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author of "The Origin of
Species" an immense debt of gratitude.... And viewed as a whole, we do not believe that, since the publication of Von Baer's "Researches on Development," thirty years ago, any work has appeared calculated to exert so large an influence, not only on the future of Biology, but in extending the domination of Science over regions of thought into which she has, as yet, hardly penetrated.
590:
used the term "Darwinism" in a different sense from the above examples. Describing himself as non-religious and as accepting the concept of natural selection as a well-established fact, Stove nonetheless attacked what he described as flawed concepts proposed by some "Ultra-Darwinists". Stove alleged
311:
What if the orbit of
Darwinism should be a little too circular? What if species should offer residual phenomena, here and there, not explicable by natural selection? Twenty years hence naturalists may be in a position to say whether this is, or is not, the case; but in either event they will owe the
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496:
says "The term is a curious throwback, because in modern biology almost no one relies solely on Darwin's original ideas ... Yet the choice of terminology isn't random: Ben Stein wants you to stop thinking of evolution as an actual science supported by verifiable facts and logical arguments and to
408:
dubbed this view as "Wallaceism", noting that in contrast to Darwin, this position was advocating a "pure theory of natural selection to the exclusion of any supplementary theory." Taking influence from Darwin, Romanes was a proponent of both natural selection and the
373:
In Darwin's day there was no rigid definition of the term "Darwinism", and it was used by opponents and proponents of Darwin's biological theory alike to mean whatever they wanted it to in a larger context. The ideas had international influence, and
2745:
259:
362:, was that "Darwinism" implied that because natural selection was apparently no longer working on "civilized" people, it was possible for "inferior" strains of people (who would normally be filtered out of the
386:
went on a lecture tour across the United States, starting in New York and going via Boston, Washington, Kansas, Iowa and
Nebraska to California, lecturing on what he called "Darwinism" without any problems.
338:"Darwinism" soon came to stand for an entire range of evolutionary (and often revolutionary) philosophies about both biology and society. One of the more prominent approaches, summed in the 1864 phrase "
413:. The latter was denied by Wallace who was a strict selectionist. Romanes' definition of Darwinism conformed directly with Darwin's views and was contrasted with Wallace's definition of the term.
154:. Many of the proponents of Darwinism at that time, including Huxley, had reservations about the significance of natural selection, and Darwin himself gave credence to what was later called
2885:
1311:
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and therefore
Darwinian; that things, aspects of people and landscapes considered beautiful are typically found in situations likely to give enhanced survival of the perceiving human's
382:
in
Germany, although, like Spencer's "evolution", Haeckel's "Darwinism" had only a rough resemblance to the theory of Charles Darwin, and was not centred on natural selection. In 1886,
131:, that are distinct to biological evolution, and therefore consider it to be the belief and acceptance of Darwin's and of his predecessors' work, in place of other concepts, including
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who combined
Christian faith with support for Darwin's natural selection theory, before answering the question posed in the book's title by concluding: "It is Atheism."
1490:"This paper was originally delivered as a lecture at a symposium at Hillsdale College, in November 1992. Papers from the Symposium were published in the collection
342:" by Herbert Spencer, later became emblematic of Darwinism even though Spencer's own understanding of evolution (as expressed in 1857) was more similar to that of
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has remained in use amongst the public when referring to modern evolutionary theory, it has increasingly been argued by science writers such as
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1522:
Paper for CH506: American Church
History, Dr. Nathan Feldmeth, Winter Quarter 1997, "written while a student in the School of World Mission at
1325:
520:
also is used neutrally by historians to differentiate his theory from other evolutionary theories current around the same period. For example,
597:
reasoning, these Ultra-Darwinists used evolutionary concepts to offer explanations that were not valid: for example, Stove suggested that the
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354:" was, in its day, synonymous with "Darwinism"—the application of Darwinian principles of "struggle" to society, usually in support of anti-
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1831:
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as an evolutionary feature was presented in such a way that the argument was effectively immune to any criticism. English philosopher
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in April 1860. It was used to describe evolutionary concepts in general, including earlier concepts published by
English philosopher
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and doubting if it could be proved that natural selection could form new species, Huxley compared Darwin's achievement to that of
524:
may refer to Darwin's proposed mechanism of natural selection, in comparison to more recent mechanisms such as genetic drift and
410:
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2789:
2704:
1594:
2685:
2258:(Summer 2015 ed.). Stanford, CA: The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI),
2099:
868:
166:
gained few supporters in the late 19th century. During the approximate period of the 1880s to about 1920, sometimes called "
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that it is an inappropriate term for modern evolutionary theory. For example, Darwin was unfamiliar with the work of the
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2443:
1427:
1407:
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116:
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suggested that
Blackburn's response actually "confirms Stove's central thesis that Darwinism can 'explain' anything."
