Catalonia - Knowledge

9817:(nativity scene) in the home or in shop windows, the latter sometimes competing in originality or sheer size and detail. Churches often host exhibits of numerous dioramas by nativity scene makers, or a single nativity scene they put out, and town halls generally put out a nativity scene in the central square. In Barcelona, every year, the main nativity scene is designed by different artists, and often ends up being an interesting, post-modern or conceptual and strange creation. In the home, the nativity scene often consists of strips of cork bark to represent cliffs or mountains in the background, moss as grass in the foreground, some wood chips or other as dirt, and aluminum foil for rivers and lakes. The traditional figurines often included are the three wise men on camels or horses, which are moved every day or so to go closer to the manger, a star with a long tail in the background to lead people to the spot, the annunciation with shepherds having a meal and an angel appearing (hanging from something), a washer lady washing clothes in the pond, sheep, ducks, people carrying packages on their backs, a donkey driver with a load of twigs, and atrezzo such as a starry sky, miniature towns placed in the distance, either Oriental-styled or local-looking, a bridge over the river, trees, etc. 3167: 7078: 7121: 3059: 9282: 2760: 6421: 3664: 9828:, a person depicted in the act of defecating. This figurine is hidden in some corner of the nativity scene and the game is to detect it. Of course, churches forgo this figurine, and the main nativity scene of Barcelona, for instance, likewise does not feature it. The caganer is so popular it has, together with the tió, long been a major part of the Christmas markets, where they come in the guise of your favorite politicians or other famous people, as well as the traditional figures of a Catalan farmer. People often buy a figurine of a caganer in the guise of a famous person they are actually fond of, contrary to what one would imagine, though sometimes people buy a caganer in the guise of someone they dislike, although this means they have to look at them in the home. 8922:

to display all information (e.g. menus, posters) at least in Catalan, this not systematically enforced. There is no obligation to display this information in either Occitan or Spanish, although there is no restriction on doing so in these or other languages. The use of fines was introduced in a 1997 linguistic law that aims to increase the public use of Catalan and defend the rights of Catalan speakers. On the other hand, the Spanish Constitution does not recognize equal language rights for national minorities since it enshrined Spanish as the only official language of the state, the knowledge of which being compulsory. Numerous laws regarding for instance the labelling of pharmaceutical products, make in effect Spanish the only language of compulsory use.

9094: 10669: 2897: 5122: 2026: 6336: 20045: 5931: 10289: 2145: 9003: 939: 5825: 977: 6050: 5795: 159: 9103: 5939: 2630: 214: 9675: 20135: 20075: 7795: 10627: 5902: 4048: 10587: 10609: 2096: 20090: 9172: 9745: 8051: 5856: 20015: 5038: 3275: 7068: 19940: 20105: 4788: 2906: 5872: 5810: 20000: 19955: 19970: 2330: 2427: 9270: 4631: 5780: 10766: 6782: 6757: 6698: 6591: 8003: 8179: 6146: 9835:, meaning Three Kings Day. This is every important in Catalonia and the Catalan-speaking areas, and families go to watch major parades on the eve of the Epiphany, where they can greet the kings and watch them pass by in pomp and circumstance, on floats and preceded and followed by pages, musicians, dancers, etc. They often give the kings letters with their gift requests, which are collected by the pages. On the next day, the children find the gifts the three kings brought for them. 5841: 147: 19895: 3751: 7131: 9012: 20612: 3761: 10918: 6061: 1814: 5887: 5059: 5950: 18741: 20120: 8099: 20030: 19985: 8083: 8019: 8147: 8115: 7843: 19925: 8131: 7891: 7827: 10930: 7955: 7907: 7875: 20184: 20060: 17988: 9804: 8741: 8163: 7971: 7779: 7763: 4933: 9667: 2688: 10963: 5368: 19159: 19910: 20171: 19173: 3585: 20152: 6866: 8067: 4765: 7987: 6506: 8035: 7923: 7859: 10949: 224: 7811: 4807: 1684: 7939: 6180:. That happened after the Spanish government passed a law allowing companies to move their registered office without requiring the approval of the company's general meeting of shareholders. Overall, there was a negative net relocation rate of companies based in Catalonia moving to other autonomous communities of Spain. From the 2017 independence referendum until the end of 2018, for example, Catalonia lost 5454 280: 2488: 2999: 5018:

articles that the People's Party had contested, while declaring 14 articles unconstitutional in whole or in part and imposing a restrictive interpretation on 27 others. The court accepted the specific provision that described Catalonia as a "nation", however ruled that it was a historical and cultural term with no legal weight, and that Spain remained the only nation recognised by the constitution.

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following the passage of the law on Catalan cinema in March 2010, which established that half of the movies shown in Catalan cinemas had to be in Catalan, a general strike of 75% of the cinemas took place. The Catalan government gave in and dropped the clause that forced 50% of the movies to be dubbed or subtitled in Catalan before the law came to effect. On the other hand, organisations such as

3544: 2952:) culminated in the defeat of the first ones in 1937. The situation resolved itself progressively in favor of the Generalitat, but at the same time the Generalitat lost most of its autonomous powers within Republican Spain. In 1938 Franco's troops broke the Republican territory in two, isolating Catalonia from the rest of the Republican territory. The defeat of the Republican army in the 3163:. In 2010, the Court declared non-valid some of the articles that established an autonomous Catalan system of Justice, improved aspects of the financing, a new territorial division, the status of Catalan language or the symbolical declaration of Catalonia as a nation. This decision was severely contested by large sectors of Catalan society, which increased the demands of independence. 3440: 9872: 9454: 4664:. The Generalitat holds exclusive jurisdiction in education, health, culture, environment, communications, transportation, commerce, public safety and local government, and only shares jurisdiction with the Spanish government in justice. In all, some analysts argue that formally the current system grants Catalonia with "more self-government than almost any other corner in Europe". 5319:, which report directly to the Homeland Department of Spain. The national bodies retain personnel within Catalonia to exercise functions of national scope such as overseeing ports, airports, coasts, international borders, custom offices, the identification of documents and arms control, immigration control, terrorism prevention, arms trafficking prevention, amongst others. 2656:. The rejection of French dominion was institutionalized with the creation of "juntas" (councils) who, remaining loyal to the Bourbons, exercised the sovereignty and representation of the territory due to the disappearance of the old institutions. Napoleon took direct control of Catalonia to reestablish order, creating the Government of Catalonia under the rule of 10139: 5647:) are entities composed of municipalities to internally manage their responsibilities and services. The current regional division has its roots in a decree of the Generalitat de Catalunya of 1936, in effect until 1939, when it was suppressed by Franco. In 1987 the Catalan Government reestablished the comarcal division and in 1988 three new comarques were added ( 9800:, a game is played where children march around the house singing a song requesting the log to poop, then they hit the log with a stick, to make it poop, and lo and behold, as if through magic, it poops candy, and sometimes other small gifts. Usually, the larger or main gifts are brought by the Three Kings on 6 January, and the tió only brings small things. 2684:; the latter proposed to reestablish the institutional systems suppressed by the Nueva Planta decrees in the ancient realms of the Crown of Aragon. The consolidation of the liberal state saw a new provincial division of Spain, including Catalonia, which was divided into four provinces (Barcelona, Girona, Lleida and Tarragona). 8893: 4986:, but that "the Spanish Constitution recognizes Catalonia's national reality as a nationality". While the Statute was approved by and sanctioned by both the Catalan and Spanish parliaments, and later by referendum in Catalonia, it has been subject to a legal challenge by the surrounding autonomous communities of 9535: 3106:, created in 1983. An extensive program of normalization of Catalan language was carried out. Today, Catalonia remains one of the most economically dynamic communities of Spain. The Catalan capital and largest city, Barcelona, is a major international cultural centre and a major tourist destination. In 1992, 8921:

Today, Catalan is the main language of the Catalan autonomous government and the other public institutions that fall under its jurisdiction. Basic public education is given mainly in Catalan, but also there are some hours per week of Spanish medium instruction. Although businesses are required by law

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Over the next few centuries, the Principality of Catalonia was generally on the losing side of a series of wars that led steadily to an increased centralization of power in Spain. Despite this fact, between the 16th and 18th centuries, the participation of the political community in the local and the

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in Spanish) has been supported by the vast majority of Catalan political parties through the last thirty years. Some groups consider these efforts a way to discourage the use of Spanish, whereas some others, including the Catalan government and the European Union consider the policies respectful, or

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to serve for a four-year period. According to the Statute of Autonomy, it has powers to legislate over devolved matters such as education, health, culture, internal institutional and territorial organization, nomination of the President of the Generalitat and control the Government, budget and other

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gave more or less the same results. Other polls have shown lower support for independence, ranging from 40 to 49%. Although it is established in the whole of the territory, support for independence is significantly higher in the hinterland and the northeast, away from the more populous coastal areas

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is a form of ancestral Catalan wisdom or sensibleness. It involves well-pondered perception of situations, level-headedness, awareness, integrity, and right action. Many Catalans consider seny something unique to their culture, is based on a set of ancestral local customs stemming from the scale of

8842:, with about 18,000 users in Catalonia, is granted official recognition and support: "The public authorities shall guarantee the use of Catalan sign language and conditions of equality for deaf people who choose to use this language, which shall be the subject of education, protection and respect." 8794:

which declares it to be "Catalonia's own language", a term which signifies a language given special legal status within a Spanish territory, or which is historically spoken within a given region. The other languages with official status in Catalonia are Spanish, which has official status throughout

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2016, 47.7% of Catalans would vote for independence and 42.4% against it while, about the question of preferences, according to the CEO opinion poll from March 2016, a 57.2 claim to be "absolutely" or "fairly" in favour of independence. Other polls have shown lower support for independence, ranging

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Both the 1979 Statute of Autonomy and the current one, approved in 2006, state that "Catalonia, as a nationality, exercises its self-government constituted as an Autonomous Community in accordance with the Constitution and with the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, which is its basic institutional

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million annual visitors), a rate of urbanization and even of major metropolisation which has led to a strong urban sprawl: two thirds of Catalans live in the urban area of Barcelona, while the proportion of urban land increased from 4.2% in 1993 to 6.2% in 2009, a growth of 48.6% in sixteen years,

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The inland part of Catalonia is hotter and drier in summer. Temperature may reach 35 °C (95 °F), some days even 40 °C (104 °F). Nights are cooler there than at the coast, with the temperature of around 14–17 °C (57–63 °F). Fog is not uncommon in valleys and plains; it

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Catalonia is the autonomous community, along with Madrid, that has the most media (TV, magazines, newspapers etc.). In Catalonia there is a wide variety of local and comarcal media. With the restoration of democracy, many newspapers and magazines, until then in the hands of the Franco government,

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Catalan was banned from schools and all other official use, so that for example families were not allowed to officially register children with Catalan names. Although never completely banned, Catalan language publishing was severely restricted during the early 1940s, with only religious texts and

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After the transition to democracy (1975–1978) and the restoration of the Generalitat (1977), literary life and the editorial market have returned to normality and literary production in Catalan is being bolstered with a number of language policies intended to protect Catalan culture. Besides the

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people and in 1970 it was 5,122,567. The sizeable increase of the population was due to the demographic boom in Spain during the 1960s and early 1970s as well as in consequence of large-scale internal migration from the rural economically weak regions to its more prospering industrial cities. In

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The Catalan capital, despite the current moment of crisis, is also one of the European bases of "reference for start-ups" and the fifth city in the world to establish one of these companies, behind London, Berlin, Paris and Amsterdam, according to the Eu-Starts-Up 2020 study. Barcelona is behind

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The fauna of Catalonia comprises a minority of animals endemic to the region and a majority of non-endemic animals. Much of Catalonia enjoys a Mediterranean climate (except mountain areas), which makes many of the animals that live there adapted to Mediterranean ecosystems. Of mammals, there are

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The Catalan Mediterranean system is based on two ranges running roughly parallel to the coast (southwest–northeast), called the Coastal and the Pre-Coastal Ranges. The Coastal Range is both the shorter and the lower of the two, while the Pre-Coastal is greater in both length and elevation. Areas

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with the aim to more effectively divide Catalonia administratively. In addition, vegueries are intended to become Catalonia's first-level administrative division and a full replacement for the four deputations of the Catalan provinces, creating a council for each vegueria, but this has not been

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has a more ambiguous position on the issue: on one hand, it demands a bilingual Catalan–Spanish education and a more balanced language policy that would defend Catalan without favoring it over Spanish, whereas on the other hand, a few local PP politicians have supported in their municipalities

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The law ensures that both Catalan and Spanish – being official languages – can be used by the citizens without prejudice in all public and private activities. The Generalitat uses Catalan in its communications and notifications addressed to the general population, but citizens can also receive

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In Catalonia, there is a high social and political consensus on the language policies favoring Catalan, also among Spanish speakers and speakers of other languages. However, some of these policies have been criticised for trying to promote Catalan by imposing fines on businesses. For example,

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assessed the disputed articles and on 28 June 2010, issued its judgment on the principal allegation of unconstitutionality presented by the People's Party in 2006. The judgment granted clear passage to 182 articles of the 223 that make up the fundamental text. The court approved 73 of the 114

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In the Mediterranean area, summers are dry and hot with sea breezes, and the maximum temperature is around 26–31 °C (79–88 °F). Winter is cool or slightly cold depending on the location. It snows frequently in the Pyrenees, and it occasionally snows at lower altitudes, even by the

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is one of the main powers of the Iberian Peninsula. The Catalans won triumphs in waterpolo competitions at European and world level by club (the Barcelona was champion of Europe in 1981/82 and the Catalonia in 1994/95) and national team (one gold and one silver in Olympic Games and World

2247:, despite the opposition of king James. This treaty confirmed, from French point of view, the independence of the Catalan counties established and exercised during the previous three centuries, but also meant the irremediable separation between the geographical areas of Catalonia and 2857:(1933–1940), sought to implement a modernizing and progressive social agenda, despite the internal difficulties. This period was marked by political unrest, the effects of the economic crisis and their social repercussions. The Statute of Autonomy was suspended in 1934, due to the 3603:(southern from the Axial) which are mountainous formations parallel to the main mountain ranges but with lower altitudes, less steep and a different geological formation. The highest mountain of Catalonia, located north of the comarca of Pallars Sobirà is the Pica d'Estats (3,143 9938:

Art music was first developed, up to the nineteenth century and, as in much of Europe, in a liturgical setting, particularly marked by the Escolania de Montserrat. The main Western musical trends have marked these productions, medieval monodies or polyphonies, with the work of

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on a small scale. Just over 30,000 square kilometres (12,000 square miles) hosting a variety of substrates, soils, climates, directions, altitudes and distances to the sea. The area is of great ecological diversity and a remarkable wealth of landscapes, habitats and species.

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After Franco's death in 1975, Catalonia voted for the adoption of a democratic Spanish Constitution in 1978, in which Catalonia recovered political and cultural autonomy, restoring the Generalitat (exiled since the end of the Civil War in 1939) in 1977 and adopting a

199: 3647:. Lowlands alternate with the Coastal and Pre-Coastal Ranges. The Coastal Lowland is located to the East of the Coastal Range between it and the coast, while the Pre-Coastal Lowlands are located inland, between the Coastal and Pre-Coastal Ranges, and includes the 2181:, count of Barcelona (1035–1076) in the negotiations with the rebel nobility resulted in the partial restoration of the comital authority under the new feudal order. To fulfill that purpose, Ramon Berenguer began the modification of the legislation in the written 2172:

onwards) as independent of the Capetian crown whom they regarded as usurpers of the Carolingian Frankish realm. At the beginning of eleventh century the Catalan counties experienced an important process of feudalisation, however, the efforts of church's sponsored

940: 2711:. This process was a consequence of the conditions of proto-industrialisation of textile production in the prior two centuries, growing capital from wine and brandy export, and was later boosted by the government support for domestic manufacturing. In 1832, the 8830:

2006, when the new Statute came into force, Occitan became official throughout Catalonia. Occitan is the mother tongue of 22.4% of the population of Val d'Aran, which has attracted heavy immigration from other Spanish regions to work in the service industry.

