876:
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1683:(FAO). The geopolitical ontology includes names in multiple languages (English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, Russian and Italian); maps standard coding systems (UN, ISO, FAOSTAT, AGROVOC, etc.); provides relations among territories (land borders, group membership, etc.); and tracks historical changes. In addition, FAO provides web services of geopolitical ontology and a module maker to download modules of the geopolitical ontology into different formats (RDF, XML, and EXCEL). See more information at
6840:
5352:
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1997:
Factor or
Cerebral Spinal Fluid, both of which are represented by the same term, CSF, in biomedical literature. This is why a large number of public ontologies are related to the life sciences. Life science data science tools that fail to implement these types of biomedical ontologies will not be able to accurately determine causal relationships between concepts.
782:
combination of software merging and hand-tuning. This presents a challenge to the ontology designer. Different ontologies in the same domain arise due to different languages, different intended usage of the ontologies, and different perceptions of the domain (based on cultural background, education, ideology, etc.).
875:
1191:
A survey of ontology visualization methods is presented by
Katifori et al. An updated survey of ontology visualization methods and tools was published by DudĂĄs et al. The most established ontology visualization methods, namely indented tree and graph visualization are evaluated by Fu et al. A visual
789:
is a largely manual process and therefore time-consuming and expensive. Domain ontologies that use the same upper ontology to provide a set of basic elements with which to specify the meanings of the domain ontology entities can be merged with less effort. There are studies on generalized techniques
1996:
Domain-specific ontologies are extremely important in biomedical research, which requires named entity disambiguation of various biomedical terms and abbreviations that have the same string of characters but represent different biomedical concepts. For example, CSF can represent Colony
Stimulating
1308:
Ontology learning is the automatic or semi-automatic creation of ontologies, including extracting a domain's terms from natural language text. As building ontologies manually is extremely labor-intensive and time-consuming, there is great motivation to automate the process. Information extraction
1596:
COSMO, a
Foundation Ontology (current version in OWL) that is designed to contain representations of all of the primitive concepts needed to logically specify the meanings of any domain entity. It is intended to serve as a basic ontology that can be used to translate among the representations in
781:
Since domain ontologies are written by different people, they represent concepts in very specific and unique ways, and are often incompatible within the same project. As systems that rely on domain ontologies expand, they often need to merge domain ontologies by hand-tuning each entity or using a
1327:
Epistemological assumptions, which in research asks "What do you know? or "How do you know it?", creates the foundation researchers use when approaching a certain topic or area for potential research. As epistemology is directly linked to knowledge and how we come about accepting certain truths,
685:
An ontology is a description (like a formal specification of a program) of the concepts and relationships that can formally exist for an agent or a community of agents. This definition is consistent with the usage of ontology as set of concept definitions, but more general. And it is a different
2177:
Applied ontology, as discipline or domain, is scientific in that it applies the definition of being to determine the ontological commitments of other disciplines, notably but not exclusively in the natural sciences, in much the same way that applied mathematics in engineering is related to pure
653:
to AI to refer to real world or robotic grounding, publishing in 1990 literature reviews emphasizing grounded ontology in association with the call for papers for a AAAI Summer
Symposium Machine Learning of Natural Language and Ontology, with an expanded version published in SIGART Bulletin and
1221:
Ontology engineering aims to make explicit the knowledge contained in software applications, and organizational procedures for a particular domain. Ontology engineering offers a direction for overcoming semantic obstacles, such as those related to the definitions of business terms and software
239:. More simply, an ontology is a way of showing the properties of a subject area and how they are related, by defining a set of terms and relational expressions that represent the entities in that subject area. The field which studies ontologies so conceived is sometimes referred to as
1597:
other ontologies or databases. It started as a merger of the basic elements of the OpenCyc and SUMO ontologies, and has been supplemented with other ontology elements (types, relations) so as to include representations of all of the words in the
426:
deals with questions like "what exists?" and "what is the nature of reality?". One of five traditional branches of philosophy, metaphysics is concerned with exploring existence through properties, entities and relations such as those between
4041:
Nembaware, Victoria; Mazandu, Gaston K.; Hotchkiss, Jade; Safari
Serufuri, Jean-Michel; Kent, Jill; Kengne, Andre Pascal; Anie, Kofi; Munung, Nchangwi Syntia; Bukini, Daima; Bitoungui, Valentina Josiane Ngo; Munube, Deogratias (2020-10-01).
250:
or field, in creating its terminology, thereby lays the groundwork for an ontology. Each uses ontological assumptions to frame explicit theories, research and applications. Improved ontologies may improve problem solving within that domain,
294:
have in common is the attempt to represent entities, including both objects and events, with all their interdependent properties and relations, according to a system of categories. In both fields, there is considerable work on problems of
722:
As refinement of Gruber's definition
Feilmayr and Wöà (2016) stated: "An ontology is a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization that is characterized by high semantic expressiveness required for increased complexity."
1577:
SSBMO, a
Strongly Sustainable Business Model Ontology based on a review of the systems based natural and social science literature (including business). Includes critique of and significant extensions to the Business Model Ontology
751:
A domain ontology (or domain-specific ontology) represents concepts which belong to a realm of the world, such as biology or politics. Each domain ontology typically models domain-specific definitions of terms. For example, the word
4414:; Rosse, C.; Bard, J.; Bug, W.; Ceusters, W.; Goldberg, L. J.; Eilbeck, K.; Ireland, A.; Mungall, C. J.; Leontis, N.; Rocca-Serra, P.; Ruttenberg, A.; Sansone, S. A.; Scheuermann, R. H.; Shah, N.; Whetzel, P. L.;
737:
Contemporary ontologies share many structural similarities, regardless of the language in which they are expressed. Most ontologies describe individuals (instances), classes (concepts), attributes and relations.
4157:
Niles, I., & Pease, A., (2001), Toward a
Standard Upper Ontology, in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS-2001), Chris Welty and Barry Smith, eds,
1328:
individuals conducting academic research must understand what allows them to begin theory building. Simply, epistemological assumptions force researchers to question how they arrive at the knowledge they have.
1673:, an ontology that includes a dictionary and taxonomy that includes an upper ontology and a lower ontology that focusses on industrial and business applications in engineering, technology and procurement.
6146:
1823:
SSN/SOSA, The
Semantic Sensor Network Ontology (SSN) and Sensor, Observation, Sample, and Actuator Ontology (SOSA) are W3C Recommendation and OGC Standards for describing sensors and their observations.
3773:
790:
for merging ontologies, but this area of research is still ongoing, and it is a recent event to see the issue sidestepped by having multiple domain ontologies using the same upper ontology like the
714: – that is, definitions in the traditional logic sense that only introduce terminology and do not add any knowledge about the world. To specify a conceptualization, one needs to state
1556:
knowledge sharing, enabling users to collaboratively understand and extend the domain knowledge body. It may serve as a basis for automated information security risk and compliance management.
808:
An upper ontology (or foundation ontology) is a model of the commonly shared relations and objects that are generally applicable across a wide range of domain ontologies. It usually employs a
2974:
Fu, Bo; Noy, Natalya F.; Storey, Margaret-Anne (2013). "Indented Tree or Graph? A Usability Study of Ontology Visualization Techniques in the Context of Class Mapping Evaluation".
235:
encompasses a representation, formal naming, and definitions of the categories, properties, and relations between the concepts, data, or entities that pertain to one, many, or all
589:
1218:
that studies the ontology development process, the ontology life cycle, the methods and methodologies for building ontologies, and the tools and languages that support them.
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included as a preface to the proceedings. Some researchers, drawing inspiration from philosophical ontologies, viewed computational ontology as a kind of applied philosophy.
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5019:
275:. An example of economics relying on information science occurs in cases where a simulation or model is intended to enable economic decisions, such as determining what
1581:
CCO and GexKB, Application Ontologies (APO) that integrate diverse types of knowledge with the Cell Cycle Ontology (CCO) and the Gene Expression Knowledge Base (GexKB)
255:
of data systems, and discoverability of data. Translating research papers within every field is a problem made easier when experts from different countries maintain a
385:, but ontology editors are being used often in a range of fields, including biomedical informatics, industry. Such efforts often use ontology editing tools such as
1745:
ONSTR, Ontology for Newborn Screening Follow-up and Translational Research, Newborn Screening Follow-up Data Integration Collaborative, Emory University, Atlanta.
