4076:Kriegel 2007 4062: 4038: 4008: 3981: 3965:Tallant 2017 3959:Brenner 2015 3939: 3929:Tallant 2017 3897: 3884:Plebani 2013 3870: 3858: 3810: 3805:, p. 25 3798: 3790:, p. 25 3774: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3724:, p. 25 3714: 3684: 3672: 3642: 3630: 3622:, p. 25 3591: 3567: 3552: 3540: 3526:, p. 24 3516: 3511:, p. 25 3504: 3494:Bigelow 1998 3480: 3464:Cowling 2019 3444: 3422:Bigelow 1998 3402: 3366: 3338:Reicher 2022 3330: 3292: 3279:LaZella 2019 3262: 3235: 3185:, p. 84 3175: 3163: 3127: 3100: 3095:, p. 22 3088: 3064: 3040: 3013: 2996:, p. 84 2971: 2966:, p. 84 2959: 2926: 2899: 2887: 2860: 2836: 2809: 2780: 2750: 2737:Shields 2014 2723: 2690: 2670: 2661: 2652: 2639: 2630: 2621: 2612: 2599: 2586: 2577: 2564: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2521: 2512: 2503: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2464: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2353: 2307: 2277: 2247: 2240: 2206: 2195:philosopher 2135: 2130: 2127:Neoplatonism 2100: 2092:yin and yang 2054:, the first 2037: 2006:ontotheology 2004: 1981: 1957:anthropology 1954: 1923: 1902: 1858: 1854:Set or Class 1834: 1810: 1786: 1762: 1701: 1677: 1597: 1510: 1484: 1480:common sense 1472: 1447: 1420: 1393: 1389:metaontology 1383: 1376:perception. 1367: 1356: 1346:perdurantism 1339: 1335: 1331: 1306:C. S. Peirce 1270: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1250: 1238: 1233: 1226: 1184: 1175: 1152: 1134: 1130:counterparts 1120: 1098: 1081: 1075: 1046: 1044: 1041:Anti-realism 1011:Metaontology 1009: 994: 990: 985:formal logic 978: 936: 912: 902: 898: 891: 864: 841: 818: 754: 733: 725: 703: 697:. Facts are 692: 688: 684: 682: 677: 673: 670: 649: 646:being a city 645: 641: 637: 631: 626: 614: 610: 606: 590: 588: 580: 525: 486: 484: 466: 464: 451: 436: 352: 290: 288: 268: 259: 233: 205: 201:anthropology 146: 122:unobservable 103: 73: 45: 44: 19367:Metaphysics 19351:(c. 200 BC) 19341:(c. 350 BC) 19331:(c. 350 BC) 19218:Collingwood 19123:Malebranche 18871:Information 18799:Anima mundi 18778:Type theory 18733:Physicalism 18698:Materialism 18653:Determinism 18624:Metaphysics 18217:Objectivism 18156:Neo-Marxism 18118:Continental 18028:Meta-ethics 18008:Coherentism 17913:Hegelianism 17850:Rationalism 17810:Natural law 17790:Materialism 17716:Historicism 17686:Determinism 17577:Navya-Nyāya 17352:Sautrāntika 17347:Pudgalavada 17283:Vaisheshika 17136:Presocratic 17036:Renaissance 16975:Physicalism 16960:Materialism 16866:Normativity 16851:Objectivism 16836:Emergentism 16826:Behaviorism 16775:Metaphysics 16741:Determinism 16680:Rationalism 16296:Work of art 16264:Metaphysics 16225:Historicism 16070:Visual arts 15996:Archaeology 15984:Disciplines 15846:1 September 15613:19 December 15474:"Mereology" 15430:Metaphysics 15405:"Existence" 14766:Persistence 14741:Metascience 14730:1 September 14476:19 December 14229:"Substance" 14148:"Chongxuan" 13731:1 September 13139:Ney, Alyssa 