9769:. On the 25th, Christmas is celebrated, followed by a similar feast on the 26, called Sant Esteve (Saint Steve's Day). This allows families to visit and dine with different sectors of the extended family or get together with friends on the second day. 2579:

of 1707, 1715 and 1716, incorporating the realms of the Crown of Aragon, including the Principality of Catalonia in 1716, as provinces of the Crown of Castile, terminating their status as separate states along with their parliaments, institutions and

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As a coastal territory, Catalonia became the base of the Aragonese Crown's maritime forces, which spread the power of the Crown in the Mediterranean, turning Barcelona into a powerful and wealthy city. In the period of 1164–1410, new territories, the

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The Central Catalan Depression is a plain located between the Pyrenees and Pre-Coastal Mountains. Elevation ranges from 200 to 600 metres (660 to 1,970 feet). The plains and the water that descend from the Pyrenees have made it fertile territory for

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The hydrographic network can be divided in two sectors, an occidental slope or Ebro river slope and one oriental slope constituted by minor rivers that flow to the Mediterranean along the Catalan coast. The first slope provides an average of 18,700

978: 2575:. Philip felt that he had been betrayed by the Catalan Courts, as it had initially sworn its loyalty to him when he had presided over it in 1701. In retaliation for the betrayal, and inspired by the French model, the first Bourbon king enacted the 17163: 4831:

2010 decision to declare part of the 2006 Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia unconstitutional, as well as the fact that Catalonia contributes 19.49% of the central government's tax revenue, but only receives 14.03% of central government's spending.

3046:. During this period there was a spectacular growth of industry and tourism in Catalonia that drew large numbers of workers to the region from across Spain and made the area around Barcelona one of Europe's largest industrial metropolitan areas. 12389: 13608: 8858:

small-run self-published texts being released. Some books were published clandestinely or circumvented the restrictions by showing publishing dates prior to 1936. This policy was changed in 1946, when restricted publishing in Catalan resumed.

2322:, which established a compilation of rights for the inhabitants of the Principality. In order to collect general taxes, the Catalan Courts of 1359 established a permanent representative body, known as the "Deputation of the General" or 13417: 8965:

reported different violations of the linguistic rights of the Catalan speakers in Catalonia and the other Catalan-speaking territories in Spain, most of them caused by the institutions of the Spanish government in these territories.

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Catalan gastronomy has a long culinary tradition. Various local food recipes have been described in documents dating from the fifteenth century. As with all the cuisines of the Mediterranean, Catatonian dishes make abundant use of

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of Spain to the desire for independence from the rest of Spain, expressed by Catalan independentists. The first survey following the Constitutional Court ruling that cut back elements of the 2006 Statute of Autonomy, published by

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The years after the war were extremely hard. Catalonia, like many other parts of Spain, had been devastated by the war. Recovery from the war damage was slow and made more difficult by the international trade embargo and the

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against international opposition, organizing friendly matches. In the recent years they have played with Bulgaria, Argentina, Brazil, Basque Country, Colombia, Nigeria, Cape Verde and Tunisia. The biggest football clubs are

3094:(CiU), a center-right Catalan nationalist electoral coalition, with Pujol re-elected until 2003. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the institutions of Catalan autonomy were deployed, among them an autonomous police force, the 2091:

in the south of the Frankish Empire in the former province of Septimania and in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, to act as a defensive barrier for the Frankish Empire against further Muslim invasions from Al-Andalus.

10476:. Various Catalan Sports Federations have a long tradition and some of them participated in the foundation of international sports federations, as the Catalan Federation of Rugby, that was one of the founder members of the 5688:. The latter, although previously (and still informally) considered a comarca, obtained in 1990 a particular status within Catalonia due to its differences in culture and language, being administered by a body known as the 2588:

kingdom of Spain. In the second half of the 17th century and the 18th century (excluding the parentesis of the Succession War and the post-war inestability) Catalonia carried out a successful process of economic growth and

16963: 5188:) is the highest representative of Catalonia, and is also responsible of leading the government's action, presiding the Executive Council. Since the restoration of the Generalitat on the return of democracy in Spain, the 3911:

complemented with a dense network of transport infrastructure. This is accompanied by a certain agricultural abandonment (decrease of 15% of all areas cultivated in Catalonia between 1993 and 2009) and a global threat to

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The city of Barcelona occupies the eighth position as one of the world's best cities to live, work, research and visit in 2021, according to the report "The World's Best Cities 2021", prepared by Resonance Consultancy.

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Since 2011 when the question started to be regularly surveyed by the governmental Center for Public Opinion Studies (CEO), support for Catalan independence has been on the rise. According to the CEO opinion poll from

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Franco's regime banned the use of Catalan in government-run institutions and during public events, and the Catalan institutions of self-government were abolished. The pro-Republic of Spain president of Catalonia,

16713:"High Level Group on Multilingualism – Final Report: from the Commission of the European Communities in which Catalan immersion is taken as an example which "should be disseminated throughout the Union" (p. 18)" 14689: 3930:

Faced with these problems, Catalan authorities initiated several measures whose purpose is to protect natural ecosystems. Thus, in 1990, the Catalan government created the Nature Conservation Council (Catalan:

18927: 10391:(Museu del Cinema – Col.lecció Tomàs Mallol in Catalan) of Girona is home of important permanent exhibitions of cinema and pre-cinema objects. Other important institutions for the promotion of cinema are the 10388: 3901:

The majority of Catalan population is concentrated in 30% of the territory, mainly in the coastal plains. Intensive agriculture, livestock farming and industrial activities have been accompanied by a massive

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is conditioned by the Mediterranean coast, with 580 kilometres (360 miles) of coastline, and the towering Pyrenees along the long northern border. Catalonia is divided into three main geomorphological units:

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The development of these infrastructures, resulting from the topography and history of the Catalan territory, responds strongly to the administrative and political organization of this autonomous community.

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had been forbidden but was permitted from the early 1950s in the theatre. Despite the ban during the first years and the difficulties of the next period, publishing in Catalan continued throughout his rule.

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Cingolani, Stefano Maria (2006). "Seguir les Vestígies dels Antecessors. Llinatge, Reialesa i Historiografia a Catalunya des de Ramon Berenguer IV a Pere II (1131-1285)", Anuario de Estudios Medievales, p

19125: 13956: 13104: 2940:. During the war, there were two rival powers in Catalonia: the de jure power of the Generalitat and the de facto power of the armed popular militias. Violent confrontations between the workers' parties ( 18922: 15388: 14546: 6184:

companies to other parts of Spain (mainly Madrid), 2359 only in 2018, gaining 467 new ones from the rest of the country during 2018. It has been reported that the Spanish government and the Spanish King

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century (chronicles written between the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries narrating the deeds of the monarchs and leading figures of the Crown of Aragon) and the subsequent Golden Age of the 14th and

5243:), is the body responsible of the government of the Generalitat, it holds executive and regulatory power, being accountable to the Catalan Parliament. It comprises the President of the Generalitat, the 2967:, whose first ten-year rule was particularly violent, autocratic, and repressive both in a political, cultural, social, and economical sense. In Catalonia, any kind of public activities associated with 12382: 3937:), an advisory body with the aim to study, protect and manage the natural environments and landscapes of Catalonia. In addition, the Generalitat has carried out the Plan of Spaces of Natural Interest ( 3166: 15533: 13604: 1205:

which, like in the other realms of the Crown of Aragon, suppressed Catalan institutions and legislation. As a consequence, Catalan as a language of government and literature was eclipsed by Spanish.

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politics of Franco's regime. By the late 1950s, the region had recovered its pre-war economic levels and in the 1960s was the second-fastest growing economy in the world in what became known as the

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Catalan and Occitan (Aranese in Aran) are the languages of Catalonia and Aran (respectively) and official languages of the autonomous community of Catalonia according with its Statute of Autonomy.

9784:, consisting of an (often hollow) log with a face painted on it and often two little front legs appended, usually wearing a Catalan hat and scarf. The word has nothing to do with the Spanish word 18990: 18985: 18980: 18975: 18970: 18965: 18960: 18955: 18950: 13167: 11432:

Catalonia, as a nationality, exercises its self-government constituted as an autonomous community, in accordance with the Constitution and with this Statute, which is its basic institutional law.

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Sport has had a distinct importance in Catalan life and culture since the beginning of the 20th century; consequently, the region has a well-developed sports infrastructure. The main sports are

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The Catalan Pyrenees represent almost half in length of the Pyrenees, as it extends more than 200 kilometres (120 miles). Traditionally differentiated the Axial Pyrenees (the main part) and the

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which Spain in general and Catalonia in particular experienced in the first decade of the 21st century, many foreign languages are spoken in various cultural communities in Catalonia, of which

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Most of the justice system is administered by national judicial institutions, the highest body and last judicial instance in the Catalan jurisdiction, integrating the Spanish judiciary, is the

2287:. The expansion was accompanied by a great development of the Catalan trade, creating an extensive trade network across the Mediterranean which competed with those of the maritime republics of 13065: 10177:. In 2018, TV3 became the first television channel to be the most viewed one for nine consecutive years in Catalonia. State televisions that broadcast in Catalonia in Spanish language include 9838:

In addition to traditional local Catalan culture, traditions from other parts of Spain can be found as a result of migration from other regions, for instance the celebration of the Andalusian

7077: 19228: 18932: 18917: 18912: 18907: 18902: 18897: 18892: 18887: 18882: 18877: 18872: 18867: 18862: 18857: 17774: 9450:, considered as the "decadent" period in Catalan literature because of a general falling into disuse of the vernacular language in cultural contexts and lack of patronage among the nobility. 3258:, with sentences ranging from 9 to 13 years in prison. This decision sparked demonstrations around Catalonia. They were later pardoned by the Spanish government and left prison in June 2021. 15825: 13425: 12356: 5522:

as a new functional area differentiated of Ponent. After some opposition from some territories, it was made possible for the Aran Valley to retain its government (the vegueria is renamed to

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measures privileging Catalan over Spanish and it has defended some aspects of the official language policies, sometimes against the positions of its colleagues from other parts of Spain.

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means log in Catalan. The log is sometimes "found in the woods" (in an event staged for children) and then adopted and taken home, where it is fed and cared for during a month or so. On

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In the field of architecture were developed and adapted to Catalonia different artistic styles prevalent in Europe, leaving footprints in many churches, monasteries and cathedrals, of

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phenomenon has occurred with foreign immigration. Catalan cultural activity increased in the 1960s and the teaching of Catalan began thanks to the initiative of associations such as

6887:. Given the topography, most lines radiate from Barcelona. The city has both suburban and inter-city services. The main east coast line runs through the province connecting with the 5095: 2216:, in 1173, Catalonia was regarded as a legal entity for the first time, while the Usages of Barcelona were compiled in the process to turn them into the law and custom of Catalonia ( 197: 19073: 19068: 19063: 19058: 19053: 19048: 19043: 19038: 19033: 19028: 19023: 19018: 16249: 10549:

Motorsport has a long tradition in Catalonia, which involving many people, with some world champions and several competitions organized since the beginning of the 20th century. The

5478:, which is split in half between the demarcations of Lleida and Girona. This situation has led some isolated municipalities to request province changes from the Spanish government. 706: 17902: 16169: 3803:) per year, while the second only provides an average of 2,020 hm (0.48 cu mi)/year. The difference is due to the big contribution of the Ebro river, from which the 1256:, drawing many workers from across Spain, making Barcelona one of Europe's largest industrial metropolitan areas and turning Catalonia into a major tourist destination. During the 17133: 16617: 16591: 4251: 16959: 15210: 11393: 2752:(1873–1874) and the subsequent restoration of the Bourbon dynasty (1874), Catalan nationalism began to be organized politically under the leadership of the republican federalist 16349: 15789: 14658: 13895: 9702:, on the region of the Camp de Tarragona, during the 18th century, and later it was extended to the rest of the territory, especially in the late 20th century. The tradition of 6073: 13189: 17432: 16194: 14100: 13859: 8876:

to recover the use of Catalan and has, since 1983, enforced laws which attempt to protect and extend the use of Catalan. This policy, known as the "linguistic normalisation" (

6164:. However, in the aftermath of the referendum, many of them moved their registered office to other parts of Spain. That includes the two biggest Catalan banks at that moment, 4205: 15586: 2833:

from the Spanish Republic's Parliament, granting it a considerable degree of self-government, establishing an autonomous body, the Generalitat of Catalonia, which included a

2802:), lacking any legislative power or specific political autonomy, which carried out an ambitious program of modernization, but it was disbanded in 1925 by the dictatorship of 2727:

also saw the textile industry flourish in the countryside in the 1860s and 1870s. Although the policy of Spanish governments oscillated between free trade and protectionism,

1754:

BC, although the population was slower to develop fixed settlements than in other places, thanks to the abundance of woods, which allowed the continuation of a fundamentally

19155: 14038: 13734: 13663: 10328: 10085: 16985: 11365: 10734:

and was written in its present form by Emili Guanyavents in 1899. The song is official by law from 25 February 1993. It is based on the events of 1639 and 1640 during the

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According to John Huxtable Elliott, "Between 1347 and 1497 the Principality had lost 37% of its inhabitants, and was reduced to a population of something like 300,000."

20657: 19862: 16099: 11051:

LSC was officially recognized as one of Catalonia's official languages on 3 June 2010 when Law 17/2010 of the Catalan Sign Language (LSC) was approved by the government.

3155:

The new Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, approved after a referendum in 2006, was contested by important sectors of the Spanish society, especially by the conservative

14970: 11964: 10586: 550: 19439: 14681: 12937: 10464:

Despite the fact that the most popular sports are represented at international level by the Spanish national teams, Catalonia plays as itself in some others, such as

20652: 17958: 16938: 15686: 6482: 2465:, but, in time, also carried the main burden of military expenses of the united Spanish kingdoms. After Isabella's death, Ferdinand II personally ruled both crowns. 1934:. Other important cities of the Roman period are Ilerda (Lleida), Dertosa (Tortosa), Gerunda (Girona) as well as the ports of Empuriæ (former Emporion) and Barcino ( 15624: 15022: 14920: 8861:

Rural–urban migration originating in other parts of Spain also reduced the social use of Catalan in urban areas and increased the use of Spanish. Lately, a similar

2525:. Within a brief period France took full control of Catalonia. Most of Catalonia was reconquered by the Spanish monarchy but Catalan rights were mostly recognised. 2505:. Tensions between Catalan institutions and the monarchy began to arise. The large and burdensome presence of the Spanish royal army in the Principality due to the 19431: 18436: 14386: 13006: 4641:

After Franco's death in 1975 and the adoption of a democratic constitution in Spain in 1978, Catalonia recovered and extended the powers that it had gained in the

683: 16137: 15507: 15261: 14166: 11825:

Guilaine, Jean; Michel Barbaza, David Geddes, Jean-Louis Vernet, Miguel Llongueras & Maria Hopf (1982). "Prehistoric Human Adaptations in Catalonia (Spain)",

10553:, built in 1991, is one of the main motorsport venues, holding the Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix, the Spanish F1 Grand Prix, a DTM race, and several other races. 6038:

amounting to almost a 2% contraction of its regional GDP in 2009. Catalonia's debt in 2012 was the highest of all Spain's autonomous communities, reaching €13,476

2556:, in his claim for the Spanish throne as Charles III of Spain. The fight between the houses of Bourbon and Habsburg for the Spanish Crown split Spain and Europe. 1275:

that was deemed unconstitutional by the Spanish state. The Spanish Senate voted in favour of enforcing direct rule by removing the Catalan government and calling

18707: 17493: 15655: 15379: 14537: 13952: 13088: 12162: 16645: 14074: 17455: 15419: 14767: 13482: 1318:) in the late 11th century and was probably used before as a territorial reference to the group of counties that comprised part of the March of Gothia and the 17107: 8973:, currently the main opposition party, has been one of the most consistent critics of the Catalan language policy within Catalonia. The Catalan branch of the 3957: 1283:

imprisoned seven former ministers of the Catalan government on charges of rebellion and misuse of public funds, while several others—including then-President

19295: 17806: 17164:"La Plataforma per la Llengua denuncia en un informe 40 casos greus de discriminació lingüística a les administracions públiques ocorreguts els darrers anys" 15563: 15529: 15441: 2621:. These nationalist policies, sometimes very aggressive, and still in force, have been and are the seed of repeated territorial conflicts within the state. 17402: 16712: 15301: 14408: 13250: 7120: 2728: 15052: 13917: 13029:"Recurso de inconstitucionalidad n.º 4334-2017, contra la Ley del Parlamento de Cataluña 19/2017, de 6 de septiembre, del Referéndum de Autodeterminación" 2794:, Catalonia gained a degree of administrative unity for the first time in the Modern era. In 1914, the four Catalan provinces were authorized to create a 2738:

current began to develop among the progressives, attrackting many Catalans who favored the federalisation of Spain. Meanwhile, the Catalan language saw a

20667: 20662: 19407: 16902: 15956: 15178: 10702:

of the Crown of Aragon, which consists of four red stripes on a golden background. It has been an official symbol since the Statute of Catalonia of 1932.

