196:("General Morphology of Organisms"). Even though his book was widely read, the scientific community was not very convinced or interested in his ideas, so he turned to producing more publications to get more attention. In 1866, Haeckel and others imagined development as producing new structures after earlier additions to the developing organism have been established. He proposed that individual development followed developmental stages of previous generations and that the future generations would add something new to this process, and that there was a causal parallelism between an animal's ontogeny and phylogeny. In addition, Haeckel suggested a biogenetic law that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, based on the idea that the successive and progressive origin of new species was based on the same laws as the successive and progressive origin of new embryonic structures. According to Haeckel, development produced novelties, and natural selection would eliminate species that had become outdated or obsolete. Though his view of development and evolution wasn't justifiable, future embryologists tweaked and collaborated with Haeckel's proposals and showed how new morphological structures can occur by the hereditary modification of embryonic development. Marine biologist
545:
409:
2128:
48:
37:
437:
2855:
307:. These outer cells form a single epithelial layer, the blastoderm, that essentially encases the fluid-filled inside that is the blastocoel. The figure to the right shows the basic process that is modified in different species. Blastulation differs slightly in different species, but in mammals, the eight-cell stage embryo forms into a slightly different type of blastula, called a blastocyst. Other species such as
2116:
461:. Some species develop their spine and nervous system using both primary and secondary neurulation, while others use only primary or secondary neurulation. In human fetal development, primary neurulation occurs during weeks 3 and 4 of gestation to develop the brain and spinal cord. Then during weeks 5 and 6 of gestation, secondary neurulation forms the lower sacral and coccygeal cord.
327:
86:
in the egg at the time of fertilization and events from the time of birth or hatching and afterward (i.e., growth, remolding of body shape, development of secondary sexual characteristics, etc.). While developmental (i.e., ontogenetic) processes can influence subsequent evolutionary (e.g., phylogenetic) processes (see
474:
and mesoderm. This process is discontinuous and can start at different points along the cranial-caudal axis necessary for it to close. After the neural crest closes, the neural crest cells and ectoderm cells separate and the ectoderm becomes the epidermis surrounding this complex. The neural crest
432:
offspring are similar when compared to one another. This figure shows how the germ layers can become different organs and tissues in evolutionarily higher life-forms and how these species essentially develop very similarly. Additionally, it shows how multiple species develop in a parallel manner but
380:
gives rise to other tissues not formed by the ectoderm, such as the heart, muscles, bones, blood, dermis of the skin, bone marrow, and the urogenital system. This germ layer is more specific for species, as it is the distinguishing layer of the three that can identify evolutionarily higher life-forms
693:
is when cells stop dividing but don't die, but these cells can build up and cause problems in the body. These cells can release substances that cause inflammation and can damage healthy nearby cells. Senescence can be induced by un-repaired DNA damage (e.g., from radiation, old age, etc.) or other
85:
history of a species. Another way to think of ontogeny is that it is the process of an organism going through all of the developmental stages over its lifetime. The developmental history includes all the developmental events that occur during the existence of an organism, beginning with the changes
219:
during development was distinct from the change in behavior during development. We can conclude that the thrush itself, i.e. its behavioral machinery, has changed only if the behavior change occurred while the environment was held constant...When we turn from description to causal analysis, and ask
515:
In secondary neurulation, caudal and sacral regions of the spine are formed after primary neurulation is finished. This process initiates once primary neurulation is finished and the posterior neuropore closes, so the tail bud can proliferate and condense, then create a cavity and fuse with the
520:
up to the posterior neuropore, which is the open neural folds near the tail region that don't close through primary neurulation. As canalization progresses over the next few weeks, neurons and ependymal cells (cells that create cerebral spinal fluid) differentiate to become the tail end of the
371:
In the figure below, human germ cells are able to differentiate into the specific organs and tissues they become later on in life. Germ cells are able to migrate to their final locations to rearrange themselves and some organs are made of two germ layers; one for the outside, the other for the
291:
220:
in what way the observed change in behavior machinery has been brought about, the natural first step is to try and distinguish between environmental influences and those within the animal...In ontogeny the conclusion that a certain change is internally controlled (is 'innate') is reached by
401:
286:
is the process of cell division, so the starting zygote becomes a collection of identical cells which is a morula and contains cells called blastomeres. Cleavage prepares the zygote to become an embryo, which is from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after conception (fertilization) in humans.
236:
has a slightly different journey through these stages, since some stages might be shorter or longer when compared to other species, and where the offspring develops is different for each animal type (e.g., in a hard egg shell, uterus, soft egg shell, on a plant leaf, etc.).