1942:
ROMULUS is a foundational ontology repository aimed at improving semantic interoperability. Currently there are three foundational ontologies in the repository:
558:
1930:
Ontaria is a "searchable and browsable directory of semantic web data" with a focus on RDF vocabularies with OWL ontologies. (NB Project "on hold" since 2004).
1214:
Ontology engineering (also called ontology building) is a set of tasks related to the development of ontologies for a particular domain. It is a subfield of
5410:- an annual series of events (first started in 2006) that involves the ontology community and communities related to each year's theme chosen for the summit.
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standard language for software specifications. It is now being applied to ontology specifications in order to provide modularity and structuring mechanisms.
1786:
SCDO, the Sickle Cell Disease Ontology, facilitates data sharing and collaborations within the SDC community, amongst other applications (see list on
4814:
Fensel, D.; van Harmelen, F.; Horrocks, I.; McGuinness, D.L.; Patel-Schneider, P.F. (2001). "OIL: an ontology infrastructure for the Semantic Web".
1388:(Developing Ontology-Grounded Methods and Applications) adopts the fact-oriented modeling approach to provide a higher level of semantic stability.
436:
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6316:
5022:. Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory Technical Report KSL-01-05, Stanford Medical Informatics Technical Report SMI-2001-0880. Archived from
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1993:
bring together data from different sources and benefit therefore from ontological metadata which helps to connect the semantics of the data.
1900:
Ontology Design Patterns portal is a wiki repository of reusable components and practices for ontology design, and also maintains a list of
1357:
is a general logic-based specification language developed within the IFIP working group 1.3 "Foundations of System Specifications" and is a
1883:
The development of ontologies has led to the emergence of services providing lists or directories of ontologies called ontology libraries.
2976:
The Semantic Web â ISWC 2013: 12th International Semantic Web Conference, Sydney, NSW, Australia, October 21â25, 2013, Proceedings, Part I
6233:
2023:
177:
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GUM (Generalized Upper Model), a linguistically motivated ontology for mediating between clients systems and natural language technology
1259:
are applications designed to assist in the creation or manipulation of ontologies. It is common for ontology editors to use one or more
264:
5381:
1598:
1122:
2611:
2939:
DudĂĄs, M.; Lohmann, S.; SvĂĄtek, V.; Pavlov, D. (2018). "Ontology Visualization Methods and Tools: a Survey of the State of the Art".
699:
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3790:
341:
is considered by some as a successor to prior work in philosophy. However many current efforts are more concerned with establishing
5031:
Chaminda Abeysiriwardana, Prabath; Kodituwakku, Saluka R (2012). "Ontology Based Information Extraction for Disease Intelligence".
3374:"An Ontology for Strongly Sustainable Business Models: Defining an Enterprise Framework Compatible with Natural and Social Science"
930:
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4734:
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3065:
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Feilmayr, Christina; WöĂ, Wolfram (2016). "An analysis of ontologies and their success factors for application to business".
2660:
2547:
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2203:
1313:
have been explored to automatically link ontologies to documents, for example in the context of the BioCreative challenges.
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In 1993, the widely cited web page and paper "Toward Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knowledge Sharing" by
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6238:
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1513:
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is ISO standard 24707, a specification of a family of ontology languages that can be accurately translated into each other.
1260:
5268:
4862:
Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science (RCIS), Morocco 2007
4044:"The Sickle Cell Disease Ontology: Enabling Collaborative Research and Co-Designing of New Planetary Health Applications"
2835:
2833:
Navigli, Roberto; Velardi, Paola (2004). "Learning Domain Ontologies from Document Warehouses and Dedicated Web Sites".
2392:
6309:
5399:") - an Open, International, Virtual Community of Practice on Ontology, Ontological Engineering and Semantic Technology
1721:
1705:, a formal ontology for enterprise architecture being developed by the Australian, Canadian, UK and U.S. Defence Depts.
1350:
used to encode an ontology. There are a number of such languages for ontologies, both proprietary and standards-based:
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has been considered an upper ontology by some and has been used as a linguistic tool for learning domain ontologies.
812:
that overarches the terms and associated object descriptions as they are used in various relevant domain ontologies.
629:
is the key to building large and powerful AI systems. AI researchers argued that they could create new ontologies as
207:
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Krallinger, M; Leitner, F; Vazquez, M; Salgado, D; Marcelle, C; Tyers, M; Valencia, A; Chatr-Aryamontri, A (2012).
1587:
2218:
Palermo, Giulio (10 January 2007). "The ontology of economic power in capitalism: mainstream economics and Marx".
1808:
1420:
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272:
167:
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1584:
CContology (Customer Complaint Ontology), an e-business ontology to support online customer complaint management
1549:, a linguistic ontology for Arabic, which can be used as an Arabic Wordnet but with ontologically-clean content.
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6026:
1990:
1469:
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1021:
89:
29:
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4633:
Frank, Andrew U. (2001). "Tiers of ontology and consistency constraints in geographical information systems".
3053:
Ontological Engineering: With Examples from the Areas of Knowledge Management, E-commerce and the Semantic Web
6843:
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3145:"How to link ontologies and protein-protein interactions to literature: Text-mining approaches and the Bio
1848:, a lightweight reference structure of 20,000 subject concept classes and their relationships derived from
1408:
1242:
695:
200:
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1690:
GAO (General Automotive Ontology) â an ontology for the automotive industry that includes 'car' extensions
1574:
BMO, an e-Business Model Ontology based on a review of enterprise ontologies and business model literature
1530:(Semantics of Business Vocabularies and Rules) is an OMG standard adopted in industry to build ontologies.
6570:
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6379:
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5771:
5587:
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3493:
Osborne, JD; Flatow, J; Holko, M; Lin, SM; Kibbe, WA; Zhu, LJ; Danila, MI; Feng, G; Chisholm, RL (2009).
3118:
2409:
2378:
2116:
2008:
1714:
NCBO Bioportal, biological and biomedical ontologies and associated tools to search, browse and visualise
1571:
BioPAX, an ontology for the exchange and interoperability of biological pathway (cellular processes) data
1497:
1481:
1137:
616:
374:
187:
5269:"What are the differences between a vocabulary, a taxonomy, a thesaurus, an ontology, and a meta-model?"
5121:"Merging model driven and ontology driven system development approaches pervasive computing perspective"
4381:
3719:
1395:
language includes rules for its own extension and thus integrates an ontology with an ontology language.
6765:
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6608:
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6537:
6517:
6141:
5726:
5480:
2404:
1670:
1643:
Financial Industry Business Ontology (FIBO), a business conceptual ontology for the financial industry
1453:
1658:, an ontology for describing persons, their activities and their relations to other people and objects
1625:, designed to facilitate the mapping of diseases and associated conditions to particular medical codes
6899:
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6455:
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4678:"Disambiguation of ambiguous biomedical terms using examples generated from the UMLS Metathesaurus"
4407:
1814:
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44:
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is a directory and search engine for all RDF resources available on the Web, including ontologies.
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1968:
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Linkbase, a formal representation of the biomedical domain, founded upon Basic Formal Ontology.
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Ontologies are often equated with taxonomic hierarchies of classes, class definitions, and the
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5079:
4420:"The OBO Foundry: Coordinated evolution of ontologies to support biomedical data integration"
2689:
2098:
2018:
1947:
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1517:
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is an ontologically well-founded profile of UML for conceptual modeling of domain ontologies.
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59:
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Yudelson, M.; Gavrilova, T.; Brusilovsky, P. (2005). "Towards User Modeling Meta-ontology".
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1209:
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506:
422:, as it considers how knowledge, language, and perception relate to the nature of reality.
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2514:
Preface: Goals, Issues and Directions in Machine Learning of Natural Language and Ontology
8:
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5858:
5700:
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4888:"Tutorial on ontological engineering: Part 3: Advanced course of ontological engineering"
3794:
2978:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 8218. Berlin: Springer. pp. 117â134.