10490:), founded in 1933. The presence of Catalan. The presence of separate Catalan teams has caused disputes with Spanish sports institutions, as happened to 10395:(Premis Gaudí in Catalan, which replaced from 2009 Barcelona Film Awards themselves created in 2002), serving as equivalent for Catalonia to the Spanish 9978:

Modernisme also expressed in musical terms from the end of the 19th century onwards, mixing folkloric and post-romantic influences, through the works of

9929:

are characteristic in some marine localities of the Costa Brava, especially during the summer months when these songs are sung outdoors accompanied by a

4256: 13157: 3989: 2457:

maintained distinct territories, each keeping its own traditional institutions, parliaments, laws and currency. Castile commissioned expeditions to the

19391: 17523: 15729: 14369: 9948: 9073:, main representatives of the pictorial current of Catalan modernism from the end of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century, 6115: 5492:

Besides provinces, Catalonia is internally divided into eight regions or vegueries, based on the feudal administrative territorial jurisdiction of the

5189: 5006:

but, especially, on the Statute's alleged breaches of the principle of "solidarity between regions" in fiscal and educational matters enshrined by the

17216: 16880: 16854: 16828: 15333: 14847: 14598: 13777: 13751: 13586: 13340: 13219: 11992: 5311:

century. Since 1980 they have been under the command of the Generalitat, and since 1994 they have expanded in number in order to replace the national

2680:. Catalonia was divided, with the coastal and most industrialized areas supporting liberalism, while most of the countryside were in the hands of the 1536:. The name, originally derogatory, could have been reappropriated by Christians as an autonym. This is comparable to attested development of the term 15323: 13061: 12830: 11694: 10273:

Catalonia has a long tradition of use of radio, the first regular radio broadcast in the country was from Ràdio Barcelona in 1924. Today, the public

4159: 4119: 3226: 1248:

dictatorship enacted repressive measures, abolishing Catalan self-government and banning the official use of the Catalan language. After a period of

17764: 17041: 14794: 14487: 14431: 11776: 11223: 9310: 6142:

2012, Catalonia started charging a tourist tax. The revenue is used to promote tourism, and to maintain and upgrade tourism-related infrastructure.

20562: 20254: 17638: 16321: 15815: 15708: 14340: 14060: 13829: 12973: 12923: 12349: 12118: 5824: 3573:

The Catalan Coastal mountain ranges or the Catalan Mediterranean System: an alternating delevacions and planes parallel to the Mediterranean coast;

16003: 15754: 14891: 14278: 12866: 12452: 11860: 9531:) and the Francoist period, Catalan literature was maintained despite the repression against the Catalan language, being often produced in exile. 19855: 17827: 17242: 14877: 14824: 14711: 13984: 11745: 11502: 11068:

in 2010, which declared this definition without legal force. However, the definition was not modified nor suppressed, thus remaining in the text.

4603: 3822: 1758:

culture. An example of such settlements would be La Draga at Banyoles, an "early Neolithic village which dates from the end of the 6th millennium

15890: 15000: 14736: 14461: 14218: 11415: 11154: 10750:) is widely celebrated in all the towns of Catalonia on 23 April, and includes an exchange of books and roses between couples or family members. 9161: 8926:

information from the Generalitat in Spanish if they so wish. Debates in the Catalan Parliament take place almost exclusively in Catalan and the

5530:

is still used by the regional plan) and in 2016, the Catalan Parliament approved the eighth vegueria, Penedès, split from the Barcelona region.

3779:

and the one that comprises the internal basins of Catalonia (respectively covering 46.84% and 51.43% of the territory), all of them flow to the

3058: 2664:. The French troops evacuated Catalan territory at the end of 1814. After the Bourbon restoration in Spain and the death of the absolutist king 19604: 19223: 14513: 13364: 12545: 10491: 10335:. Later, horror films and thrillers have also emerged as a specialty of the Catalan film industry, thanks in particular to the vitality of the 10026: 3240: 2449:; subsequently, this event was seen by historiographers as the dawn of a unified Spain. At this time, though united by marriage, the Crowns of 519: 17019: 16213: 15477: 13534: 13035: 11191: 10299:

Regarding the cinema, after the democratic transition, three styles have dominated since then. First, auteur cinema, in the continuity of the

10278: 10113: 5275:(Junts) and is made up of 14 ministers, including the vice President, alongside to the president and a secretary of government, but in October 19147: 17795: 17303: 17193: 16237: 14423: 14255: 13456: 11741:

Badia i Margarit, Antoni, 1981, Gramàtica històrica catalana, Barcelona; see also Miguel Vidal's "Etymology of català, Catalunya", available

9281: 4715:

2009, a large majority voted for independence, although critics argued that the polls were mostly held in pro-independence areas. In December

1855:(Cerretains) – also maintained relations with the peoples of the Mediterranean. Some urban agglomerations became relevant, including Ilerda ( 664: 16643:

p. 13: Catalan Deputy of Education Ernest Maragall declares respect from the Catalan Government to Spanish language and to everyone's rights

15857: 15239: 15138: 15116: 15086: 13302: 11463: 4005: 19104: 18416: 17694: 17668: 12901: 10089: 8464:, but since the 1980s there has been a trend of decline of Christianity. Nevertheless, according to the most recent study sponsored by the 6941: 4485: 2759: 18003: 16246: 16103: 14453: 10034: 9237:. Thanks to the urban expansion of Barcelona during the last decades of the century and the first ones of the next, many buildings of the 9033:

Catalonia has given to the world many important figures in the area of the art. Catalan painters internationally known are, among others,

7615: 4747:

million (according to its promoters); whereas poll results revealed that half the population of Catalonia supported secession from Spain.

4719:

2009, 94% of those voting backed independence from Spain, on a turn-out of 25%. The final local referendum was held in Barcelona, in April

242: 19270: 19099: 19094: 19089: 18729: 17906: 17718: 17545: 16477: 16438: 16162: 12731: 11942: 11720: 11668: 9588:, or other military units, have since recounted their experiences of fighting in their works, historical or fictional, with for example, 6899: 4888:

2015. In these elections, Convergència and Esquerra Republicana decided to join, and they presented themselves under the coalition named

4870:

seats in the Catalan Parliament. Parties supporting independence from the rest of Spain obtained 49.12% of the votes and a majority of 74

4480: 4475: 4470: 2708: 1107:

as a defensive barrier against Muslim invasions. In the 10th century, the County of Barcelona became progressively independent. In 1137,

18008: 17141: 17084: 16621: 16595: 16516: 12595: 12137: 12034: 11613: 11299: 9820:

One of the most astonishing and sui-generis figurines traditionally placed in the nativity scene, to the great glee of children, is the

8751:

According to the linguistic census held by the Government of Catalonia in 2013, Spanish is the most spoken language in Catalonia (46.53%

19848: 19619: 19255: 19109: 18176: 18054: 16299: 16077: 15916: 15200: 14310: 13803: 11389: 5794: 4490: 2846: 1900: 1233: 16346: 16273: 15785: 9202:

is an example of this kind of style. During the Middle Ages, many fortified castles were built by feudal nobles to mark their powers.

2734:

In the same period, Barcelona was the focus of industrial conflict and revolutionary uprisings known as "bullangues". In Catalonia, a

2660:, and making Catalan briefly an official language again. Between 1812 and 1814, Catalonia was annexed to France and organized as four 18352: 11535: 10339:, created in 1968. Several directors have gained worldwide renown thanks to this genre, starting with Jaume Balagueró and his series 5179: 4770: 4288: 3170: 3127: 2472:

became the first king to rule the Crowns of Castile and Aragon simultaneously by his own right. Following the death of his paternal (

16201: 14944: 14107: 13866: 13708: 9986:. The avant-garde spirit initiated by the modernists is prolonged throughout the twentieth century, thanks to the activities of the 9425:

There are two historical moments of splendor of Catalan literature. The first begins with the historiographic chronicles of the 13th

8872:

After the end of Francoist Spain, the newly established self-governing democratic institutions in Catalonia embarked on a long-term

8783:), where Spanish is more spoken than Catalan, and the more rural and small town areas, where Catalan clearly prevails over Spanish. 7638:

people and covers an area of 2,268 km (876 sq mi). The metropolitan area of the Urban Region includes cities such as

5901: 3405:

coastline. Spring and autumn are typically the rainiest seasons, except for the Pyrenean valleys, where summer is typically stormy.

1719:, that is, some 200,000 years old; other sources suggest it to be only about one third that old. From the next prehistoric era, the 20642: 19721: 19193: 18201: 18181: 10477: 6019:. Catalonia's rating is tied for worst with between 1 and 5 other autonomous communities of Spain, depending on the rating agency. 5408: 5129: 4968: 4211: 4155: 4114: 4076: 4071: 4065: 3807:

is an important tributary. Moreover, in Catalonia there is a relative wealth of groundwaters, although there is inequality between

3346:

The climate of Catalonia is diverse. The populated areas lying by the coast in Tarragona, Barcelona and Girona provinces feature a

3229: 3079: 2929: 2830: 1261: 994: 344: 338: 18737: 16374: 14030: 13728: 13660: 10033:(opened in 1847), remains one of the most important in Spain, hosting one of the most prestigious music schools in Barcelona, the 9729:, where devils and monsters dance and spray showers of sparks using firecrackers. Another traditional celebration in Catalonia is 2501:

general Catalan government grew (thus consolidating its constitutional system), while the kings remained absent, represented by a

19317: 19240: 13559: 5334:

is administered separately within Catalonia. The civil laws that are subject to autonomous legislation have been codified in the

4778: 3247: 3132:

In November 2003, elections to the Parliament of Catalonia gave the government to a left-wing Catalanist coalition formed by the

2807: 2806:(1923–1930). During the final stage of the Dictatorship, with Spain beginning to suffer an economic crisis, Barcelona hosted the 11346: 9857:. The ban, which went into effect on 1 January 2012, had originated in a popular petition supported by over 180,000 signatures. 19629: 18401: 18357: 12415: 9692:

are one of the main manifestations of Catalan popular culture. The activity consists in constructing human towers by competing

4863: 4314: 3663: 2933: 2189: 2099: 1216:. In the second third of the century, it experienced industrialisation. As wealth from the industrial expansion grew, it saw a 17369: 11266: 4576: 3915:. Human activities have also put some animal species at risk, or even led to their disappearance from the territory, like the 19960: 17608: 17078: 16510: 16471: 16432: 16405: 14966: 13134: 12725: 12589: 11968: 11936: 11890: 11359: 10691: 10147:

were recovered in order to convert them into free and democratic media, while local radios and televisions were implemented.

6500: 5871: 5352: 5074:

The Catalan Statute of Autonomy establishes that Catalonia, as an autonomous community, is organised politically through the

5043: 4956: 16802: 16569: 16543: 13280: 12941: 12521: 11561: 10017:, mostly imported from Italy, began in the 18th century, but some native operas were written as well, including the ones by 6420: 6203:

The main economic cost for Catalan families is the purchase of a home. According to data from the Society of Appraisal on 31

2775: 2400:

flourished in Catalonia proper and in the kingdoms of Majorca and Valencia, with such remarkable authors as the philosopher

20555: 20247: 19753: 19290: 19114: 18367: 18215: 10626: 10481: 10060:

is admired as an outstanding player. Other popular musical styles were born in the second half of the 20th century such as

9157: 9114: 6161: 5429:

Much like the rest of Spain, Catalonia is divided administratively into four provinces, the governing body of which is the

5264: 5254: 5244: 5064: 4848: 4686:

2010, found that 46% of the voters would support independence in a referendum. In February of the same year, a poll by the

4495: 4181: 3182: 2949: 2945: 2552:. Catalonia, like other territories that formed the Crown of Aragon, rose up in support of the Austrian Habsburg pretender 2462: 2204:, establishing the dynastic union of the County of Barcelona with Aragon, creating a composite monarchy later known as the 1272: 18281: 17966: 16933: 15678: 14628: 12849: 4524: 19759: 19711: 19447: 18630: 18211: 17257:"Sánchez-Camacho rebutja la postura inicial de Bauzá de derogar la llei de Normalització Lingüística a les Illes Balears" 16745: 15616: 14916: 10986: 10741: 5547: 4596: 3250:, involved in organizing a referendum on Catalonia's independence from Spain, and convicted them on charges ranging from 3194: 2264: 1797:

BC, and they were responsible for the creation of the first proto-urban settlements. Around the middle of the 7th century

1532:) – meaning "killer" – could have been applied by Muslims to groups of raiders and bandits on the southern border of the 158: 20221: 17572: 17324:-Joan Prat i Jesús Contreras. Conèixer Catalunya. Les Festes Populars. Editorial Dopesa 2. 1979. 159 pp. Idioma català. 12996: 9909:, and are danced in a circle dance. Other tunes and dances of the traditional music are the contrapàs (obsolete today), 6956:

on their high speed network. This was shortly followed by the commencement of commercial service by the French TGV on 17

6046:

autonomous communities, but in recent years its economy recovered a positive evolution and the GDP grew a 3.3% in 2015.

4948:

of Catalonia is the fundamental organic law, second only to the Spanish Constitution from which the Statute originates.

19786: 19399: 17345: 16070:"Idescat. Anuario estadístico de Cataluña. Extranjeros con tarjeta de residencia. Por país de nacionalidad. Provincias" 15499: 14158: 12668: 12257: 11446: 11132: 11102: 10882: 10716: 10600: 5323: 4964: 4927: 4539: 4239: 3813:, given the complex geological structure of the territory. In the Pyrenees there are many small lakes, remnants of the 3185:

was held in Catalonia on 1 October 2017, using a disputed voting process. It was declared illegal and suspended by the

3063: 2506: 2243:, formally relinquished to any historical claim of feudal lordship he might have over the Catalan counties, except the 1194: 989: 17485: 16266:"Idescat. Demographic Survey. Població de 15 anys i més segons llengua inicial, d'identificació i habitual. Catalunya" 15647: 12227: 11532:

Enciclopèdia Catalana online: Catalunya ("Geral de Cataluign, Raimundi Catalan and Arnal Catalan appear in 1107/1112")

4552: 19635: 19140: 19008: 17853: 17329: 16796: 16757: 16642: 16107: 14078: 12562: 12515: 12488: 12332: 12307: 12282: 12195: 12174: 12069: 12028: 10565: 8970: 6031: 5855: 4325: 4167: 4129: 3133: 2169: 1057: 447: 17463: 16671: 15411: 14759: 14576: 14196: 13478: 10608: 6928:

currently reach Barcelona, via Lleida and Tarragona. The official opening between Barcelona and Madrid took place 20

6906:

that operates long-distance and high-speed rail services (AVE and Avant) and the main commuter and regional service

6463:

in the world. It is sixth largest cruise port in the world, the first in Europe and the Mediterranean with 2,364,292

6440:, a Spanish Government entity) is an industrial, commercial and tourist port of worldwide importance. With 1,950,000 19260: 18243: 18206: 18134: 17111: 11106: 10506: 10037:. Several lyrical artists trained by this institution gained international renown during the 20th century, such as 9854: 9141: 9093: 4917: 4081: 3347: 3149: 2560: 2514: 2477: 1163: 1155: 350: 15555: 15448: 8468:, as of 2020, 62.3% of the Catalans identify as Christians (up from 61.9% in 2016 and 56.5% in 2014) of whom 53.0% 3395: 3384: 3373: 3362: 3351: 2995:, including the publication of books on those subjects or simply discussion of them in open meetings, was banned. 2845:

was appointed its first president. Under the Statute, Catalan became an official language. The governments of the

2774:

movement had been active throughout the last quarter of the 19th century and the early 20th century, founding the

20548: 20240: 19883: 19871: 18722: 17392: 12870: 10991: 4923: 4904:, a far-left and independentist party) won another 10, so the sum of all the independentist forces/parties was 72 4901: 3593: 3141: 2791: 2382: 1257: 1076:

to the south. In addition to about 580 km of coastline, Catalonia also has major high landforms such as the

17515: 16719: 16059:

Kleiner-Liebau, D. "Migration and the Construction of National Identity in Spain (Frankfurt: Vervuert)". (2009).

13630: 13242: 9652:

are among the most prominent Catalan writers in the Spanish language since the democratic restoration in Spain.

19791: 19322: 19312: 18838: 18832: 18827: 18822: 18817: 18812: 18807: 18802: 18797: 18792: 18787: 18782: 18777: 18772: 18767: 18762: 18306: 18047: 17665:"Law 1/1980 where the Parlamient of Catalonia declares that 11th of September is the National Day of Catalonia" 15953: 12625: 12160:

Republicanism: Volume 1, Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe: A Shared European Heritage

12094: 11804: 10632: 10303:, emphasizes experimentation and form, while focusing on developing social and political themes. Worn first by 9327: 9230: 9199: 5228: 5160: 4856: 4844: 4589: 4454: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4340: 4149: 4143: 3969: 3434: 3206: 3202: 3083: 2553: 2468:

By virtue of descent from his maternal grandparents, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, in 1516

1743:, are the Balma del Gai (Epipaleolithic) and the Balma de l'Espluga (late Epipaleolithic and Early Neolithic). 1276: 16909: 15357: 15170: 11838:

Tarrus, Josep. "La Draga (Banyoles, Catalonia), an Early Neolithic Lakeside Village in Mediterranean Europe".