557:
In most species, the young organism that is just born or hatched is not sexually mature yet and in most animals, this young organism looks quite different than the adult form. This young organism is the larva and is the intermediate form before
578:
are grown. The juvenile phase is different in plants and animals, but in plants juvenility is an early phase of plant growth in which plants can't flower. In animals, the juvenile stage is most commonly found in social mammals, such as
469:
The diagram to the right illustrates primary neurulation, which is the process of cells surrounding the neural plate interacting with neural plate cells to proliferate, converge, and pinch off to form a hollow tube above the
265:
changes the surrounding membrane to not allow any more sperm to penetrate the egg, so multiple fertilizations can be prevented. Fusion of a zygote also activates the egg so it can begin undergoing cell division. Each animal
507:; the spinal ganglions consists of a cluster of nerve bodies positioned along the spinal cord at the dorsal and ventral roots of a spinal nerve, which is a pair of nerves that correspond to a vertebra of the spine.
678:, etc.), so adulthood is reached anywhere from 12 to 24 months or 1 to 2 years. In contrast, many insect species have long larval stages and the adult stage is only for reproduction. The silkworm
607:
follows. Some species begin puberty and reproduction before the juvenile stage is over, such as in female non-human primates. The larval and pupal stages can be seen in the figure to the right.
270:
might not have specifically a sperm and an egg, but two gametes that contain half of the species' typical genetic material and the membranes of these gametes fuse to start creating an offspring.
363:
of germ layers differs slightly, because not all of the organs and tissues below are in all organisms, but corresponding body systems can be substituted in place of these.
635:
appear to regulate these changes. The figure to the right shows the stages of life in butterflies and their metamorphosis transforms the caterpillar into a butterfly.
521:
spinal cord. Next, the closed neural tube contains neuroepithelial cells that immediately divide after closure and a second type of cell forms; the neuroblast.
232:
Development of an organism happens through fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, organogenesis, and metamorphosis into an adult. Each species of
376:
cells become the internal linings of organisms, such as the stomach, colon, small intestine, liver, and pancreas of the digestive system and the lungs. The
323:
have all the same structures in this stage, yet the orientation of these features differs, plus these species have additional types of cells in this stage.
487:
and skeletal muscle later on. Also during this stage, the neural crest cells become the spinal ganglions, which function as the brain in organisms like
224:. Tinbergen was concerned that the elimination of environmental factors is difficult to establish, and the use of the word innate is often misleading.
615:
The process of an organism's body undergoing structural and physical changes after birth or hatching to become suitable for its adult environment is
475:
cells differentiate to become components of most of the peripheral nervous system in animals. Next, the notochord degenerates to become only the
2162:
1247:
1265:
841:
355:; the endoderm (inner layer), mesoderm (middle layer), and ectoderm (outer layer). As seen in the figure below, each germ layer will become
339:
After blastulation, the single-layered blastula expands and reorganizes into multiple layers, a gastrula (seen in the figure to the right).
650:, adulthood is thought to be around 20 or 21 years old and is the longest stage of life, but in all species it ends with death. In
188:, a German zoologist and evolutionist in the 1860s. Haeckel, born in Germany on February 16, 1834, was also a strong supporter of
682:
don't have mouthparts and don't feed, so they have to consume enough food during the larval stage for energy to survive and mate.
2834:
544:
200:
reversed
Haeckel's relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny, stating that ontogeny creates phylogeny, not recapitulates it.
1159:
1108:
1179:
192:. Haeckel suggested that ontogeny briefly and sometimes incompletely recapitulated or repeated phylogeny in his 1866 book,
138:
574:. Caterpillars keep growing and feeding in order for enough energy during the pupal stage, when necessary body parts for
2799:
2155:
627:, and eye pigments, in addition to their nervous, digestive, and reproductive systems being remodeled. In all species,
2644:
2372:
2311:
1697:
805:
87:
2344:
1396:"Blastulation | Cleavage and Early Development | Principles of Development | Continuity and Evolution of Animal Life"
1223:
2068:; Else, P. L. (1987). "Seasonal, sexual, and individual variation in endurance and activity metabolism in lizards".
1820:
2601:
2387:
2382:
646:
is the stage of when physical and intellectual maturity have been achieved and this differs between species. In
2132:
2875:
2148:
2120:
1845:
1622:
2778:
2629:
208:
1001:
Thiery, Jean Paul (1 December 2003). "Epithelial–mesenchymal transitions in development and pathologies".
