Japanese castle - Knowledge

836: 1647:). This not only aided greatly in the defense of the castle, but also allowed it a greater view over the surrounding land, and made the castle look more impressive and intimidating. In some ways, the use of stone, and the development of the architectural style of the castle, was a natural step up from the wooden stockades of earlier centuries. The hills gave Japanese castles sloping walls, which many argue helped (incidentally) to defend them from Japan's frequent earthquakes. There is some disagreement among scholars as to whether or not these stone bases were easy to scale; some argue that the stones made easy hand- and footholds, while others retort that the bases were steep, and individual stones could be as large as 6 m (20 ft) high, making them difficult if not next to impossible to scale. 1694:(castle town), and only very rarely were built along borders. This comes from Japan's long history of not fearing invasion, and stands in stark contrast to philosophies of defensive architecture in Europe, China, and many other parts of the world. Even within the walls, a very different architectural style and philosophy applied, as compared to the corresponding European examples. A number of tile-roofed buildings, constructed from plaster over skeletons of wooden beams, lay within the walls, and in later castles, some of these structures would be placed atop smaller stone-covered mounds. These wooden structures were surprisingly fireproof, as a result of the plaster used on the walls. Sometimes a small portion of a building would be constructed of stone, providing a space to store and contain gunpowder. 1823:

the case of larger or more important castles, very carefully arranged to impede an invading army and to allow fallen outer portions of the compound to be regained with relative ease by the garrisons of the inner portion. The defenses of Himeji castle are an excellent example of this. Since sieges rarely involved the wholesale destruction of walls, castle designers and defenders could anticipate the ways in which an invading army would move through the compound, from one gate to another. As an invading army passed through the outer rings of the Himeji compound, it would find itself directly under windows from which rocks, hot sand, or other things could be dropped, and also in a position that made them easy shots for archers in the castle's towers. Gates were often placed at tight corners, forcing a

1951:(櫓), placed at the corners of the walls, over the gates, or in other positions, served a number of purposes. Though some were used for the obvious defensive purposes, and as watchtowers, others served as water towers or for moon-viewing. As the residences of purportedly wealthy and powerful lords, towers for moon-viewing, balconies for taking in the scenery, tea rooms and gardens proliferated. These were by no means solely martial structures, but many elements served dual purposes. Gardens and orchards, for example, though primarily simply for the purpose of adding beauty and a degree of luxuriousness to the lord's residence, could also provide water and fruit in case of supplies running down due to siege, as well as wood for a variety of purposes. 547: 736:, which was meant to serve as a luxurious retirement home for Toyotomi Hideyoshi, serves as a popular example of this development. Though it resembled other castles of the period on the outside, the inside was lavishly decorated, and the castle is famous for having a tea room covered in gold leaf. Fushimi was by no means an exception, and many castles bore varying amounts of golden ornamentation on their exteriors. Osaka castle was only one of a number of castles that boasted golden roof tiles, and sculptures of fish, cranes, and tigers. Certainly, outside of such displays of precious metals, the overall aesthetics of the architecture and interiors remained very important, as they do in most aspects of Japanese culture. 1970: 690:, one of the most expert commanders in the coordinated tactical use of the new weapon, built his Azuchi castle, which has since come to be seen as the paradigm of the new phase of castle design, with these considerations in mind. The stone foundation resisted damage from arquebus balls better than wood or earthworks, and the overall larger scale of the complex added to the difficulty of destroying it. Tall towers and the castle's location on a plain provided greater visibility from which the garrison could employ their guns, and the complex set of courtyards and baileys provided additional opportunities for defenders to retake portions of the castle that had fallen. 1895:, and may be linked to a number of smaller buildings of two or three stories. Some castles, notably Azuchi, had keeps of as many as seven stories. The keep was the tallest and most elaborate building in the complex, and often also the largest. The number of stories and building layout as perceived from outside the keep rarely corresponds to the internal layout; for example, what appears to be the third story from outside may in fact be the fourth. This certainly must have helped to confuse attackers, preventing them from knowing which story or which window to attack, and likely disorienting the attacker somewhat once he made his way in through a window. 1698:

some larger castles, such as Himeji, a secondary inner moat was constructed between this more central area of residences and the outer section where lower-ranking samurai kept their residences. Only a very few commoners, those directly in the employ and service of the daimyō or his retainers, lived within the walls, and they were often designated portions of the compound to live in, according to their occupation, for purposes of administrative efficiency. Overall, it can be said that castle compounds contained only those structures belonging to the daimyō and his retainers, and those important to the administration of the domain.

2064: 702:, and they were used as anti-personnel weapons. There is no record that the goal of destroying walls ever entered into the strategy of a Japanese siege. In fact, it was often seen to be more honorable, and more tactically advantageous on the part of the defender for him to lead his forces into battle outside the castle. When battles were not resolved in this way, out in the open, sieges were almost always undertaken purely by denying supplies to the castle, an effort that could last years, but involved little more than surrounding the castle with a force of sufficient size until a surrender could be elicited. 2034: 2019: 2004: 1707: 1989: 662: 1832:

other methods of forced entry, but by surrounding the enemy castle and simply denying food, water, or other supplies to the fortress. As this tactic could often take months or even years to see results, the besieging army sometimes even built their own castle or fortress nearby. This being the case, "the castle was less a defensive fortress than a symbol of defensive capacity with which to impress or discourage the enemy". It of course also served as the lord's residence, a center of authority and governance, and in various ways a similar function to military

1921: 347:, using thatched roofs, or, occasionally, wooden shingles. Small ports in the walls or planks could be used to deploy bows or fire guns from. The main weakness of this style was its general instability. Thatch caught fire even more easily than wood, and weather and soil erosion prevented structures from being particularly large or heavy. Eventually, stone bases began to be used, encasing the hilltop in a layer of fine pebbles, and then a layer of larger rocks over that, with no mortar. This support allowed larger, heavier, and more permanent buildings. 581:, and the country descended into war, they began to quickly add to their power bases, securing their primary residences, and constructing additional fortifications in tactically advantageous or important locations. Originally conceived as purely defensive (martial) structures, or as retirement bunkers where a lord could safely ride out periods of violence in his lands, over the course of the Sengoku period, many of these mountain castles developed into permanent residences, with elaborate exteriors and lavish interiors. 1401: 31: 178: 1200: 940: 694:

than those used in European sieges, and many of them were in fact taken from European ships and remounted to serve on land; where the advent of cannon and other artillery brought an end to stone castles in Europe, wooden ones would remain in Japan for several centuries longer. A few castles boasted 'wall guns', but these are presumed to have been little more than large caliber arquebuses, lacking the power of a true cannon. When siege weapons were used in Japan, they were most often

1628: 2049: 5024: 5330: 1039: 1617: 538:, established in the 1330s, had a tenuous grip on the archipelago, and maintained relative peace for over a century. Castle design and organization continued to develop under the Ashikaga shogunate, and throughout the Sengoku period. Castle complexes became fairly elaborate, containing a number of structures, some of which were quite complex internally, as they now served as residences, command centres, and a number of other purposes. 1808: 574:(feudal lords) across the entire archipelago. For the duration of the Ōnin War (1467–1477), and into the Sengoku period, the entire city of Kyoto became a battlefield, and suffered extensive damage. Noble family mansions across the city became increasingly fortified over this ten-year period, and attempts were made to isolate the city as a whole from the marauding armies of samurai that dominated the landscape for over a century. 816: 650:), and a tall central tower. In addition, the castle was located on a plain, rather than on a densely forested mountain, and relied more heavily on architecture and manmade defenses than on its natural environment for protection. These features, along with the general appearance and organization of the Japanese castle, which had matured by this point, have come to define the stereotypical Japanese castle. Along with Hideyoshi's 1845: 356: 2087: 2101: 608: 2209:, the samurai was a samurai by virtue of his birth, retaining this status regardless of his rank. The samurai bore close ties to his clan (the noble family of his lineage), and to other clans to which his own owed fealty, serving loyally in the defence of his lord's lands, in attacks of enemy lands, or in a great number of other ways. For more on the role of the samurai class and its development over time, see 594:, "town below castle") also appeared and developed. Despite these developments, though, for most of the Sengoku period castles remained essentially larger, more complex versions of the simple wooden fortifications of centuries earlier. It was not until the last thirty years of the period of war that drastic changes would occur to bring about the emergence of the type of castle typified by 1532:. In such cases, locals might not be aware there ever was a castle, believing that the name of the mountain is "just a name". Detailed city maps will often have such sites marked. At the site, castle-related landscaping, such as ramparts, partly filled wells, and a leveled hilltop or a series of terraces, will provide evidence of the original layout of the castle. 259:. Azuchi served as the governing center of Oda's territories, and as his lavish home, but it was also very keenly and strategically placed. A short distance away from the capital of Kyoto, which had long been a target of violence, Azuchi's carefully chosen location allowed it a great degree of control over the transportation and communication routes of Oda's enemies. 488:

Japan, between rival samurai clans or other increasingly large and powerful factions, and as a result, defensive strategies and attitudes were forced to change and adapt. As factions emerged and loyalties shifted, clans and factions that had helped the Imperial Court became enemies, and defensive networks were broken, or altered through the shifting of alliances.

1387:. Great care is taken with these structures; open flame and smoking near the castles is usually prohibited, and visitors are usually required to remove their shoes before stepping on the wooden floors (slippers are usually provided). Local legends or ghost stories may also be associated with some of these castles; the most famous is probably the tale of 1008:(later Tokyo). Osaka Castle was surrendered to the Imperial forces without a fight, and on February 3, 1868, many of the buildings of Osaka Castle were burned. The heavy damage to Osaka Castle, which was a significant symbol of the power of the Shogun in western Japan, dealt a major blow to the prestige of the shogunate and the morale of their troops. 1828:

impossible to enter a castle and travel straight to the keep. Invading armies, as well as, presumably, anyone else entering the castle, would be forced to travel around and around the complex, more or less in a spiral, gradually approaching the center, all while the defenders prepared for battle, and rained down arrows and worse upon the attackers.