9991: 9333: 7717:

of the total population) with non-Spanish ID cards, without including those who acquired Spanish citizenship.

4740: 3019: 19653: 19235: 19167: 18617: 18431: 18421: 18372: 18144: 17936: 17879: 16129: 15820: 12383:"Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2019 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana" 12350:"Novetats legislatives en matèria lingüística aprovades el 2018 que afecten els territoris de parla catalana" 11065: 10996: 10898: 10720: 10663: 9645: 8846: 6937: 6347: 5726:) elected every four years by the residents in local elections. The council consists of a number of members ( 5430: 5272: 5014: 4908:

seats, reaching an absolute majority, but not in number of individual votes, comprising 47,74% of the total.

4866:, sovereigntist parties supporting a secession referendum gathered 59.01% of the votes and held 87 of the 135 4828: 4330: 4284: 4219: 3186: 3160: 3123: 2602: 2537: 2502: 2481: 2370: 1268: 1179: 984: 320: 134: 15722: 14365: 13395: 5779: 5696:(General Council of Aran), and in 2015 it was defined as a "unique territorial entity" instead of a county. 3029:, certain folkloric and religious celebrations in Catalan resumed and were tolerated. Use of Catalan in the 2724: 2593:, reinforced in the late quarter of the century when Castile's trade monopoly with American colonies ended. 2361:(1412), the representatives of the kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia appointed 1151:

were married and ruled their realms together, retaining all of their distinct institutions and legislation.

19641: 19133: 19013: 18578: 18485: 16876: 16850: 16824: 13781: 13755: 11989: 9995: 9947:("Red Book of Montserrat") from the fourteenth century. Through the Renaissance there were authors such as 9944: 9713:

In main celebrations, other elements of the Catalan popular culture are also usually present: parades with

9614:

aforementioned authors, other relevant 20th-century writers of the Francoist and democracy periods include

9390: 7639: 7145: 7082: 6093: 5382: 5268: 5007: 4952: 4852: 4687: 4661: 4335: 3557:

Catalonia has a marked geographical diversity, considering the relatively small size of its territory. The

3190: 3137: 2850: 2025: 740: 19511: 19466: 13505: 13215: 12827: 11690: 10897:, both of which regularly dominate international rankings of restaurants. The region has been awarded the 10668: 10218: 10153:, which broadcasts entirely in the Catalan language, is the main Catalan public TV. It has five channels: 9484: 9414:

The oldest surviving literary use of the Catalan language is considered to be the religious text known as

6335: 3357:). The inland part (including the Lleida province and the inner part of Barcelona province) show a mostly 2896: 2753: 1353:"), since the origins of the Catalan counts, lords and people were found in the March of Gothia, known as 19692: 19609: 19327: 19302: 19000: 18411: 18296: 18258: 18253: 18080: 17045: 15974:

Project ALIAS—Autonomy, Labour and Integration in South Tyrol (Bozen: European Academy of Bolzen/Bolzano)

14790: 14483: 11230: 10502: 9149: 8799: 8791: 8776: 7057: 7045: 7040: 7028: 6965: 6936:

2008. The journey between Barcelona and Madrid now takes about two-and-a-half hours. A connection to the

6860: 6444: 6099: 5809: 5705: 5092:

or Executive Council and the other institutions established by the Parliament, among them the Ombudsman (

4562: 4176: 3868: 3745: 3236: 2661: 2649: 1672: 1439: 19541: 19516: 17642: 16325: 14344: 12963: 9831:

Another (extended) Christmas tradition is the celebration of the Epiphany on 6 January, which is called

9394: 7709:, often settling in urban centers such as Barcelona and industrial areas. In 2017, Catalonia had 940,497 6106:

The main tourist destinations in Catalonia are the city of Barcelona, the beaches of the Costa Brava in

5121: 34: 20647: 20160: 19704: 19265: 18715: 18645: 15987: 15937: 15294:"Barcelona, considerada la octava mejor ciudad del mundo | Barcelona International Welcome | Barcelona" 14895: 12448: 12061: 12020: 11852: 10828: 8822:

inhabitants was the only place where a dialect of Occitan had received full official status. Then, on 9

6402: 6378: 6087: 5146:) is the unicameral legislative body of the Generalitat and represents the people of Catalonia. Its 135 3577: 3531: 3477: 3198: 3018:, was taken to Spain from his exile in the German-occupied France and was tortured and executed in the 2915: 1144: 808: 744: 723: 63: 59: 17819: 17742: 16025:

Jeram, Sanjay (2017). "Despite the crisis: The resilience of intercultural nationalism in Catalonia".

14816: 13980: 10038: 9524: 4700:

from 40 to 49%. Other polls show more variable results, according with the Spanish CIS, as of December

3209:

called for 21 December 2017, which ended with a victory of pro-independence parties. Former President

2168:

as his king, evidencing the loss of dependency from Frankish rule and confirming his successors (from

1084:, the Transversal Range (Serralada Transversal) or the Central Depression. The official languages are 19531: 19350: 18640: 18573: 18495: 18268: 18166: 18110: 18040: 15882: 14992: 14728: 12550: 11603:

The Sarmatians: 600 BC-AD 450 (Men-at-Arms) by Richard Brzezinski and Gerry Embleton, 19 August 2002.

11419: 11158: 10706: 10288: 9242: 9214: 9145: 8974: 8969:

The Catalan language policy has been challenged by some political parties in the Catalan Parliament.

8962: 8838:

Although not considered an "official language" in the same way as Catalan, Spanish, and Occitan, the

7631: 6372: 6339: 5691: 5493: 5386: 5376: 4999: 4637:, second president of the Generalitat of Catalonia between 1933 and 1940, executed by Franco's regime 4509: 3509: 3498: 3221:, were sentenced to prison under various charges of rebellion, sedition, and misuse of public funds. 3156: 2795: 2431: 2299: 2144: 2126: 1974:), and the first centuries of the Empire saw the construction of roads (the most important being the 1198: 1124: 1041: 163: 55: 30: 19198: 16502:

Multilingualism in Spain: Sociolinguistic and Psycholinguistic Aspects of Linguistic Minority Groups

15913:"Extranjeros con certificado de registro o tarjeta de residencia en vigor. Por país de nacionalidad" 10853: 10150: 7689:

Immigrants from other countries settled in Catalonia since the 1990s; a large percentage comes from

6428:

Since the Middle Ages, Catalonia has been well integrated into international maritime networks. The

3099: 1287:—fled to other European countries. Those in prison were pardoned by the Spanish government in 2021. 1139:, becoming the base for the Crown's Mediterranean trade and expansionism. In the later Middle Ages, 18337: 17217:"El PPC va votar a favor d'un reglament sobre el català – Regió7. El Diari de la Catalunya Central" 17070:

Debat sobre la normalització lingüística: Ple de l'Institut d'Estudis Catalans (18 d'abril de 1990)

16210: 15473: 13028: 12010: 11180: 10809:

seasoned with olive oil and salt. Often the dish is accompanied with any number of sausages (cured

10569: 10561: 10300: 10180: 9245:, which turned especially relevant in Catalonia during the Republican era (1931–1939) highlighting 9206: 8465: 8461: 7655: 7383: 6475:

near Girona at northeast are much more modest. The port of Palamós and the other ports in Catalonia

5497: 5331: 5075: 5027: 4108: 3965: 3201:

by the Spanish government through the use of Article 155 of the Constitution, the dismissal of the

2323: 2224: 2208:

and making the Catalan counties that were vassalized or merged with the County of Barcelona into a

2064: 1480: 1237: 1132: 1049: 433: 19561: 17295: 15082: 13448: 11716: 11590: 9415: 9347: 9274: 8912: 7670:

Catalonia, that wave of internal migration arrived from several regions of Spain, especially from

7659: 7195: 7161: 6799:

Public-own roads in Catalonia are either managed by the autonomous government of Catalonia (e.g.,

5840: 3213:

and five former cabinet ministers fled Spain and took refuge in other European countries (such as

2652:

after he conquered Barcelona; the resistance against the occupation eventually developed into the

2373:, the persistent economic crisis and social and political tensions in the Principality led to the 2302:

developed a complex institutional and political system based in the concept of a pact between the

19670: 19203: 18754: 18650: 18563: 18505: 18406: 18347: 18342: 18191: 18171: 17850:"Firman acuerdo de colaboración gobierno de NL y Cataluña, España | Info7 | Nuevo León" 15847: 15235: 15108: 11742: 9661: 9409: 9187: 8850: 7067: 6390: 6365: 6216: 6027:

London, New York, Paris, Moscow, Tokyo, Dubai and Singapore and ahead of Los Angeles and Madrid.

6000: 5474:

Unlike vegueries, provinces do not follow the limitations of the subdivisional counties, notably

5335: 5137: 5089: 5085: 4979: 4774: 4646: 4355: 4200: 4194: 4095: 3985: 3729: 3644: 2882: 2873:

in February 1936, the Government of Catalonia was pardoned and the self-government was restored.

2834: 2818: 2814: 2783: 2731:

become more common. To this day Catalonia remains one of the most industrialised areas of Spain.

2590: 1979: 1299: 1229: 1030: 691: 458: 423: 17690: 17664: 14682:"El cas singular de Gósol, que vol deixar de dependre de quatre administracions: "Cal un debat"" 13687: 13679: 12789:"A Double Life Cycle in Tourism Arrivals to Spain: Unit Root Tests with Gradual Change Analysis" 9153: 9002: 7331: 6200:

organizes international exhibitions and congresses to do with different sectors of the economy.

6123: 6049: 5930: 5886: 5877: 5601: 4839:

have been present in all Catalan governments since 1980. The largest Catalan nationalist party,

4707:

In hundreds of non-binding local referendums on independence, organised across Catalonia from 13

2838: 20263: 20005: 19770: 19658: 19476: 19360: 19355: 18558: 18475: 18332: 18291: 18276: 18248: 18138: 9585: 9553: 9234: 8526: 8494: 8405: 6415: 6361: 6077: 5965: 5634: 5487: 5396: 5356: 4967:". The same constitution gave Catalonia the automatic right to autonomy, which resulted in the 4817: 4797: 4534: 4519: 3828:

The Catalan coast is almost rectilinear, with a length of 580 kilometres (360 mi) and few

2803: 2749: 2629: 2530: 2438: 2174: 1512: 1167: 1020: 1014: 654: 54:

This article is about the Spanish autonomous community. For the historic political entity, see

20611: 20201: 17715: 17549: 16461: 16422: 15942:

Atlas des migrations dans le monde, Réfugiés ou migrants volontaires, Alternatives Economiques

12715: 12554: 12159: 12133: 11926: 11640: 10381: 10018: 9102: 6189:

pressured some of the big Catalan companies to move their headquarters outside of the region.

2366: 2353:

percent of its population. In 1410, the last reigning monarch of the House of Barcelona, King

1103:

In the late 8th century, various counties across the eastern Pyrenees were established by the

146: 20601: 20586: 19747: 19471: 18600: 18500: 18470: 18320: 18100: 17068: 16500: 12787:

Albaladejo, Isabel P.; Gonzalez-Martinez, Maria Isabel; Martinez-Garcia, Maria Pilar (2020).

12579: 12014: 11617: 11291: 11098: 10968: 10894: 10543: 10515: 10332: 10030: 9885:

is considered to be the most characteristic Catalan folk dance, interpreted to the rhythm of

9512: 9082: 9049:

lived in Barcelona during his youth, training them as an artist and creating the movement of

8909:–1095), one of the earliest texts written almost completely in Catalan, predating the famous 8839: 8832: 8544: 8360: 7229: 7052: 7035: 6909: 6211:

2005 Catalonia is, after Madrid, the second most expensive region in Spain for housing: 3,397

5938: 5467: 5449: 5316: 4840: 4812: 4617: 4345: 4089: 4038: 3845: 3814: 3636: 3589: 3520: 3358: 3325: 3091: 2870: 2633: 2442: 2362: 2319: 1888: 1817: 1626: 1494:

Miguel Vidal, finding serious shortcomings with earlier proposals (such as that an original -

1280: 1136: 781: 760: 719: 639: 399: 384: 309: 20524: 16960:"Árabe y urdu aparecen entre las lenguas habituales de Catalunya, creando peligro de guetos" 16295: 16265: 16069: 15988:"Más del 60% de la población de Cataluña es fruto de los flujos inmigratorios de este siglo" 15912: 14318: 13807: 11128: 10327:

became another genre particularly representative of contemporary Catalan cinema, boosted by

10042: 9968: 9581: 6791: 6447:

in 2015, it is the first container port in Catalonia, the third in Spain after Valencia and

5597: 2782:

in Europe in 1919. Growing resentment of conscription and of the military culminated in the

2521:) with French help against the Spanish Crown for overstepping Catalonia's rights during the 1271:. On 27 October 2017, the Catalan Parliament unilaterally declared independence following a 1162:(1640–1652) against a burdensome presence of the royal army, being briefly established as a 20469: 19796: 19275: 18674: 18553: 18548: 18523: 18515: 18480: 18362: 18238: 18186: 18154: 18072: 15500:"CaixaBank traslada su sede a Valencia y La Fundación Bancaria La Caixa y Criteria a Palma" 14967:"Catalunya ja té vuit vegueries: El Parlament aprova la creació de la vegueria del Penedès" 11039: 11006: 10557: 10550: 10438: 10336: 10292: 9998:

created in 1944 and composers, conductors and musicians engaged against the Francoism like

9773: 9750: 9716: 9528: 9339: 9296: 9165: 8934: 7433: 5296: 5288: 4937: 4836: 4625: 4301: 3961: 3924: 3111: 3107: 3095: 3071: 2919: 2677: 2614: 2576: 2522: 2303: 2213: 2201: 2103: 2040: 1786: 1666: 1225: 1202: 1175: 849: 733: 479: 326: 20479: 19765: 19188: 11531: 10266: 9137: 7268: 7252: 7184: 7166: 4350: 8: 20369: 20140: 20095: 19365: 19208: 19163: 18942: 18196: 18148: 18095: 17425:"TV3 lidera l'audiència per 9è any consecutiu i té el millor resultat dels últims 6 anys" 14936: 14219:""Unas 600.000 personas en la manifestación independentista". La Vanguardia de Catalunya" 13216:"En vivo – Rajoy disuelve el Parlament y convoca elecciones catalanas el 21 de diciembre" 12481:

Atlantic Catalonia: brandy and textiles at the beginning of the catalan industrialisation

10875: 10695: 10367: 10346: 10190: 10133: 9674: 9641: 9594: 8845:

As was the case since the ascent of the Bourbon dynasty to the throne of Spain after the

6566: 6357: 6065: 5985: 5973: 5607: 5577: 5312: 4995: 4945: 4793: 4642: 3912: 3772: 3369: 3336: 3177:, addresses the crowd following the unilateral declaration of independence on 27 October. 2968: 2886: 2858: 2696: 2692: 2571:

militarily ended the Habsburg claim to the Spanish Crown, which became legal fact in the

2541: 2378: 2358: 2256: 2193: 2182: 2114: 1919: 1696: 1221: 1108: 1073: 471: 296: 213: 20359: 20020: 19687: 19213: 15972:

Climent-Ferrando, Vicent. "Immigration in Catalonia: In Search of a Public Philosophy".

11584: 10531: 9637: 9538: 9246: 9225:) appeared as the national art. The world-renowned Catalan architects of this style are 9070: 7627:

residents did not have Spanish citizenship, accounting for about 16% of the population.

7130: 1997:

century. Although Hispania remained under Roman rule and did not fall under the rule of

1910:, the north-east of Iberia became the first to come under Roman rule and became part of 1703:

The first known human settlements in what is now Catalonia were at the beginning of the

20637: 20596: 20591: 20571: 20500: 20419: 20354: 20216: 19806: 19726: 18683: 18595: 18568: 17769: 16370: 16042: 15023:"Festivals in southern Terres de l'Ebre counties form new group to increase visibility" 14817:"Se impide crear veguerías alterando los límites provinciales | Barcelona | elmundo.es" 13503: 12813: 12788: 12770: 12577: 12112: 11001: 10573: 10432: 10361: 10356: 10228:, both with editions in Catalan and Spanish. Catalan only published newspapers include 10206: 9866: 9756: 9496: 9480: 6812: 6435: 5800: 5656: 5541: 5537: 5475: 5461: 5455: 5424: 5392: 5155: 4732: 4233: 4047: 3669: 3615:

comprises the highest peaks in the Pre-Pyrenees and forms the southern boundary of the

3567: 2953: 2469: 2397: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2260: 2240: 2232: 2138: 2048: 1955: 1739:

de Montsant). The most important sites from these eras, all excavated in the region of

1704: 1323: 1171: 1140: 1116: 1104: 1045: 1010: 774: 767: 394: 389: 20484: 20151: 19699: 19614: 15053:"Coronavirus: Spain puts 200,000 people in Catalonia back into lockdown as cases rise" 10800: 10771: 10592: 10274: 9971:(father of choir movement in Catalonia and responsible of the music folk reviving) or 9353: 9285: 8866: 7263: 6227:

The unemployment rate stood at 10.5% in 2019 and was lower than the national average.