533:
of the spinal cord. Secondary neurulation is seen in the neural tube of the lumbar and tail vertebrae of
215:
three others: causation, survival value and evolution. Tinbergen emphasized that the change of behavioral
2596:
734:), in which the offspring are often viewed as miniature adults, show a variety of ontogenetic changes in
647:
142:
105:
are closely related studies and those terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Aspects of ontogeny are
2845:
2788:
2654:
2486:
1251:
795:
303:
After the zygote has become an embryo, it continues dividing into a hollow sphere of cells, which is a
2481:
2214:
2187:
785:
394:
74:
to adult. The term can also be used to refer to the study of the entirety of an organism's lifespan.
2042:
516:
central canal of the neural tube. Secondary neurulation occurs in the small region starting at the
2202:
1672:
1395:
811:
360:
134:
110:
1125:
408:
381:(e.g., bilateral organisms like humans) from lower-life forms (with radial symmetry). Lastly, the
359:
that can become a specific tissue depending on the germ layer and is what happens in humans. This
2722:
2659:
2634:
2517:
2437:
1547:
1290:
2707:
2606:
2591:
2560:
2461:
2291:
2286:
2037:
2022:"Ontogenetic and individual variation in size, shape and speed in the Australian agamid lizard
433:
branch off to develop more specific features for the organism such as hooves, a tail, or ears.
390:
77:
Ontogeny is the developmental history of an organism within its own lifetime, as distinct from
2818:
2712:
2639:
2538:
2476:
2471:
2402:
2337:
2171:
766:
751:
711:
122:
102:
91:
19:
This article concerns ontogeny in biology. Not to be confused with the philosophical concept
1722:
2727:
2570:
2565:
2447:
2442:
2429:
2226:
2065:
2017:
1873:"Ionizing radiation-induced DNA injury and damage detection in patients with breast cancer"
831:
735:
246:
8:
2823:
2197:
480:
476:
41:
1953:
121:
within an organism. Ontogeny is a useful field of study in many disciplines, including
2512:
2260:
2251:
2093:
2051:
1999:
1905:
1872:
1241:
1198:
942:
821:
204:
960:
2773:
2553:
2548:
2457:
2085:
1910:
1892:
1451:
1443:
1327:
1229:
1219:
1155:
1104:
1071:
1035:
Toren, Christina. "Comparison and ontogeny." Anthropology, by comparison (2002): 187.
1018:
984:
946:
922:
857:
667:
655:
283:
66:(both physical and psychological, e.g., moral development), usually from the time of
2757:
2097:
2081:
1723:"Juvenile Stage | Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA)"
2783:
2752:
2747:
2702:
2330:
2209:
2077:
2047:
1991:
1900:
1884:
1750:
1494:"germ layer | Definition, Primary Layers, & Embryonic Development | Britannica"
1433:
1194:
1010:
934:
675:
632:
2070:
American
Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
1888:
1597:
149:
as "the process through which each of us embodies the history of our own making".
2793:
2697:
2507:
1438:
1421:
659:
197:
1598:"spinal nerve | Definition, Function, Diagram, Number, & Facts | Britannica"
1493:
2859:
2322:
2271:
2255:
2247:
1794:
1524:
1319:
1175:
663:
1776:
1572:
1475:
1370:
1352:
1014:
94:), individual organisms develop (ontogeny), while species evolve (phylogeny).
2869:
2761:
2675:
2543:
2377:
2354:
2241:
2192:
1928:
1896:
1447:
887:
852:
826:
790:
780:
756:
715:
616:
575:
559:
212:
185:
162:
106:
67:
1233:
1218:. Lynne D. Houck, Lee C. Drickamer, Animal Behavior Society. Chicago. 1996.
548:
Acraea zetes caterpillar to pupae to butterfly metamorphosis by Nick
Hobgood
541:
and in both instances, this process is like a continuation of gastrulation.
278:
Not long after successful fertilization by sperm, the zygote undergoes many
2586:
2407:
2397:
1914:
1871:
Borrego-Soto, Gissela; Ortiz-LĂłpez, RocĂo; Rojas-MartĂnez, Augusto (2015).
1647:
1455:
1331:
1045:
1022:
867:
862:
816:
719:
530:
356:
304:
146:
126:
114:
2089:
1266:"Animal Life Cycles - Growth and Development of Organisms - Diagram (K-2)"
562:
into an adult. A well known example of a larval form of an animal is the
2522:
2502:
2264:
1213:
1126:"Ernst Haeckel's Biogenetic Law (1866) | The Embryo Project Encyclopedia"
991:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
882:
877:
604:
563:
526:
458:
454:
47:
2140:
2127:
1978:
Pough, F. H. (1978). "Ontogenetic changes in endurance in water snakes (
2766:
2466:
2419:
2298:
2221:
2003:
902:
872:
836:
775:
739:
690:
671:
624:
522:
450:
352:
118:
109:, the development of form and shape of an organism; tissue growth; and
98:
28:
1215:
Foundations of animal behavior : classic papers with commentaries
938:
925:(27 September 2018). "The Normative Turn in Early Moral Development".