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2009:
1963:
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to imply that the theory has been held as true only by Darwin and a core group of his followers, whom they cast as
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Huxley, upon first reading Darwin's theory in 1858, responded, "How extremely stupid not to have thought of that!"
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693:
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175:
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1955:
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366:) to overwhelm the "superior" strains, and voluntary corrective measures would be desirable—the foundation of
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1383:"Darwin and After Darwin: An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions"
899:
540:
509:
2610:
2405:
2385:
2200:
Darwin and After Darwin: An
Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions
1780:
610:
1909:
1347:
299:, and praising the usefulness of Darwin's ideas while expressing professional reservations about Darwin's
223:. He naturally had no inkling of later theoretical developments and, like Mendel himself, knew nothing of
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2756:
2741:
2662:
2584:
2281:
2214:
2198:
2176:
1523:
1382:
733:
559:, the term often retains its positive sense as a reference to natural selection, and for example British
430:
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1868:
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in the late 18th century, the term as understood today was introduced when Charles Darwin's 1859 book
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described the term as being "a rhetorical device to make evolution seem like a kind of faith, like '
36:
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91:
86:
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of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and
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and cooperative human society in accordance with the sociobiological explanation of altruism.
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578:
528:. It may also refer specifically to the role of Charles Darwin as opposed to others in the
493:
51:
2216:
Darwinism: An Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection, with Some of Its Applications
1349:
Darwinism: An Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection, with Some of Its Applications
19:
This article is about concepts called Darwinism. For biological evolution in general, see
8:
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However, unlike Johnson, Hodge confined the term to exclude those like American botanist
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179:
143:
96:
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1083:
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political agenda. Another interpretation, one notably favoured by Darwin's half-cousin
128:
433:, as an epithet to attack evolution as though it were an ideology (an "ism") based on
326:
Those individuals with heritable traits better suited to the environment will survive.
3480:
3465:
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3324:
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3025:
2345:
2153:
2145:
2135:
2113:
2105:
2095:
2053:
2045:
2023:
2015:
2005:
1977:
1969:
1959:
1880:
1827:
1807:
1766:
1746:
1659:
1649:
1598:
1423:
1403:
1366:
1171:
1144:
1136:
1088:
1044:
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842:
661:
617:
401:
74:
55:
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2134:. Avebury Series in Philosophy. Aldershot, Hants, England; Brookfield, VT: Avebury.
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3404:
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3354:
3030:
3020:
2736:
2561:
1872:
1799:
1738:
1506:"Charles Hodge and His Objection to Darwinism: The Exclusion of Intelligent Design"
1257:
1128:
1113:
Sclater, Andrew (June 2006). "The extent of Charles Darwin's knowledge of Mendel".
1002:
832:
791:
709:
698:
392:
351:
316:
These are the basic tenets of evolution by natural selection as defined by Darwin:
112:
111:
Darwinism subsequently referred to the specific concepts of natural selection, the
28:
24:
1994:
1156:
532:—particularly contrasting Darwin's results with those of earlier theories such as
89:
or of evolution which gained general scientific acceptance after Darwin published
3445:
3435:
3364:
2998:
2650:
2551:
2249:
2241:
1943:
1724:
1454:, "Creation Science Lite: 'Intelligent Design' as the New Anti-Evolutionism", p.
1198:
645:
637:
606:
564:
288:
163:
151:
2273:
95:
in 1859, including concepts which predated Darwin's theories. English biologist
3440:
3384:
3339:
3309:
3294:
3289:
2645:
2626:
2245:
2194:
1303:
641:
556:
405:
359:
274:
66:
40:
1876:
1803:
1742:
1249:
1007:
986:
3558:
3490:
3475:
3450:
3389:
3349:
3207:
3197:
3141:
3070:
3065:
2117:
2035:
2027:
2001:
1811:
1750:
1663:
1602:
1140:
1092:
1048:
1030:
1016:
978:
846:
678:
513:
375:
323:
Phenotypic variation exists among individuals and the variation is heritable.
224:
216:
198:
194:
159:
3299:
2157:
2057:
1981:
3515:
3505:
3394:
3379:
3217:
3153:
3060:
1989:
1852:
1848:
1553:
1148:
982:
895:
792:"So You Want to be an Anti-Darwinian: Varieties of Opposition to Darwinism"
621:
598:
544:
355:
210:
78:
1471:
508:
is also used neutrally within the scientific community to distinguish the
3495:
3369:
3222:
2521:
2125:
1074:
609:
wrote a rejoinder to Stove, though a subsequent essay by Stove's protégé
587:
583:
426:
231:
202:
124:
120:
3081:
3520:
3485:
3344:
3334:
3304:
3212:
3052:
2993:
2463:
2189:
The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance
2184:
1819:
1758:
1132:
714:
703:
660:
theory, there is evidence that perceptions of beauty are determined by
533:
300:
235:
155:
136:
1851:(2021) . "A Darwinian Left: Politics, Evolution, and Cooperation". In
1658:. Vol. 146, no. 22. New York: Newsweek LLC. pp. 50–58.