2615:
2078:
1973:
Situational Awareness and Preparedness for Public Health Incidences and Reasoning Engines
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Protégé Ontology Library contains a set of OWL, Frame-based and other format ontologies.
1562:, a very large multilingual semantic network and ontology, lexicalized in many languages
710:, but ontologies need not be limited to these forms. Ontologies are also not limited to
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OntoSelect Ontology Library offers similar services for RDF/S, DAML and OWL ontologies.
1797:
1727:
OBO-Edit, an ontology browser for most of the Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies
1521:
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Proceedings of the 24th International Symposium on Computer and Information Sciences
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PRO, the Protein Ontology of the Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University
1619:, a large Foundation Ontology for formal representation of the universe of discourse
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Katifori, A.; Halatsis, C.; Lepouras, G.; Vassilakis, C.; Giannopoulou, E. (2007).
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2743:
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2516:. AAAI Spring Symposium on Machine Learning of Natural Language and Ontology. DFKI.
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3552:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 11137. Springer. pp. 103â118.
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5284:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3538. Springer. pp. 448â452.
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Bodenreider, O.; Mitchell, J. A.; McCray, A. T. (2003). "Biomedical Ontologies".
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OMNIBUS Ontology, an ontology of learning, instruction, and instructional design
1492:, and all its elements (classes, properties and individuals) are defined as RDF
1266:
Aspects of ontology editors include: visual navigation possibilities within the
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6359:
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5396:
5272:
5132:
5086:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2702. Springer. pp. 213â7.
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Golemati, M.; Katifori, A.; Vassilakis, C.; Lepouras, G.; Halatsis, C. (2007).
4726:
3511:
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2068:
1742:, an open-access, integrated ontology of biological and clinical investigations
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is a language for making ontological statements, developed as a follow-on from
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capable of tracking and evaluating situations and occurrences that may affect
447:. Metaphysics has been an ongoing topic of discussion since recorded history.
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SchemaWeb is a directory of RDF schemata expressed in RDFS, OWL and DAML+OIL.
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809:
598:
549:
496:
480:
477:
456:
276:
142:
112:
4228:
4125:
3816:"Ontology browser for most of the Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies"
3588:
2910:
2341:
2198:, Jan Engberg, Heidrun Gerzymisch-Arbogast, Walter de Gruyter, p. 113,
1921:
is a suite of interoperable reference ontologies in biology and biomedicine.
6729:
6724:
6653:
6167:
6121:
5742:
5551:
5457:
4969:
4754:
4703:
4455:
4247:
4144:
4077:
4001:
3530:
3334:
3182:
2712:
2584:
2568:"Toward Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knowledge Sharing"
2567:
2373:
2359:
2284:
2131:
1891:
1872:
1533:
1493:
1416:
1364:
1322:
1142:
966:
925:
863:
ontology is an example of a combination of an upper and a domain ontology.
771:
763:
415:
354:
308:
5326:
Proceedings of the 2012 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing
4059:
2761:
1733:, a suite of interoperable reference ontologies in biology and biomedicine
1446:
approach to ontologies, emphasizing translations between ontologies using
6218:
6182:
5944:
5812:
5569:
5495:
5186:
4985:
Maedche, A.; Staab, S. (2001). "Ontology learning for the Semantic Web".
4338:
4109:"The Sequence Ontology: a tool for the unification of genome annotations"
3296:. Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science (IFOMIS).
3225:"The Arabic Ontology -An Arabic Wordnet with Ontologically Clean Content"
3201:
2231:
2013:
1918:
1730:
1702:
1637:
1610:, an automatically generated ontology of research topics in the field of
1485:
1310:
1291:
1147:
1056:
986:
910:
824:
820:
791:
690:
Attempting to distance ontologies from taxonomies and similar efforts in
423:
411:
358:
324:
304:
147:
5299:
4998:
4827:
4040:
3609:
3196:
3011:"VOWL: Visual Notation for OWL Ontologies: Specification of Version 2.0"
2312:
519:
6739:
6704:
6294:
6228:
6131:
5914:
5909:
5802:
5508:
4936:
4906:
4555:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 8216. pp. 200â211.
3050:
GĂłmez-PĂ©rez, Ascunion; FernĂĄndez-LĂłpez, Mariano; Corcho, Oscar (2004).
2677:
2607:
2563:
2527:
2028:
1771:
1748:
Plant Ontology for plant structures and growth/development stages, etc.
1026:
1001:
971:
775:
658:
499:
428:
407:
291:
122:
5418:
4619:
3771:
Configuration Console Reference Guide: Landmark Pattern Language (LPL)
3250:
471:
6259:
6074:
6067:
5969:
5807:
5761:
5662:
5513:
4291:
4210:
Mungall, CJ; Torniai, C; Gkoutos, GV; Lewis, SE; Haendel, MA (2012).
3429:
3030:"Ontology Engineering for Distributed Collaboration in Manufacturing"
1976:
1871:
coordinates attempts to converge different ontologies into worldwide
1829:
1802:
1787:
1076:
1066:
1016:
718:
that do constrain the possible interpretations for the defined terms.
638:
535:
531:
444:
316:
5319:"Bootstrapping Biomedical Ontologies for Scientific Text using NELL"
4855:"Creating an Ontology for the User Profile# Method and Applications"
4813:
4437:
3968:"ProbOnto: ontology and knowledge base of probability distributions"
3373:
3010:
2301:
785:
At present, merging ontologies that are not developed from a common
754:
6487:
6269:
5959:
5766:
5756:
5030:
5020:"Ontology Development 101: A Guide to Creating Your First Ontology"
4189:
3351:
3241:
2786:
2058:
1963:
In general, ontologies can be used beneficially in several fields.
1757:
1665:
1559:
1405:
method to develop and maintain usable, accurate, domain ontologies.
1132:
1071:
1036:
488:
403:
94:
5045:
4852:
4502:
4313:
3272:
2879:
6279:
6274:
6046:
6039:
5974:
5655:
4480:
4019:
3923:
3815:
3081:
De Nicola, Antonio; Missikoff, Michele; Navigli, Roberto (2009).
1933:
1854:
1849:
1839:
1631:, a Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering
1568:, a formal upper ontology designed to support scientific research
1507:
1459:
1447:
1392:
860:
848:
440:
362:
350:
182:
5168:
Formal Ontology in Information Systems, Proceedings of FOIS 2008
3898:
3793:. National Center for Biological Ontology (NCBO). Archived from
3049:
645:
to refer to both a theory of a modeled world and a component of
6344:
6192:
6095:
5711:
5392:
5080:"Ontology-Based User Modeling for Knowledge Management Systems"
3850:
3142:
3009:
Negru, Stefan; Lohmann, Steffen; Haag, Florian (7 April 2014).
1897:
DAML Ontology Library maintains a legacy of ontologies in DAML.
1835:
1717:
315:
in information science), and debates concerning to what extent
260:
172:
3876:
3677:
3028:
Pouchard, Line; Ivezic, Nenad; Schlenoff, Craig (March 2000).
6544:
6264:
6254:
6172:
6151:
5924:
5328:. Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 11â19.
4385:
3832:
3544:
Lombardo, Vincenzo; Damiano, Rossana; Pizzo, Antonio (2018).
3293:
2393:
1845:
1679:, an ontology describing geopolitical information created by
1398:
1385:
1287:
1222:
classes. Known challenges with ontology engineering include:
840:
766:" meaning of the word, while an ontology about the domain of
759:
758:
has many different meanings. An ontology about the domain of
715:
5279:
5228:(1996). "Ontologies: Principles, Methods and Applications".
4941:"A translation approach to portable ontology specifications"
3723:
3450:
2682:"A translation approach to portable ontology specifications"
2253:. Research Division of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6755:
6223:
6213:
6187:
6007:
5667:
4168:
1820:
SWEET, Semantic Web for Earth and Environmental Terminology
1527:
1473:
1456:, a language used for biological and biomedical ontologies.