436:
2717:
2685:
2452:
2358:
1870:
847:
800:
770:
703:
620:
567:
496:
492:
488:
471:
386:
189:
82:
78:
36:
1995:
1046:"ontogeny | Etymology, origin and meaning of ontogeny by etymonline"
2854:
2680:
2649:
761:
628:
517:
382:
377:
373:
308:
254:
130:
63:
24:
20:
351:
are triploblastic organisms, meaning the gastrula comprises three
290:
2412:
2281:
731:
723:
600:
538:
340:
316:
279:
267:
168:
meaning a being, individual; and existence, and from the suffix
2392:
2182:
2115:
2021:
727:
584:
504:
484:
425:
421:
348:
262:
258:
233:
400:
2231:
897:
892:
707:
643:
580:
529:, which then gives rise to a marginal layer that becomes the
429:
320:
250:
2690:
2236:
679:
596:
592:
571:
534:
500:
344:
326:
312:
71:
1982:): Physiological correlates and ecological consequences".
1422:"Gastrulation Movements: the Logic and the Nuts and Bolts"
1291:"fertilization | Steps, Process, & Facts | Britannica"
666:, etc.) physically mature faster than large breeds (e.g.,
389:
and hair while being the precursor to the mammary glands,
1777:"Metamorphosis: The Hormonal Reactivation of Development"
651:
588:
417:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1476:"The Circle of Life: The Stages of Animal Development"
1154:(2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates, Inc. p. 357.
2843:
1648:"larva | Definition, Forms, & Facts | Britannica"
1535:
525:
cells form the mantle layer, which later becomes the
1029:
694:
cellular stress and also is the state of being old.
483:and the mesoderm cells differentiate to become the
176:, meaning genesis, origin, and mode of production.
1548:"Neurulation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1353:"An Introduction to Early Developmental Processes"
1072:"Ernst Haeckel | German embryologist | Britannica"
404:Germ layers and what tissues they become in humans
1698:"Juvenility - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1469:
1467:
1465:
2867:
2352:
1929:"Senescence - Latest research and news | Nature"
416:The figure above shows how the development of a
1518:
1516:
1514:
1326:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
844:(ecological evolutionary developmental biology)
1462:
1174:
1094:
1092:
718:. Even reptiles (non-avian sauropsids, e.g.,
2338:
2156:
1745:
1743:
623:tadpoles have a maturation of liver enzymes,
552:
1852:. National Cancer Institute. 2 February 2011
1511:
1317:
1313:
1311:
385:is the outer layer of cells that become the
294:Process of zygote to gastrula in development
282:, which are also non-sexual cell divisions.
2064:
1318:Muhr, Jeremy; Ackerman, Kristin M. (2022),
1149:
1103:(2nd ed.). Sinauer. pp. 170–171.
1098:
1089:
62:) is the origination and development of an
2345:
2331:
2163:
2149:
1740:
1246:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
113:. The term ontogeny has also been used in
16:Origination and development of an organism
2170:
2041:
1904:
1437:
1308:
1168:
921:
1069:
697:
543:
510:
435:
407:
399:
325:
289:
46:
35:
2016:
1774:
1522:
1473:
1350:
1150:Gilbert, Scott F.; Epel, David (2015).
1099:Gilbert, Scott F.; Epel, David (2015).
908:
769:, the idea that ontogeny recapitulates
227:
117:to describe the development of various
2868:
2835:Index of evolutionary biology articles
1818:
1751:"metamorphosis | biology | Britannica"
1419:
1123:
1000:
464:
2326:
2144:
1977:
1070:Robinson, Gloria (12 February 2022).