1241:
3189:
3163:
3136:
2968:
2531:
2478:
2473:
1690:
525:
483:
363:
255:
62:
20:
2886:
The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom
3244:
3131:
2963:
2526:
1654:
1494:(Bauman ed. 1993), by Hillsdale College Press, Hillsdale MI 49242."
1316:
602:
560:
458:
367:
296:
220:
219:, and as a result had only a vague and inaccurate understanding of
119:. Though the term usually refers strictly to biological evolution,
3180:
2109:
1973:
2595:
624:, who serves as the Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at
498:
438:
206:
70:
59:
2149:
2049:
2019:
178:
in the early 20th century, incorporating natural selection with
27:. For Wallace's defence of the theory of natural selection, see
951:
What if the orbit of Darwinism should be a little too circular?
778:
What if the orbit of Darwinism should be a little too circular?
728:
593:
552:
497:
start thinking of it as a dogmatic, atheistic ideology akin to
320:
More individuals are produced each generation than can survive.
281:
was reviewed by Thomas Henry Huxley in the April 1860 issue of
230:
In the United States and to some extent in the United Kingdon,
2088:
Scientists Confront Creationism: Intelligent Design and Beyond
1549:"From the Beagle to the School Board: God Goes Back to School"
1440:
Spirited dispute: the secret split between Wallace and Romanes
472:
and inflexible in their belief. In the 2008 documentary film
469:
213:
2910:
The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms
2894:
The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species
573:, published in 2003, that as a scientist he is a Darwinist.
1954:(3rd completely rev. and expanded ed.). Berkeley, CA:
665:
486:
refers to scientists as Darwinists. Reviewing the film for
174:
which eventually proved untenable. The development of the
1857:
Philosophy after Darwin: Classic and Contemporary Readings
894:
Le Fèvre, Olivier; Marinoni, Christian (6 December 2006).
838:
10.1641/0006-3568(2006)056[0151:EACIS]2.0.CO;2
1321:
536:
or later ones such as the modern evolutionary synthesis.
329:
When reproductive isolation occurs new species will form.
632:" based on the contemporary scientific understanding of
2837:
The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication
262:
with the body of an ape or monkey symbolised evolution.
1492:
Man and Creation: Perspectives on Science and Theology
1363:
The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science
706:—Charles Darwin's hypothetical mechanism for heredity
2854:
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
2086:
Petto, Andrew J.; Godfrey, Laurie R., eds. (2007) .
1312:"Evolution and Wonder: Understanding Charles Darwin"
543:, the term is mostly used by its enemies. Biologist
1727:(October 1996). "I Rather Think I Am a Darwinian".
425:is often used in the United States by promoters of
69:(1809–1882) and others. The theory states that all
1993:
1947:
449:made this accusation of atheism with reference to
2862:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
2303:
973:
971:
821:"Evolution and Creationism in Science: 1880–2000"
273:had been used previously to refer to the work of
3556:
893:
887:
644:in order to achieve the establishment of a more
2798:Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands
628:, has proposed the development of a "Darwinian
85:, it originally included the broad concepts of
2878:On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants
2222:Simon, C. (2019). Taking Darwinism seriously.
2044:. New York: Scribner, Armstrong, and Company.
1540:
1205:. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc
1178:. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc
968:
800:. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc
555:Scientists don't call it 'Darwinism'." In the
3097:
2782:The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
2611:
2537:History of the creation-evolution controversy
2289:
2085:
1451:
919:
917:
2814:On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties
1302:
1163:
1079:"Darwinism Must Die So That Darwin May Live"
941:. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy: 541–570
929:"ART. VIII.—Darwin on the Origin of Species"
783:
768:. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy: 541–570
756:"ART. VIII.—Darwin on the Origin of Species"
2975:Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation
1247:
977:
333:
73:of organisms arise and develop through the
3104:
3090:
2618:
2604:
2296:
2282:
1650:"Charles Darwin: Evolution of a Scientist"
1400:Wallace, Darwin, and the Origin of Species
1389:. The Open Court Publishing Company. p. 12
914:
744:
541:political discussions in the United States
3111:
2982:The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection
2567:Relationship between religion and science
1723:
1006:
896:"Do Galaxies Follow Darwinian Evolution?"
836:
819:Bleckmann, Charles A. (1 February 2006).