13115:"Existence" 12647:"Existence" 12603:"Relations" 10458:19 December 10214:1 September 10052:1 September 9781:19 December 9680:1 September 9443:1 September 9094:"Existence" 8665:1 September 8230:, pp. 8147:Palmer 1998 8102:Proops 2022 8062:, pp. 7967:Hamlyn 2005 7942:, pp. 7882:, pp. 7880:Lorini 2015 7862:Hamlyn 2005 7787:Menzel 2023 7775:Hamlyn 2005 7751:Hamlyn 2005 7724:Dehsen 2013 7718:Hamlyn 2005 7658:Ambuel 1998 7550:Gilson 2018 7471:, pp. 7424:Hamlyn 2005 7355:Hamlyn 2005 7303:, pp. 7246:, pp. 7184:Ambuel 1998 7025:Dehsen 2013 6994:, pp. 6956:, pp. 6947:, pp. 6929:, pp. 6914:, pp. 6899:, pp. 6857:, pp. 6807:Hawley 2016 6800:, pp. 6780:Hawley 2016 6773:, pp. 6686:, pp. 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1 3434:Maurin 2019 3349:, p. 8 3347:Gibson 1998 3320:Gibson 1998 3302:, pp. 3272:, pp. 3270:Widder 2009 3189:Ceylan 1993 3152:, pp. 3072:Nelson 2022 3029:, pp. 3002:, pp. 2987:, pp. 2936:, p. 1 2894:, p. 6 2850:Craig 1998a 2788:Simons 2009 2739:, pp. 2733:, p. 1 2387:David Lewis 2330:nothingness 2233:Navya-Nyāya 2072:Vaisheshika 1782:Proposition 1342:endurantism 1289:Vaisheshika 1195:Materialism 1148:instruments 1094:Nominalists 1068:(left) and 789:perceptions 777:Monkey King 699:truthmakers 666:resemblance 611:circularity 609:, the form 591:individuals 544:Particulars 271:metaphysics 210:lie in the 189:metaphysics 177:information 130:Materialism 126:moral facts 19427:Monadology 19361:(c. 80 BC) 19068:Parmenides 18953:Perception 18851:Experience 18738:Relativism 18713:Naturalism 18663:Enactivism 18516:Amerindian 18423:Australian 18362:Vietnamese 18342:Indonesian 17891:Kantianism 17840:Positivism 17830:Pragmatism 17805:Naturalism 17785:Liberalism 17763:Subjective 17701:Empiricism 17605:Avicennism 17550:Bhedabheda 17434:East Asian 17357:Madhyamaka 17337:Abhidharma 17203:Pyrrhonism 16970:Nominalism 16965:Naturalism 16894:Skepticism 16884:Relativism 16874:Absolutism 16803:Naturalism 16713:Deontology 16685:Skepticism 16670:Naturalism 16660:Empiricism 16624:Aesthetics 16528:Philosophy 16257:Quadrivium 16182:Creativity 16148:Aesthetics 16075:Filmmaking 16060:Philosophy 16016:Literature 15977:Humanities 15932:2024-07-03 15900:2024-06-29 15716:2024-07-03 15523:2024-06-17 15374:2024-07-03 15340:2024-06-20 15306:2024-06-29 15180:2024-06-18 15127:2024-06-18 14920:"Idealism" 14679:2024-06-18 14618:2022-09-24 14574:2024-06-20 14452:2024-06-26 14418:2024-06-20 14326:2024-06-12 14113:2024-06-12 13979:2024-07-03 13945:2024-06-12 13892:2023-09-01 13816:2024-06-29 13653:Philosophy 13585:2024-02-18 13476:2024-05-05 13442:2024-05-05 13327:2024-06-18 13295:2024-06-12 13202:"Identity" 13051:2024-06-18 12821:2024-06-29 12702:2024-06-18 12521:2024-06-18 12489:2024-06-18 12417:2024-06-26 12383:2024-06-26 12224:2024-06-12 12192:2024-06-17 12158:2024-06-20 12124:2024-07-03 12026:2024-06-12 11882:2024-06-12 11639:2024-06-17 11607:2024-06-26 11534:2024-06-26 11500:2024-07-04 11416:2024-06-17 