4731:

2012, a pro-independence march pulled in a crowd of between 600,000 (according to the

4667:

The support for Catalan nationalism ranges from a demand for further autonomy and the

3217:, in Puigdemont's case), whereas nine other cabinet members, including vice-president 2095: 20399: 20211: 19551: 19501: 19423: 19345: 18120: 18115: 17325: 17236: 17074: 16792: 16753: 16506: 16467: 16428: 16401: 16046: 15995: 15702: 15556:"El Govern espanyol aprova un decret per facilitar la fugida d'empreses de Catalunya" 14871: 14705: 14402: 14054: 13683: 13675: 13096: 12917: 12721: 12642: 12621: 12585: 12558: 12511: 12484: 12328: 12303: 12278: 12253: 12191: 12170: 12100: 12090: 12065: 12024: 11932: 11886: 11796: 11765:. Barcelona, Institut d ́Estudis Catalans: p. 27; Publicacions de la Presidència (1). 11660: 11355: 11060:

In addition to the legal definition as a nationality, Catalonia is also defined as a

10981: 10577: 10105: 9987: 9623: 9573: 9503:

century, avant-garde movements developed, initiated by the Generation of '14 (called

9179: 8950: 8780: 8395: 8375: 6880: 6873: 6429: 6197: 6169: 6111: 5567: 5557: 5213: 5193: 5003: 4650: 4621: 4001: 3923:

of the Pyrenees. The pressure created by this model of life means that the country's

3210: 3174: 2960: 2937: 2861:

in Barcelona, as a response to the accession of right-wing Spanish nationalist party

2712: 2657: 2585: 2572: 2568: 2545: 2473: 2446: 2374: 2268: 2228: 2197: 2178: 2134: 2106:(right) and their son Alfonso II of Aragon and I of Barcelona, dynastic union of the 2060: 1951: 1836: 1832: 1781:

BC. There are few remnants of this era, but there were some known settlements in the

1732: 1461: 1284: 1241: 1201:. Philip V subsequently imposed a unifying administration across Spain, enacting the 1186: 1112: 1065: 1002: 151: 20414: 20299: 19486: 19481: 15587:"Más de 5.400 empresas trasladaron su sede desde Catalunya tras la consulta del 1-O" 14993:"Idescat. Statistical Yearbook of Catalonia. County councils. Councillors. Counties" 12867:"Barcelona 1992: a city turning towards the sea and winning the hearts of the world" 11777:"ESR and U-series analyses of enamel and dentine fragments of the Banyoles mandible" 10649:, one of the most successful football managers of all time, pictured while managing 9557: 9457: 9171: 9085:

for expressionist or abstract sculpture and painting of the late twentieth century.

5648: 4634: 3775:. The Catalan hydrographic network consists of two important basins, the one of the 3612: 3015: 2854: 2842: 2763: 20434: 20110: 19945: 19731: 19571: 19382: 19285: 19250: 18849: 18426: 17796:« Meilleur restaurant du monde » grand prix de la tourista internationale 17361: 16034: 13691: 13126: 12808: 12800: 12762: 12681: 12660: 11788: 11652: 11255: 10304: 10260: 10252:

in 2011), as well as most part of the local press. The Spanish newspapers, such as

10186: 10069: 9924: 9744: 9569: 9508: 9476: 9316: 9190:(the best examples of which are located in the northern half of the territory) and 9074: 9054: 8992: 8811: 8787: 8756: 8744: 8589: 8576: 8536: 8532: 7675: 6898:

There are two publicly owned railway companies operating in Catalonia: the Catalan

6570: 6396: 5957: 5925: 5907: 5672: 5644: 5621: 5327: 5201: 4991: 4893: 4360: 4019: 3818: 3754: 3702: 3410: 3145: 3002: 2964: 2644:

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Catalonia was severely affected by the

2610: 2564: 2549: 2450: 2414: 2409: 2354: 2346: 2033: 1896: 1790: 1692: 1653: 1639: 1630: 1621: 1611: 1567: 1498:- would have, by normal sound laws in the local Romance languages, developed into - 1453: 1388: 1190: 1183: 1148: 1097: 1089: 1085: 971: 961: 956: 946: 933: 923: 881: 633: 623: 618: 604: 590: 576: 185: 123: 107: 91: 20409: 19840: 19576: 14387:"Admitidos los recursos de Aragón, Valencia y Baleares contra el Estatuto catalán" 13418:"Spanish Supreme Court sentences Catalan separatists to prison, sparking protests" 13243:"Rajoy cesa a Puigdemont y su Govern y convoca elecciones para el 21 de diciembre" 10003: 9979: 9807:

A tió exhibited at Plaça Sant Jaume in Barcelona in the 2010–2011 Christmas season

9619: 9577: 9062: 9042: 9034: 8487: 5659:). Some further revisions have been realised since then, such as the additions of 5221: 5205: 5125: 4880:, then the president of Catalonia, organised early elections that took place on 27 3274: 2707:

century, Catalonia became an important industrial center, particularly focused on

20509: 20424: 20309: 20065: 19536: 19526: 19307: 18130: 18105: 18027: 17802: 17722: 17349: 16942: 16791:(in Catalan). Barcelona: Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. pp. 37–38. 16786: 16649: 16565: 16539: 16395: 16353: 16253: 16217: 15960: 15361: 14924: 14599:"Catalan government broken: Junts leaves coalition cabinet, Esquerra stays alone" 14373: 14283: 13988: 13738: 13667: 13365:"Spanish judge jails proposed Catalan leader hours ahead of planned inauguration" 13272: 12853: 12834: 12505: 12231: 12166: 11996: 11792: 11749: 11586:

A history of Spain from the earliest times to the death of Ferdinand the Catholic

11555: 11539: 11450: 11064:

in the preamble of its 2006 Statute of Autonomy, although it was rejected by the

10976: 10760: 10735: 10373: 10230: 10202: 10154: 10061: 10046: 9910: 9545: 8946: 8942: 8927: 8873: 8862: 8854: 8540: 7706: 6917: 5652: 5047: 5037: 4960: 4657: 3993: 3678: 3640: 3566:

The Pyrenees: mountainous formation that connects the Iberian Peninsula with the

3391: 3287: 3218: 3103: 3086:

to the Parliament of Catalonia under this Statute gave the Catalan presidency to

3043: 3026: 2645: 2606: 2544:, the last Spanish Habsburg, died without an heir in 1700. Charles II had chosen 2510: 2454: 2334: 2276: 2235:, king of Mallorca and of Valencia, renounced his family rights and dominions in 2205: 2107: 2068: 1755: 1720: 1688: 1616: 1533: 1319: 1290:

In the early-to-mid 2020s, support for independence in Catalonia declined again.

1253: 1245: 1209: 1159: 1120: 1093: 627: 489: 302: 20339: 20329: 19624: 18607: 17929:"Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 71 | Senate Office of International Relations" 10871: 10867: 10392: 10285:(belonging to Grup Godó) are the two main radios of Catalonia, both in Catalan. 9779: 9737:, declared a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by the 9488: 9226: 9025: 6509: 5164: 4889: 4787: 2748:, among both the working class and the bourgeoisie. Right after the fall of the 2405: 1926:) was one of the most important Roman cities in Hispania and the capital of the 20334: 19975: 18655: 18465: 18396: 18125: 16463:

Franquisme i repressió: la repressió franquista als països catalans (1939–1975)

14632: 14510:"Is Catalonia a nation or a nationality, or is Spain the only nation in Spain?" 13695: 13535:"Separatist parties set to lose power in Catalan regional election, polls show" 12804: 11855:

The Europea Community in Later Prehistory. Studies in honour of C. F. C. Hawkes

11853:"J. Maluquer de Motes: "Late Bronze and Early Iron in the valley of the Ebro" ( 11321: 11099:"Indicadors geogràfics. Superfície, densitat i entitats de població: Catalunya" 10886: 10678:

Catalonia has its own representative and distinctive national symbols such as:

10050: 9999: 9983: 9850: 9732: 9649: 9439: 9258: 9254: 9195: 8807: 8480: 7698: 7438: 7404: 7370: 7234: 7200: 6993: 6981: 6119: 4668: 3788: 3443: 3380: 3298: 2779: 2653: 2637: 2492: 2307: 2288: 2244: 2148:

Hug IV, count of Empúries, and Pero Maça during the conquest of Mallorca (1229)

2014: 1927: 1907: 1872: 1831:

In pre-Roman times, the area that is now called Catalonia in the north-east of

1821: 1128: 1034: 562: 316: 20289: 20284: 19581: 17189: 16195:"Baròmetre sobre la religiositat i sobre la gestió de la seva diversitat 2016" 16163:"Baròmetre sobre la religiositat i sobre la gestió de la seva diversitat 2020" 12846: 12477:

La Catalunya atlàntica: aiguardent i teixits a l'arrencada industrial catalana

10400: 10065: 9383: 9365: 9269: 6176:, ranked fourth among all Spanish private banks and which moved its office to 5355:, are the Spanish communities with the highest degree of autonomy in terms of 4630: 2876: 2426: 20631: 19663: 19556: 19546: 19491: 18285: 17999: 17994: 17876:"Firman NL y Cataluña intercambio estratégico | Info7 | Nuevo León" 17616: 17583: 16424:

Franquisme i repressió: la repressió franquista als països catalans 1939–1975

15999: 15266: 15205: 15143: 14250: 13100: 12646: 11664: 10859: 10844: 10765: 10646: 10316: 10224: 10101: 10073: 10022: 9972: 9960: 9797: 9793: 9766: 9589: 9492: 9046: 8938: 8815: 8476: 8385: 7694: 7365: 6173: 6127: 6054: 6016: 5685: 5664: 5617: 4674: 4528: 4163: 4125: 3953: 3890: 3849: 3837: 3804: 3780: 3152:, with the aim of consolidate and expand certain aspects of self-government. 2972: 2735: 2719:. The first railway on the Iberian Peninsula was built between Barcelona and 2665: 2329: 2084: 1931: 1884: 1876: 1782: 998: 798: 714: 443: 257: 244: 20464: 20344: 18694: 18160: 17341: 15648:"L'Estat va treure milers de milions de dipòsits dels bancs catalans el 2-O" 15201:"Standard & Poor's degrada la calificación de Catalunya a 'bono basura'" 14848:"El Constitucional només admet les vegueries si es conserven les províncies" 13089:"Protests in Barcelona against suspension of Catalan autonomy – in pictures" 13034:(in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 6 September 2017. 12104: 11656: 11443: 10910: 10380:

Catalan actors have shot for Spanish and international productions, such as

9905:), fiscorn (family of bugles) and contrabaix with three strings played by a 9706:

was declared Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by

9631: 9470: 9445: 7682:. As of 1999, it was estimated that over 60% of Catalans descended from 20th 7388: 7320: 7218: 7150: 7095: 6781: 6756: 6697: 6590: 6145: 5668: 5501:

realised as changes to the statewide provinces system are unconstitutional.

2744: 1217: 19716: 19680: 19646: 19280: 18635: 18441: 17397: 14538:"Catalonia can call itself a 'nation', rules Spain's top court 29 Jun 2010" 13162: 13001: 12697: 11800: 10954: 10782: 10729: 10699: 10650: 10618: 10519: 10511: 10473: 10320: 10236: 10081: 9964: 9956: 9952: 9918: 9841: 9666: 9627: 9599: 9565: 9516: 9191: 8892: 8457: 6522:

There are 12,000 kilometres (7,500 mi) of roads throughout Catalonia.

6384: 6157: 5404: 5279:

2022 Together for Catalonia (Junts) left the coalition and the government.

3973: 3903: 3833: 3764: 3750: 3713: 3627:

and numerous irrigation canals have been built. Another major plain is the

3600: 3580:: structural unit which forms the eastern sector of the Valley of the Ebro. 3466: 3422: 3255: 2905: 2716: 2669: 2618: 2584:, as well as their pactist politics, within a French-style centralized and 2390: 2220:), being considered one of the "milestones of Catalan political identity". 2209: 2137:(878–897) made his titles hereditaries and thus founded the dynasty of the 1986: 1915: 1766: 1476: 1457: 1213: 1081: 845: 835: 177: 17849: 15083:"Ley 16/1990, de 13 de julio, sobre el régimen especial del Valle de Arán" 14075:"Referèndum per la independència de Catalunya – Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió" 13479:"Los presos del 'procés' abandonan la cárcel tras el indulto del Gobierno" 13388:"UNPO: UNPO Welcomes the Assemblea Nacional Catalana as its Newest Member" 12786: 12637:

Finestres, Jordi; López, Manel (2014). "Entre la revolució i l'estelada".

12224: 11717:"La Catalogne: son nom et ses limites historiques, Histoire de Roussillon" 10820: 10480:(FIRA) in 1934. The majority of Catalan sport federations are part of the 9990:, a choral society founded in 1891, with its monumental concert hall, the 9556:(who are considered mainly responsible for the renewal of Catalan prose), 9371: 9194:. The Gothic developed in Barcelona and its area of influence is known as 9038: 9021: 6682: 5067:, Barcelona, headquarters of the President and the Government of Catalonia 4978:

The Preamble of the 2006 Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia states that the

2496:(7 June 1640), one of the main events of the Reaper's War. Painted in 1910 20540: 20232: 20050: 19506: 19245: 19218: 18528: 16663: 16231:"Baròmetre sobre la religiositat i sobre la gestió de la seva diversitat" 14568: 14188: 10863: 10495: 10450: 10396: 10351: 10324: 9940: 9615: 9520: 9504: 9377: 9222: 9175: 9078: 9066: 9058: 8506: 8425: 7679: 7623:

As of 2017, the official population of Catalonia was 7,522,596. 1,194,947

6762: 6737: 6645: 6060: 5953: 5197: 3872: 3857: 3796: 3760: 3725: 3624: 3418: 3232:

on 17 May 2018, after the Spanish courts blocked three other candidates.

3087: 2739: 2401: 2342: 2088: 1975: 1813: 1727:, important remains survive, the greater part dated between 8000 and 5000 1716: 1384: 20459: 20439: 20349: 13953:"El 42% de los catalanes dice que quiere que Cataluña sea independiente" 12997:"What happened with Catalonia's vote for independence – and what's next" 12581:

Exposiciones internacionales y urbanismo: el proyecto Expo Zaragoza 2008

10596: 9913:(the "dance of sticks"), the moixiganga, the goigs (popular songs), the 9534: 8889:

even as an example which "should be disseminated throughout the Union".

6192:

The stock market of Barcelona, which in 2016 had a volume of around €152

5949: 5267:, Barcelona. In 2021 the government was a coalition of two parties, the 2956:

led in 1938 and 1939 to the occupation of Catalonia by Franco's forces.

2715:

in Barcelona became the first factory in the country to make use of the

2536:

The most significant conflict concerning the governing monarchy was the

1880: 20294: 19566: 19496: 16667: 16038: 14031:"MAPA | ¿Cómo se distribuye el voto independentista en Catalunya?" 12016:

The revolt of the Catalans: a study in the decline of Spain (1598–1640)

10922: 10917: 10794: 10556:

Catalonia hosted many relevant international sport events, such as the

10458: 10442: 10341: 10312: 10308: 10093: 10057: 10007: 9561: 9527:

and others. During the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, the Civil War (

9359: 9218: 9065:

for the Romanticism and Catalan Orientalism of the nineteenth century,

7399: 6902:

that operates commuter and regional services, and the Spanish national

6130:

in Tarragona. In the High Pyrenees there are several ski resorts, near

6008: 5217: 5058: 4215: 4015: 3997: 3981: 3977: 3920: 3841: 3800: 3685: 3222: 3030: 2984: 2742:

cultural renaissance from the second third of the century onwards, the

2673: 2581: 2526: 2518: 2165: 2161: 2080: 2075:

river from the Muslims and created heavily militarised, self-governing

2056: 1774: 1724: 1537: 1264:, remaining one of the most economically dynamic communities in Spain. 419: 20394: 20389: 20379: 16236:. Institut Opiniòmetre, Generalitat de Catalunya. 2014. Archived from 16200:. Institut Opiniòmetre, Generalitat de Catalunya. 2016. Archived from 15328: 13860:"CEO Public Opinion Poll covering, among others, nationalist opinions" 13587:"Support for Catalan independence falls to historic low, poll reveals" 13156:

Jones, Sam; Burgen, Stephen; Graham-Harrison, Emma (28 October 2017).