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meant to be impressive not only in their size and in implying military might, but also in their beauty and the implication of a daimyō's wealth. Though castles owned by powerful daimyōs more often than not had main keeps, many lesser castles did not have them. Though obviously well within the general sphere of

854:, over two hundred and fifty years of peace, beginning around 1600–1615 and ending in 1868. Edo period castles, including survivors from the preceding Azuchi-Momoyama period, therefore no longer had defense against outside forces as their primary purpose. Rather, they served primarily as luxurious homes for the 2238:

in Kyūshū, one of the wealthiest and most powerful domains, doled out sub-fiefs and was allowed by the shogunate to maintain a number of subsidiary castles within their domain; this came largely out of Satsuma's strength and leadership, as well as the inability of the shogunate to effectively enforce

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The least militarily equipped of the castle buildings, the keep was defended by the walls, gates and towers, and its ornamental role was never ignored; few buildings in Japan, least of all castle keeps, were ever built with attention to function purely over artistic and architectural form. Keeps were

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At the other end of the spectrum are castles that have been left in ruins, though usually after archaeological surveys and excavations have been done. Most of these belong to or are maintained by local municipal governments. Some have been incorporated into public parks, such as the ruins of Kuwana

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Cannon were rare in Japan due to the expense of obtaining them from foreigners, and the difficulty in casting such weapons themselves as the foundries used to make bronze temple bells were simply unsuited to the production of iron or steel cannon. The few cannon that were used were smaller and weaker

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Though fairly basic in construction and appearance, these wooden and earthwork structures were designed to impress just as much as to function effectively against attack. Chinese and Korean architecture influenced the design of Japanese buildings, including fortifications, in this period. The remains

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would be governed and defended for centuries afterwards, was originally constructed in this manner, and remnants can still be seen today. A bulwark was constructed around the fortress to serve as a moat to aid in the defense of the structure; in accordance with military strategies and philosophies of

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Japanese castles also contained a variety of gates, some of them simple, and others quite elaborate. Many of them were yaguramon, literally 'turret gates': large gatehouses with a turret running along the top of the gate. Other gates were simpler. Japanese castles have many examples of 'masugata'

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Though the area inside the walls could be quite large, it did not encompass fields or peasants' homes, and the vast majority of commoners likewise lived outside the castle walls. Samurai lived almost exclusively within the compound, those of higher rank living closer to the daimyō's central keep. In

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This period saw the climax of earlier developments towards larger buildings, more complex and concentrated construction, and more elaborate design, both externally and in the castles' interiors. European castle design began to have an impact as well in this period, though the castle had long been in

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the mountains. Trees and other foliage were cleared, and the stone and dirt of the mountain itself was carved into rough fortifications. Ditches were dug, to present obstacles to attackers, as well as to allow boulders to be rolled down at attackers. Moats were created by diverting mountain streams.

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The arrangement of gates and walls sees one of the key tactical differences in design between the Japanese castle and its European counterpart. A complex system of a great many gates and courtyards leading up to the central keep serves as one of the key defensive elements. This was, particularly in

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are both famous in their respective regions for their cherry blossom trees. The efforts of dedicated groups, as well as various agencies of the government has been to keep castles as relevant and visible in the lives of the Japanese people, to showcase them to visitors, and thus prevent the neglect

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Whether their buildings are historical or reconstructions or a mix of the two, numerous castles across Japan serve as history and folk museums, as points of pride for local people, and as tangible structures reflecting Japanese history and heritage. As castles are associated with the martial valor

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spelled the end of the age of castles, Japanese castle-building was spurred, ironically, by the introduction of firearms. Though firearms first appeared in Japan in 1543, and castle design almost immediately saw developments in reaction, Azuchi castle, built in the 1570s, was the first example of a

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All of that said however, castles were rarely forcibly invaded. It was considered more honorable, and more appropriate, for a defender's army to sally forth from the castle to confront his attackers. When this did not happen, sieges were most often performed not through the use of siege weapons or

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Thus, a number of measures were invented to keep attackers off the walls and to stop them from climbing the castle, including pots of hot sand, gun emplacements, and arrow slits from which defenders could fire at attackers while still enjoying nearly full cover. Spaces in the walls for firing from

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During the early 20th century, a new movement for the preservation of heritage grew. The first law for the preservation of sites of historical or cultural significance was enacted in 1919, and was followed ten years later by the 1929 National Treasure Preservation Law. With the enactment of these

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Azuchi Castle was destroyed in 1582, just three years after its completion, but it nevertheless ushered in a new period of castle-building. Among the many castles built in the ensuing years was Hideyoshi's castle at Osaka, completed in 1585. This incorporated all the new features and construction

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On those occasions when a castle was infiltrated or invaded by enemy forces, the central keep served as the last bastion of refuge, and a point from which counter-attacks and attempts to retake the castle could be made. If the castle ultimately fell, certain rooms within the keep would more often

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effect upon the invading force, or even simply at right angles within a square courtyard. Passageways would often lead to blind alleys, and the layout would often prevent visitors (or invaders) from being able to see ahead to where different passages might lead. All in all, these measures made it

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is a remarkable example of a modern reproduction using a significant degree of traditional construction materials and techniques. Modern construction materials at Kanazawa Castle are minimal, discreet, and are primarily in place to ensure stability, safety concerns, and accessibility. At present,

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Originally conceived as fortresses for military defense, Japanese castles were placed in strategic locations, typically along trade routes, roads, and rivers. Though castles continued to be built with these considerations, for centuries, fortresses were also built as centres of governance. By the

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Fortifications were still made almost entirely out of wood, and were based largely on earlier modes, and on Chinese and Korean examples. But they began to become larger, to incorporate more buildings, to accommodate larger armies, and to be conceived as more long-lasting structures. This mode of

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towards the end of the period, and various disputes between noble families jostling for power and influence in the Imperial Court brought about further upgrades. The primary defensive concern in the archipelago was no longer native tribes or foreign invaders, but rather internal conflicts within

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grew quite poor later in the period, daimyō nevertheless sought as much as possible to use their castles as representations of their power and wealth. The general architectural style did not change much from more martial times, but the furnishings and indoor arrangements could be quite lavish.

903:; the resulting concentration of samurai in the cities, and their near-total absence from the countryside and from cities that were not feudal capitals (Kyoto and Osaka in particular) were important features of the social and cultural landscape of the Edo period. Meanwhile, the castles in the 1195:

on August 6, 1945. It was also on the grounds of Hiroshima Castle that news of the atomic bombing was first transmitted to Tokyo. When the atomic bomb detonated, a team of volunteer high school girls had just taken their shift on a radio in a small fortified bunker in the main courtyard of

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brought dramatic shifts in battle tactics and military attitudes in Japan. Though these shifts were complex and numerous, one of the concepts key to changes in castle design at this time was that of battle at range. Though archery duels had traditionally preceded samurai battles since the

1233:, but also has the distinction of the being the last castle in Japan attacked by an invading force. In April 1945, Shuri Castle was the coordinating point for a line of outposts and defensive positions known as the "Shuri Line". US Soldiers and Marines encountered fierce resistance and 1667:. Unlike in European castles, which had walkways built into the walls, in Japanese castles, the walls' timbers would be left sticking inwards, and planks would simply be placed over them to provide a surface for archers or gunners to stand on. This standing space was often called the 894:

had profound effects not only politically, as intended, but socially, and in terms of the castles themselves. Where members of the samurai class had previously lived in or around the great number of castles sprinkling the landscape, they now became concentrated in the capitals of the

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were turned once again to martial purposes. No longer needed to resist samurai cavalry charges, or arquebus squads, attempts were made to convert Goryōkaku, and a handful of other castles across the country, into defensible positions against the cannon of Western naval vessels.

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began to build cities in earnest in the 7th century, complete with expansive palace complexes, surrounded on four sides with walls and impressive gates. Earthworks and wooden fortresses were also built throughout the countryside to defend the territory from the native

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While many of the remaining castles in Japan are reconstructions or a mix of reconstructed and historical buildings, and many of the reconstructed buildings are steel-reinforced concrete replicas, there has been a movement toward traditional methods of construction.

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still show the damage done by bullets. (Kagoshima Castle was never re-built, but portions of the stone walls and the moat were left intact, and later the prefectural history museum was built on the castle's foundation.) The rebel force made their last stand on

1942:, symbolic of eternity or immortality, were planted along them. These served the dual purpose of adding natural beautiful scenery to a daimyō's home, representing part of his garden, and also obscuring the insides of the castle compound from spies or scouts. 79:

of earlier centuries and came into their best-known form in the 16th century. Castles in Japan were built to guard important or strategic sites, such as ports, river crossings, or crossroads, and almost always incorporated the landscape into their defenses.

1123:, or "Castle Mountain", probably named for a castle built there some time in the past, whose name has been lost in history. During the final battle, Saigo was mortally wounded, and the last forty rebels charged the Imperial troops and were cut down by 407:

and other groups; unlike their primitive predecessors, these were relatively permanent structures, built in peacetime. These were largely built as extensions of natural features, and often consisted of little more than earthworks and wooden barricades.

919:, it nevertheless serves as a fine example of these developments. These vastly consolidated and expanded castles, and the great number of samurai living, by necessity, in and around them, thus led to an explosion in urban growth in 17th century Japan. 1252:

took the castle, finding that the intensity of the destruction had prompted the headquarters contingent to abandon the castle and link up with scattered units and continue the defense of the island. On May 30, the US flag was raised over one of the

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Finally there are the castle sites that have not been maintained or developed to any degree, and may have few markings or signs. Historical significance and local interest are too low to warrant additional costs. This includes Nagasawa Castle

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was on the rise, and a new pride was found in the castles, which became symbols of Japan's warrior traditions. With new advances in construction, some of the previously destroyed castle buildings were re-built quickly and cheaply with

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gave way to a siege, but by April 12, reinforcements of the Imperial army arrived to break the siege. After a series of battles, the Satsuma rebels were forced back to Kagoshima city. Fighting continued there, and the stones walls of

475:(794–1185) saw a shift from the need to defend the entire state from invaders to that of lords defending individual mansions or territories from one another. Though battles were still continually fought in the north-east portion of 1686:

were the foremost castle architects in the late 16th century, and were renowned for building the 45-degree stone bases, which began to be used for keeps, gatehouses, and corner towers, not just for the castle mound as a whole.