818:
346:than to that of Darwin, and predated the
287:. Having hailed the book as "a veritable
2806:Geological Observations on South America
1779:
1557:(56). Orlando, FL: Loudmouth Productions
1546:
516:", from those first proposed by Darwin.
400:which proposed a "greater efficacy" for
291:in the armoury of liberalism" promoting
249:
186:, revived Darwinism in an updated form.
35:
23:. For modern evolutionary theories, see
1466:
1293:Comptes Rendus Biologies: 332: 110–118.
1112:
853:
789:
464:Creationists use pejoratively the term
411:inheritance of acquired characteristics
3557:
2931:The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin
2790:Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle
2240:
2071:
1988:
1942:
1920:from the original on February 11, 2014
1847:
1837:from the original on 28 February 2011.
1595:Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group
1575:
1277:
1235:
1223:
1190:
1073:
1029:
962:
923:
750:
3085:
2599:
2277:
2124:
2034:
1712:
1647:
1535:
1445:
1418:Bolles, R. C; Beecher, M. D. (1987).
1317:Speaking of Faith with Krista Tippett
1169:
965:, pp. 179, 222–225, 338–339, 347
869:National Center for Science Education
616:In more recent times, the Australian
416:
258:became widely accepted in the 1870s,
238:term in reference to beliefs such as
123:have appropriated it to refer to the
2207:. The Open Court Publishing Company.
1402:. Harvard University Press. p. 274.
898:(Press release). Marseille, France:
429:, notably by leading members of the
234:often use the term "Darwinism" as a
65:developed by the English naturalist
3203:Alternatives to Darwinian evolution
2918:The Autobiography of Charles Darwin
2255:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1683:
1248:Blinderman, Charles; Joyce, David.
1170:Moran, Laurence (22 January 1993).
956:
172:alternative evolutionary mechanisms
13:
2625:
2444:Central dogma of molecular biology
2166:
1996:Charles Darwin: The Power of Place
1899:The Oxford Handbook for Aesthetics
1624:"Constitutional Rights Foundation"
790:Wilkins, John (21 December 1998).
567:wrote in his collection of essays
396:(1889), Wallace had used the term
117:central dogma of molecular biology
14:
3596:
2234:
1950:Evolution: The History of an Idea
1648:Adler, Jerry (28 November 2005).
1196:
991:Evolution: Education and Outreach
651:
475:Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed
441:, or both. For example, in 1993,
162:of German evolutionary biologist
3179:
2766:Extracts from Letters to Henslow
2580:
2579:
1547:Sullivan, Morris (Spring 2005).
1503:
1346:Wallace, Alfred Russel. (1889).
727:
482:(ID), American writer and actor
307:in explaining planetary motion:
3580:History of evolutionary biology
2989:History of evolutionary thought
2902:The Power of Movement in Plants
2181:. Houghton Mifflin and Company.
1902:
1893:
1841:
1773:
1717:
1706:
1677:
1641:
1616:
1569:
1529:
1497:
1460:
1432:
1412:
1392:
1375:
1355:
1340:
1296:
1283:
1271:
1229:
1217:
1106:
1067:
999:Springer Science+Business Media
861:"...on what evolution explains"
734:Evolutionary biology portal
689:History of evolutionary thought
530:history of evolutionary thought
170:", scientists proposed various
2939:More Letters of Charles Darwin
2469:One gene–one enzyme hypothesis
2205:Volume 2: Heredity and Utility
1956:University of California Press
1910:"A Darwinian theory of beauty"
1387:Volume 2: Heredity and Utility
1381:Romanes, John George. (1906).
1023:
812:
348:publication of Darwin's theory
106:
16:Theory of biological evolution
1:
900:European Southern Observatory
738:
694:Modern evolutionary synthesis
512:, which is sometimes called "
510:modern evolutionary synthesis
350:in 1859. What is now called "
260:caricatures of Charles Darwin
1694:. Norfolk, VA: BN Media, LLC
1291:Haeckel: A German Darwinian?
1035:"Let's Get Rid of Darwinism"
591:that by using weak or false
378:developed what was known as
7:
2191:. Harvard University Press.
2178:Darwinism, and Other Essays
1798:(279). Cambridge: 133–136.
1737:(278). Cambridge: 605–616.
1524:Fuller Theological Seminary
1422:. Psychology Press. p. 45.
1127:/ Springer India: 191–193.
987:"Don't Call it 'Darwinism'"
671:
563:and evolutionary biologist
431:intelligent design movement
10:
3601:
2092:W. W. Norton & Company
1935:
1869:Princeton University Press
1361:Heilbron, John L. (2003).