12968: 12774: 11965:"Las Cortes Catalanas y la primera Generalidad medieval (s. XIII–XIV)" 10881:

Catalonia is internationally recognized for its fine dining. Three of

10805:(bread with tomato), which consists of bread (sometimes toasted), and 10254: 9994:

in Catalan, built by Lluís Domènech i Montaner from 1905 to 1908, the

7111: 6472: 5660: 4023: 3943:

or PEIN) in 1992 while eighteen Natural Spaces of Special Protection (

3652: 3628: 1740: 1417:

derives from the term "land of castles", having evolved from the term

20529: 20324: 20319: 19990: 19900: 19521: 18740: 18032: 15852: 13638: 10810: 10786: 10538: 10194: 10121: 9762: 9682: 9549: 9277:, located at the foothills of the Pyrenees, in the province of Lleida 9120: 8767:

of the population claim to use both languages equally, whereas 45.92%

7671: 7422: 7315: 7090: 7072: 6953: 6944:) and the Spanish AVE service began commercial services on the line 9 6787: 6574: 6468: 6448: 6186: 6035: 5816: 5786: 5749: 5561: 5551: 5209: 4877: 3916: 3876: 3721: 3717: 3694: 3558: 3547: 3067: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2771: 2326:, which gained considerable political power over the next centuries. 2248: 2236: 2122: 2079:. These counties formed part of the historiographically known as the 2072: 2044: 1963: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1923: 1868: 1848: 1844: 1825: 1747: 1448: 1426: 1330:

is subject to diverse interpretations because of a lack of evidence.

1040:

Modern-day Catalonia comprises most of the medieval and early modern

1026: 824: 369: 20449: 18301: 17963:

MRIF – Ministère des Relations internationales et de la Francophonie

17826:. International Institute of Gastronomy, Culture, Arts and Tourism. 17190:"Alicia Sánchez-Camacho responde en 'Tengo una pregunta para usted'" 17108:"Cinema law: rude case to not dub and subtitle all films in Catalan" 16752:. Barcelona: Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. pp. 9–18. 11883:

Las Invasiones Bárbaras en Hispania y la Creación del Reino Visigodo

11224:"Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia (2006), Articles 6, 50 – BOPC 224" 10323:, this genre has achieved some international recognition. Then, the 10210: 10029:, Isaac Albéniz and Enric Granados. The Barcelona main opera house, 9803: 9011: 7349: 7286: 6884: 4932: 4557: 3648: 2720: 2687: 1123:. Within the Crown, the Catalan counties merged in to a polity, the 20519: 20374: 20279: 20080: 19930: 19801: 19675: 18543: 18490: 18090: 18085: 15354: 15262:"Barcelona, la octava mejor ciudad del mundo para vivir y trabajar" 14655:"Padró municipal d'habitants. Xifres Oficials. Recomptes. Any 2010" 12766: 11506: 11503:"EU court reinstates MEP immunity of Catalonia's Carles Puigdemont" 10890: 10614: 10523: 10465: 10446: 10198: 10109: 10097: 9902: 9724: 9238: 9128: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7247: 7213: 7179: 7135: 7125: 6977: 6177: 6165: 6150: 3848:

hugs the coastline, and it is split into two segments, one between

3829: 3698: 3616: 3551: 3455: 3251: 2813:

After the fall of the dictatorship and a brief proclamation of the

2458: 2152: 1911: 1892: 1852: 1840: 1802: 1736: 1712: 1708: 1472: 1468: 1311: 1077: 1006: 793: 18022: 17993:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

17928: 17875: 17134:"La nova llei del cinema elimina les quotes de doblatge en català" 15848:"Barcelona to Paris from €35 in 6h29m | Times, Tickets & Info" 15412:"Catalunya va créixer un 3,3% el 2015, una dècima més que Espanya" 14159:"El "no" a la independencia gana más apoyos, según el CIS catalán" 13333:"Quim Torra pren possessió com a 131è president de la Generalitat" 12938:"Un milió i mig de manifestants per la independència de Catalunya" 12578:

Monclús, Francisco Javier; Francisco Javier Monclús Fraga (2006).

11129:"Idescat. Annual indicators. Population on 1 January 2024. By sex" 8775:

mainly use Catalan. There is a significant difference between the

8740: 6865: 5367: 5216:(2016–2017) and, after the imposition of direct rule from Madrid, 4843:, ruled Catalonia from 1980 to 2003, and returned to power in the 4704:

2016, 47% of Catalans rejected independence and 45% supported it.

3584: 3413:

episodes and subzero temperatures during winter, mainly along the

3049: 1773:

BC, with the beginning of the construction of copper objects. The

20495: 20444: 20429: 20384: 20189: 20125: 18625: 18583: 18538: 18533: 15380:""Catalonia calls for help from central government to pay debts"" 14279:"Spain Barcelona Warns Madrid: Pay Up, or Catalonia Leaves Spain" 13387: 10840: 10685: 10672: 10527: 10242: 10213:, the TV channel of Barcelona, which also broadcasts in Catalan. 10170: 9898: 9886: 9882: 9875: 9855:

Catalonia became another Spanish territory to forbid bullfighting

9823: 9703: 9689: 9304: 9250: 9210: 8803: 8514: 8498: 8415: 7354: 7297: 6892: 6766: 6720: 6661: 6505: 5989: 5893: 5831: 5611: 5571: 5400: 5348: 3809: 3733: 3674: 3214: 3039: 2941: 2930:

military rebellion against the Republican government in Barcelona

2866: 2681: 2386: 2341:

The domains of the Aragonese Crown were severely affected by the

1998: 1864: 1860: 1644: 1249: 1061: 557: 16130:"Población extranjera por Nacionalidad, comunidades, Sexo y Año" 16100:"Población extranjera por Nacionalidad, comunidades, Sexo y Año" 15677:

Martín, Àlex Font Manté, Natàlia Vila, Albert (6 October 2018).

15139:"Catalunya mantiene el papel de locomotora de España en el 2018" 12416:"Comportament lingüístic davant dels cossos policials espanyols" 9124: 6665: 6471:(owned and operated by Puertos del Estado) in the southwest and 5415:

establishes the administrative organisation of the later three.

4764: 2306:

and the king. The legislation of Catalonia had to be passed the

1683: 1009:

mountain range. Catalonia is administratively divided into four

223: 20514: 20474: 20364: 19915: 17903:"VIDEO: Nuevo León y Cataluña, ¿tierras hermanas? – Publimetro" 15883:"Idescat. Anuari estadístic de Catalunya. Població. Províncies" 15236:"Rating: Calificación de la deuda de las Comunidades Autónomas" 14135:(in Catalan). Center for Public Opinion Studies. Archived from 14106:(in Catalan). Center for Public Opinion Studies. Archived from 11061: 10934: 10929: 10817:, iberic ham, etc.), ham or cheeses. Others dishes include the 10806: 10469: 10454: 10174: 10162: 9894: 9738: 9707: 9320: 9293: 9050: 8763:

claim Catalan as "their own language"). In everyday use, 11.95%

7690: 7336: 7281: 7106: 6973: 6925: 6704: 6562: 6131: 6107: 6074:

List of country subdivisions by GDP over 100 billion US dollars

5943: 5862: 5847: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5510:) provided six general functional areas, but was amended by Law 4987: 4983: 4835:

Parties that consider themselves either Catalan nationalist or

4806: 3861: 3853: 3784: 3390:) at the highest summits, while the valleys have a maritime or 2998: 2487: 2118: 2076: 2052: 1978:, parallel to Mediterranean coastline) and infrastructure like 1856: 1452:, meaning "chiefs of battle", similar to the Celtic given name 1430: 1069: 1053: 17456:"TV3 estableix un nou rècord: nou anys de liderat consecutius" 16168:(in Catalan). Institut Opiniòmetre, Generalitat de Catalunya. 14937:"Mapa de Vegueries a Catalunya (2021): On és el teu municipi?" 13158:"Spain dissolves Catalan parliament and calls fresh elections" 13062:"Catalan Separatists Plot Show of Force in Battle With Madrid" 12507:

A distinctive industrialisation. Cotton in Barcelona 1728-1832

8814:) has also been official and subject to special protection in 5445:). As of 2010, the four provinces and their populations were: 5002:. The objections are based on various issues such as disputed 4847:. Between 2003 and 2010, a leftist coalition, composed by the 3896: 3193:. Subsequent developments saw, on 27 October 2017, a symbolic 2766:

proclaiming the Catalan Republic on 14 April 1931 in Barcelona

2185:, being one of the first European compilations of feudal law. 1456:; although the area is not known to have been occupied by the 20454: 20404: 20314: 20304: 20176: 19875: 17573:"SENTENCE ARBITRALE rendue par le TRIBUNAL ARBITRAL DU SPORT" 16935:

Usos lingüístics. Llengua inicial, d'identificació i habitual

14917:

Aprovació del Pla territorial parcial de l'Alt Pirineu i Aran

13325: 11035: 10790: 10282: 10209:

and the local televisions, the greatest exponent of which is

10158: 10077: 10014: 9914: 9906: 9890: 9699: 8435: 7302: 6903: 5733: 4754: 3261:

In the early-to-mid 2020s support for independence declined.

2369:

as King of the Crown of Aragon. During the reign of his son,

2272: 2006: 2002: 1971: 1400: 1396: 1350: 1260:(1975–1982), the Generalitat was reestablished and Catalonia 285: 16396:

Joan Miralles i Montserrat; Josep Massot i Muntaner (2001).

8548: 6360:

entity) except two airports in Lleida which are operated by

6090:: 3%. The amount of land devoted to agricultural use is 33%. 3543: 2596: 2164:, Count of Barcelona, did not recognise the new French king 2013:

century, the main cities suffered frequent sacking and some

1691:

contains paintings protected as part of the Rock art of the

1208:

In the 19th century, Catalonia was severely affected by the

18589: 17734: 15364: 14791:"La Catalunya de 9 vegueries (en 4 províncies) - femVallès" 12753:

Thomas, Earl W. (March 1962), "The Resurgence of Catalan",

10814: 10412: 10248: 10216:

The two main Catalan newspapers of general information are

10166: 9871: 9453: 8954: 8795:

Spain, and Aranese Occitan, which is spoken in Val d'Aran.

7702: 7417: 6888: 6741: 6353: 3880: 3776: 3706: 3439: 3414: 3006: 2877:

Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and Franco's rule (1939–1975)

2862: 2051:

for almost two and a half centuries. In 718, it came under

1970:

BC). It was a rich agricultural province (olive oil, wine,

1597: 1594: 1588: 1579: 914: 911: 905: 896: 820: 15679:"Així va fer l'Estat la guerra econòmica contra Catalunya" 13449:"El Gobierno concede el indulto a los presos del 'procés'" 13155: 12964:"Did the referendum comply with basic voting regulations?" 12131: 9963:. The Romantic music was represented by composers such as 6196:

billion, is the second largest of Spain after Madrid, and

5533:

As of 2022, the eight regions and their populations were:

2648:. In 1808, it was occupied by French troops under general 2121:

nominated by the emperor of the Franks, to whom they were

1460:, a Celtic culture was present within the interior of the 15617:"Más de 5.600 empresas han huido de Cataluña en dos años" 13804:"Title IV. Powers (articles 110–173) of the 2006 Statute" 13560:"Polls Show Support for Catalonia Independence Declining" 12413: 12325:

Racisme i supremacisme polítics a l'Espanya contemporània

12275:

L'intent franquista de genocidi cultural contra Catalunya

10117: 9721:(giants), bigheads, stick-dancers and musicians, and the 9584:. In addition, several foreign writers who fought in the 9136:

The most important painting museums of Catalonia are the

6921: 6869: 5689: 5684:

As of 2024, Catalonia is divided in 42 counties plus the

5371:

Provinces, regions and counties of Catalonia (until 2015)

3082:

in 1979, which defined Catalonia as a "nationality". The

2129:" for these counties dates to 1117. At the end of the 9th 1573: 1252:, from the late 1950s through to the 1970s Catalonia saw 890: 97: 16746:"greuges de Guitard isarn, Senyor de Caboet (1080–1095)" 15530:"Banco Sabadell traslada su domicilio social a Alicante" 15442:"Structural Funds programmes in Catalonia – (2000–2006)" 15171:"S&P mantiene la deuda de Cataluña en "bono basura"" 15109:"Comparar Comunidades Autónomas Madrid vs Cataluña 2020" 14246:"Masiva manifestación por la independencia de Catalunya" 14189:"Spain's Catalonia region in symbolic independence vote" 12665:

The Spanish Civil war: Revolution and counter-revolution

12300:

Recopilació d'accions genocides contra la nació catalana

10514:(also known as Barça), who have won five European Cups ( 9959:("The Old" and "The Young"). Baroque had composers like 9670:

Castell 4 de 9 amb folre i pilar by Colla Vella de Valls

9045:. Closely linked with the Catalan pictorial atmosphere, 8497:. At the same time, 18.6% of the population identify as 5304:

Mossos d'Esquadra-Policia de la Generalitat de Catalunya

4008:; as well as three Natural Places of National Interest ( 15816:"High speed services between France and Spain launched" 15324:"BBVA no descarta que la economía catalana caiga un 2%" 14341:"First article of the Statute of Autonomy of Catalunya" 11553: 11077:

Puigdemont is still wanted by the government in Madrid.

9475:(Renaissance) represented by writers and poets such as 9434:

centuries. After that period, between the 16th and 19th

6577:. The main roads generally radiate from Barcelona. The 5720:) in Catalonia. Each municipality is run by a council ( 3148:

was appointed president. The new government redacted a

2865:

to the government of the Republic, considered close to

2318:), were presided over by the monarch, and approved the 1793:, whose successive waves of migration began around 1200 1785:

zone. The Bronze Age coincided with the arrival of the

1068:

to the east, and the Spanish autonomous communities of

1033:

in Spain and the fifth-most populous urban area in the

17486:"ABC (Madrid) – 24/04/1974, p. 49 – ABC.es Hemeroteca" 15954:"Catalans woo immigrants in quest to split from Spain" 15355:"Spanish Region of Catalonia: Using Debt to Get Rich". 13706: 13607:. Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya. 2016. 13303:"Catalonia Independence: nine former ministers jailed" 12277:(in Catalan). Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. 12009: 10526:(now UEFA Europa League). Barcelona currently play in 10138: 9198:, with some particular characteristics. The church of 4859:, implemented policies that widened Catalan autonomy. 4656:

This autonomous community has gradually achieved more

2337:. The Principality of Catalonia appears in light green 17296:"Tarragona, City of Human Towers - Tarragona Turisme" 14389:. Hoy.es. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012 14029:

López, Belén Picazo, David Ruiz (28 September 2015).

13504:

Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió, Generalitat de Catalunya.

12380: 12347: 9264: 8790:

has enjoyed special status since the approval of the

7014: 6914:, administered by the Catalan government since 2010. 3791:, but it only covers 1.73% of the Catalan territory. 2513:(1640–1652), which saw Catalonia rebel (briefly as a 2283:, were incorporated into the dynastic domains of the 1591: 1570: 908: 887: 884: 17066: 16664:"Catalan, Basque and Galician get EU language boost" 16459: 16420: 16296:"Idescat. Dades demogràfiques i de qualitat de vida" 15786:"Spain completes Iberia's high-speed link to Europe" 14760:"Traient l'entrellat a les vegueries - 12 març 2010" 12898:"Anàlisi de les retallades a l'estatut de Catalunya" 11322:"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab" 10944: 10572:. It held annually the fourth-oldest still-existing 10201:. Other smaller Catalan television channels include 8849:, and with the exception of the short period of the 8786:

Originating in the historic territory of Catalonia,

8755:

claim Spanish as "their own language"), followed by

6879:

Catalonia saw the first railway construction in the

6424:

Aerial view of Zona Franca and the Port of Barcelona

5667:

counties, in 2015 and 2023 respectively. Except for

3022:

of Barcelona for the crime of 'military rebellion'.