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and other surviving castles. This period of war culminated in the Azuchi–Momoyama period, the scene of numerous fierce battles, which saw the introduction of firearms and the development of tactics to employ or counter them.

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gate complexes, which usually consisted of two gates placed at right angles and joined by walls to create a square enclosure which would trap would-be invaders, who then could be attacked from the turret gates or walls.

835: 1508:) on the maps of towns and cities across Japan. Because the castle was small or may have been used for a short time in centuries past, the name of the castle is often lost to history, such as the "Shiroyama" at 1596:) were not uncommon, and a few very isolated castles were even built on small natural or artificial islands in lakes or the sea, or along the shore. The science of building and fortifying castles was known as 683:

or earlier, exchanges of fire with arquebuses had a far more dramatic effect on the outcome of the battle; hand-to-hand fighting, while still very common, was diminished by the coordinated use of firearms.

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castles) were never intended to be long-term defensive positions, let alone residences; the native peoples of the archipelago built fortifications when they were needed and abandoned the sites afterwards.

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laws, local governments had an obligation to prevent any further destruction, and they had some of the funds and resources of the national government to improve on these historically significant sites.

850:, roughly a century and a half of war that brought great changes and developments in military tactics and equipment, as well as the emergence of the Azuchi-Momoyama style castle, was followed by the 911:, now consolidated into a single castle. Edo castle, expanded by a factor of twenty between roughly 1600 and 1636 after becoming the shogunal seat. Though obviously something of an exception, the 1314:

There are only twelve castles with main keeps that are considered "extant" (Japanese 'genson'), although many other castles have significant numbers of other extant historical castle buildings:

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of past warriors, there are often monuments near castle structures or in their parks dedicated to either samurai or soldiers of the Imperial Army who died in war, such as the monument to the

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Japanese castles, like their European cousins, featured massive stone walls and large moats. However, walls were restricted to the castle compound itself; they were never extended around a

1090:, these castles were viewed as symbols of the previous ruling elite, and nearly 2,000 castles were dismantled or destroyed. Others were simply abandoned and eventually fell into disrepair. 2063: 4418: 1751:

in a row; most used some combination of these two layouts. Since most Japanese castles were built atop a mountain or hill, the topography of the location determined the layout of the

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philosophies of Azuchi, and was larger, more prominently located, and longer-lasting. It was the last bastion of resistance against the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate (see

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Wars (1336–1392) between the Northern and Southern Imperial Courts are the primary conflicts that define these developments during what is sometimes called Japan's medieval period.

2205:("one who serves"), refers both to the armed feudal retainers who fought for their lords in feudal Japan, but also to the noble warrior class as a whole. Thus, unlike the European 6037: 6340: 1969: 1097:(1877). After heated disagreements in the new Tokyo legislature, young former samurai of the Satsuma domain rashly decided to rebel against the new government, and lobbied 1714:, giving some indication of the overall layout of the castle, and the complex arrangement of walls and paths that would present a considerable obstacle to an invading army 1903:, much of the aesthetics and design of the castle was quite distinct from styles or influences seen in Shintō shrines, Buddhist temples, or Japanese homes. The intricate 1743:, meaning 'round' or 'circle' in most contexts, here refers to sections of the castle, separated by courtyards. Some castles were arranged in concentric circles, each 5061: 1675:, bamboo spikes planted into the ground at a diagonal, or the use of felled trees, their branches facing outwards and presenting an obstacle to an approaching army ( 107:, both built in 1611, have main keeps or other buildings that remain extant in their historical forms, not having suffered any damage from sieges or other threats. 907:

capitals inevitably expanded, not only to accommodate the increased number of samurai they now had to support, but also to represent the prestige and power of the

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were the scenes of heavy fighting. In the course of battle, Komine Castle was burned (it was re-built in 1994). The allied forces continued north to the city of

95:(1603–1867) that followed, or more recently, as national heritage sites or museums. Today there are more than one hundred castles extant, or partially extant, in 1196:

Hiroshima Castle. The girls transmitted the message that the city had been destroyed, to the confused disbelief of the officers receiving the message in Tokyo.

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there are local non-profit associations that are attempting to collect funds and donations for the historically accurate re-construction of the main towers at

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served as HQ for the 9th Infantry Division. For this reason, and as a way to strike against the morale and culture of the Japanese people, many castles were

1261:. Over 4,000 square metres (43,000 sq ft) of the Shuri Castle were burnt down due to an electrical fault on 30 October 2019 at around 2.34 am. 962:

Before the feudal system could be completely overturned, castles played a role in the initial resistance to the Meiji Restoration. In January 1868, the

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Some castle sites are now in the hands of private landowners, and the area has been developed. Vegetable plots now occupy the site of Kaminogo Castle (

876:(feudal domain), with a few exceptions especially the ones the ones in satsuma and the ones up north , and a number of other policies including that of 751:

were sometimes full-fledged castles with stone bases, they were more frequently fortresses of wood and earthenworks. Often, a system of fire beacons,

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Japanese castles were almost always built atop a hill or mound, and often an artificial mound would be created for this purpose (similar to European

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Japanese castles were built in a variety of environments, but all were constructed within variations of a fairly well-defined architectural scheme.

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near the ruins of Yoshida Castle (Toyohashi, Aichi). Castle grounds are often developed into parks for the benefit of the public, and planted with

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Though they were built to last and used more stone in their construction than most Japanese buildings, castles were still constructed primarily of

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The crucial development that spurred the emergence of a new type of defensive architecture was, thus, not cannon, but the advent of firearms.

6335: 6330: 6320: 5054: 2173: 214:, to impress and to intimidate rivals not only with their defences but also with their sizes, architecture, and elegant interiors. In 1576, 2621: 788: 2226:, where the Mongols landed, but are exceptions to the trend of internal warfare which guided military developments in pre-modern Japan. 459:

or ruins of some of these fortresses, decidedly different from what would come later, can still be seen in certain parts of Kyūshū and

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The first fortifications in Japan were hardly what one generally associates with the term "castles". Made primarily of earthworks, or

1192: 527:, permanent castle complexes containing a number of buildings but no tall keep towers, and surrounded by wooden walls, were built by 136:) when used as a standalone word. However, when attached to another word (such as in the name of a particular castle), it is read as 1963:

Aerial views of Japanese castles reveal a consistent military strategy that informs the over-all planning for each unique location.

5047: 3131: 3065: 112: 1588:, or "mountain castles", were the most common, and provided the best natural defenses. However, castles built on flat plains (平城, 91:(1467–1603), when many of these castles were first built. However, many were rebuilt, either later in the Sengoku period, in the 2033: 4234: 2158: 2222:

The only invasion attempts upon Japan in the 2nd millennium, these had a not insignificant impact upon defences in and around

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The beginnings of the shapes and styles now considered to be the "classic" Japanese castle design emerged at this time, and

6312: 1679:). Many castles also had trapdoors built into their towers, and some even suspended logs from ropes, to drop on attackers. 1988: 709:

firing squads and cavalry charges could overcome wooden stockades with relative ease, and so stone castles came into use.

4828: 4523: 2119: 1075:, the fortress of Goryōkaku was under siege, and finally surrendered on May 18, 1869, bringing an end to the Boshin War. 791:

took place between 1592 and 1598, at the same time as the high point in Azuchi–Momoyama style castle construction within

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The Japan's Modern Castles YouTube channel, featuring virtual tours of castle sites and discussing their modern history

3036: 2975: 2810: 2595: 4643: 4428: 3017: 2998: 2912: 2870: 2849: 2782: 2578: 6220: 2163: 1780:蔵 or 倉), and the living quarters of the garrison. Larger castles would have additional encircling sections, called 1191:, among others, were all destroyed during air raids. Hiroshima Castle is notable for having been destroyed in the 17: 739:

Some especially powerful families controlled not one, but a whole string of castles, consisting of a main castle (

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Most of these are in areas of Japan that were not subjected to the strategic bombing of World War II, such as in

882:. Though there were also, at times, restrictions on the size and furnishings of these castles, and although many 626:

largely new type of castle, on a larger, grander scale than those that came before, boasting a large stone base (

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Rebellions continued to break out during the first years of the Meiji period. The last and largest was the

4076: 3614: 3124: 4413: 3494: 2048: 1812: 1083: 651: 546: 484: 1071:, which is nonetheless often included in lists and in literature on Japanese castles. After the fierce 728:

In Japanese politics and warfare, the castle served not only as a fortress, but as the residence of the

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denotes an area enclosed by earthworks or other walls, and was a term also used to denote the enclosed

1258: 1226: 655: 1318: 6365: 4458: 2114: 2070: 1296: 1279: 951: 779: 516: 5289: 4083: 6370: 5114: 4955: 4033: 2168: 1024: 1491:, Aichi), Sakyoden Castle (Toyohashi, Aichi), Taka Castle (Matsuzaka, Mie), and Kuniyoshi Castle ( 674:

was destroyed by cannon. This reproduction towers above the surroundings. The introduction of the

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all along the Shuri Line. Starting on May 25, the castle was subjected to three days of intense

1156: 922:

As contact with Western powers increased in the middle of the 19th century, some castles such as

1460:, Mie Prefecture, the city hall and an elementary school were built on the site of Toba Castle. 770:

system; the Hōjō controlled so much land that a hierarchy of sub-satellite networks was created

286:'s government offices and residences were located in a group of single-story buildings near the 5623: 5027: 4843: 4433: 4330: 4215: 3399: 1671:

or "stone throwing shelf". Other tactics to hinder attackers' approaches to the walls included

1368: 1140: 566:, which broke out in 1467, marked the beginning of 147 years of widespread warfare (called the 115:, and was rebuilt in 1958 as a museum, though it does retain many of its original stone walls. 6375: 5699: 5071: 4980: 4818: 4600: 4353: 4090: 3913: 3242: 1980: 1900: 1238: 699: 1706: 1475:, though in both cases some of the castle-related topography can still be seen, such as the 1389: 658:(roughly 1568–1600) in which these types of castles, used for military defense, flourished. 6273: 6266: 5898: 5604: 5127: 4965: 4493: 4119: 3918: 3884: 3284: 3166: 3104: 1529: 1436:). Others have been left in more natural state, often with a marked hiking trail, such as 991: 661: 555: 5491: 2716:

Ratti, Oscar and Adele Westbrook (1973). Secrets of the Samurai. Edison, NJ: Castle Books.

