330:(ROCOR) authors, the typical image of the catacomb church was formed: ecclesiastical and political opposition to the leadership of the Moscow Patriarchate, illegality from the point of view of Soviet legislation, and consistent anti-Soviet sentiments of its members. Such "catacombists" were perceived as a staunch fighter against the regime. In this form, the expression "catacomb church" became an instrument of ideological polemics used by the ROCOR. According to the ideologists of the ROCOR, the powerful underground church in the USSR which was in opposition to the Moscow Patriarchate proved the illegitimacy of the official hierarchy.
531:В регионах традиц. распространения ислама действовало значительное количество незарегистрированных мусульм. общин, евр. население имело подпольные иудейские центры. Своя история существования в подполье была у католич. Церкви, баптистов и др. протестант. деноминаций, различных религ. объединений, не признаваемых властями. Однако термин «катакомбное движение» получил распространение в публицистической, в мемуарной и отчасти в исторической лит-ре только применительно к РПЦ (включая близкие к ней по традиции религ. группы).
337:' Council of 1956 declared that only "the Catacomb Church has preserved purity and fidelity to the spirit of the ancient Apostolic Church" and enjoys "respect among the people." On September 14, 1971, the ROCOR Bishops' Council officially adopted a resolution, which implied that the ROCOR was in communion with the "Catacomb Church", but not with the Moscow Patriarchate. This position was criticized by people who directly knew church life in the USSR. Archpriest
379:, who was exiled from the USSR, addressed an open letter to the participants of the 3rd All-Diaspora Council of the Russian Orthodox Church organised by the ROCOR, where, among other things, he criticized the "pious dream" of the existence of the "sinless – but also bodiless – catacomb" (о «сколь безгрешной, столь и бестелесной катакомбе»). He also stated that the Catacomb Church should not replace the "real Russian Orthodox people" in the eyes of the
388:
heated debate, revealing the opposing positions of the disputants. Some completely denied the existence of the
Catacomb Church, while others sought to prove the opposite and thereby justify their own position which was irreconcilable with the respect due to the official Church in the USSR (the Moscow Patriarchate). Solzhenitsyn's opinion was not met with sympathy by the leadership of the ROCOR. In 1975, First Hierarch of ROCOR Metropolitan
399:, the concepts of "catacombs" and "catacomb church" returned to the USSR. After that, some authors in the USSR used the word "catacomb" to designate ecclesiastical opposition to the Moscow Patriarchate, while others used it as a technical term as a synonym for the epithet "illegal" from the point of view of Soviet legislation. Since the second half of the 1980s, in connection with the policy of
343:
325:
had been running the column "And the Light Shines in
Darkness" with the subtitle "Soviet Catacombs of the Spirit", in which everything related to the everyday side of the underground Soviet church life was published. The catacomb church was described as the only force opposing the godless regime. In
387:
dictatorship and the opening of churches, the problem of underground parishes has practically disappeared, and that most
Eastern Orthodox Christians, including former Catacomb Church members, were using the official churches of the Moscow Patriarchate. The appeal of Alexander Solzhenitsyn caused a
233:, the community did not disband, but continued its existence as a convent in a private home. In two of the four surviving letters, abbess Athanasia uses the expressions "my catacombs" and "my secret catacomb church" several times. It can be seen from the context that this is how she designates her
568:
the
Foreign Church lost some of its Catacomb communities in Russia. In 1993 the Catacomb Church broke this affiliation in protest against the Foreign Church's acceptance of former priests of the ROCh . There are several Catacomb communities in Moscow. After being denied access to property, many
320:
who fled to
Western Europe in 1944, under the influence of whose works this term became widespread in emigrant periodicals. Other emigrants of the second wave of Russian emigration noted the purely foreign nature of the expression "catacomb church". Since its resumption in 1947, the magazine
854:
173:
127:
311:
70:, etc., who for various reasons, moved to an illegal position from the 1920s onwards. In a narrow sense, the term "catacomb church" means not just illegal communities, but communities that rejected subordination to the acting patriarchal
244:" and "catacomb church" in relation to the 1920s–1930s realities showed a certain educational and cultural level of those who used these concepts. This is because people who called their existence "catacomb" compared it with the life of
290:, there were references to "Old Orthodox" and "True Orthodox Christians" who opposed themselves to the Renovationists. In these documents, it is not the legal position of the parish that comes to the fore, but its attitude to the
383:. Solzhenitsyn wrote that the Catacomb Church as a whole is more a myth than a reality, that secret communities took place only because of the lack of functioning churches. He claims that after the weakening of the
262:
774:
274:
Meanwhile, in the 1920s and 1930s, the term "catacomb church" was not widely used; other expressions were used more often. In letters sent during 1923 to the
Commission for Religious Cults under the
168:
859:, "Роль участников катакомбного движения в организационном оформлении епархий Русской Православной Церкви заграницей на канонической территории Московского Патриархата (1982—1994 гг.)" //
352:, who headed the ROCOR, and the hierarchs subordinated to him, wanted to live in a myth about the supposedly numerous catacomb Church that existed in Russia, and considered them as doing
368:
changed her articles to state that those member of the Moscow
Patriarchate were catacombists rejecting the Moscow Patriarchate. In response to her protests, the editorial board of
221:
The earliest documented use of the word "catacombs" to describe the
Russian realities of the 20th century is found in the letters of abbess Athanasia (Gromeko) to Metropolitan
132:
argues that "the catacombness of the Church does not necessarily mean its intransigence. This term covers all unofficial and therefore not state-controlled church activities".