1125:Indian Academy of Sciences
684:Evidence of common descent
18:
3529:
3423:
3275:
3257:Evolutionary epistemology
3188:
3177:
3119:
2956:
2755:
2633:
2575:
2497:
2429:
2316:
1877:10.1515/9781400831296-039
1804:10.1017/s0031819100056692
1743:10.1017/s0031819100053523
1585:: No Integrity Displayed"
1438:Elsdon-Baker, F. (2008).
1008:10.1007/s12052-008-0111-2
445:law professor and author
245:
2829:Fertilisation of Orchids
2821:On the Origin of Species
2774:The Voyage of the Beagle
2688:On the Origin of Species
2219:. Macmillan and Company.
2081:. Macmillan and Company.
1785:"Stove's Anti-Darwinism"
1526:, Pasadena, California."
1442:. Endeavour 32(2): 75–78
1398:Costa, James T. (2014).
1352:. Macmillan and Company.
435:philosophical naturalism
334:Other 19th-century usage
279:On the Origin of Species
168:the eclipse of Darwinism
137:extraterrestrial origins
92:On the Origin of Species
87:transmutation of species
3277:Philosophers of biology
3009:things named for Darwin
2000:. Vol. 2. London:
1686:"Religion: For Dummies"
1477:Access Research Network
1123:(2). Bangalore, India:
658:evolutionary aesthetics
634:biological anthropology
340:survival of the fittest
2948:List of described taxa
2641:Darwin–Wedgwood family
2489:Spontaneous generation
2439:Germ theory of disease
2416:Zoology (through 1859)
2211:Wallace, Alfred Russel
1865:Woodstock, Oxfordshire
1480:. Colorado Springs, CO
1420:Evolution and Learning
1304:Tippett, Krista (host)
1172:"Random Genetic Drift"
1116:Journal of Biosciences
314:
284:The Westminster Review
263:
240:scientific materialism
44:
3171:Evolutionary taxonomy
3113:Philosophy of biology
2681:Publication of theory
2676:Development of theory
2510:Philosophy of biology
1861:Princeton, New Jersey
384:Alfred Russel Wallace
344:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
309:
293:scientific naturalism
253:
39:
2870:Insectivorous Plants
2717:Insectivorous Plants
2542:Human Genome Project
2454:Great chain of being
2421:Zoology (since 1859)
2356:Evolutionary thought
2326:Agricultural science
2195:Romanes, John George
2131:Darwinian Fairytales
2073:Huxley, Thomas Henry
1871:. pp. 343–349.
1472:"What is Darwinism?"
1199:"What is Darwinism?"
626:Princeton University
579:Darwinian Fairytales
3315:Peter Godfrey-Smith
2742:Portraits of Darwin
2671:Inception of theory
2547:Humboldtian science
2484:Sequence hypothesis
2391:Molecular evolution
2260:Stanford University
1590:Scientific American
1468:Johnson, Phillip E.
1365:. OUP USA. p. 203.
1328:on 18 November 2015
1310:(5 February 2009).
1289:Schmitt S. (2009).
1203:TalkOrigins Archive
1176:TalkOrigins Archive
1077:(9 February 2009).
985:(16 January 2009).
797:TalkOrigins Archive
720:Universal Darwinism
489:Scientific American
305:Nicolaus Copernicus
180:population genetics
144:Thomas Henry Huxley
97:Thomas Henry Huxley
54:used to describe a
3542:History of biology
3537:Philosophy of mind
3511:John Maynard Smith
3431:Francisco J. Ayala
3415:William C. Wimsatt
3410:Gerard Verschuuren
3320:James R. Griesemer
2557:Natural philosophy
2505:History of science
2305:History of biology
2078:Darwiniana: Essays
2041:What is Darwinism?
1512:. Chesterbrook, PA
1470:(31 August 1996).
1280:, pp. 105–106
1250:"Darwin's Bulldog"
1226:, pp. 376–379
1133:10.1007/BF02703910
1084:The New York Times
1055:on 5 November 2017
1040:The New York Times
934:Westminster Review
875:on 25 October 2015
761:Westminster Review
570:A Devil's Chaplain
549:Harvard University
480:intelligent design
455:What Is Darwinism?
447:Phillip E. Johnson
417:Contemporary usage
264:
184:Mendelian genetics
142:English biologist
45:
3550:
3549:
3481:Humberto Maturana
3466:Stephen Jay Gould
3360:Roberta Millstein
3325:Paul E. Griffiths
3079:
3078:
2845:Natural Selection
2593:
2592:
2459:Hierarchy of life
2406:Plant systematics
2386:Molecular biology
2101:978-0-393-33073-1
1256:. Worcester, MA:
979:Scott, Eugenie C.