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to be as militarily effective as possible, within the technology and designs of the time.

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fortification, developed gradually from earlier modes and used throughout the wars of the

8: 6230: 5665: 5408: 5179: 4782: 4518: 3874: 3252: 2253: 2146: 2092: 1920: 1234: 1180: 1128: 1120: 1110: 760: 38: 3062: 99:; it is estimated that once there were five thousand. Some castles, such as the ones at 42: 5803: 4904: 4513: 4488: 4473: 4468: 4318: 4298: 4095: 3656: 3523: 3267: 2474: 2466: 2278: 2256:, as well as the city walls built throughout Europe and England across history, by the 2223: 1499:). Castle sites of this type also include nearly every area marked "Castle Mountain" ( 1433: 1184: 1072: 1031:. After a month, with the walls and main tower pock-marked by bullets and cannonballs, 1001: 983: 863: 784: 717:), and remained prominent if not politically or militarily significant, as the city of 551: 535: 528: 244: 862:, and his power base, against peasant uprisings and other internal insurrections. The 307:. The only exception was Oda Nobunaga's Azuchi-Momoyama Castle, where he lived in the 5755: 5686: 5610: 5369: 5220: 4960: 4919: 4894: 4767: 4448: 4288: 4135: 3721: 3599: 3277: 3220: 3032: 3013: 2994: 2971: 2952: 2908: 2907:. Blackwell Companions to Social and Cultural Anthropology. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 2889: 2866: 2845: 2806: 2778: 2574: 2478: 2249: 2178: 1601: 1553: 1468: 1230: 1094: 1087: 947: 759:

was set up to enable communications between these castles over a great distance. The

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of the 13th century, reached its climax in the 1330s, during the Nanboku-chō period.

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the time, it would only be filled with water at times of conflict. This was called a

370:, and wood, the earliest fortifications made far greater use of natural defences and 166: 5522: 5498: 5039: 2764:

Benesch, Oleg. "Castles and the Militarisation of Urban Society in Imperial Japan,"

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and for centuries afterwards, along with comparable examples in China and elsewhere.

1098: 6256: 5911: 5884: 5255: 4934: 4909: 4838: 4762: 4363: 4358: 4293: 3844: 3648: 3227: 2987: 2458: 1719: 1496: 1472: 1453: 1425: 1413: 1363: 1148: 1115: 1079: 943: 839: 637: 524: 423: 108: 2622:"Electrical fault could have caused inferno at Okinawa's Shuri Castle, police say" 2378: 1400: 480: 6262: 5858: 5516: 5424: 5417: 5195: 4823: 4675: 4648: 4588: 4558: 4443: 4408: 4388: 4373: 3928: 3923: 3652: 3594: 3582: 3564: 3431: 3412: 3338: 3315: 3099: 3087: 3069: 2860: 2839: 2350: 2040: 1929: 1632: 1557: 1549: 1513: 1348: 1333: 1291: 1249: 1164: 1106: 1060: 828: 344: 338:. Though most later castles were built atop mountains or hills, these were built 274: 252: 1683: 1456:). The grounds of some were developed with municipal buildings or schools. In 1343: 878: 104: 30: 5598: 5390: 5248: 5234: 5202: 5147: 4992: 4987: 4653: 4638: 4573: 4563: 4438: 4423: 4323: 4313: 4278: 4152: 3945: 3642: 3609: 3573: 3389: 3247: 3211: 2449:

Brown, Delmer (1948). "The Impact of Firearms on Japanese Warfare, 1543–1598".

2235: 2025: 1947: 1541: 1441: 1437: 1417: 1405: 1373: 1353: 1338: 1222: 1102: 1078:

All castles, along with the feudal domains themselves, were turned over to the

1035:

was finally surrendered. It was later demolished and not re-built until 1965.

1032: 1028: 1016: 987: 847: 763: 733: 714: 567: 520: 320: 293: 185: 181: 177: 88: 1793: 1770:(三の丸) respectively. These areas contained the main tower and residence of the 1448:, Fukushima Prefecture), Kikoe Castle (Kagoshima city), or Kanegasaki Castle ( 820: 721:

grew up around it, developing into one of Japan's primary commercial centers.

504: 87:, and many were destroyed over the years. This was especially true during the 6359: 5458: 5452: 5335: 5310: 5296: 5262: 5241: 5227: 5161: 5107: 5093: 4997: 4950: 4858: 4848: 4802: 4772: 4757: 4726: 4707: 4568: 4508: 4463: 4378: 4337: 4147: 3780: 3775: 3508: 3471: 3456: 3407: 3352: 3331: 3140: 3080: 2055: 2010: 1925: 1711: 1621: 1492: 1394: 1384: 1358: 1328: 1323: 1199: 1068: 1020: 975: 870:, enforced a number of regulations limiting the number of castles to one per 611: 595: 496: 395: 219: 100: 34: 27:

Fortresses constructed primarily by stone or wood in earlier Japanese history

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and its network of satellites was one of the most powerful examples of this

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to lead them. Saigo reluctantly accepted and led Satsuma forces north from

687: 680: 671: 665: 512: 472: 367: 248: 215: 209: 147: 1627: 1064: 1044: 923: 590: 5678: 5561: 5536: 5100: 4874: 4731: 4700: 4682: 4670: 4612: 4607: 4548: 4543: 4503: 4403: 4368: 4264: 4167: 3938: 3908: 3898: 3804: 3693: 3310: 3257: 2747: 2374: 2135: 1824: 1521: 1274: 1124: 872: 585: 427: 412: 404: 387: 133: 5644: 3501: 2285:

during the Edo period. As it relates to castles, most castles had three

1464: 927: 563: 447:), up until sometime in the 9th century or later, was read (pronounced) 376: 6203: 6175: 6141: 5529: 5505: 4899: 4719: 4691: 4622: 4498: 4453: 4383: 4303: 4200: 4105: 4045: 4004: 3982: 3933: 3879: 3829: 3824: 3809: 3768: 3716: 3674: 3619: 3461: 3377: 2470: 1976: 1853: 1816: 1525: 1509: 1445: 1304: 963: 851: 500: 492: 371: 256: 143: 92: 6127: 5810: 4879: 3424: 515:(770–1185), and deployed to help defend the shores of Kyūshū from the 123: 75:

constructed primarily of wood and stone. They evolved from the wooden

6294: 6189: 6155: 5949: 5877: 5692: 5672: 5362: 4308: 4239: 4066: 4061: 3994: 3635: 3548: 3478: 3436: 3262: 3232: 3193: 3159: 2282: 2152: 1863:

The castle keep, usually three to five stories tall, is known as the

1457: 1051:

From Aizu, some Bakufu loyalists made their way north to the city of

1038: 695: 360: 5817: 2462: 1616: 1105:. Hostilities commenced on February 19, 1877, when the defenders of 996: 476: 460: 6109: 5998: 5984: 5970: 5942: 5935: 5917: 5748: 5734: 5713: 5651: 5574: 5484: 4792: 4787: 4712: 4553: 4271: 4246: 4229: 4159: 4100: 4028: 4021: 3864: 3752: 3626: 3446: 3441: 3417: 3345: 3325: 3305: 3272: 1938:

lined the top of the castle's walls, and patches of trees, usually

1935: 1917:(ritual suicide) of the daimyō, his family, and closest retainers. 1833: 1807: 1561: 1488: 1056: 1052: 1015:

domain, from whence a large number of their troops hailed. As the

815: 706: 675: 76: 72: 6287: 6067: 6046: 5845: 5831: 5824: 5789: 5741: 5706: 2794:

A Brief History of the Samurai: A New History of the Warrior Elite

1844: 1188: 979: 355: 6148: 6134: 6081: 6060: 6019: 6005: 5991: 5796: 5630: 5581: 5567: 5376: 5213: 5188: 5121: 4924: 4889: 4884: 4222: 4205: 4190: 4174: 4126: 4054: 3999: 3989: 3957: 3859: 3834: 3819: 3589: 3533: 3451: 3298: 3291: 3237: 3109: 2210: 1913: 1672: 1449: 1380: 1300: 1254: 1176: 756: 5329: 5303: 1257:

of the castle. Shuri Castle was re-built in 1992, and is now an

607: 6102: 6053: 5977: 5891: 5838: 5782: 5727: 5720: 5658: 5616: 5438: 5431: 5133: 4929: 4283: 3849: 3787: 3731: 3709: 3686: 3679: 3555: 3538: 3370: 3202: 3184: 3154: 2831:

Deus Destroyed: The Image of Christianity in Early Modern Japan

2206: 2141: 2130: 2124: 1881: 1727: 1676: 1421: 1217: 1213: 1172: 971: 807:. All that remains of these castles today are the stone bases. 622: 618: 400: 382: 265: 225: 218:

was among the first to build one of these palace-like castles:

196: 2086: 6094: 6088: 6074: 6012: 5963: 5905: 5852: 5637: 5464: 5445: 5383: 5140: 4970: 4914: 4658: 4183: 4014: 3854: 3175: 2273:(丸) most literally translates simply to "round" or "circle", 1904: 1857: 1476: 1308: 967: 824: 804: 792: 752: 718: 119: 96: 46: 3092: 2573:(illustrated ed.). Kodansha International. p. 93. 1718:

The primary method of defense lay in the arrangement of the

111:, on the opposite end of the spectrum, was destroyed in the 6301: 6182: 6026: 5956: 3952: 3794: 3761: 3736: 3528: 3518: 3487: 3466: 1939: 1758:

The "most central bailey", containing the keep, was called

1139:

Some castles, especially the larger ones, were used by the

1012: 238: 84: 3052: 2949:

Architecture éternelle du Japon – De l'histoire aux mythes

2073:, with superimposed lines representing the original castle 1788:. At many castles still standing today in Japan, only the 1404:

Earthen ramparts around the main courtyard at the site of

990:

domains. By January 31, the Bakufu army had retreated to

441:), or "water fort". The character for castle or fortress ( 1005: 900: 1063:, centered on a government building within the walls of 866:, to forestall the amassing of power on the part of the 2862:

Nationalisms of Japan: managing and mystifying identity

2775:

Japan's Castles: Citadels of Modernity in War and Peace

890:

This restriction on the number of castles allowed each

193:

Sengoku period, they had come to serve as the homes of

2777:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 374. 5069: 2833:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 2600:

The Final Campaign: Marines in the Victory on Okinawa

1663:

and the rarer, later spaces for cannon were known as

323:(roughly the 16th century), most castles were called 2841:

Hozon: architectural and urban conservation in Japan

2838:

Enders, Siegfried R. C. T.; Gutschow, Niels (1998).

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was used as a storehouse in times of peace and as a

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Japan's Imperial Army: Its Rise and Fall, 1853–1945