261:. The fusion of egg and sperm into a
257:and they fuse together, kickstarting
1573:"ganglion | physiology | Britannica"
808:(evolutionary developmental biology)
194:Generelle Morphologie der Organismen
139:developmental cognitive neuroscience
495:. In more advanced organisms like
13:
2645:Evolutionary developmental biology
2312:Evolutionary developmental biology
2052:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04941.x
1781:Developmental Biology. 6th Edition
1529:Developmental Biology. 6th Edition
1480:Developmental Biology. 6th Edition
1357:Developmental Biology. 6th Edition
1199:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1963.tb01161.x
330:Blastula to gastrula more detailed
88:evolutionary developmental biology
14:
2887:
2108:
1371:"blastula | biology | Britannica"
1180:"On aims and methods of ethology"
961:"ontogeny | biology | Britannica"
2853:
2602:Evolution of sexual reproduction
2126:
2114:
1850:NCI's Dictionary of Cancer Terms
1152:Ecological Developmental Biology
1101:Ecological Developmental Biology
610:
603:marks the end of this stage and
459:primary or secondary neurulation
366:
240:
184:The term ontogeny was coined by
2082:10.1152/ajpregu.1987.252.3.r439
2058:
2010:
1971:
1946:
1921:
1864:
1838:
1821:"How Long Does Puppyhood Last?"
1819:Reisen, Jan (22 October 2021).
1812:
1787:
1768:
1715:
1690:
1665:
1640:
1615:
1590:
1565:
1486:
1413:
1388:
1363:
1344:
1283:
1258:
1206:
1187:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Tierpsychologie
1143:
1003:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
334:
298:
2373:Genotype–phenotype distinction
1877:Genetics and Molecular Biology
1525:"Formation of the Neural Tube"
1420:Leptin, Maria (1 March 2005).
1117:
1063:
1038:
994:
978:
953:
915:
444:
412:Ernst Haeckel, Anthropogenie.
1:
2630:Regulation of gene expression
2131:The dictionary definition of
1889:10.1590/S1415-475738420150019
685:
207:named ontogeny as one of the
2800:Endless Forms Most Beautiful
2580:Evolution of genetic systems
2388:Gene–environment correlation
2383:Gene–environment interaction
1439:10.1016/j.devcel.2005.02.007
638:
440:Primary neurulation detailed
152:
7:
2779:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
745:
273:
143:developmental psychobiology
10:
2892:
2655:Hedgehog signaling pathway
2532:Developmental architecture
1954:"Definition of SENESCENCE"
1775:Gilbert, Scott F. (2000).
1523:Gilbert, Scott F. (2000).
1474:Gilbert, Scott F. (2000).
1351:Gilbert, Scott F. (2000).
1320:"Embryology, Gastrulation"
796:Phylogeny (psychoanalysis)
553:Larval and juvenile phases
395:peripheral nervous systems
245:In humans, the process of
179:
18:
2832:
2811:
2740:
2668:
2622:
2615:
2579:
2531:
2495:
2482:Transgressive segregation
2428:
2365:
2307:
2178:
1124:Barnes, M. (3 May 2014).
1015:10.1016/j.ceb.2003.10.006
786:Ontogeny (psychoanalysis)
714:, while others engage in
457:is formed through either
1795:"adulthood | Britannica"
812:Cellular differentiation
599:, and more. In humans,
203:A seminal 1963 paper by
135:developmental psychology
111:cellular differentiation
2660:Notch signaling pathway
2635:Gene regulatory network
2518:Dual inheritance theory
1958:www.merriam-webster.com
1270:www.exploringnature.org
1076:Encyclopedia Britannica
702:Most organisms undergo
357:multi-potent stem cells
211:of biology, along with
145:. Ontogeny is used in
51:Parts of a human embryo
23:, or the medical terms
2708:cis-regulatory element
2616:Control of development
2496:Non-genetic influences
2462:evolutionary landscape
2246:Indirect development:
1727:carta.anthropogeny.org
1673:"Butterfly Life Cycle"
989:Ontogeny and Phylogeny
654:, small breeds (e.g.,
549:
441:
413:
405:
391:central nervous system
331:
295:
209:four primary questions
81:, which refers to the
52:
44:
40:The initial stages of
2876:Developmental biology
2819:Nature versus nurture
2723:Cell surface receptor
2640:Evo-devo gene toolkit
2539:Developmental biology
2477:Polygenic inheritance
2403:Quantitative genetics
2172:Developmental biology
2024:Amphibolurus nuchalis
1702:www.sciencedirect.com
1552:www.sciencedirect.com
1250:) CS1 maint: others (
767:Recapitulation theory
752:Developmental biology
698:Ontogenetic allometry
547:
511:Secondary Neurulation
439:
411:
403:
329:
293:
259:embryonic development
123:developmental biology
103:developmental biology
92:recapitulation theory
50:
39:
2728:Transcription factor
2443:Genetic assimilation
2430:Genetic architecture
2123:at Wikimedia Commons
1825:American Kennel Club
1627:medcell.med.yale.edu
909:Notes and references
481:intervertebral discs
228:Developmental stages
2824:Morphogenetic field
2741:Influential figures
465:Primary Neurulation