1439:
1375:
1127:
534:
is Greek, the oldest extant record of the word itself, the
503:
5386:
4209:
4090:
3945:
3471:
2460:
Powers, David (1984). "Natural Language the Natural Way".
1890:
COLORE is an open repository of first-order ontologies in
1886:
The following are libraries of human-selected ontologies.
1724:: a modular set of ontologies for the neuroscience domain.
1476:, as well as earlier ontology language projects including
6100:
4716:
4635:
International Journal of Geographical Information Science
3080:
1616:
1371:
832:
332:
3546:"Drammar: A Comprehensive Ontological Resource on Drama"
2938:
2271:
Sowa, J. F. (1995). "Top-level ontological categories".
1805:(Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine â Clinical Terms)
1278:; support for modules; the import and export of foreign
815:
Standardized upper ontologies available for use include
5077:
4406:
4212:"Uberon, an integrative multi-species anatomy ontology"
3027:
2754:
1914:
The following are both directories and search engines.
1894:
with formal links between ontologies in the repository.
1552:
AURUM â Information Security Ontology, An ontology for
641:. In the 1980s, the AI community began to use the term
5316:
3083:"A Software Engineering Approach to Ontology Building"
5033:
International Journal of Research in Computer Science
3965:
3835:. Berkeley Bioinformatics Open Source Project (BBOP).
3818:. Berkeley Bioinformatics Open Source Project (BBOP).
3492:
3311:
2651:(1 ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. p.
2326:"The Protégé Project: A Look Back and a Look Forward"
349:, or with questions such as the mode of existence of
3543:
3340:
An e-Business Model Ontology for Modeling e-Business
1967:
Enterprise applications. A more concrete example is
1860:
YAMATO, Yet Another More Advanced Top-level Ontology
1751:
POPE, Purdue Ontology for Pharmaceutical Engineering
5317:Movshovitz-Attias, Dana; Cohen, William W. (2012).
5118:
3495:"Annotating the human genome with Disease Ontology"
2764:. University of Edinburgh Department of Informatics
263:between each of their languages. For instance, the
5378:Knowledge Representation at Open Directory Project
4771:
3332:
2644:
1796:, for representing genomic feature types found on
1516:(SADL) captures a subset of the expressiveness of
1419:. SUO-KIF is a derivative version supporting the
649:. In particular, David Powers introduced the word
2244:
621:Since the mid-1970s, researchers in the field of
6856:
5403:Use of Ontologies in Natural Language Processing
5223:
5078:Razmerita, L.; Angehrn, A.; Maedche, A. (2003).
4601:"How ontologies benefit enterprise applications"
3008:
1640:, a simple ontology for documents and publishing
1520:, using an English-like language entered via an
1241:for the domain of interest, thus minimizing the
3833:"The Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies"
2572:International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
2273:International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
1247:Ensuring the ontology can support its use cases
3891:
3610:"Foundational, Core and Linguistic Ontologies"
2832:
2426:Smith, Barry (2022). "The birth of ontology".
369:has retained considerable attention regarding
6310:
5727:
5434:
5382:Library of ontologies (Archive, Unmaintained)
5013:
4547:Khan, Zubeida Casmod; Keet, C. Maria (2013).
3827:
3825:
3589:"Financial Industry Business Ontology (FIBO)"
2296:
2294:
1374:project has its own ontology language called
1286:; and the support of meta-ontologies such as
1172:
726:
686:sense of the word than its use in philosophy.
495:), i.e. "being; that which is", which is the
208:
4984:
4675:
4400:
3966:Swat, MJ; Grenon, P; Wimalaratne, S (2016).
3451:"The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM)"
2806:
2804:
2445:Powers, David (1983). "Robot Intelligence".
1646:Foundational, Core and Linguistic Ontologies
5184:
5119:Soylu, A.; De Causmaecker, Patrick (2009).
4844:
4834:
4772:Oberle, D.; Guarino, N.; Staab, S. (2009).
4549:"The Foundational Ontology Library ROMULUS"
3371:
2973:
2882:"Ontology Visualization Methods - A Survey"
2733:
2428:Journal of Knowledge Structures and Systems
2366:
2024:Classification scheme (information science)
1958:
1239:sufficient specificity and concept coverage
6317:
6303:
5734:
5720:
5441:
5427:
3822:
3414:. Semantic Systems Biology. Archived from
2486:
2291:
1817:(SBO), for computational models in biology
1179:
1165:
1123:List of concept- and mind-mapping software
345:of narrow domains than with philosophical
215:
201:
5333:
5289:
5241:
5193:(2nd ed.). Springer. pp. 1â17.
5175:
5091:
5044:
4959:
4885:
4869:
4744:
4693:
4445:
4237:
4227:
4134:
4124:
4067:
3991:
3520:
3510:
3240:
3172:
2983:
2900:
2848:
2801:
2787:"Laboratory for Applied Ontology - DOLCE"
2702:
2583:
2349:
1198:Visual Notation for OWL Ontologies (VOWL)
392:
361:) may be ontologically more primary than
6508:Software development process/methodology
6324:
4546:
3116:
2781:
2779:
2639:
2192:"Ontology-driven translation management"
2183:
5448:
5189:, eds. (2009). "What is an Ontology?".
4048:OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology
3273:"AURUM - Information Security Ontology"
3119:"A comparison of some ontology editors"
2789:. Laboratory for Applied Ontology (LOA)
2217:
2189:
1924:Bioportal (ontology repository of NCBO)
1832:, Topics for Indexing Medical Education
1355:Common Algebraic Specification Language
1192:language for ontologies represented in
6857:
5940:Knowledge representation and reasoning
5874:Semantic service-oriented architecture
4935:
4598:
4524:"OpenOntologyRepository - OntologPSMW"
3222:
2676:
2606:
2562:
2526:
2511:
2459:
2444:
1740:Ontology for Biomedical Investigations
1488:. OWL is intended to be used over the
679:a specification of a conceptualization
617:Artificial intelligence § History
6298:
5715:
5422:
5157:
4632:
3372:Upward, Antony; Jones, Peter (2016).
3043:
3037:Proceedings of the AIS2000 Conference
3021:
2776:
2670:
2600:
2556:
2425:
2323:
1540:
6829:
6523:Software verification and validation
6426:Component-based software engineering
4676:Stevenson, Mark; Guo, Yikun (2010).
2647:A Mathematical Introduction to Logic
2520:
2489:Machine Learning of Natural Language
2270:
1536:, TOronto Virtual Enterprise project
1514:Semantic Application Design Language
265:definition and ontology of economics
16:Specification of a conceptualization
5266:
3074:
2487:Powers, David; Turk, Chris (1989).
2386:
2279:(5â6 (November/December)): 669â85.
1939:Open Ontology Repository initiative
1869:Linking Open Data community project
669:closely related to earlier idea of
573:The first occurrence in English of
353:or whether enduring objects (e.g.,
13:
6001:Syntax and supporting technologies
4765:
2762:"Project: Dynamic Ontology Repair"
1722:Neuroscience Information Framework
1382:with some higher-order extensions.
854:
746:
604:
437:intrinsic and extrinsic properties
14:
6911:
6503:Software configuration management
6370:Search-based software engineering
6355:Experimental software engineering
5343:
4682:Journal of Biomedical Informatics
3678:"GOLD: record at FAIRsharing.org"
2247:"An Ontology Of Economic Objects"
2196:Knowledge Systems and Translation
1760:, knowledge base and ontology of
1681:Food and Agriculture Organization
797:
527:for this type of word formation.
279:are at risk and by how much (see
6839:
6838:
6828:
5741:
5350:
4461:
3056:(1 ed.). Springer. p.
2736:Data & Knowledge Engineering
2540:Encyclopedia of Database Systems
2245:Zuniga, Gloria L. (1999-02-02).