662:natural selection
618:moral philosopher
576:In his 1995 book
478:, which promotes
402:natural selection
75:natural selection
3592:
3575:Biology theories
3570:1860s neologisms
3501:Joan Roughgarden
3471:Richard Lewontin
3456:Michael Ghiselin
3405:Francisco Varela
3400:Alfred I. Tauber
3355:Jane Maienschein
3183:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3083:
3082:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2583:
2582:
2562:Natural theology
2298:
2291:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2250:Zalta, Edward N.
2224:Animal Sentience
2161:
2121:
2082:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2031:
1999:
1985:
1953:
1944:Bowler, Peter J.
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1789:
1783:(January 1997).
1777:
1771:
1770:
1725:Blackburn, Simon
1721:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1684:Sheahen, Laura.
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1579:(9 April 2008).
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1544:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1464:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1416:
1410:
1396:
1390:
1379:
1373:
1359:
1353:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1324:. Archived from
1300:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1258:Clark University
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1051:. Archived from
1033:(15 July 2008).
1027:
1021:
1020:
1010:
975:
966:
960:
954:
953:
948:
946:
921:
912:
911:
909:
907:
891:
885:
884:
882:
880:
871:. Archived from
865:Expelled Exposed
857:
851:
850:
840:
816:
810:
809:
807:
805:
787:
781:
780:
775:
773:
748:
732:
731:
710:Social Darwinism
699:Neural Darwinism
352:Social Darwinism
176:modern synthesis
146:coined the term
129:cosmic evolution
113:Weismann barrier
103:in April 1860.
99:coined the term
83:Darwinian theory
29:Darwinism (book)
25:Modern synthesis
3600:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3525:
3446:Richard Dawkins
3436:Patrick Bateson
3419:
3365:Sandra Mitchell
3271:
3184:
3175:
3115:
3110:
3080:
3075:
3041:Alternatives to
2999:Darwin Industry
2952:
2751:
2727:Religious views
2651:Josiah Wedgwood
2629:
2624:
2594:
2589:
2571:
2552:Natural history
2493:
2431:
2425:
2381:Model organisms
2318:
2312:
2302:
2264:
2262:
2244:(26 May 2015).
2237:
2169:
2167:Further reading
2164:
2142:
2102:
2062:
2060:
2012:
1966:
1938:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1787:
1781:Franklin, James
1778:
1774:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1628:www.crf-usa.org
1622:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1530:
1515:
1513:
1504:Ropp, Matthew.
1502:
1498:
1483:
1481:
1465:
1461:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1433:
1417:
1413:
1397:
1393:
1380:
1376:
1360:
1356:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1254:The Huxley File
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1168:
1164:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1028:
1024:
997:(1). New York:
976:
969:
961:
957:
944:
942:
937:(Book review).
922:
915:
905:
903:
892:
888:
878:
876:
867:. Oakland, CA:
859:
858:
854:
817:
813:
803:
801:
788:
784:
771:
769:
764:(Book review).
749:
745:
741:
726:
724:
674:
654:
638:human evolution
607:Simon Blackburn
601:explanation of
599:sociobiological
565:Richard Dawkins
419:
336:
269:While the term
248:
227:, for example.
189:While the term
164:August Weismann
152:Herbert Spencer
109:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3598:
3588:
3587:
3585:Charles Darwin
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3461:François Jacob
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3441:Charles Darwin
3438:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3385:Sahotra Sarkar
3382:
3377:
3375:Alex Rosenberg
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3340:Philip Kitcher
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3310:Marjorie Grene
3307:
3302:
3297:
3295:Daniel Dennett
3292:
3290:Lindley Darden
3287:
3281:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2978:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2935:
2925:Correspondence
2922:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2713:
2706:Descent of Man
2702:
2691:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:Voyage on HMS
2660:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2646:Erasmus Darwin
2637:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2627:Charles Darwin
2623:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2236:
2235:External links
2233:
2232:
2231:
2220:
2208:
2192:
2182:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2140:
2122:
2100:
2083:
2069:
2036:Hodge, Charles
2032:
2010:
1986:
1964:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1901:
1892:
1885:
1840:
1772:
1716:
1705:
1676:
1640:
1615:
1568:
1539:
1528:
1496:
1459:
1444:
1431:
1428:978-0898595420
1411:
1408:978-0674729698
1391:
1374:
1371:978-0195112290
1354:
1339:
1320:(Transcript).
1295:
1282:
1270:
1240:
1238:vol. 1, p.189.
1228:
1216:
1189:
1162:
1105:
1066:
1031:Judson, Olivia
1022:
967:
955:
927:(April 1860).
913:
886:
852:
831:(2): 151–158.
811:
782:
754:(April 1860).