2212:

of the Aragonese Crown. During the reign of his son

2071:

took control of the area between Septimania and the

1871:). Coastal trading colonies were established by the 1585: 1576: 1556:, both with the addition of common Romance suffixes. 1521: 1504: 1374: 1368: 1362: 902: 893: 860: 19870: 19408:

White Paper on the National Transition of Catalonia

17538: 15646:Manté, Albert Martín / àlex Font (5 October 2018). 14384: 13998: 13996: 13884: 13778:"The republican Government of Catalonia, 1931–1939" 13234: 11918: 11549: 11547: 3197:by the Parliament of Catalonia, the enforcement of 2778:trade union in 1910 and achieving one of the first 1769:

period developed in Catalonia between 2500 and 1800

1582: 1182:(1701–1714), the Crown of Aragon sided against the 1127:, developing its own institutional system, such as 899: 20658:Regions of Europe with multiple official languages 18023:Generalitat de Catalunya (Government of Catalonia) 15378: 15230: 15228: 14536: 13363: 13190:"Directo: El Senado aprueba la aplicación del 155" 11924: 11466:. Ministry for Foreign Action and European Union. 10885:are in Catalonia, and four restaurants have three 8517:, and a further 3.4% as being of other religions. 7665:In 1900, the population of Catalonia was 1,966,382 2790:) in Barcelona in 1909. Under the hegemony of the 2617:was the first step in the creation of the Spanish 1962:AD (Tarraco, the capital, was already a colony of 1707:. The oldest known trace of human occupation is a 1475:that lived in the area and whose name, due to the 17765:"Spain's El Bulli named best restaurant in world" 16498: 16157: 16155: 14004:"El apoyo a la independencia remite y cae al 40%" 13947: 13945: 12793:Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 11582: 5496:. Established in 2006, vegueries are used by the 3860:), and the other at the south, at the Costes del 2445:were married in 1469, later taking the title the 2063:. From the conquest of Roussillon in 760, to the 1954:was granted to all free men of the empire by the 1895:briefly ruled the territory in the course of the 1433:). This theory therefore suggests that the names 20653:NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union 20629: 15376: 14407:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 13993: 13752:"Beginnings of the autonomous regime, 1918–1932" 13661:"The Cetaceans of the Spanish Coasts: A Survey". 12618:14 d'abril: la Catalunya republicana (1931–1939) 12571: 11544: 9655: 9544:The most outstanding authors of this period are 8553:First habitual language, 2018 Demographic Survey 6352:Airports in Catalonia are owned and operated by 3720:of the oceans; various types of whales (such as 2030:Origins of the blason of the County of Barcelona 1993:century, was completed in urban areas in the 4th 16347:Enquesta d'usos lingüístics de la població 2008 16247:Quick data from the 2014 barometer of Catalonia 16223: 16211:Quick data from the 2016 barometer of Catalonia 16092: 15225: 13918:"Diagnóstic de Percepcions Catalunya – Espanya" 12158:Gelderen, Martin van; Skinner, Quentin (2002). 11390:"Court to reject 'nation' in Catalonia statute" 11354:, Institut D'Estudis Aranesi, 2018, p. 8, 11218: 11216: 11214: 11212: 10542:Championships). It also has many international 10116:for hard rock, electropop since the 1990s with 9463:The second moment of splendor began in the 19th 6964:2013, leading to an average travel time on the 5992:(€31,389). That year, the GDP growth was 2.3%. 5960:plays an important role in the Catalan economy. 4864:25 November 2012 Catalan parliamentary election 3308: Mediterranean climate of alpine influence 2869:. After the electoral victory of the left wing 2817:, during the events of the proclamation of the 2529:and half of Cerdanya was lost to France by the 2381:(1462–1486) that left Catalonia exhausted. The 2125:(801–988). The earliest known use of the name " 19605:Association of Municipalities for Independence 16978: 16851:"Second article of Catalonia's linguistic law" 16322:"Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia (Article 6)" 16187: 16152: 15209:. Javier Godó. La Vanguardia. 31 August 2012. 14486:. Edinburgh: News.scotsman.com. 10 July 2010. 13942: 12956: 12636: 12247: 10709:is on 11 September, and it is commonly called 9311:Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí 7686:century migrations from other parts of Spain. 5643:in English, but different from the historical 5282: 5263:) appointed by the president. Its seat is the 3246:On 14 October 2019, the Spanish Supreme court 3241:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 3205:and the dissolution of the Parliament, with a 2509:led to an uprising of peasants, provoking the 2461:and benefited from the riches acquired in the 2357:died without surviving descendants. Under the 2156:A 15th-century miniature of the Catalan Courts 1293: 20556: 20248: 20199: 19856: 19141: 18723: 18699: 18048: 17900: 17362:"A traditional Nativity scene, Catalan-style" 17012:"El Blog de Antonio Sabadell – Blog Personal" 16877:"Ninth article of Catalonia's Linguistic Law" 16620:. Blogs.periodistadigital.com. Archived from 16594:. Blogs.periodistadigital.com. Archived from 14424:"Cuatro años de encarnizada batalla política" 13240: 12474: 12250:La persecució política de la llengua catalana 12225:"Els orígens històrics de l’anticatalanisme". 12179: 11557:Historia del nacionalismo catalán: 2a edición 11416:"Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, article 1" 10851: 10834: 10826: 10818: 10798: 10769: 10745: 10727: 10710: 10683: 10485: 10417: 10178: 9930: 9922: 9839: 9821: 9812: 9777: 9748: 9730: 9722: 9714: 9693: 9468: 9443: 9112: 8910: 8897: 8883: 8877: 8456:Historically, all the Catalan population was 6907: 6613: 6595: 6556: 6538: 6513: 6480: 6433: 6042:million, i.e. 38% of the total debt of the 17 5988:(€35,041), the Basque Country (€33,223), and 5765: 5759: 5753: 5743: 5737: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5676: 5505: 5339: 5302: 5294: 5258: 5248: 5238: 5232: 5183: 5141: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5093: 5079: 4900:seats and was the most voted party, and CUP ( 4597: 4009: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3884: 2853:(ERC) leaders Francesc Macià (1931–1933) and 1942:was granted to all cities under the reign of 1839:side of the peninsula – was populated by the 1808: 1019:(regions), which are in turn divided into 42 511:32,113.86 km (12,399.23 sq mi) 175: 113: 81: 51:Autonomous community and nationality in Spain 18012:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 17431:(in Catalan). 1 January 2019. Archived from 16537: 15707:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 14631:. Civil.udg.es. 20 July 2006. Archived from 14151: 14059:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 14022: 12922:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 12449:"Les modifications intérieures de la France" 12322: 12117:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 11492:. Pagès Editors (Lleida, 2004), pp. 144–149. 11209: 5964:A highly industrialized region, the nominal 5196:(1977–1980, president in exile since 1954), 2540:(1701–1715), which began when the childless 1527: 1267:In the 2010s, there was growing support for 19432:Law on the Referendum on Self-determination 17241:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 17073:. Institut d'Estudis Catalans. p. 24. 16692: 16661: 15947: 14876:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 14710:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 14534: 12720:. Cambridge University Press. p. 139. 12584:. Univ. Politèc. de Catalunya. p. 48. 12190:(Second ed.). Macmillan. p. 227. 11905:. Pagès Editors, (Lleida, 2004) pp. 144–49. 11857:; Routledge & Kegan 1971, pp. 107–120)" 11437: 11091: 10487:Unió de Federacions Esportives de Catalunya 9943:in the eleventh century or the compilation 9418:, written either in late 11th or early 12th 9162:Centre of Contemporary Culture of Barcelona 6083:The distribution of sectors is as follows: 5362: 5112:) or the Audiovisual Council of Catalonia ( 3897:Anthropic pressure and protection of nature 3248:sentenced several Catalan political leaders 1310:, began to be used for the homeland of the 1193:(1713) the Catalans were defeated with the 15: 20668:States and territories established in 1979 20663:States and territories established in 1932 20570: 20563: 20549: 20262: 20255: 20241: 19863: 19849: 19620:Committees for the Defense of the Republic 19392:Draft Constitution of the Catalan Republic 19148: 19134: 18730: 18716: 18055: 18041: 17140:(in Catalan). 23 July 2014. Archived from 15877: 15875: 14894:. Generalitat de Catalunya. Archived from 14569:"A nationality, not a nation Jul 1st 2010" 14484:"Catalonia 'is not a nation' 10 July 2010" 14454:"Ni un retoque en 74 artículos recurridos" 14317:. Generalitat de Catalunya. Archived from 13241:Ponce de León, Rodrigo (27 October 2017). 13127:"Catalans declare independence from Spain" 13021: 12546:The Revolutionary Left in Spain, 1914–1923 11763:Anàlisi històrica de la identitat catalana 11188:Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado 10478:Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur 10423:values and social norms of their society. 10389:Museum of Cinema - Tomàs Mallol Collection 9772:One of the most deeply rooted and curious 5391:Catalonia is organised territorially into 5330:system is uniform throughout Spain, while 4604: 4590: 2959:The defeat of the Spanish Republic in the 2113:These counties came under the rule of the 1326:and his relatives. The origin of the name 228:Catalonia (dark green) in Spain and Europe 16: 19416:Initiation of the Process of Independence 17691:"Law 1/1993 National Anthem of Catalonia" 17453: 17354: 16908:. University of Barcelona. Archived from 16903:"DESCOBRIR LES LLENGÜES DE LA IMMIGRACIÓ" 16788:Estudis d'història de la llengua catalana 16618:"Diario Periodista Digital, Spanish Only" 16592:"Diario Periodista Digital, Spanish Only" 15985: 14788: 13852: 13830:"Centrifugal Spain: Umbrage in Catalonia" 13700: 13339:(in Catalan). 17 May 2018. Archived from 12812: 11928:The Feudal Monarchy in France and England 10904: 10345:(co-directed with Valencian Paco Plaza), 10035:Conservatori Superior de Música del Liceu 9249:and Josep Torres i Clavé, members of the 5995:Catalonia's long-term credit rating is BB 5732:) depending on population, who elect the 5180:President of the Generalitat of Catalonia 5163:, and its current speaker (president) is 5130:President of the Generalitat of Catalonia 5088:, the Presidency of the Generalitat, the 2597:The beginning of the Spanish nation state 2517:led by the president of the Generalitat, 2441:, the grandson of Ferdinand I, and Queen 2349:. Between 1347 and 1497 Catalonia lost 37 2141:, which reigned in Catalonia until 1410. 1540:in nearby areas. In this model, the name 19722:Republican Left of the Valencian Country 17998: 17390: 15623:(in European Spanish). 14 October 2019. 14366:Constitución Española, Titulo Preliminar 13976: 13974: 12717:Cultural Contestation in Ethnic Conflict 12688:, pp. 476–477. Univ. of Wisconsin Press. 12659: 12252:(in Catalan). Edicions 62. p. 320. 12085:Huxtable, Elliott, J. H. (John) (2002). 12084: 11638: 10764: 10667: 10287: 10137: 9870: 9802: 9743: 9673: 9665: 9533: 9467:century with the cultural and political 9452: 9280: 9268: 9170: 8891: 8739: 6942:Perpignan–Barcelona high-speed rail line 6864: 6504: 6419: 6334: 6144: 6059: 6048: 5948: 5937: 5929: 5366: 5293:Catalonia has its own police force, the 5185:president de la Generalitat de Catalunya 5120: 5106:) the Council for Statutory Guarantees ( 4969:Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1979 4931: 4896:, Together for Yes). Junts pel Sí won 62 4629: 3759: 3749: 3662: 3583: 3542: 3535:and other coastal and pre-coastal plains 3438: 3273: 3230:President of the Government of Catalonia 3165: 3117: 3098:, in 1983, and the broadcasting network 3057: 2997: 2841:. The left-wing pro-independence leader 2829:1931), Catalonia received, in 1932, its 2758: 2686: 2628: 2486: 2425: 2328: 2151: 2143: 2094: 2024: 1812: 1682: 1240:as the autonomous government. After the 1115:were united by marriage, resulting in a 24:This is an accepted version of this page 19271:2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis 17105: 15872: 15755:"Regional Unemployment by NUTS2 Region" 14421: 14385:Europa Press/Madrid (1 December 1997). 14221:. Lavanguardia.com. 14 September 2012. 13361: 12503: 12414:Plataforma per la llengua, ed. (2019). 11554:Maximiano García Venero (7 July 2006). 11292:"PIB de las Comunidades Autónomas 2020" 11256:"Llei de la llengua de signes catalana" 10522:, who have twice been runner-up of the 9849:On 28 July 2010, second only after the 9209:(such as the Palau de la Generalitat), 8986: 8930:broadcasts programs mainly in Catalan. 6618:) connect inland and onward to Madrid. 3716:are rich in biodiversity, and even the 3050:Transition and democratic period (1975– 2345:pandemic and by later outbreaks of the 233:Map of Spain with Catalonia highlighted 14: 20630: 19630:Socialist Party of National Liberation 18062: 17214: 16400:. L'Abadia de Montserrat. p. 72. 15809: 15807: 15792:from the original on 24 September 2015 15676: 14892:"Pla territorial general de Catalunya" 14845: 14723: 14721: 14679: 14291:from the original on 20 September 2012 13840:from the original on 25 September 2013 13709:"Catalunya: El clima i la hidrografia" 13584: 13086: 13068:from the original on 13 September 2017 13059: 12994: 12752: 12542: 12185: 12169:. Cambridge University Press. p. 284. 12055: 12049: 11925:C. Petit-Dutaillis (5 November 2013). 10874:. There is also a sparkling wine, the 8728:Total population 15 year old and over 7464: 6479:(26) are operated and administered by 6231:Unemployment rate (December data) (%) 5307:), whose origins date back to the 18th 4911: 4645:of 1932 but lost with the fall of the 3150:new version of the Statute of Autonomy 2672:erupted against the newly established 2624: 2190:Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona 2100:Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona 1619:, the most widely spoken variety, and 1548:while the adjective and language name 1160:the Principality of Catalonia revolted 1001:) is situated on the northeast of the 20544: 20236: 19844: 19129: 18711: 18698: 18036: 17393:"Catalonia votes to ban bullfighting" 17372:from the original on 12 February 2019 16784: 16140:from the original on 21 February 2022 16024: 16006:from the original on 21 December 2021 15893:from the original on 24 November 2015 15645: 15213:from the original on 3 September 2015 14579:from the original on 25 February 2018 14276: 14028: 13971: 13532: 13459:from the original on 31 December 2021 13446: 13376:from the original on 10 January 2022. 13060:Duarte, Esteban (11 September 2017). 12976:from the original on 19 December 2019 12895: 12297: 12272: 11903:Catalunya a la fi del primer mil·leni 11723:from the original on 18 December 2010 11490:Catalunya a la fi del primer mil·leni 11396:from the original on 23 December 2015 11302:from the original on 31 December 2015 11135:from the original on 22 December 2023 10530:while Espanyol currently play in the 9698:(teams). This practice originated in 9061:that marked the artistic Renaixença, 6501:List of primary highways in Catalonia 6034:, Catalonia was expected to suffer a 5671:, every comarca is administered by a 5115:Consell de l'Audiovisual de Catalunya 5044:Palace of the Parliament of Catalonia 5021: 4975:law, always under the law in Spain". 3958:Aigüestortes i Estany de Sant Maurici 3946:Espais Naturals de Protecció Especial 3635:within the Pre-Coastal Range include 3607:m), followed by the Puigpedrós (2,914 3128:2017–18 Spanish constitutional crisis 2963:brought to power the dictatorship of 1906:After the Carthaginian defeat by the 1652: 1638: 1620: 1610: 970: 955: 932: 19754:Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia 17939:from the original on 17 October 2016 17882:from the original on 22 October 2013 17777:from the original on 8 December 2015 17571:(TAS), Tribunal Arbitrale du Sport. 17526:from the original on 4 November 2016 17454:Gutiérrez, Àlex (31 December 2018). 17405:from the original on 12 October 2017 17170:from the original on 15 October 2015 16966:from the original on 18 January 2012 16743: 16674:from the original on 12 October 2017 16398:Entorn de la histáoria de la llengua 16373:. Ethnologue.com. 19 February 1999. 15765:from the original on 5 November 2018 15735:from the original on 7 November 2017 15391:from the original on 10 January 2022 15063:from the original on 4 February 2024 15033:from the original on 4 February 2024 15003:from the original on 4 February 2024 14797:from the original on 8 December 2023 14692:from the original on 4 February 2024 14609:from the original on 28 October 2022 14549:from the original on 10 January 2022 14199:from the original on 31 October 2010 14169:from the original on 20 October 2019 13659:Casinos, A.; Vericad, R. J. (2009). 