1588:CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model
874:
866:
677:. Gruber introduced the term as
587:, online edition, 2008) came in
523:, i.e. "logical discourse", see
4710:
4669:
4626:
4592:
4540:
4516:
4495:
4469:
4374:
4353:
4327:
4306:
4280:
4254:
4203:
4182:
4161:
4151:
4084:
4034:
4008:
3959:
3938:
3912:
3865:
3839:
3808:
3783:
3764:
3738:
3712:
3691:
3670:
3644:
3631:"Foundational Model of Anatomy"
3623:
3602:
3581:
3537:
3486:
3464:
3443:
3422:
3404:
3365:
3326:
3300:
3286:
3265:
3216:
3189:
3136:
3110:
3002:
2967:
2932:
2873:
2826:
2727:
2633:
2505:
2480:
2453:
2447:Electronics Today International
2438:
2419:
2163:McGillâQueen's University Press
1809:Suggested Upper Merged Ontology
1652:, an ontology for human anatomy
1421:Suggested Upper Merged Ontology
542:, appeared in 1606 in the work
168:Library and information science
6865:Ontology (information science)
6350:Empirical software engineering
5389:using Ontologies for searching
5368:Ontology (information science)
3378:Organization & Environment
3126:Management Information Systems
2317:
2306:
2264:
2238:
2220:Cambridge Journal of Economics
2211:
2149:
2106:Related philosophical concepts
1991:Geographic information systems
1863:YSO â General Finnish Ontology
1711:LPL, Landmark Pattern Language
1380:first-order predicate calculus
1203:
936:Ontology (information science)
90:Science and technology studies
1:
6115:Schemas, ontologies and rules
5414:Standardization of Ontologies
5170:. ISO Press. pp. 21â35.
3984:10.1093/bioinformatics/btw170
3550:The Semantic Web -- ISWC 2018
3294:"Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)"
2667:2nd edition; January 5, 2001.
2313:Industrial Ontologies Foundry
2142:
2137:Natural semantic metalanguage
1650:Foundational Model of Anatomy
1510:combine ontologies and rules.
633:that enable certain kinds of
590:Archeologia Philosophica Nova
410:and intersects areas such as
335:in artificial intelligence).
6375:Site reliability engineering
5230:Knowledge Engineering Review
4561:10.1007/978-3-642-41366-7_17
3780:. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
2941:Knowledge Engineering Review
2474:10.1016/0167-7136(84)90088-X
2234:– via Oxford Journals.
1878:
1857:, a lexical reference system
1767:Program abstraction taxonomy
1331:
1243:content completeness problem
595:New Principles of Philosophy
450:
319:ontology is possible (e.g.,
104:Related fields and subfields
7:
6380:Social software engineering
5588:Ontology (computer science)
5199:10.1007/978-3-540-92673-3_0
4789:10.1007/978-3-540-92673-3_0
3558:10.1007/978-3-030-00668-6_7
2985:10.1007/978-3-642-41335-3_8
2748:10.1016/j.datak.2015.11.003
2379:Online Etymology Dictionary
2117:Characteristica universalis
2009:Commonsense knowledge bases
2001:
1693:GOLD, General Ontology for
1316:
1297:
1138:Problem structuring methods
375:natural language processing
188:Quantum information science
10:
6916:
6518:Software quality assurance
6142:Semantic Web Rule Language
5481:Intuitionistic type theory
5133:10.1109/ISCIS.2009.5291915
5063:10.7815/ijorcs.26.2012.051
4837:"Ontology Design Patterns"
4835:Gangemi, A.; Presutti, V.
4727:10.1142/9789812704856_0016
4553:Model and Data Engineering
4361:"Protege Ontology Library"
3512:10.1186/1471-2164-10-S1-S6
3117:Alatrish, Emhimed (2013).
2859:10.1162/089120104323093276
2812:"OWL version of DOLCE+DnS"
2394:
1671:Gellish English dictionary
1634:Drammar, ontology of drama
1335:
1320:
1301:
1251:
1207:
801:
730:
727:Formal Ontology Components
625:(AI) have recognized that
614:
608:
513:, i.e. "to be, I am", and
454:
399:Metaphysics § History
396:
6824:
6783:
6748:
6687:
6601:
6594:
6553:
6413:
6332:
6247:
6206:
6160:
6114:
6000:
5993:
5892:
5826:
5795:
5749:
5678:
5629:
5601:
5578:
5560:
5532:
5494:
5456:
5252:10.1017/S0269888900007797
4695:10.1016/j.jbi.2010.06.001
4655:10.1080/13658810110061144
4614:(6). IOS Press: 473â491.
4095:, Mungall CJ, Yandell M,
3720:"The IDEAS Group Website"
3699:"Generalized Upper Model"
2953:10.1017/S0269888918000073
2843:(2). MIT Press: 151â179.
2836:Computational Linguistics
2814:. Semantic Technology Lab
2538:; Ăzsu, M. Tamer (eds.).
2194:, in Helle V. Dam (ed.),
2165:. 2002-11-26. p. 4.
2112:Alphabet of human thought
1981:health information system
1811:, a formal upper ontology
1762:probability distributions
1608:Computer Science Ontology
1226:Ensuring the ontology is
1113:Entityârelationship model
896:Business decision mapping
584:Oxford English Dictionary
457:Ontology § Etymology
6890:Knowledge representation
6674:Model-driven engineering
6473:Functional specification
6456:Software incompatibility
6365:Requirements engineering
6248:Microformat vocabularies
5920:Information architecture
5102:10.1007/3-540-44963-9_29
4987:IEEE Intelligent Systems
4816:IEEE Intelligent Systems
3390:10.1177/1086026615592933
3333:Osterwalder, Alexander;
3223:Jarrar, Mustafa (2021).
3104:10.1016/j.is.2008.07.002
3098:(2). Elsevier: 258â275.
1959:Examples of applications
1826:ThoughtTreasure ontology
1815:Systems Biology Ontology
1280:knowledge representation
741:
712:conservative definitions
702:, Gruber stated (1993):
383:knowledge representation
286:What ontologies in both
267:is a primary concern in
6875:Technical communication
6468:Enterprise architecture
6137:Rule Interchange Format
5900:Collective intelligence
5486:Constructive set theory
4845:Staab & Studer 2009
4599:Oberle, Daniel (2014).
4314:"DAML Ontology Library"
4229:10.1186/gb-2012-13-1-r5
4126:10.1186/gb-2005-6-5-r44
3165:10.1093/database/bas017
2911:10.1145/1287620.1287621
2410:A GreekâEnglish Lexicon
2342:10.1145/2757001.2757003
2074:Open Semantic Framework
2044:General Concept Lattice
2034:Formal concept analysis
1504:Rule Interchange Format
921:Knowledge visualization
665:as a technical term in
647:knowledge-based systems
623:artificial intelligence
367:Artificial intelligence
343:controlled vocabularies
6679:Round-trip engineering
6436:Backward compatibility
6431:Software compatibility
5191:Handbook on Ontologies
5016:McGuinness, Deborah L.
4970:10.1006/knac.1993.1008
4886:Mizoguchi, R. (2004).
4781:Handbook on Ontologies
4774:"What is an Ontology?"
2713:10.1006/knac.1993.1008
2612:"What is an Ontology?"
2585:10.1006/ijhc.1995.1081
2512:Powers, David (1991).
2285:10.1006/ijhc.1995.1068
2089:Terminology extraction
1969:SAPPHIRE (Health care)
1695:Linguistic Description
1276:information extraction
1108:Diagrammatic reasoning
931:Morphological analysis
720:
688:
420:philosophy of language
393:Ontology in Philosophy
273:subfields of economics
153:Information technology
75:Knowledge organization
6870:Knowledge engineering
6498:Software architecture
6451:Forward compatibility
5471:Constructive analysis
5162:. In Eschenbach, C.;
4948:Knowledge Acquisition
4060:10.1089/omi.2020.0153
3412:"About CCO and GexKB"
3348:15th Bled eConference
2889:ACM Computing Surveys
2690:Knowledge Acquisition
2401:Liddell, Henry George
2099:Web Ontology Language
2019:Controlled vocabulary
1842:anatomical structures
1770:Protein Ontology for
1677:Geopolitical ontology
1566:Basic Formal Ontology
1433:are standards of the
1321:Further information:
1216:knowledge engineering
1133:Ontology (philosophy)
1032:Layered graph drawing
906:Graphic communication
704:
683:
639:marginally successful
627:knowledge engineering
615:Further information:
559:Lexicon philosophicum
556:) and in 1613 in the
455:Further information:
397:Further information:
257:controlled vocabulary
163:Intellectual property
133:Computer data storage
6796:Computer engineering
6493:Software archaeology
6483:Programming paradigm
6395:Software maintenance
6340:Computer programming
6326:Software engineering
5935:Knowledge management
5930:Knowledge extraction
5524:Fuzzy set operations
5519:Fuzzy finite element
5466:Intuitionistic logic
5160:"Ontology (Science)"
4721:. pp. 164â165.