858:, their families and retainers, and to protect the 803:in Korean) were built along the southern shores of 2986: 1796:in Kyoto is an interesting exception, in that the 1264: 1159:(1894–1895) and later as the headquarters for the 1143:. Osaka Castle served as the headquarters for the 970:, between samurai forces loyal to the disaffected 6357: 747:) spread throughout their territory. Though the 3381: 2824:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 2293:; additional areas beyond this would be called 1879: 1864: 1574: 1127:. The Satsuma Rebellion came to an end at the 974:government, and allied forces loyal to the new 324: 308: 291: 278: 263: 223: 194: 151: 137: 127: 64: 3943: 3889: 3707: 3553: 2837: 1888: 1871: 1747:lying within the last, while others lay their 1732: 1581: 1500: 1011:From Edo, the Bakufu forces fled north to the 641: 627: 442: 436: 331: 300: 232: 203: 158: 58: 5055: 4598: 4328: 4157: 4133: 3750: 3741: 3698: 3422: 3218: 3209: 3125: 2970:. Groningen: Toyo Press. pp. 600 pages. 2805:. Groningen: Toyo Press. pp. 600 pages. 2174:List of National Treasures of Japan (castles) 732:(feudal lord), and as a symbol of his power. 4717: 4698: 4689: 4680: 4269: 4244: 4220: 4181: 4172: 4124: 4110: 4081: 4052: 4043: 4019: 3980: 3785: 3766: 3684: 3633: 3624: 3580: 3571: 3562: 3499: 3485: 3476: 3359: 3336: 2766:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 1800:still stands, while all that remains of the 1568: 577:As regional officials and others became the 3368: 3350: 3296: 3282: 3200: 3191: 3182: 3173: 3164: 3026: 2984: 2602:. Marine Corps History and Museums Division 2568: 1762:(本丸), and the second and third were called 5062: 5048: 3132: 3118: 3029:Castles of the Samurai: Power & Beauty 2485: 1592:) and those built on lowlands hills (平山城, 2902: 2773:Benesch, Oleg and Ran Zwigenberg (2019). 2703:Draeger, Donn F. & Smith, Robert W.; 2593: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 1134: 602: 2965: 2930: 2905:A Companion to the Anthropology of Japan 2886:Let's learn again about Japanese Castles 2879: 2800: 2791: 2491: 2406: 2321:. Tokyo: Association of Japanese Castle. 2248:Consider, for example, defenses such as 1919: 1907:and windows are a fine example of this. 1843: 1806: 1705: 1626: 1615: 1611: 1471:orchard has been planted on the site of 1399: 1198: 1169:intentionally bombed during World War II 1037: 978:, which consisted mainly of samurai and 938: 834: 814: 660: 606: 545: 354: 176: 29: 2858: 2772: 2664: 2662: 2564: 2562: 2420: 2418: 2344: 2342: 1945:A variety of towers or turrets, called 636:), a complex arrangement of concentric 350: 14: 6358: 3081:Japan Top 100 Castles and castle ruins 2946: 2926:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 2921: 2888:] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Seitosha. 2828: 2393: 2289:, main baileys, which could be called 2159:List of foreign-style castles in Japan 1225:was not only the headquarters for the 1131:on the morning of September 25, 1877. 5043: 3113: 3007: 2742: 2740: 2710: 2638:Enders and Gutschow (1998), pp.12–13. 2569:Nishi, Kazuo; Hozumi, Kazuo (1996) . 2448: 2442: 2424: 2316: 1109:fired on the Satsuma troops. Fierce 743:) and a number of satellite castles ( 654:, Azuchi lends its name to the brief 2865:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 2819: 2659: 2559: 2415: 2339: 2310: 1286:, which was first re-built in 1928. 1171:. The main towers of the castles at 957: 4524:Weapons Storage and Security System 2968:An Encyclopedia of Japanese Castles 2803:An Encyclopedia of Japanese Castles 2768:, Vol. 28 (Dec. 2018), pp. 107–134. 2357:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2297:(外廓), or "kuruwa that are outside". 2120:Continued 100 Fine Castles of Japan 1548:trees, and other flowering plants. 1393:, based on events that occurred at 222:was Japan's first castle to have a 24: 3139: 2940: 2903:Robertson, Jennifer Ellen (2005). 2737: 466: 359:The reconstructed western gate of 25: 6387: 3046: 2796:. London: Constable and Robinson. 2707:Kodansha International, 1980, p84 2705:Comprehensive Asian fighting arts 2355:The Art and Architecture of Japan 2333:DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Japan 2325: 725:decline in Europe by this point. 485:rise of the samurai warrior class 343:Buildings were made primarily of 6221:Architectural Institute of Japan 5328: 5023: 5022: 2688:The Fighting Arts of the Samurai 2164:Korean-style fortresses in Japan 2099: 2085: 2062: 2047: 2032: 2017: 2002: 1987: 1968: 1911:than not become the site of the 1444:, Mie Prefecture), Kame Castle ( 934: 842:model of the Edo Castle complex. 795:. Many Japanese castles (called 374:than anything human-made. These 45:, is the most visited castle in 6251:Groups of Traditional Buildings 2993:. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co. 2985:Schmorleitz, Morton S. (1974). 2947:Cluzel, Jean-Sébastien (2008). 2844:. London: Edition Axel Menges. 2757: 2728: 2719: 2697: 2680: 2671: 2650: 2641: 2632: 2614: 2587: 2550: 2541: 2532: 2523: 2511: 2500: 2263: 2242: 2229: 1265:Reconstruction and conservation 3027:Mitchelhill, Jennifer (2013). 2571:What is Japanese architecture? 2507:Nijōjō ninomaru teien 二条城二之丸庭園 2433: 2377:. 23 June 2016. Archived from 2361: 2335:. London: DK Publishing. 2002. 2216: 2191: 1631:The steep stone walls beneath 483:) against native peoples, the 13: 1: 6226:Japan Institute of Architects 4419:British "hedgehog" road block 2924:A History of Japan: 1334-1615 2594:Alexander, Joseph H. (1996). 2304: 1710:A hanging scroll painting of 1639:(武者返し, "repelling warriors"). 1516:, or the "Shiroyama" between 1153:Imperial General Headquarters 810: 416: 2935:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2880:Nakayama, Yoshiaki (2007). 2556:Clements (2010), pp.295–296. 2427:Feudal Architecture of Japan 2411:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 1839: 1282:, such as the main tower of 1042:The star shaped fortress of 7: 4829:Cities with defensive walls 4414:Defensive fighting position 4329: 4134: 3944: 3890: 3751: 3742: 3708: 3699: 3554: 2792:Clements, Jonathan (2010). 2694:, March 1990 Vol. 28, No. 3 2656:McVeigh (2004), pp.47, 157. 2496:. London: Cassell & Co. 2078: 1880: 1865: 1575: 1248:. On May 28, a company of 1129:Battle of "Castle Mountain" 1084:abolition of the han system 325: 309: 292: 279: 264: 224: 195: 152: 138: 128: 65: 10: 6392: 5326: 3093:Photos of Japanese Castles 2966:De Lange, William (2021). 2931:Turnbull, Stephen (2002). 2859:McVeigh, Brian J. (2004). 2801:De Lange, William (2021). 2520:16:3 (May 1957), p366–367. 2492:Turnbull, Stephen (1998). 2439:Sansom (1961), pp.223–227. 2409:Japanese Castles 1540–1640 2407:Turnbull, Stephen (2003). 1958: 1655:; arrow slits were called 1259:UNESCO World Heritage Site 777: 621:, where the advent of the 541: 172: 6311: 6246: 6239: 6213: 6165: 6119: 6036: 5927: 5869: 5765: 5591: 5554: 5474: 5407: 5400: 5349: 5342: 5272: 5178: 5171: 5085: 5078: 5013: 4943: 4867: 4811: 4745: 4631: 4536: 4459:Hardened aircraft shelter 4434:Entry control point (ECP) 4346: 4257: 3973: 3966: 3398: 3147: 3053:Guide of Japanese Castles 2951:. Dijon: Editions Faton. 2239:many policies in Satsuma. 2134:—fortifications built by 2115:100 Fine Castles of Japan 2071:Takamatsu Castle (Sanuki) 1889: 1872: 1733: 1701: 1605: 1582: 1569:Architecture and defenses 1501: 1390:Okiku and the Nine Plates 1280:steel-reinforced concrete 780:Japanese castles in Korea 642: 628: 443: 437: 332: 301: 277:in times of war, and the 233: 204: 159: 59: 4956:Continuity of government 3058:Japanese Castle Explorer 2881: 2820:Drea, Edward J. (2009). 2734:Nakayama (2007), p.60–3. 2518:Journal of Asian Studies 2369: 2317:Inoue, Munekazu (1959). 2184: 2169:List of castles in Japan 1645:motte-and-bailey castles 1059:. There they set up the 773: 495:(1180–1185) between the 4778:Motte-and-bailey castle 4484:Missile launch facility 4479:Main line of resistance 3174: 2922:Sansom, George (1961). 2677:Clements (2010), p.313. 2668:Clements (2010), p.312. 2647:Robertson (2005), p.39. 2538:Clements (2010), p.294. 2529:Clements (2010), p.293. 2425:Hirai, Kiyoshi (1973). 1979:—today the location of 1319:Bitchū Matsuyama Castle 1157:First Sino-Japanese War 819:The Ninomaru Garden at 652:Fushimi–Momoyama castle 554:, destroyed during the 243:, and it inspired both 5592:Structural and spatial 4854:Military installations 4718: 4699: 4690: 4681: 4599: 4270: 4245: 4221: 4211:Scarp and Counterscarp 4182: 4173: 4158: 4125: 4111: 4082: 4053: 4044: 4020: 3981: 3786: 3767: 3685: 3634: 3625: 3581: 3572: 3563: 3500: 3486: 3477: 3423: 3382: 3369: 3360: 3351: 3337: 3297: 3283: 3219: 3210: 3201: 3192: 3183: 3165: 3008:Motoo, Hinago (1986). 2933:War in Japan 1467–1615 2626:The Japan Times Online 2547:Drea (2009), pp.15–17. 2494:The Samurai Sourcebook 2370:天守閣は物置だった？｢日本の城｣の教養10選 1932: 1860: 1819: 1715: 1640: 1624: 1565:of national heritage. 1538:18th Infantry Regiment 1408: 1369:Matsuyama Castle (Iyo) 1206: 1141:Imperial Japanese Army 1135:Imperial Japanese Army 1048: 954: 843: 832: 668: 656:Azuchi–Momoyama period 614: 603:Azuchi–Momoyama period 559: 451:, as in this example, 363: 189: 146:). Thus, for example, 50: 5072:Japanese architecture 4623:Floating water castle 4354:Admiralty scaffolding 3647:Fortified buildings ( 3063:130+ Japanese Castles 2725:Elison (1991), p.364. 2451:Far Eastern Quarterly 1981:Tokyo Imperial Palace 1923: 1901:Japanese architecture 1847: 1810: 1709: 1630: 1619: 1612:Walls and foundations 1403: 1202: 1161:5th Infantry Division 1145:4th Infantry Division 1041: 942: 838: 818: 664: 610: 549: 358: 336:, 'mountain castles') 180: 142:(its Chinese-derived 33: 5128:Imperial Crown Style 4966:Subterranean warfare 3919:Viking ring fortress 2145:—the castles of the 1682:The Anō family from 1530:Yamanashi Prefecture 1019:opened, Nagaoka and 994:in disarray and the 915:not being a regular 700:in the Chinese style 556:Siege of Katsurayama 426:, from which all of 351:Early fortifications 290:and the surrounding 6231:Metabolist Movement 4783:Quadrangular castle 4519:Weapon storage area 3875:Quadrangular castle 3012:. Tokyo: Kodansha. 2829:Elison, G. (1991). 2692:Black Belt Magazine 2429:. Tokyo: Heibonsha. 2279:red-light districts 2254:Great Wall of China 2093:Architecture portal 1804:is the stone base. 1659:, gun emplacements 1235:hand-to-hand combat 1229:and the defense of 1111:hand to hand combat 1027:, and lay siege to 799:倭城 in Japanese and 39:World Heritage Site 6313:National Treasures 6128:Chōzuya (Temizuya) 4514:Underground hangar 4299:Fire control tower 4096:Gunpowder magazine 3524:Butter-churn tower 3098:2013-03-30 at the 3086:2016-09-18 at the 3068:2017-03-02 at the 2628:. 6 November 2019. 2596:"Assault on Shuri" 1933: 1861: 1820: 1774:, the storerooms ( 1716: 1641: 1625: 1620:Foundation of the 1409: 1207: 1073:Battle of Hakodate 1049: 1002:Tokugawa Yoshinobu 955: 864:Tokugawa shogunate 844: 833: 789:invasions of Korea 785:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 669: 615: 560: 552:Katsurayama Castle 536:Ashikaga shogunate 529:Kusunoki Masashige 422:–794) fortress at 364: 245:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 190: 51: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6348: 5687:Nightingale floor 5611:Disordered piling 5550: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5343:Types of building 5324: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5037: 5036: 4961:Military urbanism 4895:Fortified gateway 4768:Concentric castle 4532: 4531: 4449:Fire support base 4289:Coastal artillery 4164:(Spanish America) 3758: 3600:Concentric castle 2958:978-2-87844-107-9 2895:978-4-7916-1421-9 2179:Nightingale floor 1813:Utsunomiya Castle 1554:Aomori Prefecture 1420:, Kunohe Castle ( 1239:naval bombardment 1193:atomic bomb blast 1095:Satsuma Rebellion 1088:Meiji Restoration 1067:, a French-style 958:Meiji Restoration 952:National Treasure 948:Nagano Prefecture 827:is attributed to 126:', is pronounced 16:(Redirected from 6383: 6366:Castles in Japan 6341:Other structures 6244: 6243: 5405: 5404: 5347: 5346: 5332: 5176: 5175: 5083: 5082: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5041: 5040: 5026: 5025: 5019: 4910:National redoubt 4839:Fortified estate 4763:Circular rampart 4723: 4704: 4695: 4686: 4604: 4364:Anti-tank trench 4359:Air raid shelter 4334: 4294:Disappearing gun 4275: 4250: 4226: 4187: 4178: 4163: 4139: 4130: 4116: 4087: 4058: 4049: 4025: 3986: 3971: 3970: 3949: 3929:Bailey (or ward) 3895: 3800:Motte-and-bailey 3791: 3772: 3756: 3748: 3747: 3713: 3704: 3690: 3639: 3630: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3559: 3505: 3491: 3482: 3428: 3385: 3374: 3365: 3356: 3342: 3302: 3288: 3228:Circular rampart 3224: 3215: 3206: 3197: 3188: 3179: 3170: 3134: 3127: 3120: 3111: 3110: 3076:Castles of Japan 3042: 3031:. US: Kodansha. 