22:
128:
530:, many of which are the result of the adoption, along with the kanji themselves, of Chinese words for concepts that either did not exist in Japanese or could not be articulated as elegantly using native words. This borrowing process is often compared to the
910:
readings, which are mistaken or changed readings of the kanji that have become accepted into the
Japanese language. In some cases, they are the actual readings that accompanied the character's introduction to Japan but do not match how the character
673:) have more than one reading in Chinese representing different meanings, which is reflected in the carryover to Japanese as well. Additionally, many Chinese syllables, especially those with an
531:
638:
534:, since Chinese-borrowed terms are often more specialized, or considered to sound more erudite or formal, than their native counterparts (occupying a higher
2903:
744:
developed in
Japanese as a result of Chinese borrowings, as they are virtually unknown in words of native Japanese origin, but are common in Chinese.
2754:
2950:
1095:
1697:
2749:
413:
2990:
2376:
1664:
265:
2371:
86:
1636:
1611:
58:
1855:
105:
2256:
2962:
2681:
161:
2635:
2630:
2156:
1690:
779:
65:
2804:
406:
43:
2645:
2361:
2776:
2615:
2174:
1862:
72:
2509:
2489:
2293:
2246:
39:
2625:
1683:
2499:
1060:
or triplets, but they can differ significantly from each other and from modern
Chinese pronunciation.
54:
2910:
2888:
2676:
399:
378:
343:
2945:
2883:
2873:
2837:
2735:
2686:
2610:
2585:
2194:
460:
based on the historical
Chinese pronunciation of the character. A single kanji might have multiple
453:
349:
328:
2251:
637:
In
Chinese, most characters are associated with a single Chinese sound, though there are distinct
2329:
912:
174:
135:
32:
2346:
2530:
915:(is prescribed to) be read according to the rules of character construction and pronunciation.
2827:
2716:
2189:
1735:
1725:
1057:
791:
2878:
2701:
2605:
2479:
2281:
2216:
1730:
737:, chosen for their approximation to the final consonants of Middle Chinese. It may be that
539:
335:
272:
8:
2927:
2809:
2781:
2696:
2276:
819:
of China in the 7th to 9th centuries, primarily from the standard speech of the capital,
535:
2221:
689:(beats), the second of which is either a lengthening of the vowel in the first mora (to
277:
2957:
2898:
2819:
2706:
2640:
2525:
2238:
1980:
686:
464:
pronunciations, reflecting the
Chinese pronunciations of different periods or regions.
364:
79:
2226:
2062:
2011:
931:
reading is well known is a common cause of reading mistakes or difficulty, such as in
2786:
2721:
2691:
2494:
2313:
2298:
2271:
2266:
2204:
2142:
2117:
2052:
1926:
1764:
1754:
1745:
1706:
1660:
1652:
1632:
1607:
442:
127:
1970:
1769:
782:
of China during the 5th and 6th centuries, primarily from the speech of the capital
194:
2915:
2893:
2671:
2467:
2308:
2110:
2100:
2095:
2083:
1936:
1872:
1828:
985:, as well as in some of the earliest loans, such as the Sino-Japanese numbers. The
385:
354:
310:
2436:
2031:
1975:
1813:
860:
readings are based on the pronunciations of later dynasties of China, such as the
239:
2940:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2303:
2076:
1987:
1887:
1848:
1843:
1804:
1784:
184:
169:
2069:
199:
179:
2985:
2935:
2286:
2261:
2184:
2164:
2137:
2088:
2040:
2004:
1958:
1902:
1897:
1877:
1535:
1502:
1467:
1432:
1397:
1366:
1335:
1296:
1257:
1218:
1185:
1140:
1103:
2979:
2726:
2472:
2451:
2169:
2021:
1965:
1833:
1823:
1799:
1789:
1779:
756:
are classified into four types according to their region and time of origin:
674:
2711:
2540:
2105:
1999:
1943:
1912:
1907:
1720:
1052:(with rare exceptions of homographs; see below), having a common origin in
865:
861:
836:
816:
678:
156:
2766:
1994:
1574:
1053:
832:
820:
499:
497:
pronunciations are used for technical, compound words, while the native
2795:
2761:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2441:
873:
787:
224:
2575:
2504:
2484:
2426:
869:
305:
2446:
2431:
1675:
252:
244:
21:
2740:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2338:
2179:
967:
824:
783:
300:
231:
219:
2855:
845:
482:
2832:
2771:
2388:
1049:
738:
2850:
2383:
2351:
800:
554:
476:
2845:
2393:
2356:
1579:
1007:
763:
470:
457:
149:
2403:
550:
are found in many personal names, especially men's names).