4425:Nature Biotechnology
3752:on 18 September 2008
3337:(June 17â19, 2002).
2324:Musen, Mark (2015).
2127:Level of measurement
1902:exemplary ontologies
1798:biological sequences
1720:Ontologies from the
1685:FAO Country Profiles
1554:information security
1496:, and identified by
1403:software engineering
1210:Ontology engineering
1196:is specified by the
1047:Organizational chart
1042:Object-role modeling
959:Nodeâlink approaches
708:subsumption relation
631:computational models
297:ontology engineering
271:, but also in other
237:domains of discourse
158:Intellectual freedom
6880:Information science
6816:Systems engineering
6801:Information science
6581:Service orientation
6533:Structured analysis
6441:Compatibility layer
6385:Software deployment
6207:Common vocabularies
6161:Semantic annotation
5859:Semantic publishing
5701:Non-monotonic logic
5450:Non-classical logic
5300:10.1007/11527886_62
5055:2012arXiv1211.3497C
4999:10.1109/5254.920602
4828:10.1109/5254.920598
4647:2001IJGIS..15..667F
4483:on 11 November 2010
3726:on 16 December 2018
3091:Information Systems
2616:Stanford University
2542:. Springer-Verlag.
2491:. Springer-Verlag.
2079:Semantic technology
1602:defining vocabulary
941:Schema (psychology)
883:Information mapping
733:Ontology components
635:automated reasoning
577:as recorded by the
525:classical compounds
379:machine translation
288:information science
248:academic discipline
229:information science
23:Information science
6806:Project management
6571:Object orientation
6538:Essential analysis
6446:Compatibility mode
5955:Digital humanities
5844:Semantic computing
5834:Semantic analytics
5818:Rule-based systems
5696:Intermediate logic
5476:Heyting arithmetic
5282:User Modeling 2005
5158:Smith, B. (2008).
5127:. pp. 730â5.
5084:User Modeling 2003
4907:10.1007/BF03040960
4341:on 13 October 2015
4016:"Protein Ontology"
3847:"OMNIBUS Ontology"
3776:2020-02-04 at the
3658:on 8 December 2018
2232:10.1093/cje/bel036
2064:Ontology alignment
1656:Friend of a Friend
1599:Longman dictionary
1590:, an ontology for
1541:Published examples
1444:category theoretic
1261:ontology languages
1052:Pathfinder network
916:Information design
901:Data visualization
692:knowledge modeling
545:Ogdoas Scholastica
373:in subfields like
6852:
6851:
6779:
6778:
6720:Information model
6624:Incremental model
6478:Modeling language
6292:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6198:Facebook Platform
6085:
6084:(no W3C standard)
6077:
6070:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6035:
6021:
5985:Web Science Trust
5905:Description logic
5864:Semantic reasoner
5854:Semantic matching
5782:Semantic networks
5709:
5708:
5691:Inquisitive logic
5686:Dynamic semantics
5639:Three-state logic
5593:Ontology language
5309:978-3-540-31878-1
5208:978-3-540-92673-3
5142:978-1-4244-5021-3
5014:Noy, Natalya F.;
4798:978-3-540-70999-2
4783:. pp. 1â17.
4736:978-981-238-598-7
4719:Biocomputing 2004
4620:10.3233/SW-130114
4570:978-3-642-41365-0
4432:(11): 1251â1255.
4388:on 10 August 2011
4294:on 28 August 2011
3567:978-3-030-00667-9
3251:10.3233/AO-200241
3067:978-1-85233-551-9
2995:978-3-642-41335-3
2678:Gruber, Thomas R.
2662:978-0-12-238450-9
2549:978-0-387-49616-0
2498:978-1-4471-1697-4
2462:Computer Compacts
2205:978-3-11-018297-2
1794:Sequence Ontology
1592:cultural heritage
1415:that is based on
1413:first-order logic
1344:ontology language
1338:Ontology language
1304:Ontology learning
1284:ontology matching
1272:inference engines
1189:
1188:
888:Topics and fields
770:would model the "
768:computer hardware
762:would model the "
671:semantic networks
637:, which was only
269:Marxist economics
225:
224:
6907:
6900:Ontology editors
6842:
6841:
6832:
6831:
6791:Computer science
6599:
6598:
6513:Software quality
6405:Systems analysis
6400:Software testing
6319:
6312:
6305:
6296:
6295:
6080:
6073:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6045:
6038:
6031:
6017:
5998:
5997:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5713:
5712:
5644:Tri-state buffer
5443:
5436:
5429:
5420:
5419:
5354:
5353:
5339:
5337:
5323:
5313:
5293:
5276:
5271:. Archived from
5263:
5245:
5220:
5181:
5179:
5154:
5115:
5095:
5074:
5048:
5027:
5010:
4981:
4963:
4945:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4923:
4917:. Archived from
4895:New Gener Comput
4892:
4882:
4880:
4874:. Archived from
4873:
4859:
4849:
4841:
4831:
4810:
4778:
4759:
4758:
4748:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4697:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4605:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4528:ontologforum.org
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4479:. Archived from
4473:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4459:
4449:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4384:. Archived from
4378:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4337:. Archived from
4331:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4290:. Archived from
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4264:. Archived from
4258:
4252:
4251:
4241:
4231:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4165:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4138:
4128:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4071:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4022:on 10 March 2011
4018:. Archived from
4012:
4006:
4005:
3995:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3926:on 10 March 2011
3922:. Archived from
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3899:"Plant Ontology"
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3879:on 16 April 2014
3875:. Archived from
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3849:. Archived from
3843:
3837:
3836:
3829:
3820:
3819:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3787:
3781:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3748:. Archived from
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3722:. Archived from
3716:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3654:. Archived from
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3524:
3514:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3354:. Archived from
3345:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3310:. Archived from
3304:
3298:
3297:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3244:
3229:Applied Ontology
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3087:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3034:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2987:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2928:on 4 March 2016.
2927:
2921:. Archived from
2904:
2886:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2852:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2706:
2686:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2650:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2618:. Archived from
2604:
2598:
2597:
2587:
2578:(5â6): 907â928.
2560:
2554:
2553:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2468:(3â4): 100â109.
2457:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2423:
2417:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2321:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2190:G Budin (2005),
2187:
2181:
2180:
2153:
2122:Interoperability
1623:Disease Ontology
1612:computer science
1411:is a syntax for
1257:Ontology editors
1232:domain knowledge
1181:
1174:
1167:
1118:Geovisualization
1103:Design rationale
1062:Semantic network
992:Conceptual graph
946:Visual analytics
878:
871:
870:
667:computer science
371:applied ontology
347:first principles
339:Applied ontology
253:interoperability
241:applied ontology
217:
210:
203:
138:Cultural studies
19:
18:
6915:
6914:
6910:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6904:
6895:Knowledge bases
6855:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6820:
6811:Risk management
6775:
6744:
6683:
6664:Waterfall model
6634:Prototype model
6629:Iterative model
6590:
6566:Aspect-oriented
6549:
6528:Software system
6409:
6390:Software design
6328:
6323:
6293:
6284:
6243:
6202:
6156:
6110:
5989:
5980:Web engineering
5950:Digital library
5888:
5869:Semantic search
5849:Semantic mapper
5839:Semantic broker
5822:
5791:
5745:
5740:
5710:
5705:
5674:
5625:
5597:
5574:
5556:
5547:Relevance logic
5542:Structural rule
5528:
5504:Degree of truth
5490:
5452:
5447:
5408:Ontology Summit
5375:
5374:
5373:
5355:
5351:
5346:
5335:10.1.1.376.2874
5321:
5310:
5243:10.1.1.111.5903
5224:Uschold, Mike;
5209:
5177:10.1.1.681.2599
5143:
5112:
5093:10.1.1.102.4591
4961:10.1.1.101.7493
4943:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4890:
4878:
4857:
4839:
4799:
4776:
4768:
4766:Further reading
4763:
4762:
4737:
4715:
4711:
4674:
4670:
4631:
4627:
4603:
4597:
4593:
4583:
4581:
4571:
4545:
4541:
4532:
4530:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4486:
4484:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4460:
4438:10.1038/nbt1346
4405:
4401:
4391:
4389:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4344:
4342:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4297:
4295:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4271:
4269:
4268:on 3 March 2011
4260:
4259:
4255:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4152:
4089:
4085:
4054:(10): 559â567.