3023: 3010:Japanese Castles 3004: 2992: 2989:Castles in Japan 2981: 2962: 2936: 2927: 2918: 2899: 2876: 2855: 2834: 2825: 2816: 2797: 2788: 2752: 2751: 2744: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2717: 2714: 2708: 2701: 2695: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2566: 2557: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2422: 2413: 2412: 2404: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2346: 2337: 2336: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2319:Castles of Japan 2314: 2298: 2267: 2261: 2246: 2240: 2233: 2227: 2220: 2214: 2201:, deriving from 2195: 2109: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2095: 2090: 2089: 2066: 2051: 2036: 2021: 2006: 1991: 1972: 1928:from the nearby 1894: 1892: 1891: 1885: 1877: 1875: 1874: 1868: 1852:, or turret, at 1738: 1736: 1735: 1607: 1587: 1585: 1584: 1578: 1504: 1503: 1497:Fukui Prefecture 1473:Nishikawa Castle 1467:, Aichi), and a 1454:Fukui Prefecture 1426:Iwate Prefecture 1414:Matsuzaka Castle 1364:Matsumoto Castle 1297:Takamatsu Castle 1149:Hiroshima Castle 1116:Kagoshima Castle 1080:Meiji government 944:Matsumoto Castle 840:Edo-Tokyo Museum 645: 644: 631: 630: 517:Mongol invasions 446: 445: 440: 439: 421: 418: 337: 335: 334: 328: 315: 312: 306: 304: 303: 297: 285: 282: 272: 269: 242: 236: 235: 229: 213: 207: 206: 200: 164: 162: 161: 155: 141: 131: 109:Hiroshima Castle 70: 68: 62: 61: 54:Japanese castles 43:Hyōgo Prefecture 21: 18:Castles of Japan 6391: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6371:Castles by type 6356: 6355: 6354: 6345: 6307: 6263:Japanese garden 6235: 6209: 6161: 6120:Outdoor objects 6115: 6032: 5923: 5865: 5775: 5761: 5587: 5542: 5470: 5396: 5338: 5333: 5316: 5268: 5167: 5074: 5068: 5038: 5033: 5017: 5009: 4939: 4863: 4807: 4741: 4676:Imperial castle 4649:Coercion castle 4644:Coastal defence 4627: 4589:Promontory fort 4559:Hillside castle 4528: 4444:Fallout shelter 4409:Concertina wire 4389:Border security 4342: 4253: 3962: 3595:Coercion castle 3583:Cheval de frise 3565:Chemin de ronde 3413:Albarrana tower 3394: 3339:Schwedenschanze 3316:Promontory fort 3143: 3138: 3100:Wayback Machine 3088:Wayback Machine 3070:Wayback Machine 3049: 3039: 3020: 3001: 2978: 2959: 2943: 2941:Further reading 2915: 2896: 2883: 2873: 2852: 2813: 2785: 2760: 2755: 2746: 2745: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2702: 2698: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2592: 2588: 2581: 2567: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2501: 2490: 2486: 2463:10.2307/2048846 2447: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2423: 2416: 2405: 2394: 2384: 2382: 2381:on 30 July 2019 2373:(in Japanese). 2371: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2351:Alexander Soper 2349:Treat, Robert; 2347: 2340: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2301: 2268: 2264: 2247: 2243: 2234: 2230: 2221: 2217: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2091: 2084: 2081: 2074: 2069:Aerial view of 2067: 2058: 2054:Aerial view of 2052: 2043: 2041:Hirosaki Castle 2039:Aerial view of 2037: 2028: 2024:Aerial view of 2022: 2013: 2009:Aerial view of 2007: 1998: 1994:Aerial view of 1992: 1983: 1975:Aerial view of 1973: 1961: 1930:Japanese garden 1886: 1869: 1842: 1730: 1704: 1633:Kumamoto Castle 1614: 1579: 1571: 1558:Matsumae Castle 1550:Hirosaki Castle 1514:Gifu Prefecture 1349:Marugame Castle 1334:Hirosaki Castle 1292:Kanazawa Castle 1267: 1165:Kanazawa Castle 1137: 1107:Kumamoto Castle 1061:Republic of Ezo 960: 937: 813: 782: 776: 605: 550:A image of the 544: 469: 467:Medieval period 419: 353: 345:wattle and daub 329: 313: 298: 283: 275:fortified tower 270: 253:Tokugawa Ieyasu 230: 201: 175: 156: 56: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6389: 6379: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6317: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6298: 6291: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6260: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6240:Related topics 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6171: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6106: 6099: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6064: 6057: 6050: 6042: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6002: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5960: 5953: 5946: 5939: 5931: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5914: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5793: 5786: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5684: 5676: 5669: 5662: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5631:Irimoya-zukuri 5627: 5620: 5613: 5608: 5601: 5599:Burdock piling 5595: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5523:Shichidō garan 5519: 5514: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5488: 5480: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5461: 5456: 5449: 5442: 5435: 5428: 5421: 5413: 5411: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5373: 5366: 5359: 5353: 5351: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5278: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5199: 5192: 5184: 5182: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5125: 5118: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5089: 5087: 5080: 5076: 5075: 5067: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5044: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5005: 4995: 4993:Trench warfare 4990: 4988:Tunnel warfare 4985: 4984: 4983: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4844:Fortifications 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4696: 4687: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4661: 4656: 4654:Counter-castle 4651: 4646: 4641: 4639:Border barrier 4635: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4574:Lowland castle 4571: 4566: 4564:Hilltop castle 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4439:Electric fence 4436: 4431: 4429:Dragon's teeth 4426: 4424:Czech hedgehog 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4338:Wire obstacles 4335: 4326: 4324:Polygonal fort 4321: 4316: 4314:Martello tower 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4279:Border outpost 4276: 4267: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4179: 4170: 4165: 4155: 4153:Polygonal fort 4150: 4145: 4140: 4131: 4122: 4117: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3977: 3975: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3764: 3759: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3705: 3696: 3691: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3665: 3660: 3645: 3643:Flanking tower 3640: 3631: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3610:Counter-castle 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3578: 3569: 3560: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3497: 3492: 3483: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3404: 3402: 3400:Post-classical 3396: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3390:Vitrified fort 3387: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3348: 3343: 3334: 3329: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3294: 3289: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3248:Defensive wall 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3216: 3207: 3198: 3189: 3180: 3171: 3162: 3157: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3141:Fortifications 3137: 3136: 3129: 3122: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3090: 3078: 3073: 3060: 3055: 3048: 3047:External links 3045: 3044: 3043: 3038:978-1568365121 3037: 3024: 3018: 3005: 2999: 2982: 2977:978-9492722300 2976: 2963: 2957: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2913: 2900: 2894: 2877: 2871: 2856: 2850: 2835: 2826: 2817: 2812:978-9492722300 2811: 2798: 2789: 2783: 2770: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2753: 2736: 2727: 2718: 2709: 2696: 2679: 2670: 2658: 2649: 2640: 2631: 2613: 2586: 2579: 2558: 2549: 2540: 2531: 2522: 2510: 2499: 2484: 2457:(3): 236–253. 2441: 2432: 2414: 2392: 2360: 2338: 2324: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2262: 2250:Hadrian's Wall 2241: 2236:Satsuma Domain 2228: 2215: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2149: 2147:Ryūkyū Kingdom 2138: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2096: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2068: 2061: 2059: 2053: 2046: 2044: 2038: 2031: 2029: 2026:Fukuoka Castle 2023: 2016: 2014: 2008: 2001: 1999: 1993: 1986: 1984: 1974: 1967: 1960: 1957: 1924:Reconstructed 1841: 1838: 1703: 1700: 1669:ishi uchi tana 1613: 1610: 1570: 1567: 1542:cherry blossom 1418:Mie Prefecture 1406:Nirengi Castle 1377: 1376: 1374:Uwajima Castle 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1354:Maruoka Castle 1351: 1346: 1341: 1339:Inuyama Castle 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1273:By the 1920s, 1266: 1263: 1223:Okinawa Island 1136: 1133: 1103:Kagoshima city 1099:Saigō Takamori 1086:. During the 1033:Tsuruga Castle 1029:Tsuruga Castle 1021:Komine Castles 959: 956: 936: 933: 848:Sengoku period 812: 809: 778:Main article: 775: 772: 764:Odawara Castle 734:Fushimi Castle 715:Siege of Osaka 604: 601: 568:Sengoku period 543: 540: 525:Akasaka castle 521:Chihaya Castle 468: 465: 352: 349: 321:Sengoku period 284:(feudal lords) 186:hilltop castle 184:was a typical 182:Tsuyama Castle 174: 171: 113:atomic bombing 89:Sengoku period 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6388: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6285: 6283: 6282: 6278: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214:Organizations 6212: 6206: 6205: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5553: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5527: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5462: 5460: 5459:Shinto shrine 5457: 5455: 5454: 5453:Setsumatsusha 5450: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5336:Himeji Castle 5331: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5065: 5060: 5058: 5053: 5051: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5030: 5029: 5016: 5015: 5012: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4999: 4998:Urban warfare 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4951:Civil defense 4949: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4819:Bastion forts 4817: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4803:Z-plan castle 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4773:L-plan castle 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4758:Bridge castle 4756: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4727:Refuge castle 4725: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4708:Military base 4706: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4671:Hunting lodge 4669: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4584:Moated castle 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4569:Island castle 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4537:By topography 4535: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4509:Submarine pen 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4464:Hesco bastion 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4379:Blast shelter 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4148:Place-of-arms 4146: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 