11359:2024-06-12 11327:2024-06-12 11293:2024-06-26 11236:2024-06-29 11141:2022-09-24 10949:2024-07-03 10917:2024-06-20 10864:2024-06-26 10791:2024-06-26 10757:2024-06-20 10704:2024-06-26 10374:2024-06-17 10317:2024-06-17 10247:2024-06-26 10182:2024-06-17 10127:2024-06-17 9993:2024-06-12 9545:"Ontology" 9392:2024-06-20 9306:2024-06-29 9195:2023-09-01 9151:2024-06-12 9026:2024-06-26 8993:29 October 8969:2024-06-17 8912:2024-06-12 8859:2024-06-26 8700:2024-06-26 8531:2024-06-12 8497:2024-06-26 8465:2024-06-17 8433:2024-06-26 8401:2024-06-12 8328:2024-06-20 8286:2024-06-26 8239:, p. 8149:, p. 8116:, p. 8029:, p. 8005:, p. 7990:, p. 7915:, p. 7889:Grier 2022 7831:, p. 7829:Svare 2006 7726:, p. 7700:Smart 2008 7693:, p. 7666:, p. 7640:Dalal 2021 7582:, § Ockham 7519:, p. 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4028:Prior 2006 3917:Varzi 2019 3886:, p. 3842:Prior 2006 3608:Bogen 2005 3601:, p. 3599:Sider 2010 3559:, p. 3374:Lowe 2005b 3355:, p. 3281:, p. 3251:, p. 3225:Wardy 1998 3191:, p. 3183:Lowe 2005a 3143:, p. 3141:Zhang 2011 3116:, p. 3031:1–2, 12–13 3004:1–2, 12–13 2994:Lowe 2005a 2964:Lowe 2005a 2942:, p. 2915:, p. 2876:, p. 2825:, p. 2713:Craig 1998 2700:, p. 2570:pantheists 2408:References 2400:Hauntology 2318:experience 2265:John Locke 2111:Parmenides 2044:Upanishads 1946:ecosystems 1598:ontologese 1427:foundation 1423:intuitions 1416:conditions 1363:difference 1322:E. J. Lowe 623:Mount Fuji 548:Universals 445:and every 437:Being, or 331:, meaning 309:, meaning 236:philosophy 230:Definition 161:intuitions 157:experience 114:nominalism 62:particular 58:categories 52:and every 33:Deontology 25:Odontology 19587:Teleology 19552:Mereology 19532:Cosmology 19391:(c. 1000) 19288:Plantinga 19278:Armstrong 19228:Heidegger 19203:Whitehead 19188:Nietzsche 19108:Descartes 19078:Aristotle 19033:Universal 18963:Principle 18933:Necessity 18893:Intention 18846:Existence 18809:Causality 18748:Solipsism 18678:Free will 18395:Pakistani 18357:Taiwanese 18304:Ethiopian 18277:By region 18263:By region 18078:Scientism 18073:Systemics 17933:Spinozism 17860:Socialism 17795:Modernism 17758:Objective 17666:Anarchism 17600:Averroism 17489:Christian 17441:Neotaoism 17412:Zurvanism 17402:Mithraism 17397:Mazdakism 17168:Cyrenaics 17095:Logicians 16728:Free will 16690:Solipsism 16637:Formalism 16329:Humanitas 16241:Humanitas 16230:Historism 16192:Criticism 16085:Sculpture 14884:17 August 14658:Aristotle 14336:"Sankhya" 14204:"Dualism" 14080:10 August 13399:2161-0002 13254:Substance 13027:"Preface" 12659:2161-0002 12557:199516840 12134:"Preface" 11916:1520-8583 11682:"Zombies" 11482:. Brill. 