42:human embryogenesis
2513:Genomic imprinting
2261:Direct development
2252:Hypermetamorphosis
2030:Journal of Zoology
1799:www.britannica.com
1755:www.britannica.com
1652:www.britannica.com
1602:www.britannica.com
1577:www.britannica.com
1498:www.britannica.com
1426:Developmental Cell
1375:www.britannica.com
1295:www.britannica.com
1050:www.etymonline.com
965:www.britannica.com
923:Tomasello, Michael
822:Nikolaas Tinbergen
550:
442:
414:
406:
332:
296:
205:Nikolaas Tinbergen
53:
45:
2841:
2840:
2774:Eric F. Wieschaus
2736:
2735:
2554:Pattern formation
2458:Fitness landscape
2320:
2319:
2119:Media related to
1623:"Ependymal Cells"
1400:biocyclopedia.com
1161:978-1-60535-344-9
1110:978-1-60535-344-9
939:10.1159/000492802
927:Human Development
710:as they grow and
656:Yorkshire Terrier
633:juvenile hormones
280:mitotic divisions
247:fetal development
2883:
2858:
2857:
2849:
2784:William McGinnis
2753:Richard Lewontin
2748:C. H. Waddington
2620:
2619:
2597:Neutral networks
2347:
2340:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2130:
2118:
2102:
2101:
2076:(3): R439–R449.
2062:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1544:
1533:
1532:
1520:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1471:
1460:
1459:
1441:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1245:
1237:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1184:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1026:
998:
992:
982:
976:
975:
973:
971:
957:
951:
950:
933:(4–5): 248–263.
919:
676:Golden Retriever
619:. For example,
477:nucleus pulposus
172:from the Greek -
2891:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2852:
2844:
2842:
2837:
2828:
2807:
2794:Sean B. Carroll
2732:
2664:
2611:
2575:
2527:
2508:Maternal effect
2491:
2424:
2361:
2351:
2321:
2316:
2303:
2272:Model organisms
2174:
2169:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2066:Garland, T. Jr.
2063:
2059:
2043:10.1.1.211.1730
2018:Garland, T. Jr.
2015:
2011:
1996:10.2307/1443823
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1536:
1521:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1472:
1463:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1349:
1345:
1336:
1334:
1316:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1239:
1238:
1226:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1182:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1097:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
999:
995:
983:
979:
969:
967:
959:
958:
954:
920:
916:
911:
748:
700:
688:
641:
613:
555:
518:spinal tail bud
513:
467:
447:
369:
361:differentiation
337:
301:
276:
243:
230:
213:Julian Huxley's
198:Walter Garstang
182:
161:comes from the
155:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2889:
2879:
2878:
2863:
2862:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2758:François Jacob
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2487:Sequence space
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2258:
2256:hemimetabolism
2248:holometabolism
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2124:
2110:
2109:External links
2107:
2104:
2103:
2057:
2036:(3): 425–439.
2009:
1980:Natrix sipedon
1970:
1945:
1933:www.nature.com
1920:
1883:(4): 420–432.
1863:
1837:
1811:
1786:
1767:
1739:
1714:
1689:
1664:
1639:
1614:
1589:
1564:
1534:
1510:
1485:
1461:
1432:(3): 305–320.
1412:
1387:
1362:
1343:
1307:
1282:
1257:
1224:
1205:
1193:(4): 410–433.
1176:Niko Tinbergen
1167:
1160:
1142:
1130:embryo.asu.edu
1116:
1109:
1088:
1062:
1037:
1028:
1009:(6): 740–746.
993:
977:
952:
913:
912:
910:
907:
906:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
764:
759:
754:
747:
744:
699:
696:
687:
684:
664:Cocker Spaniel
640:
637:
612:
609:
560:metamorphosing
554:
551:
512:
509:
466:
463:
449:In developing
446:
443:
368:
365:
336:
333:
300:
297:
275:
272:
253:fertilizes an
242:
239:
229:
226:
181:
178:
154:
151:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2888:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:Jacques Monod
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2676:Homeotic gene
2674:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:Morphogenesis
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2378:Reaction norm
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2242:Metamorphosis
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2193:Embryogenesis
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2137:at Wiktionary
2136:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2121:Morphogenesis
2117:
2113:
2112:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1225:0-226-35456-3
1221:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1203:See page 411.