212:
815:
readings come from the pronunciation utilized during the
532:
English borrowings from Latin, Greek, and Norman French
490:, roughly based on when they were borrowed from China.
778:readings derive from the pronunciation used in the
503:pronunciation is used for singular, simpler words.
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
561:, but there are exceptions, such as the character
2977:
739:palatalized consonants before vowels other than
1022:
1005:
990:
971:
932:
894:
877:
842:
797:
760:
677:, did not fit the largely consonant-vowel (CV)
523:
426:
1029:
1014:
997:
978:
952:
939:
903:
884:
853:
808:
771:
619:
607:
587:
563:
517:
435:
1691:
663:
655:
648:
642:
514:primarily occur in multi-kanji compound words
468:pronunciations are generally classified into
407:
989:readings occur in some later words, such as
1631:. Cambridge University Press. p. 130.
868:. They cover all readings adopted from the
447:
120:Kanji reading based on the original Chinese
1698:
1684:
414:
400:
1626:
1597:
1595:
557:) would not normally be expected to have
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1620:
919:The most common form of readings is the
605:of the phonetic component, respectively
1601:
786:(today's Nanjing). They are related to
538:). The major exception to this rule is
2978:
1651:
1592:
1705:
1679:
441:
601:"—in both cases these come from the
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
1657:A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology
13:
966:readings are especially common in
664:
656:
632:
14:
3002:
747:
725:(historically, later merged into
681:of classical Japanese. Thus most
639:literary and colloquial readings
126:
20:
1067:
780:Northern and Southern dynasties
31:needs additional citations for
1645:
1071:(rare readings in parentheses)
944:, detoxification, anti-poison)
1:
2991:Japanese writing system terms
1659:, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter,
1627:Shibatani, Masayoshi (2008).
1585:
456:reading, is the reading of a
2842:Kanji pronunciation sources
2616:Katakana Phonetic Extensions
1604:Writing Systems of the World
927:reading in a word where the
641:. However, some homographs (
593:"gland", which has only the
7:
2951:Speculative fiction writers
2510:Transcription into Japanese
1568:
1063:
1023:
1006:
991:
972:
958:is usually instead read as
933:
895:
878:
843:
798:
761:
524:
427:
10:
3007:
1869:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
1034:, a kind of paper lantern)
705:, or one of the syllables
2926:
2866:
2818:
2660:
2518:
2460:
2402:
2337:
2328:
2237:
2212:
2203:
2155:
2128:
2051:
1925:
1753:
1744:
1713:
1602:Coulmas, Florian (1991).
1534:
1501:
1466:
1431:
1396:
1365:
1334:
1295:
1256:
1217:
1184:
1139:
1102:
1030:
1015:
998:
979:
953:
940:
904:
885:
854:
809:
772:
649:
643:
620:
608:
588:
569:"to work", which has the
564:
553:Kanji invented in Japan (
546:are usually used (though
518:
436:
2736:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
2195:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
876:. This is also known as
506:
450:"sound(-based) reading")
2682:Godan and ichidan verbs
2500:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
1048:readings are generally
1629:The Languages of Japan
923:one, and use of a non-
889:, Tang and Song sound)
542:, in which the native
2787:Court lady language (
2257:Southern Amami Ōshima
2190:Yilan Creole Japanese
792:Shanghainese language
346: / ISO 3602
2606:Small Kana Extension
2217:Eastern Old Japanese
1856:Northern Izu Islands
970:terminology such as
908:, "customary sound")
685:are composed of two
273:Japanese punctuation
40:improve this article
2157:Pidgins and creoles
1073:
1058:linguistic doublets
536:linguistic register
266:Typographic symbols
2958:Classical Japanese
2805:Gender differences
2641:Extended shinjitai
1653:Baxter, William H.