338:
306:
440:// Меневские чтения. 2006. Научная конференция «Церковная жизнь XX века: протоиерей Александр Мень и его духовные наставники». — Сергиев Посад, 2007. — С. 51-59.
256:. So, the persecutions that befell the Church under Soviet rule were likened to the persecutions of the first centuries of Christianity. According to historian
153:, the leader of the Russian Orthodox Church in April 1925 led to unrest among the followers of the church. Tikhon's designated successors were arrested by the
141:
From the 1990s some (though not all) Catacomb Church groups began emerge from the "underground" and to affiliate with various more-mainstream
Orthodox bodies.
122:
849:
257:
582:
715:
690:
671:
873:[On the History of the Relationship between the Russian Church Abroad and the Catacomb Movement at Home in the 1970s and 1980s]
271:
neologism, where there were many active church intellectuals who could appreciate the diversity of meanings associated with this word.
138:
Unofficial Muslim, Catholic, Protestant, Judaic and Uniate groups in the Soviet Union also engaged in similar
Catacomb-like activity.
327:
89:
356:. Another refugee from the USSR, Natalia Kiter, a spiritual writer and an active participant in the church life and the underground
206:
933:
450:
Parry, Ken; Melling, David J.; Brady, Dimitri; Griffith, Sidney H.; Healey, John F., eds. (2017-09-01) . "True Orthodox church".
275:
938:
846:// Православная энциклопедия. — М. : Церковно-научный центр «Православная энциклопедия», 2011. — Т. XXVII. — С. 704-716.
833:
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503:// Православная энциклопедия. — М. : Церковно-научный центр «Православная энциклопедия», 2011. — Т. XXVII. — С. 704-716.
469:
663:
554:
819:
549:. Princeton Theological Monograph Series, volume 46. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 145, 183.
364:
was distorting her articles about ascetics and martyrs among the clergy of the Moscow Patriarchate. She said that
870:К истории взаимоотношений между Русской Зарубежной Церковью и катакомбным движением на родине в 1970—1980-х гг.
868:
194:, which led to the formation of the Russian True Orthodox Church, or Catacomb Church, a group of which was the
637:Русская Зарубежная Церковь в 1939—1964 гг. Административное устройство и отношения с Церковью в Отечестве
249:
158:
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521:(in Russian). Vol. 31. Moscow: Церковно-научный центр «Православная Энциклопедия». pp. 643–650
299:
287:
210:
546:
Orthodoxy and Difference: Essays on the Geography of Russian Orthodox Church(es) in the 20th Century
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108:
44:
437:
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wrote to Solzhenitsyn that not only priests, but also bishops were part of the Catacomb Church.
389:
376:
222:
77:
357:
202:
237:, contrasting her "catacombs" with the officially functioning church of the Renovationists.
661:Стремясь к единству: экклезиология РПЦЗ в отношении Московского Патриархата (1927—2007 гг.)
97:
67:
687:«Православная Русь» — «церковно-общественный орган» Русской Православной Церкви Заграницей
8:
23:. For Christians worshipping or hiding in the catacombs of Rome during persecutions, see
333:
In journalism, this term has passed into the official documents of the ROCOR. The ROCOR
569:
again returned to a semi-underground status, functioning out of the homes of believers.
317:
195:
395:
In the 1960s and 1970s, through illegal literature published abroad, and then through
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716:"Letter to the Third Council of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad - ROCOR Studies"
592:
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380:
353:
245:
226:
150:
135:
Organizationally, the Catacomb Church communities were usually not interconnected.
93:
35:
596:
372:
replied: "The truth is extremely harmful for the cause of the church in America."
178:
calling all members of the Russian Orthodox Church to profess loyalty towards the
667:
544:
154:
821:
Naming Infinity: A True Story of Religious Mysticism and Mathematical Creativity
348:, who fled the USSR and served 6 years in Soviet camps, noted that Metropolitan
660:
279:
230:
20:
903:
787:. Moscow: Крутицкое Патриаршее Подворье, Общество любителей церковной истории.