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
990:
986:
981:
966:
962:
956:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
918:
914:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
888:Metamorphosis
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
853:Fertilization
851:
849:
846:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
827:Metamorphosis
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
791:Phylogenetics
789:
787:
784:
782:
781:Organogenesis
779:
777:
774:
772:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
757:Ernst Haeckel
755:
753:
750:
749:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:metamorphosis
713:
709:
705:
695:
692:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:Saint Bernard
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:metamorphosis
611:Metamorphosis
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
576:metamorphosis
573:
569:
565:
561:
546:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
462:
460:
456:
453:offspring, a
452:
438:
434:
431:
427:
423:
419:
410:
402:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
375:
372:inside. The
367:Organogenesis
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
328:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
292:
288:
285:
281:
271:
269:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:starts after
248:
241:Fertilization
238:
235:
225:
223:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:Ernst Haeckel
177:
175:
171:
167:
164:
160:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:morphogenesis
104:
100:
95:
93:
89:
84:
80:
75:
73:
69:
68:fertilization
65:
61:
57:
49:
43:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2798:
2691:eyeless gene
2587:Evolvability
2561:Segmentation
2438:Canalisation
2408:Heterochrony
2398:Heritability
2366:Key concepts
2287:Regeneration
2276:
2203:
2133:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2012:
1990:(1): 69–75.
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1961:. Retrieved
1957:
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1932:
1923:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1854:. Retrieved
1849:
1846:"senescence"
1840:
1828:. Retrieved
1824:
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1798:
1789:
1780:
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1754:
1730:. Retrieved
1726:
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1701:
1692:
1680:. Retrieved
1676:
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1651:
1642:
1630:. Retrieved
1626:
1617:
1605:. Retrieved
1601:
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1576:
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:
1528:
1501:. Retrieved
1497:
1488:
1479:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1399:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1374:
1365:
1356:
1346:
1335:, retrieved
1323:
1298:. Retrieved
1294:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:
1260:
1214:
1208:
1190:
1186:
1170:
1151:
1145:
1133:. Retrieved
1129:
1119:
1100:
1079:. Retrieved
1075:
1065:
1053:. Retrieved
1049:
1040:
1031:
1006:
1002:
996:
988:
980:
968:. Retrieved
964:
955:
930:
926:
917:
868:Gastrulation
863:Blastulation
842:Eco-evo-devo
817:Cell biology
720:crocodilians
701:
689:
642:
614:
556:
531:white matter
514:
468:
448:
415:
370:
338:
335:Gastrulation
302:
299:Blastulation
277:
244:
231:
221:
216:
202:
193:
183:
173:
169:
165:
158:
156:
147:anthropology
127:cell biology
115:cell biology
96:
83:evolutionary
76:
59:
55:
54:
33:
2789:Mike Levine
2698:Distal-less
2523:Polyphenism
2503:Epigenetics
2355:development
2265:ametabolism
2188:Compartment
985:Gould, S.J.
970:18 February
883:Spinal cord
878:Neurulation
873:Germ layers
706:changes in
605:adolescence
568:butterflies
564:caterpillar
527:gray matter
455:neural tube
445:Neurulation
353:germ layers
222:elimination
60:ontogenesis
2767:Lac operon
2592:Robustness
2571:Modularity
2566:Metamerism
2472:Plasticity
2467:Pleiotropy
2420:Heterotopy
2299:Teratology
2227:Metamerism
2222:Embryology
2204:Drosophila
1324:StatPearls
903:Senescence
837:Physiology
832:Morphology
776:Embryology
740:physiology
736:morphology
704:allometric
691:Senescence
686:Senescence
672:Great Dane
625:hemoglobin
523:Neuroblast
497:amphibians
493:arthropods
489:earthworms
451:vertebrate
393:, and the
119:cell types
99:embryology
97:Ontogeny,
29:odontology
2718:Morphogen
2703:Engrailed
2686:Pax genes
2607:Tinkering
2453:Epistasis
2448:Dominance
2359:phenotype
2038:CiteSeerX
1897:1415-4757
1448:1534-5807
1242:cite book
947:149612818
898:Adulthood
848:Darwinism
801:Apoptosis
771:phylogeny
660:Chihuahua
644:Adulthood
639:Adulthood
621:amphibian
581:wild dogs
472:notochord
387:epidermis
309:sea stars
217:machinery
190:Darwinism
157:The word
153:Etymology
79:phylogeny
2870:Category
2681:Hox gene
2669:Elements
2650:Homeobox
2277:Ontogeny
2215:polarity
2134:ontogeny
2098:15804764
2020:(1985).
1963:28 April
1938:28 April
1915:26692152
1856:28 April
1830:28 April
1804:28 April
1760:26 April
1732:25 April
1707:25 April
1682:26 April
1677:ansp.org
1657:25 April
1632:10 April
1456:15737927
1332:32119281
1234:34321442
1178:(1963).