742:
740:
737:
723:
722:
717:
712:
707:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
675:
673:
670:
653:
652:Esoteric usage
650:
642:applied ethics
620:and professor
611:James Franklin
557:United Kingdom
418:
415:
406:George Romanes
398:pure-Darwinism
360:Francis Galton
335:
332:
331:
330:
327:
324:
321:
275:Erasmus Darwin
247:
244:
209:scientist and
125:origin of life
108:
105:
81:. Also called
67:Charles Darwin
41:Charles Darwin
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3597:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3553:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3491:Jacques Monod
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3476:Konrad Lorenz
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3451:Jared Diamond
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3390:Elliott Sober
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3350:Helen Longino
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3228:Structuralism
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:Catastrophism
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:Adaptationism
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3142:Kin selection
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3072:
3071:Huxley family
3069:
3067:
3066:Darwin Awards
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3004:Commemoration
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2686:Reactions to
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:Biotechnology
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2242:Lennox, James
2239:
2238:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2141:1-85972-306-3
2137:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
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2017:
2013:
2011:0-679-42932-8
2007:
2003:
2002:Jonathan Cape
1998:
1997:
1991:
1990:Browne, Janet
1987:
1983:
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1971:
1967:
1965:0-520-23693-9
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1941:
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1886:9781400831296
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1853:Ruse, Michael
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1849:Singer, Peter
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1581:"Ben Stein's
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225:genetic drift
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199:Eugenie Scott
196:
195:Olivia Judson
192:
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160:neo-Darwinism
158:. The strict
157:
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133:divine design
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3516:E. O. Wilson
3506:Rolf Sattler
3395:Kim Sterelny
3380:Michael Ruse
3267:Tree of life
3251:
3218:Orthogenesis
3154:Reductionism
3061:Darwin Medal
3054:
3015:
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2396:Paleontology
2336:Biochemistry
2263:. Retrieved
2253:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2204:
2199:
2188:
2177:
2129:
2126:Stove, David
2090:. New York:
2087:
2077:
2061:. Retrieved
2040:
1995:
1949:
1922:. Retrieved
1913:
1904:
1895:
1856:
1843:
1795:
1791:
1775:
1734:
1728:
1719:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1689:
1679:
1667:. Retrieved
1653:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1627:
1618:
1606:. Retrieved
1588:
1582:
1577:Rennie, John
1571:
1561:18 September
1559:. Retrieved
1554:Impact Press
1552:
1542:
1531:
1514:. Retrieved
1510:theRopps.com
1509:
1499:
1491:
1482:. Retrieved
1475:
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1419:
1414:
1399:
1394:
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1377:
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1348:
1342:
1330:. Retrieved
1326:the original
1315:
1308:Moore, James
1298:
1290:
1285:
1273:
1261:. Retrieved
1253:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1207:. Retrieved
1202:
1192:
1180:. Retrieved
1175:
1165:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1096:. Retrieved
1082:
1075:Safina, Carl
1069:
1057:. Retrieved
1053:the original
1038:
1025:
994:
990:
958:
950:
943:. Retrieved
938:
932:
925:Huxley, T.H.
904:. Retrieved
889:
877:. Retrieved
873:the original
864:
855:
828:
824:
814:
802:. Retrieved
795:
785:
777:
770:. Retrieved
765:
759:
752:Huxley, T.H.
746:
725:
655:
622:Peter Singer
615:
592:
586:philosopher
577:
575:
568:
545:E. O. Wilson
538:
521:
517:
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391:
390:In his book
389:
379:
372:
337:
315:
310:
282:
278:
270:
268:
265:
232:creationists
229:
190:
188:
147:
141:
121:creationists
110:
100:
90:
82:
47:
46:
33:
3496:Denis Noble
3370:Susan Oyama
3285:John Beatty
3223:Mutationism
2793:(1838–1843)
2746:caricatures
2522:Ethnobotany
2411:RNA biology
2319:disciplines
2265:16 November
2246:"Darwinism"
2185:Mayr, Ernst
2173:Fiske, John
2063:16 November
1698:16 November
1669:16 November
1608:16 November
1332:16 November
1278:Browne 2002
1236:Huxley 1893
1224:Browne 2002
1059:16 November
963:Bowler 2003
906:15 November
879:15 November
588:David Stove
494:John Rennie
443:UC Berkeley
427:creationism
380:Darwinismus
211:Augustinian
203:Carl Safina
107:Terminology
3559:Categories
3521:Jonas Salk
3486:Ernst Mayr
3424:Biologists
3345:Tim Lewens
3335:Hans Jonas
3330:David Hull
3305:Carla Fehr
3300:John Dupré
3213:Lamarckism
3149:Naturalism
3046:Eclipse of
2994:Pangenesis
2464:Lamarckism
2371:Immunology
2213:. (1889).