96:, and then in the USSR (by sending illegal literature there). The expression "
922:
911:
451:
295:
291:
815:
584:Святой Патриарх Тихон и обновленческий раскол: совместимость несовместимого
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298:". In addition, opponents of the Renovationists used the self-designation "
234:
163:
72:
843:
500:
461:
283:
81:
63:
800:]. Moscow: Издательский Совет Русской Православной Церкви, «Арефа».
118:) is synonymous with this latter, narrower sense of "catacomb church".
92:(the ROCOR) popularized the term in the latter sense, first within the
686:
612:Устная и письменная словесность Русской православной церкви заграницей
305:
The term "Catacomb Church" began to be actively used in the works of
268:
241:
183:
798:
In search of "sinless catacombs". The Church underground in the USSR
360:
in Leningrad until 1941, complained to Metropolitan Anastasius that
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Moss, Vladimir (1991-12-01). "The true orthodox church of Russia".
400:
396:
85:
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229:. After the nuns were expelled from their church building by the
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Opposition to Sergius' declaration was based not only on his
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during the persecution to hold religious ceremonies in the
54:) as a collective name labels those representatives of the
794:В поисках «безгрешных катакомб». Церковное подполье в СССР
449:
403:, the concept of "catacombs" has returned to journalism.
722:
696:
478:
456:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 498–9.
267:, the term "catacombs" and its derivatives were a local
781:
The Russian Orthodox Church under Stalin and Khrushchev
113:
49:
16:
Illegal Russian Orthodox communities after the 1920s
776:Русская Православная Церковь при Сталине и Хрущеве
294:Higher Church Administration and attitude to the "
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591:(in Russian) (3). Христианское чтение: 275–283.
453:The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity
438:Понятие «катакомбная церковь»: мифы и реальность
634:
609:
182:. The declaration sparked division among the
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766:Orthodox Christian Information Center
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863:. 2013—2014. — № 20/21. — С. 218—225
610:Ефимова-Залекер, Екатерина (2017).
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543:Sidorov, Dmitri (1 January 2001).
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639:. М.: ПСТГУ. pp. 291–292.
934:20th-century Eastern Orthodoxy
844:ИСТИННО ПРАВОСЛАВНЫЕ ХРИСТИАНЕ
818:; Kantor, Jean-Michel (2009).
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501:ИСТИННО ПРАВОСЛАВНЫЕ ХРИСТИАНЕ
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861:Церковно-исторический вестник
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597:10.24411/1814-5574-2018-10073
517:[Catacomb movement].
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115:istinno-pravoslavnaya tserkov
80:after 1927, and that adopted
939:Anti-communist organizations
240:The use of the expressions "
103:истинно-православная церковь
7:
892:Religion in Communist Lands
773:Шкаровский, Михаил (1999).
581:Мазырин, Александр (2018).
250:allegedly secretly gathered
114:
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867:Кострюков, Андрей (2020).
288:Central Black Earth Region
18:
904:10.1080/09637499108431518
792:Беглов, Алексей (2008).
635:Кострюков А. А. (2015).
519:Православная энциклопедия
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826:Harvard University Press
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760:Russia's Catacomb Saints
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614:. Флинта. pp. 8–9.
611:
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583:
350:Anastasius (Gribanovsky)
225:, written in 1923 from
515:"КАТАКОМБНОЕ ДВИЖЕНИЕ"
513:Беглов, А. Л. (2013).
390:Philaret (Voznesensky)
377:Alexander Solzhenitsyn
223:Eulogius (Georgievsky)
84:positions. During the
78:Sergius (Stragorodsky)
659:диакон Андрей Псарев
462:10.1002/9781405166584
358:Orthodox brotherhoods
286:, and later from the
203:political concessions
169:a declaration in 1927
51:Katakombnaya tserkov'
159:Metropolitan Sergius
98:True Orthodox church
828:. pp. 133–34.
589:Христианское Чтение
269:Petrograd/Leningrad
40:Катакомбная церковь
743:, p. 126-127.
666:2019-09-04 at the
318:Josephite movement
316:, a figure of the
196:Josephite movement
123:Mikhail Shkarovsky
835:978-0-674-05391-5
807:978-5-94625-303-1
758:"Introduction to
693:, 10 февраля 2016
646:978-5-7429-0931-6
621:978-5-9765-3504-6
471:978-1-4051-6658-4
339:Vasily Vinogradov
254:catacombs of Rome
180:Soviet government
155:civil authorities
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88:of 1947-1991 the
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300:Tikhonites
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