1068:
833:Han Chinese people
2973:
2972:
2677:Verb conjugations
2656:
2655:
2324:
2323:
2205:Japonic languages
2151:
2150:
2143:Okinawan Japanese
1707:Japanese language
1666:978-3-11-012324-1
1566:
1565:
1072:
1056:, and hence form
443:[oɰ̃jomi]
424:
423:
116:
115:
108:
90:
2998:
2916:Polivanov system
2777:Honorific speech
2672:Japanese grammar
2335:
2334:
2210:
2209:
1751:
1750:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1599:
1538:
1505:
1470:
1435:
1400:
1369:
1338:
1299:
1260:
1221:
1188:
1143:
1106:
1074:
1070:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1003:
1001:
1000:
994:
984:
982:
981:
975:
957:
956:
955:
945:
943:
942:
936:
909:
907:
906:
900:
890:
888:
887:
881:
859:
857:
856:
850:
814:
812:
811:
805:
777:
775:
774:
768:
667:
659:
652:
651:
646:
645:
624:
623:
622:
612:
611:
610:
592:
591:
590:
568:
567:
566:
529:
527:
521:
520:
451:
449:
445:
439:
438:
432:
416:
409:
402:
386:Polivanov system
367:(keyboard input)
136:Japanese writing
130:
123:
122:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
3006:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2922:
2867:Transliteration
2862:
2838:Sound symbolism
2814:
2796:Role language (
2755:from Portuguese
2687:Irregular verbs
2665:
2663:
2652:
2601:Kana Supplement
2596:Kana Extended-B
2591:Kana Extended-A
2514:
2490:Historical kana
2456:
2398:
2377:by stroke count
2368:Kanji radicals
2362:by stroke count
2320:
2233:
2199:
2175:Hawaiian Creole
2147:
2124:
2047:
1921:
1740:
1709:
1704:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1606:. p. 125.
1600:
1593:
1588:
1571:
1161:
1152:
1066:
1027:
1012:
995:
976:
951:
937:
901:
882:
858:, "Tang sound")
851:
806:
769:
750:
635:
633:Characteristics
618:
606:
586:
562:
515:
509:
433:
420:
391:
390:
381:
371:
370:
361:
340:
331:
321:Transliteration
316:
315:
296:
283:
282:
268:
258:
257:
249:
236:
215:
205:
204:
191:
166:
152:
121:
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
3004:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2793:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2738:
2733:
2727:Native words (
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2332:
2330:Writing system
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2185:Pseudo-Chinese
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2165:Bamboo English
2161:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2138:Amami Japanese
2134:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2059:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1933:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1644:
1638:978-0521369183
1637:
1619:
1613:978-0631180289
1612:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1096:Middle Chinese
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1065:
1062:
917:
916:
892:
840:
813:, "Han sound")
795:
749:
748:Classification
746:
634:
631:
508:
505:
422:
421:
419:
418:
411:
404:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
382:
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
360:
359:
358:
357:
352:
339:
338:
332:
327:
326:
323:
322:
318:
317:
314:
313:
308:
303:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
285:
284:
281:
280:
278:Iteration mark
275:
269:
264:
263:
260:
259:
256:
255:
248:
247:
242:
235:
234:
229:
228:
227:
216:
211:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:
197:
195:Jinmeiyō kanji
190:
189:
188:
187:
182:
177:
165:
164:
159:
153:
148:
147:
144:
143:
139:
138:
132:
131:
119:
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3003:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2911:Cyrillization
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2899:Wāpuro rōmaji
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
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2753:
2751:
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2747:
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2744:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2729:yamato kotoba
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Counter words
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
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2466:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2452:Kana ligature
2450:
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2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
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2347:Script reform
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2240:
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2208:
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2196:
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2188:
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2178:
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2170:Bonin English
2168:
2166:
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2160:
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2154:
2144:
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2136:
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2127:
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1714:Earlier forms
1712:
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834:
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826:
822:
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803:
802:
796:
793:
789:
785:
781:
776:, "Wu sound")
767:
766:
765:
759:
758:
757:
755:
745:
743:
742:
736:
733:), or moraic
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
701:), the vowel
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:entering tone
672:
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658:
640:
630:
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616:
604:
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496:
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479:
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473:
472:
467:
463:
459:
455:
454:Sino-Japanese
444:
431:
430:
417:
412:
410:
405:
403:
398:
397:
395:
394:
387:
384:
383:
380:
379:Cyrillization
375:
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366:
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110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2904:In Esperanto
2874:Romanization
2828:Pitch accent
2810:Dictionaries
2797:
2789:nyōbō kotoba
2788:
2742:
2741:Loan words (
2728:
2712:Topic marker
2626:ARIB STD B24
2372:by frequency
2252:Amami Ōshima
2129:
2118:
2077:
2063:
2053:
2041:
2028:East San'in
2012:
1988:
1959:
1937:
1927:
1863:
1814:
1770:
1755:
1736:Early Modern
1726:Early Middle
1656:
1647:
1628:
1622:
1603:
1560:
1549:
1544:
1527:
1516:
1511:
1494:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1459:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1389:
1384:
1358:
1353:
1327:
1322:
1313:
1306:
1288:
1284:
1272:
1266:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1210:
1199:
1194:
1177:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1132:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1045:
1041:
1037:
986:
963:
959:
947:
928:
924:
920:
918:
896:
844:
837:China proper
828:
817:Tang dynasty
799:
762:
753:
751:
740:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
682:
679:phonotactics
670:
669:, Japanese:
662:
654:
636:
626:
614:
602:
598:
594:
582:
578:
574:
570:
558:
552:
547:
543:
540:family names
511:
510:
498:
494:
492:
487:
481:
475:
469:
465:
461:
428:
425:
344:Kunrei-shiki
295:Syllabograms
200:Hyōgai kanji
180:Kyōiku kanji
157:Stroke order
117:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
2884:Nihon-shiki
2767:Wasei-kango
2702:Possessives
2662:Grammar and
2495:Modern kana
2480:Punctuation
2461:Orthography
2282:Tokunoshima
1894:Gifu-Aichi
1864:Tōkai–Tōsan
1731:Late Middle
1054:Old Chinese
1019:, mattress)
983:, paradise)
752:Generally,
671:an, gō, gyō
653:(Mandarin:
493:Generally,
350:Nihon-shiki
2980:Categories
2928:Literature
2798:yakuwarigo
2782:Honorifics
2762:Wasei-eigo
2750:from Dutch
2697:Adjectives
2664:vocabulary
2442:Hentaigana
2437:Man'yōgana
2277:Okinoerabu
1981:Okuyoshino
1586:References
1341:masculine
1302:transport
1092:Kan'yō-on
874:Edo period
831:refers to
788:Wu Chinese
647:) such as
577:" and the
575:hatara(ku)
240:Man'yōgana
225:Hentaigana
185:Tōyō kanji
170:Jōyō kanji
142:Components
96:March 2024
66:newspapers
2820:Phonology
2707:Particles
2646:Half/Full
2576:Shift JIS
2505:Yotsugana
2485:Kanazukai
2427:Okurigana
2339:Logograms
1951:Shiramine
1796:Southern
1776:Northern
1069:Examples
950:), where
897:Kan'yō-on
870:Heian era