11123:0305-7674 10017:12 August 9631:"Śaṅkara" 9177:0578-8072 9106:2161-0002 8060:Poli 2011 7884:71, 75–76 7781:Look 2020 7685:Berthrong 7322:Kahn 2009 7278:Chongxuan 7265:Chai 2020 6992:Pack 2022 6986:Pack 2023 6802:7456–7457 6775:7456–7457 6684:Cook 2009 6315:Kirk 2023 6225:Daly 2015 5772:Heil 2009 5515:Heil 2009 5491:Paul 2017 5368:Paul 2017 5338:Paul 2017 5186:Paul 2017 5144:Paul 2017 5114:Westacott 4997:Weir 2024 4767:42, 52–53 4542:7456–7457 4325:Kuhn 2010 4142:Fine 1995 4106:Fine 1995 3833:Faye 2013 3656:Heil 2009 3410:Lowe 2005 3300:Daly 2009 2949:Hoad 1993 2823:Lowe 2005 2698:Lowe 2005 2682:Citations 2479:substance 2477:The term 2448:an entity 2174:haecceity 2123:Aristotle 1906:databases 1806:Attribute 1596:, termed 1559:∃ 1535:∃ 1465:proposed 1293:substance 1277:Aristotle 1262:the Earth 1216:pluralism 1200:Idealists 1116:formalism 1070:Aristotle 1051:objective 1045:The term 749:Mereology 737:molecules 658:New Delhi 654:Kathmandu 642:being red 599:Taj Mahal 577:Taj Mahal 509:Aristotle 480:qualities 472:phenomena 439:existence 289:The word 256:astronomy 240:existence 83:substance 66:universal 19638:Ontology 19632:Category 19605:Category 19527:Axiology 19381:(c. 270) 19309:more ... 19263:Anscombe 19258:Strawson 19253:Davidson 19148:Berkeley 19088:Plotinus 19049:more ... 18988:Relation 18968:Property 18943:Ontology 18866:Identity 18787:Concepts 18718:Nihilism 18683:Idealism 18631:Theories 18581:Category 18536:Yugoslav 18526:Romanian 18433:Scottish 18418:American 18347:Japanese 18327:Buddhist 18309:Africana 18299:Egyptian 18141:Feminist 18063:Rawlsian 18058:Quietism 17956:Analytic 17908:Krausism 17815:Nihilism 17780:Kokugaku 17743:Absolute 17738:Idealism 17726:Humanism 17514:Occamism 17481:European 17426:Medieval 17372:Yogacara 17332:Buddhist 17325:Syādvāda 17208:Stoicism 17173:Cynicism 17161:Sophists 17156:Atomists 17151:Eleatics 17090:Legalism 17031:Medieval 16955:Idealism 16909:Ontology 16889:Nihilism 16793:Idealism 16551:Branches 16540:Branches 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6003:Rae 2020 5808:Rea 2021 5766:Rea 2021 5240:Kim 2005 4514:Rea 2021 4508:Ney 2014 4467:xii–xiii 4232:Ney 2014 4184:Ney 2014 4166:Ney 2014 4136:Ney 2014 4100:Ney 2014 3989:Rea 1997 3353:Yao 2014 2393:See also 2229:illusion 2217:theology 2213:Avicenna 2142:Boethius 1984:theology 1942:genetics 1830:Relation 1758:Quantity 1730:Abstract 1645:Physical 1281:quantity 970:genetics 954:language 909:Branches 894:identity 858:defends 765:One Ring 729:integers 708:and the 685:Socrates 627:mountain 595:Socrates 497:relation 493:property 353:ontology 336:study of 291:ontology 260:ontology 197:theology 153:concepts 91:relation 87:property 78:concrete 70:Socrates 46:Ontology 29:Ontogeny 21:Oncology 19377:Enneads 19371:(c. 50) 19337:Timaeus 19327:Sophist 19273:Dummett 19268:Deleuze 19208:Russell 19198:Bergson 19193:Meinong 19173:Bolzano 19133:Leibniz 19113:Spinoza 19098:Aquinas 19083:Proclus 19013:Thought 19003:Subject 18983:Reality 18978:Quality 18948:Pattern 18908:Meaning 18883:Insight 18841:Essence 18826:Concept 18728:Realism 18693:Liberty 18658:Dualism 18531:Russian 18500:Spanish 18495:Slovene 18485:Maltese 18480:Italian 18460:Finland 18428:British 18410:Western 18400:Turkish 18385:Islamic 