4039:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4014:
4013:
4009:
3978:(17): 2719â21.
3964:
3960:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3856:
3854:
3853:on 19 July 2012
3845:
3844:
3840:
3831:
3830:
3823:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3800:
3798:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3778:Wayback Machine
3769:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3661:
3659:
3652:"Car Extension"
3650:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3542:
3538:
3505:(Suppl 1): S6.
3491:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3370:
3366:
3358:
3343:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3314:on 25 June 2011
3306:
3305:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3141:
3137:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3085:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3048:
3044:
3032:
3026:
3022:
3015:Visual Data Web
3007:
3003:
2996:
2972:
2968:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2902:10.1.1.330.3281
2884:
2878:
2874:
2850:10.1.1.329.6965
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2732:
2728:
2704:10.1.1.101.7493
2684:
2675:
2671:
2663:
2641:Enderton, H. B.
2638:
2634:
2625:
2623:
2605:
2601:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2525:
2521:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2485:
2481:
2458:
2454:
2443:
2439:
2424:
2420:
2415:Perseus Project
2391:
2387:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2292:
2269:
2265:
2256:
2254:
2243:
2239:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2188:
2184:
2173:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2103:
2049:Knowledge graph
2039:Formal ontology
2004:
1961:
1881:
1838:, representing
1547:Arabic Ontology
1543:
1348:formal language
1340:
1334:
1325:
1319:
1306:
1300:
1268:knowledge model
1254:
1212:
1206:
1185:
1012:Hyperbolic tree
982:Concept lattice
951:Visual language
869:
857:
855:Hybrid ontology
806:
800:
749:
747:Domain ontology
744:
735:
729:
619:
613:
611:Formal Ontology
607:
605:Formal Ontology
459:
453:
406:is a branch of
401:
395:
327:in philosophy,
321:foundationalism
307:in philosophy,
281:risk management
221:
192:
99:
30:General aspects
17:
12:
11:
5:
6913:
6903:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6836:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6787:
6785:
6784:Related fields
6781:
6780:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6752:
6750:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6715:Function model
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6691:
6689:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6619:Executable UML
6616:
6611:
6605:
6603:
6596:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
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6555:
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6547:
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6541:
6540:
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6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6453:
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6438:
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6423:
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6411:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6360:Formal methods
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6329:
6322:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6299:
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6289:
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6282:
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6098:
6093:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6078:
6071:
6064:
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6050:
6043:
6036:
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6022:
6010:
6004:
6002:
5995:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5896:
5894:
5893:Related topics
5890:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5787:World Wide Web
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5746:
5739:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5716:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5635:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5607:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5584:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5566:
5564:
5562:Paraconsistent
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5538:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5500:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5462:
5460:
5458:Intuitionistic
5454:
5453:
5446:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5405:
5400:
5390:
5384:
5379:
5356:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:External links
5342:
5341:
5340:
5314:
5308:
5291:10.1.1.86.7079
5277:
5275:on 2009-10-14.
5264:
5221:
5207:
5182:
5155:
5141:
5116:
5110:
5075:
5028:
5026:on 2010-07-14.
5018:(March 2001).
5011:
4982:
4954:(2): 199â220.
4933:
4883:
4881:on 2008-12-17.
4871:10.1.1.74.9399
4850:
4832:
4811:
4797:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4735:
4709:
4688:(5): 762â773.
4668:
4641:(7): 667â678.
4625:
4591:
4569:
4539:
4515:
4494:
4468:
4399:
4373:
4352:
4326:
4305:
4279:
4253:
4202:
4181:
4160:
4150:
4113:Genome Biology
4083:
4033:
4007:
3972:Bioinformatics
3958:
3937:
3911:
3890:
3864:
3838:
3821:
3807:
3782:
3763:
3737:
3711:
3690:
3669:
3643:
3622:
3601:
3580:
3566:
3536:
3485:
3463:
3442:
3421:
3418:on 2012-07-30.
3403:
3364:
3361:on 2011-04-19.
3325:
3299:
3285:
3264:
3215:
3188:
3135:
3109:
3073:
3066:
3042:
3020:
3001:
2994:
2966:
2931:
2872:
2825:
2800:
2775:
2753:
2726:
2697:(2): 199â220.
2669:
2661:
2643:(1972-05-12).
2632:
2599:
2555:
2548:
2519:
2504:
2497:
2479:
2452:
2437:
2418:
2385:
2365:
2316:
2305:
2290:
2263:
2237:
2226:(4): 539â561.
2210:
2204:
2182:
2171:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2069:Ontology chart
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1880:
1877:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1843:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1791:
1784:
1781:name reactions
1774:
1768:
1765:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1715:
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1697:
1691:
1688:
1674:
1668:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1644:
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1635:
1632:
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1620:
1614:
1605:
1594:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1511:
1501:
1490:World Wide Web
1463:
1457:
1451:
1437:
1424:
1406:
1396:
1389:
1383:
1368:
1362:
1336:Main article:
1333:
1330:
1318:
1315:
1302:Main article:
1299:
1296:
1282:languages for
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1235:
1208:Main article:
1205:
1202:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1153:Wicked problem
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1082:Tree structure
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
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989:
984:
979:
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953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
890:
889:
885:
884:
880:
879:
868:
865:
856:
853:
804:Upper ontology
802:Main article:
799:
798:Upper ontology
796:
787:upper ontology
748:
745:
743:
740:
731:Main article:
728:
725:
609:Main article:
606:
603:
452:
449:
394:
391:
351:fixed essences
277:capital assets
223:
222:
220:
219:
212:
205:
197:
194:
193:
191:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
128:Classification
125:
120:
118:Categorization
115:
109:
106:
105:
101:
100:
98:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
36:
33:
32:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6912:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
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6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6845:
6837:
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6823:
6817:
6814:
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6809:
6807:
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6797:
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6789:
6788:
6786:
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6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6747:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6735:Systems model
6733:
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6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
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6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
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6686:
6680:
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6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6602:Developmental
6600:
6597:
6593:
6587:
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6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
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6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6463:Data modeling
6461:
6457:
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6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6433:
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6406:
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6348:
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6320:
6315:
6313:
6308:
6306:
6301:
6300:
6297:
6281:
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6273:
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6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6107:
6106:Semantic HTML
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6083:
6079:
6076:
6072:
6069:
6065:
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6048:
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6034:
6030:
6029:
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6016:
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6011:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
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5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
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5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5891:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5879:Semantic wiki
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5825:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5737:
5732:
5730:
5725:
5723:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5631:Digital logic
5628:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5534:Substructural
5531:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5444:
5439:
5437:
5432:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5397:Ontolog Forum
5394:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5363:
5359:
5336:
5331:
5327:
5320:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5236:(2): 93â136.
5235:
5231:
5227:
5226:Gruninger, M.
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5164:Gruninger, M.
5161:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5113:
5111:3-540-44963-9
5107:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4942:
4938:
4937:Gruber, T. R.
4934:
4924:on 2013-03-09
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4889:
4884:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4863:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4756:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4713:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4504:
4498:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4464:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4412:Ashburner, M.