827:). Here,
488:kan'yō-on
452:, or the
306:Okurigana
55:"On'yomi"
2743:gairaigo
2722:Numerals
2692:Pronouns
2631:Enclosed
2611:Katakana
2586:Hiragana
2582:Unicode
2537:ISO/IEC
2519:Encoding
2422:Furigana
2417:Katakana
2412:Hiragana
2314:Yonaguni
2294:Southern
2272:Okinawan
2267:Kunigami
2247:Northern
2239:Ryukyuan
2180:Kyowa-go
2111:Tsushima
2101:Nagasaki
2096:Kumamoto
2084:Chikuzen
1948:Kanazawa
1938:Hokuriku
1873:Shizuoka
1840:Eastern
1829:Kanagawa
1820:Western
1765:Hokkaidō
1746:Dialects
1655:(1992),
1575:Kun'yomi
1569:See also
1508:soldier
1473:capital
1191:extreme
1080:Meaning
1064:Examples
1002:, chair)
973:gokuraku
968:Buddhist
913:"should"
823:(modern
821:Chang'an
790:and the
784:Jiankang
571:kun'yomi
544:kun'yomi
500:kun'yomi
301:Furigana
232:Katakana
220:Hiragana
162:Radicals
2946:Writers
2879:Hepburn
2833:Rendaku
2772:Engrish
2468:Braille
2389:Ryakuji
2309:Yaeyama
2227:grammar
2222:Hachijō
2119:Satsugū
2078:Hichiku
2064:Hōnichi
2018:San'yō
2013:Chūgoku
1989:Shikoku
1928:Western
1888:Nagaoka
1884:Echigo
1849:Tochigi
1844:Ibaraki
1805:Nairiku
1785:Tsugaru
1756:Eastern
1541:strong
1460:tshjeng
1263:degree
1109:bright
1086:Kan-on
1050:cognate
934:ge-doku
879:Tōsō-on
872:to the
754:on'yomi
683:on'yomi
603:on'yomi
595:on'yomi
585:", and
579:on'yomi
559:on'yomi
548:on'yomi
512:On'yomi
495:on'yomi
466:On'yomi
462:on'yomi
429:On'yomi
336:Hepburn
311:Braille
80:scholar
2941:Poetry
2889:Kunrei
2851:Kan-on
2622:Other
2531:EUC-JP
2447:Sōgana
2432:Gojūon
2384:Kokuji
2352:Kanbun
2304:Tarama
2299:Miyako
2089:Hakata
2054:Kyūshū
2042:Umpaku
2005:Sanuki
1971:Banshū
1960:Kansai
1903:Mikawa
1898:Nagoya
1878:Narada
1771:Tōhoku
1663:
1635:
1610:
1561:gjangX
1528:pjaeng
1495:kjaeng
1452:(shin)
1438:clear
1403:child
1390:hjuwng
1359:hjuwng
1224:pearl
1178:haengH
1089:Tō-on
1083:Go-on
1077:Kanji
1044:, and
1042:kan-on
1036:. The
1021:, and
962:. The
929:kan-on
925:kan-on
921:kan-on
801:Kan-on
617:" and
555:kokuji
525:jukugo
477:kan-on
365:Wāpuro
329:Rōmaji
253:Gojūon
245:Sōgana
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
2986:Kanji
2963:texts
2936:Books
2856:Tō-on
2846:Go-on
2473:Kanji
2394:Ateji
2357:Kanji
2287:Yoron
2262:Kikai
2130:Other
2032:Inshū
2022:Bingo
1976:Kishū
1966:Awaji
1834:Tokyo
1824:Gunma
1815:Kantō
1800:Kesen
1790:Akita
1780:Nanbu
1580:Kanji
1487:(kin)
1372:bear
1200:kyoku
1133:mjang
1046:tō-on
1038:go-on
1024:andon
1008:futon
987:tō-on
964:go-on
948:go-on
846:Tō-on
825:Xi'an
764:Go-on
697:, or
687:morae
507:Usage
483:tō-on
471:go-on
458:kanji
150:Kanji
87:JSTOR
73:books
2571:0213
2566:0212
2561:0211
2556:0208
2551:0201
2547:JIS
2541:2022
2404:Kana
2106:Saga
2070:Ōita
2000:Tosa
1944:Kaga
1913:Hida
1908:Mino
1661:ISBN
1633:ISBN
1608:ISBN
1425:tsiX
1250:tsyu
1195:goku
866:Ming
864:and
862:Song
729:and
665:xíng
657:háng
486:and
448:lit.
288:Uses
213:Kana
175:list
59:news
2894:JSL
2636:EIS
2526:EUC
1995:Iyo
1721:Old
1550:kyō
1517:hei
1512:hyō
1482:kei
1477:kyō
1447:sei
1442:shō
1412:shi
1407:shi
1328:syu
1314:shu
1307:shu
1289:dak
1285:duH
1233:shu
1228:shu
1211:gik
1150:gyō
1146:go
1124:min
1118:mei
1113:myō
992:isu
960:kai
905:慣用音
886:唐宋音
835:or
829:Kan
719:chi
715:tsu
661:or
644:多音字
629:".
627:sen
599:sen
437:音読み
355:JSL
42:by
2982::
1594:^
1557:—
1554:—
1545:gō
1524:—
1521:—
1491:—
1456:—
1421:—
1417:su
1385:yū
1381:—
1378:—
1375:—
1354:yū
1350:—
1347:—
1344:—
1323:yu
1319:—
1316:)
1309:)
1287:,
1281:—
1278:—
1275:)
1273:to
1267:do
1246:)
1244:zu
1238:ju
1207:—
1204:—
1174:—
1171:)
1169:an
1163:kō
1159:kō
1154:gō
1129:—
1126:)
1040:,
1031:行灯
1016:布団
1004:,
999:椅子
980:極楽
941:解毒
855:唐音
810:漢音
773:呉音
723:fu
721:,
717:,
713:,
711:ki
709:,
707:ku
693:,
691:ei
615:dō
583:dō
522:,
519:熟語
480:,
474:,
446:,
440:,
2800:)
2791:)
2745:)
2731:)
1699:e
1692:t
1685:v
1641:.
1616:.
1536:強
1503:兵
1468:京
1433:清
1398:子
1367:熊
1336:雄
1312:(
1305:(
1297:輸
1271:(
1258:度
1242:(
1219:珠
1186:極
1167:(
1141:行
1122:(
1104:明
1028:(
1013:(
996:(
977:(
954:解
946:(
938:(
902:(
891:.
883:(
852:(
839:.
807:(
794:.
770:(
741:i
735:n
731:ū
727:ō
703:i
699:ū
695:ō
650:行
625:"
621:泉
613:"
609:動
597:"
589:腺
581:"
573:"
565:働
528:)
516:(
434:(
415:e
408:t
401:v
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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