2197:. (1906).
2187:. (1985).
2175:. (1885).
2110:2006039753
1974:2002007569
1792:Philosophy
1730:Philosophy
1713:Stove 1995
1536:Hodge 1874
1452:Scott 2007
825:BioScience
739:References
715:Speciation
704:Pangenesis
584:Australian
561:ethologist
534:Lamarckism
301:gradualism
236:pejorative
156:Lamarckism
60:biological
3565:Darwinism
3262:Teleology
3252:Darwinism
3190:Evolution
3164:Emergence
3137:Dysgenics
3036:Universal
3016:Darwinism
2969:Dysgenics
2699:Variation
2658:Education
2532:Dysgenics
2515:Teleology
2479:RNA world
2474:Protocell
2449:Darwinism
2430:Theories,
2401:Phycology
2230:(23), 47.
2118:173480577
2028:733100564
1828:143421255
1812:0031-8191
1767:170606849
1751:0031-8191
1691:Beliefnet
1664:0028-9604
1603:0036-8733
1516:4 January
1484:4 January
1141:0250-5991
1098:7 October
1093:0362-4331
1049:0362-4331
1017:1936-6426
1001:: 90–94.
902:. eso0645
847:0006-3568
526:gene flow
522:Darwinism
518:Darwinism
506:Darwinism
504:However,
484:Ben Stein
466:Darwinism
423:Darwinism
421:The term
393:Darwinism
364:gene pool
271:Darwinism
256:evolution
191:Darwinism
148:Darwinism
115:, or the
101:Darwinism
79:reproduce
63:evolution
48:Darwinism
21:Evolution
3245:Vitalism
3240:Theistic
3233:Spandrel
3132:Eugenics
2964:Eugenics
2816:" (1858)
2757:Writings
2710:Emotions
2585:Category
2527:Eugenics
2432:concepts
2376:Medicine
2361:Genetics
2309:timeline
2158:35145565
2150:95083037
2128:(1995).
2075:(1893).
2058:11489956
2050:06012878
2038:(1874).
2020:94006598
1992:(2002).
1982:49824702
1946:(2003).
1918:Archived
1832:Archived
1655:Newsweek
1583:Expelled
1149:16809850
672:See also
603:altruism
470:dogmatic
459:Asa Gray
368:eugenics
297:theology
221:heredity
207:Moravian
3530:Related
3026:Quantum
2957:Related
2840:(1868)
2695:Orchids
2498:Related
2366:Geology
2351:Ecology
2331:Anatomy
2317:Fields,
2252:(ed.).
1936:Sources
1914:ted.com
1855:(ed.).
1820:3751309
1759:3751128
1263:29 June
1209:19 June
1182:27 June
945:19 June
804:19 June
772:19 June
499:Marxism
439:atheism
71:species
43:in 1868
3159:Holism
3127:Ethics
3120:Themes
3055:Beagle
3031:Social
3021:Neural
2985:(1930)
2942:, 1903
2934:, 1887
2921:(1887)
2913:(1881)
2905:(1880)
2897:(1877)
2889:(1876)
2881:(1875)
2873:(1875)
2865:(1872)
2857:(1871)
2832:(1862)
2824:(1859)
2809:(1846)
2801:(1844)
2785:(1842)
2777:(1839)
2769:(1835)
2732:Health
2665:Beagle
2346:Botany
2156:
2148:
2138:
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2108:
2098:
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2048:
2026:
2018:
2008:
1980:
1972:
1962:
1924:May 1,
1883:
1826:
1818:
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1633:25 May
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1157:860470
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640:, and
594:ad hoc
553:Maoism
246:Huxley
201:, and
127:or to
56:theory
2737:Women
2721:Worms
2248:. In
1835:(PDF)
1824:S2CID
1816:JSTOR
1788:(PDF)
1763:S2CID
1755:JSTOR
1153:S2CID
666:genes
646:equal
295:over
214:friar
50:is a
3053:HMS
2634:Life
2267:2015
2154:OCLC
2146:LCCN
2136:ISBN
2114:OCLC
2106:LCCN
2096:ISBN
2065:2015
2054:OCLC
2046:LCCN
2024:OCLC
2016:LCCN
2006:ISBN
1978:OCLC
1970:LCCN
1960:ISBN
1926:2018
1881:ISBN
1863:and
1808:ISSN
1747:ISSN
1700:2015
1671:2015
1660:ISSN
1635:2020
1610:2015
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1518:2007
1486:2007
1424:ISBN
1404:ISBN
1367:ISBN
1334:2015
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1211:2008
1184:2008
1145:PMID
1137:ISSN
1100:2020
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908:2015
881:2015
843:ISSN
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774:2008
630:left
182:and
135:and
52:term
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