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3670: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3509:Bridge castle 3507: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3475: 3473: 3472:Bent entrance 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3457:Battery tower 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3408:Advanced work 3406: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3333: 3332:Refuge castle 3330: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3130: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3116: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072:GoJapanGo.com 3071: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3019:0-87011-766-1 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 3000:0-8048-1102-4 2996: 2991: 2990: 2983: 2979: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2944: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2914:0-631-22955-8 2910: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2887: 2878: 2874: 2872:0-7425-2455-8 2868: 2864: 2863: 2857: 2853: 2851:3-930698-98-6 2847: 2843: 2842: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2784:9781108481946 2780: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2762: 2761: 2749: 2743: 2741: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2706: 2700: 2693: 2690:, article in 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1902: 1896: 1884: 1883: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1837: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1713: 1712:Himeji Castle 1708: 1699: 1695: 1693: 1688: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1648: 1646: 1638: 1635:are known as 1634: 1629: 1623: 1622:Hikone Castle 1618: 1609: 1603: 1599: 1598:chikujō-jutsu 1595: 1591: 1577: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1434:Shizuoka City 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1396: 1395:Himeji Castle 1392: 1391: 1386: 1385:Japanese Alps 1382: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1359:Matsue Castle 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1329:Himeji Castle 1327: 1325: 1324:Hikone Castle 1322: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1069:star fortress 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1047: 1046: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017:Aizu Campaign 1014: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 998: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 976:Meiji Emperor 973: 969: 966:broke out in 965: 953: 949: 945: 941: 935:Modern period 932: 929: 925: 920: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 893: 888: 885: 881: 880: 875: 874: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 841: 837: 830: 826: 822: 817: 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 781: 771: 769: 765: 762: 761:Hōjō family's 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 737: 735: 731: 726: 722: 720: 716: 710: 708: 703: 701: 698:or catapults 697: 691: 689: 685: 682: 677: 673: 667: 663: 659: 657: 653: 649: 639: 635: 624: 620: 613: 612:Nagoya Castle 609: 600: 597: 596:Himeji Castle 593: 592: 587: 582: 580: 575: 573: 569: 565: 558:in March 1557 557: 553: 548: 539: 537: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 489: 486: 482: 481:Tōhoku region 478: 474: 464: 462: 456: 454: 450: 434: 429: 425: 414: 409: 406: 402: 397: 396:Yamato people 392: 389: 385: 384: 379: 378: 373: 369: 362: 357: 348: 346: 341: 327: 322: 317: 311: 296: 295: 289: 281: 276: 268: 267: 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 240: 228: 227: 221: 220:Azuchi Castle 217: 211: 199: 198: 187: 183: 179: 170: 168: 154: 149: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 122:for castle, ' 121: 116: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 81: 78: 74: 67: 55: 48: 44: 40: 36: 35:Himeji Castle 32: 19: 6376:Feudal Japan 6300: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6255: 6202: 6195: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6167:Measurements 6154: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6108: 6101: 6093: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6045: 6025: 6018: 6011: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5941: 5934: 5916: 5904: 5897: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5857: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5795: 5788: 5781: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5733: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5679: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5603: 5580: 5573: 5566: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5483: 5463: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5416: 5389: 5382: 5375: 5368: 5361: 5356: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5281: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5204: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5160: 5153: 5146: 5139: 5132: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5070:Elements of 5021: 4976:Siege engine 4944:Other topics 4868:Related word 4834:Defense line 4798:Tower castle 4753:Bastion fort 4737:Urban castle 4665:Ganerbenburg 4663: 4618:Water castle 4594:Ridge castle 4579:Marsh castle 4394:Bomb shelter 4374:Belgian gate 4347:20th century 4258:19th century 4196:Retrenchment 4168:Punji sticks 4077:Entrenchment 4072:Device Forts 4039:Counterguard 3974:Early modern 3904:Tower castle 3891: 3840:Powder tower 3815:Outer bailey 3727:Inner bailey 3701:Gulyay-gorod 3669:Ganerbenburg 3667: 3663:Fujian tulou 3605:Corner tower 3544:Chamber gate 3514:Bridge tower 3362:Trou de loup 3028: 3009: 2988: 2967: 2948: 2932: 2923: 2904: 2885: 2882:もう一度学びたい日本の城 2861: 2840: 2830: 2821: 2802: 2793: 2774: 2765: 2758:Bibliography 2730: 2721: 2712: 2704: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2673: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2616: 2604:. Retrieved 2599: 2589: 2570: 2552: 2543: 2534: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2502: 2493: 2487: 2454: 2450: 2444: 2435: 2426: 2408: 2383:. Retrieved 2379:the original 2363: 2354: 2332: 2327: 2318: 2312: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2281:such as the 2274: 2270: 2265: 2244: 2231: 2218: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2151: 2140: 2129: 2107:Japan portal 1996:Sunpu Castle 1962: 1953: 1946: 1944: 1934: 1912: 1909: 1897: 1862: 1849: 1830: 1821: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1723: 1717: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1684:Ōmi Province 1681: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1651:were called 1649: 1642: 1637:musha-gaeshi 1636: 1597: 1594:hirayamajiro 1593: 1589: 1572: 1546:plum blossom 1534: 1505: 1485: 1462: 1438:Azaka Castle 1430:Sunpu Castle 1410: 1388: 1378: 1344:Kōchi Castle 1313: 1288: 1284:Osaka Castle 1272: 1268: 1244: 1216: 1212:(actually a 1210:Shuri Castle 1208: 1204:Shuri Castle 1138: 1125:Gatling guns 1092: 1082:in the 1871 1077: 1050: 1043: 1010: 1004:had fled to 995: 992:Osaka Castle 961: 921: 916: 912: 908: 904: 896: 891: 889: 883: 879:sankin-kōtai 877: 871: 867: 859: 855: 845: 829:Kobori Enshū 800: 796: 783: 767: 757:conch shells 748: 744: 740: 738: 729: 727: 723: 711: 704: 692: 688:Oda Nobunaga 686: 681:Heian period 672:Osaka Castle 670: 666:Osaka Castle 647: 634:musha-gaeshi 633: 616: 589: 586:castle towns 583: 578: 576: 571: 561: 533: 513:Heian period 509: 490: 473:Heian period 470: 457: 452: 448: 432: 410: 393: 381: 375: 368:rammed earth 365: 339: 318: 287: 261: 249:Osaka Castle 216:Oda Nobunaga 210:feudal lords 191: 148:Osaka Castle 117: 82: 53: 52: 5928:Furnishings 5555:Roof styles 4875:Castle town 4732:Toll castle 4701:Lustschloss 4683:Kaiserpfalz 4613:Spur castle 4608:Rock castle 4549:Hill castle 4544:Cave castle 4504:Spider hole 4404:Bremer wall 4369:Barbed tape 4265:Barbed wire 3939:Witch tower 3909:Tower house 3899:Toll castle 3885:Shield wall 3805:Murder hole 3694:Guard tower 3311:Pincer gate 3258:Faussebraye 2686:Durbin, W; 2375:Toyo Keizai 2136:Ainu people 1794:Nijō Castle 1782:soto-guruwa 1768:san-no-maru 1522:Lake Motosu 1412:Castle and 1275:nationalism 1245:Mississippi 1155:during the 821:Nijō Castle 768:honjō-shijō 505:Nanboku-chō 501:Taira clans 413:Nara period 319:Before the 314:(main keep) 271:(main keep) 66:shiro or jō 6360:Categories 6326:Residences 6267:rock (Zen) 6038:Partitions 5772:Approaches 5283:Daibutsuyō 5221:Ishi-no-ma 4900:Gatekeeper 4720:Ordensburg 4692:Landesburg 4499:Sentry gun 4454:Flak tower 4384:Blast wall 4304:Gun turret 4201:Sally port 4106:Kotta mara 4046:Couvreface 4010:Breastwork 4005:Blockhouse 3983:Abwurfdach 3934:Watchtower 3924:Wall tower 3880:Shell keep 3830:Portcullis 3825:Peel tower 3810:Neck ditch 3769:Landesburg 3717:Half tower 3675:Gate tower 3620:Drawbridge 3462:Battlement 3378:Wagon fort 3221:Chengqiang 2748:"Features" 2305:References 2295:sotoguruwa 1977:Edo Castle 1866:tenshukaku 1854:Edo Castle 1825:bottleneck 1817:Edo period 1811:Layout of 1798:ni-no-maru 1766:(二の丸) and 1764:ni-no-maru 1526:Mount Fuji 1518:Lake Shōji 1510:Sekigahara 1446:Inawashiro 1383:or in the 1305:Edo Castle 1250:US Marines 1151:served as 964:Boshin War 852:Edo period 811:Edo period 696:trebuchets 617:Unlike in 570:) between 503:, and the 493:Genpei War 420: 710 386:(チャシ, for 372:topography 305:, turrets) 257:Edo Castle 150:is called 93:Edo period 73:fortresses 6295:Wabi-sabi 6142:Ishigantō 5950:Emakimono 5885:Daidokoro 5878:Chashitsu 5859:Mihashira 5693:Onigawara 5673:Nakazonae 5512:Main Hall 5499:Hōkyōintō 5401:Religious 5363:Chashitsu 5334:Model of 5290:Ōbaku Zen 5256:Sumiyoshi 5203:Hiyoshi ( 5172:Religious 5003:Guerrilla 4746:By design 4494:Revetment 4309:Land mine 4240:Star fort 4067:Crownwork 4062:Covertway 3995:Barricade 3636:Embrasure 3549:Chartaque 3479:Bergfried 3437:Arrowslit 3263:Gatehouse 3233:City gate 3194:Castellum 3160:Acropolis 2479:162924328 2283:Yoshiwara 2197:The term 1936:Palisades 1840:Buildings 1792:remains. 1722:, called 1692:jōkamachi 1665:taihosama 1661:tepposama 1506:Shiroyama 1442:Matsuzaka 1241:from the 1227:32nd Army 1121:Shiroyama 1065:Goryōkaku 1045:Goryōkaku 1025:Wakamatsu 982:from the 924:Goryōkaku 591:jōkamachi 361:Ki castle 120:character 77:stockades 6110:Tsuitate 5999:Mitamaya 5985:Kamidana 5971:Getabako 5943:Chabudai 5936:Butsudan 5918:Washitsu 5749:Tsumairi 5735:Tokonoma 5714:Tamagaki 5652:Katsuogi 5645:Katōmado 5575:Karahafu 5485:Butsuden 5476:Buddhist 5311:Zenshūyō 5297:Setchūyō 5274:Buddhist 5196:Hachiman 5028:Category 5018:See also 4905:Loophole 4793:Ringwork 4788:Ringfort 4713:Obstacle 4554:Hillfort 4474:Loophole 4272:Barbette 4247:Tenaille 4230:Sea fort 4160:Presidio 4120:Magazine 4101:Hornwork 4034:Cavalier 4029:Casemate 4022:Caponier 3865:Ringwork 3753:Detinets 3722:Hoarding 3627:Enceinte 3502:Bretèche 3447:Bartizan 3442:Barbican 3418:Alcazaba 3346:Stockade 3326:Ringfort 3306:Palisade 3278:Landwehr 3273:Hillfort 3096:Archived 3084:Archived 3066:Archived 2353:(1955). 2252:and the 2079:See also 1834:barracks 1786:sōguruwa 1673:caltrops 1602:Japanese 1590:hirajiro 1576:Yamajiro 1562:Hokkaido 1489:Toyokawa 1481:ramparts 1469:chestnut 1465:Gamagōri 1255:parapets 1214:Ryukyuan 1185:Wakayama 1181:Fukuyama 1057:Hokkaido 1053:Hakodate 928:Hokkaidō 801:Waeseong 707:Arquebus 676:arquebus 564:Ōnin War 497:Minamoto 377:kōgoishi 326:yamajirō 167:Japanese 153:Ōsaka-jō 134:kun'yomi 6336:Temples 6331:Shrines 6321:Castles 6265: ( 6149:Komainu 6135:Giboshi 6092: ( 6082:Shitomi 6061:Jinmaku 6020:Zabuton 6006:Oshiire 5992:Kotatsu 5912:Toilets 5856: ( 5811:Nijūmon 5797:Karamon 5624:Hisashi 5582:Mokoshi 5568:Irimoya 5377:Machiya 5350:Secular 5249:Shinmei 5235:Kibitsu 5214:Irimoya 5189:Azekura 5148:Shinden 5122:Hirairi 5094:Azekura 5086:Secular 4935:Vedette 4925:Schloss 4890:Festung 4885:Dungeon 4880:Château 4824:Castles 4632:By role 4489:Pillbox 4319:Outpost 4235:Station 4223:Schanze 4206:Sandbag 4191:Redoubt 4175:Ravelin 4143:Palanka 4127:Orillon 4113:Lunette 4055:Coupure 4000:Bastion 3990:Arsenal 3958:Zwinger 3870:Roundel 3860:Ricetto 3835:Postern 3820:Outwork 3744:Kremlin 3615:Curtain 3590:Citadel 3574:Chemise 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