4409:
4403:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4362:
4356:
4340:
4336:
4335:"ODP Library"
4330:
4315:
4309:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4191:
4185:
4170:
4164:
4154:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4037:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3947:
3941:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3900:
3894:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3817:
3811:
3797:on 2009-06-12
3796:
3792:
3786:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3767:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3700:
3694:
3679:
3673:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3632:
3626:
3611:
3605:
3590:
3584:
3569:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3473:
3467:
3452:
3446:
3431:
3425:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3384:(1): 97â123.
3383:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3335:Pigneur, Yves
3329:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3295:
3289:
3274:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3139:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3077:
3069:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2829:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2763:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2683:
2680:(June 1993).
2679:
2673:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2622:on 2010-07-16
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2551:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2523:
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2094:Weak ontology
2092:
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2084:Soft ontology
2082:
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1985:public health
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5827:Applications
5743:Semantic Web
5611:Three-valued
5552:Linear logic
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3430:"CContology"
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2602:
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2178:mathematics.
2176:
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2132:Metalanguage
1972:
1962:
1913:
1901:
1892:Common Logic
1885:
1882:
1873:Semantic Web
1866:
1788:SCDO website
1783:in chemistry
1534:TOVE Project
1365:Common logic
1358:
1341:
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1323:Epistemology
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1238:
1234:and term use
1227:
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1143:Semantic Web
967:Argument map
935:
926:Mental model
911:Infographics
858:
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780:
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355:perdurantism
337:
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245:
240:
232:
226:
178:Preservation
79:
45:Architecture
6421:Abstraction
6219:Dublin Core
5945:Library 2.0
5813:Linked data
5651:Four-valued
5621:Ćukasiewicz
5616:Four-valued
5603:Many-valued
5580:Description
5570:Dialetheism
5185:Staab, S.;
5039:(6): 7â19.
4901:: 193â220.
4508:10 February
4487:10 February
4392:10 February
4382:"SchemaWeb"
4366:10 February
4345:21 February
4319:10 February
4272:10 February
4216:Genome Biol
4195:10 November
4105:Ashburner M
4091:Eilbeck K,
4026:10 February
3930:10 February
3904:10 February
3857:10 February
3791:"Bioportal"
3756:10 February
3730:10 February
3704:10 February
3636:10 February
3615:10 February
3478:10 February
3474:. MICRA Inc
3456:10 February
3435:10 February
3318:10 February
3208:10 February
3202:SourceForge
3149:experience"
3132:(2): 18â24.
2818:21 February
2793:10 February
2336:(4): 4â12.
2014:Concept map
1975:which is a
1919:OBO Foundry
1731:OBO Foundry
1703:IDEAS Group
1638:Dublin Core
1378:, based on
1311:text mining
1292:Dublin Core
1204:Engineering
1148:Treemapping
1057:Radial tree
987:Concept map
825:Dublin Core
821:BORO method
792:OBO Foundry
700:inheritance
476:, from the
429:particulars
424:Metaphysics
412:metaphysics
359:endurantism
325:coherentism
148:Informatics
6859:Categories
6740:View model
6705:Data model
6229:Schema.org
5965:References
5915:Geotagging
5910:Folksonomy
5803:Dataspaces
5796:Sub-topics
5772:Ontologies
5750:Background
5509:Fuzzy rule
5187:Studer, R.
4928:2009-06-08
4533:2019-03-28
4119:(5): R44.
3946:"ProbOnto"
3801:2013-10-24
3746:"Linkbase"
3278:29 January
3242:2205.09664
3159:: bas017.
2626:2009-11-09
2608:Gruber, T.
2564:Gruber, T.
2532:"Ontology"
2528:Gruber, T.
2374:"ontology"
2330:AI Matters
2257:2013-06-16
2251:Mpra Paper
2143:References
2029:Folksonomy
1772:proteomics
1506:(RIF) and
1237:Providing
1027:Issue tree
1002:Dendrogram
972:Cladistics
776:video card
675:taxonomies
659:Tom Gruber
530:While the
500:participle
433:universals
408:philosophy
292:philosophy
123:Censorship
85:Philosophy
55:Management
6749:Languages
6260:hCalendar
6178:Microdata
6075:N-Triples
6068:Notation3
5994:Standards
5970:Topic map
5808:Hyperdata
5777:Semantics
5762:Hypertext
5757:Databases
5663:IEEE 1164
5514:Fuzzy set
5395:(a.k.a. "
5330:CiteSeerX
5286:CiteSeerX
5238:CiteSeerX
5172:CiteSeerX
5088:CiteSeerX
5046:1211.3497
4956:CiteSeerX
4866:CiteSeerX
4503:"Ontaria"
4416:Lewis, S.
4408:Smith, B.
4222:(1): R5.
3398:145089240
3259:231886117
2897:CiteSeerX
2895:(4): 10.
2845:CiteSeerX
2768:2 January
2699:CiteSeerX
2536:Liu, Ling
2302:Bioportal
1977:semantics
1879:Libraries
1830:TIME-ITEM
1803:SNOMED CT
1494:resources
1332:Languages
1077:Topic map
1067:Sociogram
1022:Issue map
1017:Hypertext
568:Goclenius
554:Lorhardus
540:ontologia
536:Neo-Latin
532:etymology
469:combines
451:Etymology
445:existence
363:processes
317:normative
60:Retrieval
6844:Category
6710:ER model
6576:Ontology
6488:Software
6414:Concepts
6270:hProduct
5960:Metadata
5767:Internet
5387:GoPubMed
5166:(eds.).
5071:11297019
4978:15709015
4939:(1993).
4915:23747079
4755:15759615
4704:20541624
4456:17989687
4418:(2007).
4288:"COLORE"
4262:"YAMATO"
4248:22293552
4174:11 March
4145:15892872
4107:(2005).
4101:Durbin R
4093:Lewis SE
4078:33021900
4002:27153608
3883:16 April
3774:Archived
3594:15 March
3531:19594883
3352:Slovenia
3308:"BioPAX"
3235:: 1â26.
3183:22438567
3153:Database
3147:Creative
2961:52965103
2919:14205872
2742:: 1â23.
2721:15709015
2610:(2001).
2566:(1993).
2530:(2008).
2434:: 57â66.
2360:27239556
2158:Ontology
2059:Ontology
2002:See also
1867:The W3C
1758:ProbOnto
1666:genomics
1560:BabelNet
1524:Plug-in.
1486:DAML+OIL
1448:functors
1359:de facto
1317:Research
1298:Learning
1095:See also
1072:Timeline
1037:Mind map
663:ontology
651:ontology
643:ontology
575:ontology
467:ontology
463:compound
404:Ontology
233:ontology
95:Taxonomy
80:Ontology
50:Behavior
6834:Commons
6659:V-model
6280:hReview
6275:hRecipe
6047:JSON-LD
6040:RDF/XML
6033:triples
5975:Web 2.0
5656:Verilog
5393:ONTOLOG
5358:Scholia
5260:2618234
5217:8522608
5151:2267593
5051:Bibcode
5007:1411149
4807:8522608
4746:4300097
4663:6616354
4643:Bibcode
4584:25 June
4579:1925510
4447:2814061
4239:3334586
4169:"SWEET"
4136:1175956
4097:Stein L
4069:7549008
3993:5013898
3873:"ONSTR"
3683:29 July
3662:15 June
3573:11 July
3522:2709267
3472:"COSMO"
3174:3309177
2947:(e10).
2867:2453822
2594:1652449
2413:at the
2351:4883684
2054:Lattice
1979:-based
1934:Swoogle
1855:WordNet
1850:OpenCyc
1522:Eclipse
1508:F-Logic
1460:OntoUML
1393:Gellish
1294:, etc.
1252:Editors
1228:current
861:Gellish
849:WordNet
774:" and "
696:classes
502:of the
497:present
491:áœÎœÏÎżÏ,
441:essence
387:Protégé
377:within
313:Guarino
299:(e.g.,
183:Privacy
70:Society
65:Seeking
6595:Models
6345:DevOps
6333:Fields
6193:SAWSDL
6096:SPARQL
6054:Turtle
5679:Others
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