1023:14644200
987:(1977).
858:Cleavage
806:Evo-devo
762:Genetics
746:See also
383:ectoderm
378:mesoderm
374:endoderm
341:Reptiles
305:blastula
284:Cleavage
274:Cleavage
159:ontogeny
131:genetics
64:organism
56:Ontogeny
25:oncology
21:ontology
2860:Biology
2812:Debates
2623:Systems
2549:Eyespot
2413:Neoteny
2282:Puberty
2090:3826408
2004:1443823
1906:4763322
1607:9 April
1582:9 April
1557:9 April
1503:8 April
1405:8 April
1380:8 April
1337:8 April
1300:8 April
1275:9 April
1135:7 April
1081:9 March
1055:5 March
732:lizards
724:turtles
629:molting
601:puberty
585:monkeys
505:mammals
485:somites
479:of the
349:mammals
268:species
180:History
70:of the
2846:Portal
2713:Ligand
2393:Operon
2183:Ageing
2096:
2088:
2040:
2002:
1984:Copeia
1913:
1903:
1895:
1454:
1446:
1330:
1232:
1222:
1158:
1107:
1021:
945:
730:, and
728:snakes
712:mature
648:humans
597:wolves
539:chicks
428:, and
426:rabbit
319:, and
317:chicks
263:zygote
234:animal
174:geniea
141:, and
58:(also
2292:Human
2232:Larva
2198:Human
2094:S2CID
2000:JSTOR
1183:(PDF)
943:S2CID
893:Larva
708:shape
680:moths
593:lions
572:moths
535:frogs
501:birds
430:human
345:birds
313:frogs
251:sperm
170:-geny
163:Greek
2353:The
2237:Pupa
2210:Fish
2086:PMID
1988:1978
1965:2022
1940:2022
1911:PMID
1893:ISSN
1858:2022
1832:2022
1806:2022
1762:2022
1734:2022
1709:2022
1684:2022
1659:2022
1634:2022
1609:2022
1584:2022
1559:2022
1505:2022
1452:PMID
1444:ISSN
1407:2022
1382:2022
1339:2022
1328:PMID
1302:2022
1277:2022
1252:link
1248:link
1230:OCLC
1220:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1137:2022
1105:ISBN
1083:2022
1057:2022
1019:PMID
972:2022
738:and
652:dogs
631:and
589:apes
570:and
537:and
503:and
491:and
347:and
321:mice
101:and
90:and
2357:of
2254:),
2078:doi
2074:252
2048:doi
2034:207
1992:doi
1901:PMC
1885:doi
1434:doi
1195:doi
1011:doi
935:doi
566:of
422:cow
418:pig
255:egg
72:egg
27:or
2872::
2760:+
2263::
2092:.
2084:.
2072:.
2046:.
2032:.
2028:.
1998:.
1986:.
1956:.
1931:.
1909:.
1899:.
1891:.
1881:38
1879:.
1875:.
1848:.
1823:.
1797:.
1779:.
1753:.
1742:^
1725:.
1700:.
1675:.
1650:.
1625:.
1600:.
1575:.
1550:.
1537:^
1527:.
1513:^
1496:.
1478:.
1464:^
1450:.
1442:.
1428:.
1424:.
1398:.
1373:.
1355:.
1322:,
1310:^
1293:.
1268:.
1244:}}
1240:{{
1228:.
1191:20
1189:.
1185:.
1128:.
1091:^
1074:.
1048:.
1017:.
1007:15
1005:.
963:.
941:.
931:61
929:.
742:.
726:,
722:,
674:,
670:,
662:,
658:,
595:,
591:,
587:,
583:,
499:,
424:,
420:,
397:.
343:,
315:,
311:,
166:on
137:,
133:,
129:,
125:,
2848::
2460:/
2346:e
2339:t
2332:v
2250:(
2164:e
2157:t
2150:v
2100:.
2080::
2054:.
2050::
2026:"
2006:.
1994::
1967:.
1942:.
1917:.
1887::
1860:.
1834:.
1808:.
1783:.
1764:.
1736:.
1711:.
1686:.
1661:.
1636:.
1611:.
1586:.
1561:.
1531:.
1507:.
1482:.
1458:.
1436::
1430:8
1409:.
1384:.
1359:.
1304:.
1279:.
1254:)
1236:.
1201:.
1197::
1164:.
1139:.
1113:.
1085:.
1059:.
1025:.
1013::
974:.
949:.
937::
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