18380:Iranian 18332:Chinese 18319:Eastern 18286:African 18233:more... 17918:Marxism 17748:British 17691:Dualism 17587:Islamic 17545:Advaita 17535:Vedanta 17509:Scotism 17504:Thomism 17446:Tiantai 17389:Persian 17377:Tibetan 17367:Śūnyatā 17308:Cārvāka 17298:Ājīvika 17293:Mīmāṃsā 17273:Samkhya 17188:Academy 17141:Ionians 17115:Yangism 17072:Chinese 17063:Ancient 17026:Western 17021:Ancient 16980:Realism 16937:Reality 16927:Process 16808:Realism 16788:Dualism 16783:Atomism 16665:Fideism 16435:Related 16370:more... 16252:Trivium 16202:Culture 16176:Bildung 16118:Medical 16103:Digital 16053:Theatre 16006:History 15811:4 April 15740:25 June 15681:19 June 15050:17 June 15017:4 April 14909:16 June 14172:4 April 14055:16 June 14022:24 June 13859:2 April 13642:25 June 13617:4 April 13508:4 April 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950:society 928:numbers 805:thought 797:desires 793:beliefs 787:, like 761:fiction 727:set of 615:courage 476:essence 443:reality 252:biology 248:reality 220:Chinese 138:dualism 50:reality 19511:(1981) 19501:(1943) 19491:(1927) 19481:(1846) 19471:(1818) 19461:(1807) 19451:(1783) 19441:(1781) 19431:(1714) 19421:(1710) 19411:(1677) 19407:Ethics 19401:(1641) 19303:Parfit 19293:Kripke 19283:Putnam 19243:Sartre 19233:Carnap 19183:Peirce 19128:Newton 19103:Suárez 19093:Scotus 18973:Qualia 18938:Object 18928:Nature 18923:Motion 18903:Matter 18836:Entity 18708:Monism 18490:Polish 18470:German 18465:French 18450:Danish 18440:Canada 18390:Jewish 18352:Korean 18337:Indian 17879:People 17800:Monism 17753:German 17721:Holism 17654:Modern 17632:Jewish 17555:Dvaita 17528:Indian 17451:Huayan 17303:Ajñana 17260:Indian 17125:Greco- 17110:Taoism 17100:Mohism 17046:Modern 17013:By era 17002:By era 16917:Action 16798:Monism 16718:Virtue 16700:Ethics 16291:Wisdom 16223: 16163:Beauty 16136:Themes 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1513:logic 1246:trope 1066:Plato 942:money 875:Qatar 741:atoms 694:facts 674:green 607:green 581:green 521:Plato 505:event 467:being 364:Being 328:logia 322:λογία 314:being 306:ontos 300:ὄντως 284:value 193:logic 99:event 74:green 31:, or 19238:Ryle 19158:Kant 19153:Hume 19143:Reid 19018:Time 18998:Soul 18993:Self 18918:Mind 18876:Data 18861:Idea 17622:Sufi 17456:Chan 17315:Jain 17288:Yoga 16818:Mind 16758:Hard 16746:Hard 16207:High 15916:ISBN 15884:ISBN 15848:2023 15830:ISBN 15813:2024 15795:ISBN 15774:ISBN 15755:ISBN 15742:2024 15700:ISBN 15683:2024 15658:2024 15640:ISBN 15615:2023 15590:2024 15565:2024 15547:ISBN 15507:ISBN 15490:2024 15465:2024 15434:ISBN 15421:2023 15358:ISBN 15324:ISBN 15290:ISBN 15273:2024 15252:2024 15206:2024 15164:ISBN 15141:ISBN 15111:ISBN 15096:2024 15065:ISBN 15052:2023 15034:ISBN 15019:2024 15001:ISBN 14986:2024 14961:2024 14936:2024 14911:2024 14886:2023 14855:ISBN 14836:ISBN 14823:2024 14805:ISBN 14788:2024 14770:ISBN 14732:2023 14714:ISBN 14693:ISBN 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