13611:from the original on 12 October 2017 13253:from the original on 27 October 2017 13137:from the original on 22 January 2018 13009:from the original on 18 October 2017 12713: 12428:from the original on 20 October 2021 12362:from the original on 20 October 2021 11774: 11719:. Mediterranees.net. 22 March 2008. 11697:from the original on 3 February 2014 10850:Catalan vineyards also have several 10726:The national anthem of Catalonia is 10482:Sports Federation Union of Catalonia 9158:Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art 6015:(Low Investment Grade) according to 6007:(Non-Investment Grade) according to 5999:(Non-Investment Grade) according to 5507:Pla territorial general de Catalunya 5065:Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya 4000:, Sant Llorenç del Munt and l'Obac, 3684:Catalonia is a showcase of European 2463:Spanish colonisation of the Americas 997:. Most of its territory (except the 218:Location of Catalonia (red) in Spain 19760:Democratic Convergence of Catalonia 19712:Catalan Solidarity for Independence 19448:Catalan declaration of independence 17905:. Publimetro.com.mx. Archived from 17223:from the original on 8 January 2014 17044:. normalitzacio.cat. Archived from 16947:Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya 16662:Spongenberg, Helena (4 July 2006). 16566:"Diario El Imparcial, Spanish Only" 16377:from the original on 3 October 2012 16302:from the original on 4 January 2010 15986:Costa Pau, Marta (1 October 1999). 15804: 15584: 15422:from the original on 5 October 2016 15274:from the original on 3 January 2021 15242:from the original on 21 August 2015 15181:from the original on 20 August 2015 15177:. Unidad Editorial. 17 April 2015. 14959: 14839: 14751: 14718: 14512:. Matthewbennett.es. Archived from 13955:. Cadenaser.com. 15 November 2010. 13930:from the original on 4 October 2018 13923:. Universitat Oberta de Catalunya. 13283:from the original on 13 August 2020 12877:from the original on 2 October 2022 12316: 12140:from the original on 1 October 2012 11863:from the original on 2 October 2017 11589:. Longmans, Green, and co. p. 11348:Vocabulari fonetic basic der aranés 11272:from the original on 9 October 2022 10987:Date and time notation in Catalonia 10797:. Regional specialties include the 10127: 9253:and, in contemporany architecture, 7016:Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya 7010:Largest municipalities in Catalonia 6160:were based in Catalonia before the 5984:GDP was €30,426 ($ 32,888), behind 5504:The territorial plan of Catalonia ( 5159:affairs. The last Catalan election 3990:Montgrí, Medes Islands and Baix Ter 3409:can be especially persistent, with 1731:BC, such as those of Sant Gregori ( 1715:, described by some sources as pre- 1528: 1511: 1502:-), suggested an Arabic etymology: 1228:appeared. The establishment of the 1178:, were ceded to France. During the 48: 19787:Young Republican Left of Catalonia 19318:2019 trial of independence leaders 19256:2014 self-determination referendum 19224:2009–2011 independence referendums 17639:"Statute of Catalonia (Article 8)" 17306:from the original on 29 March 2023 17196:from the original on 10 March 2014 17067:Joan Albert Argenter, ed. (1991). 16988:. Presencia.cat. 26 January 2014. 16805:from the original on 25 April 2024 16766:from the original on 25 April 2024 16080:from the original on 27 March 2019 15919:from the original on 27 March 2019 15828:from the original on 31 March 2014 15783: 15689:from the original on 10 April 2023 15658:from the original on 10 April 2023 15566:from the original on 10 April 2023 14243: 14225:from the original on 29 April 2014 13959:from the original on 29 April 2014 13707:Gran Enciclopedia Catalana (ed.). 13674:. Volume 40. Issue 2, pp. 267–90. 13170:from the original on 26 April 2019 12734:from the original on 11 March 2022 12669:University of North Carolina Press 12524:from the original on 25 April 2024 12395:from the original on 27 March 2022 12037:from the original on 11 March 2022 11945:from the original on 11 March 2022 11564:from the original on 11 March 2022 11470:from the original on 27 March 2024 11155:"Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia" 11109:from the original on 26 April 2020 11103:Statistical Institute of Catalonia 10889:stars, including restaurants like 10682:The flag of Catalonia, called the 9860: 9765:in Catalonia lasts two days, plus 9265:Monuments and World Heritage Sites 8450: No answer/do not know (2.6%) 8338:Instituto Nacional de Estadística 7459: 6972:42m. This new line passes through 6561:). They follow the coast from the 6455:in the Mediterranean Sea, the 14th 5324:High Court of Justice of Catalonia 4928:Nationalities and regions of Spain 4011:Paratge Natural d'Interes Nacional 3705:. Other large species such as the 3658: 3316: Inland Mediterranean climate 1901:the surrounding Iberian population 1843:. The Iberians of this area – the 1750:era began in Catalonia around 5000 1383:theoretically derived. During the 194: 49: 20679: 19636:Catalan European Democratic Party 18016: 17856:from the original on 8 April 2014 17830:from the original on 10 June 2021 17745:from the original on 24 July 2021 17570: 17496:from the original on 30 June 2018 17110:. Cafebabel.co.uk. Archived from 17087:from the original on 8 April 2022 16883:from the original on 20 July 2016 16857:from the original on 20 July 2016 16831:from the original on 20 July 2016 16572:from the original on 20 July 2009 16546:from the original on 20 July 2011 16519:from the original on 7 April 2022 16480:from the original on 8 April 2022 16441:from the original on 8 April 2022 16276:from the original on 6 April 2024 16104:Instituto Nacional de Estadística 15860:from the original on 25 July 2018 15480:from the original on 26 June 2015 14973:from the original on 6 March 2024 14947:from the original on 29 June 2023 14858:from the original on 29 June 2023 14827:from the original on 15 June 2023 14770:from the original on 29 June 2023 14757: 14739:from the original on 30 June 2023 14490:from the original on 29 June 2011 14277:Abend, Lisa (11 September 2012). 14041:from the original on 24 July 2021 14006:. Lavanguardia.es. Archived from 13585:Heller, Fernando (19 July 2024). 13485:from the original on 23 June 2021 13398:from the original on 28 July 2019 13362:Strange, Hannah (23 March 2018). 13313:from the original on 29 July 2020 13222:from the original on 30 July 2020 13196:from the original on 29 July 2020 13107:from the original on 27 July 2020 12995:Epatko, Larisa (4 October 2017). 12847:History of Televisió de Catalunya 12381:Plataforma per la llengua (ed.). 12348:Plataforma per la llengua (ed.). 12302:(in Catalan). Base. p. 300. 12248:Ferrer Gironès, Francesc (1985). 12238:, nº 24, Universitat de València. 12188:Europe in the Seventeenth Century 11513:from the original on 22 June 2022 11197:from the original on 4 March 2016 11034:As "the official language of the 10566:2013 World Aquatics Championships 10185:(with few emissions in Catalan), 9217:. In the late nineteenth century 9115:Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya 8197:Foreign Population by Nationality 6952:2013, later offering services to 6467:passengers in 2014. The ports of 5699: 5109:Consell de Garanties Estatutàries 4998:, as well as by the conservative 4855:and the leftist-environmentalist 4753:Prominent Catalan politicians in 4245:President: Jesús María Barrientos 3934:Consell de Protecció de la Natura 3927:exceeds its administrative area. 3771:Most of Catalonia belongs to the 3709:have been recently reintroduced. 1479:influence, could have evolved by 1395:derives from the local medley of 20610: 20182: 20169: 20150: 20133: 20118: 20103: 20088: 20073: 20058: 20043: 20028: 20013: 19998: 19983: 19968: 19953: 19938: 19923: 19908: 19893: 19171: 19157: 18739: 18028:Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia 17986: 17951: 17921: 17894: 17868: 17842: 17812: 17789: 17757: 17727: 17709: 17697:from the original on 9 June 2011 17683: 17671:from the original on 9 June 2011 17657: 17631: 17601: 17564: 17508: 17478: 17447: 17417: 17391:Tremlett, Giles (28 July 2010). 17384: 17335: 17318: 17288: 17271: 17249: 17208: 17182: 17156: 17126: 17099: 17060: 17034: 17004: 16992:from the original on 6 July 2011 16962:. Europapress.es. 29 June 2009. 16952: 16927: 16895: 16869: 16843: 16817: 16778: 16737: 16705: 16693:ABCDESEVILA (23 November 2006). 16686: 16655: 16636: 16610: 16584: 16568:. Elimparcial.es. 26 July 2008. 16558: 16531: 16492: 16453: 16414: 16389: 16363: 16340: 16314: 16288: 16258: 16175:from the original on 19 May 2021 16122: 16062: 16053: 16018: 15979: 15966: 15931: 15905: 15840: 15777: 15747: 15715: 15670: 15639: 15627:from the original on 19 May 2020 15609: 15597:from the original on 19 May 2020 15578: 15548: 15536:from the original on 19 May 2020 15532:. Europa Press. 5 October 2017. 15522: 15510:from the original on 19 May 2020 15492: 15466: 15434: 15403: 15377:Financial Crisis (25 May 2012). 15370: 15367:News. Retrieved 14 October 2013. 15348: 15336:from the original on 3 July 2022 15316: 15286: 15254: 15193: 15163: 15151:from the original on 19 May 2020 15131: 15119:from the original on 29 May 2020 15101: 15089:from the original on 8 June 2011 15075: 15045: 15015: 14985: 14929: 14910: 14884: 14809: 14782: 14673: 14647: 14621: 14591: 14561: 14528: 14502: 14476: 14464:from the original on 3 July 2022 14446: 14434:from the original on 3 July 2022 14415: 14378: 14359: 14333: 14303: 14270: 14237: 14211: 14181: 14165:(in Spanish). 12 November 2017. 14125: 14093: 14067: 13910: 13865:. ceo.gencat.cat. Archived from 13822: 13796: 13770: 13744: 13719: 13631:"EDMAKTUB I Estudio de cetáceos" 13087:Fidler, Matt (22 October 2017). 13041:from the original on 10 May 2019 12828:History of the Mossos d'Esquadra 12641:(in Catalan). Barcelona: 31–32. 12598:from the original on 19 May 2020 12475:Valls Junyent, Francesc (2004). 12455:from the original on 19 May 2020 12327:(7a ed.). Manresa: Parcir. 12132:Encyclopædia Britannica online. 11671:from the original on 6 June 2020 11371:from the original on 5 July 2021 11045: 11028: 11019: 10961: 10947: 10928: 10916: 10694:based on the heraldic emblem of 10639: 10625: 10607: 10599:, Barcelona. At the centre, the 10585: 9241:are modernists. In the field of 9142:National Art Museum of Catalonia 9101: 9092: 9010: 9001: 8177: 8161: 8145: 8129: 8113: 8097: 8081: 8065: 8049: 8033: 8017: 8001: 7985: 7969: 7953: 7937: 7921: 7905: 7889: 7873: 7857: 7841: 7825: 7809: 7793: 7777: 7761: 7129: 7119: 7076: 7066: 6883:in 1848, linking Barcelona with 6780: 6755: 6696: 6589: 5900: 5885: 5870: 5854: 5839: 5823: 5808: 5793: 5778: 5413:Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia 5057: 5036: 4918:Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia 4805: 4786: 4763: 4046: 3487: Smaller mountain ranges of 3348:Hot-summer Mediterranean climate 2904: 2895: 2478:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 2133:century, the Count of Barcelona 2043:, the area was conquered by the 1938:). As for the rest of Hispania, 1566: 1166:under French protection. By the 1025:. The capital and largest city, 880: 278: 222: 212: 157: 145: 20643:Autonomous communities of Spain 19241:2012 independence demonstration 16540:"Diario El Mundo, Spanish Only" 15813: 15409: 15332:. Elpais.com. 14 January 2009. 14244:Pi, Jaume (11 September 2012). 13653: 13623: 13597: 13578: 13552: 13526: 13497: 13471: 13440: 13410: 13380: 13355: 13295: 13265: 13208: 13182: 13149: 13119: 13080: 13053: 12988: 12930: 12889: 12859: 12840: 12821: 12780: 12746: 12707: 12691: 12675: 12653: 12630: 12610: 12536: 12497: 12483:] (in Catalan). Vic: Eumo. 12468: 12440: 12407: 12374: 12341: 12291: 12266: 12241: 12217: 12204: 12152: 12125: 12078: 12002: 11983: 11957: 11908: 11895: 11875: 11845: 11832: 11819: 11768: 11755: 11735: 11709: 11683: 11632: 11606: 11597: 11576: 11525: 11495: 11482: 11456: 11408: 11382: 11339: 11314: 11284: 11071: 11054: 10992:List of European regions by GDP 10883:the World's 50 Best Restaurants 8835:is also officially recognised. 6987: 6940:has been completed (called the 6487:, a Catalan Government entity. 6222: 6162:independence referendum of 2017 6102:: 60% (compared to Spain's 67%) 6096:: 37% (compared to Spain's 29%) 4924:Autonomous communities of Spain 4857:Initiative for Catalonia-Greens 3949:or ENPE) have been instituted. 3335: Mediterranean climate of 3243:(UNPO) on behalf of Catalonia. 3142:Initiative for Catalonia Greens 2932:placed Catalonia firmly in the 2723:in 1848. A policy to encourage 2703:In the second third of the 19th 2383:Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe 1671:For a chronological guide, see 1258:Spanish transition to democracy 19792:Nationalist Youth of Catalonia 19313:2017 Catalan regional election 18226: 17824:europeanregionofgastronomy.org 17283:El llibre d'or de l'art català 15814:Ltd, DVV Media International. 15562:(in Catalan). 6 October 2017. 15506:(in Spanish). 5 October 2017. 15270:(in Spanish). 3 January 2021. 14077:. Einesceo.cat. Archived from 12896:associats, Partal, Maresma i. 12704:. Harper Press. London p. 493. 12510:. Cambridge University Press. 12298:Lluís, García Sevilla (2021). 11885:. Barcelona: Ariel. pp. 3–30. 11775:Grun, R.; et al. (2005), 11444:Demographia: World Urban Areas 11248: 11173: 11147: 11121: 10633:Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya 10601:Olympic Stadium Lluís Companys 10142:Logo of Televisió de Catalunya 9507:in Catalonia), represented by 9053:. Other important artists are 8779:(and, to a lesser extent, the 8368:Religion in Catalonia (2020): 4829:Spain's Constitutional Court's 4252:Council of Statutarian Pledges 3940:Pla d'Espais d'Interès Natural 3787:river basin that flows to the 3739: 3568:European continental territory 3435:List of mountains in Catalonia 3134:Socialists' Party of Catalonia 3064:Olympic Stadium Lluís Companys 2582:public and administrative laws 2554:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 2020: 1914:, the westernmost part of the 1517: 1029:, is the second-most populous 13: 1: 18943:European Parliament elections 18745:Elections and referendums in 17809:, marianne.net, 30 avpil 2013 17192:. YouTube. 11 November 2010. 16695:"Buscador online de noticias" 16460:Pelai Pagès i Blanch (2004). 16421:Pelai Pagès i Blanch (2004). 15944:, éd. Autrement, Paris, 2009. 15821:Railway Gazette International 15476:. Costa Brava Tourist Guide. 15147:(in Spanish). 29 April 2019. 14943:(in Catalan). 21 April 2021. 14729:"vegueria | enciclopedia.cat" 13605:"Geological map of Catalonia" 13506:"Baròmetre d'Opinió Política" 13447:Boira, Paula (22 June 2021). 12323:Llaudó Avila, Eduard (2021). 11691:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 11084: 11066:Constitutional Court of Spain 10997:List of people from Catalonia 10899:European Region of Gastronomy 10721:War of the Spanish Succession 10664:National symbols of Catalonia 10560:in Barcelona, as well as the 10406: 9776:is the popular figure of the 9704:els Castells i els Castellers 9656:Festivals and public holidays 9403: 8903: 8847:War of the Spanish Succession 8771:mainly use Spanish and 35.54% 6938:French high-speed TGV network 6348:List of airports in Catalonia 6032:financial crisis of 2007–2008 5968:of Catalonia in 2018 was €228 3976:, Sources of Ter and Freser, 3889:), all of which run into the 3428: 3368:). The Pyrenean peaks have a 3326:Coastal Mediterranean climate 3187:Constitutional Court of Spain 3161:Constitutional Court of Spain 3124:Catalan independence movement 2808:1929 International Exposition 2603:War of the Spanish Succession 2538:War of the Spanish Succession 2482:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 2421: 2047:and was ruled as part of the 1777:occurred between 1800 and 700 1678: 1180:War of the Spanish Succession 985:autonomous community of Spain 71:Autonomous community in Spain 19642:Republican Left of Catalonia 19291:2017 independence referendum 17641:. Gencat.net. Archived from 17615:(in Catalan). Archived from 17546:"FIRA-AER website - History" 17462:(in Catalan). Archived from 17259:. 3cat24.cat. 9 October 2010 16825:"Catalonia's linguistic law" 16538:Parra, Belen (5 June 2008). 16324:. Gencat.cat. Archived from 15728:. Barcelona Stock Exchange. 14535:Fiona Govan (29 June 2010). 14343:. Gencat.net. Archived from 14311:"Resultats provisionals 27S" 14254:(in Spanish). Archived from 13806:. Gencat.cat. Archived from 13780:. Gencat.net. Archived from 13754:. Gencat.net. Archived from 13481:(in Spanish). 23 June 2021. 12620:. Cossetània Edicions, p.13 11827:Journal of Field Archaeology 11793:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.10.001 11616:. Gencat.cat. Archived from 11418:. Gencat.cat. Archived from 11157:. Gencat.cat. Archived from 9996:Barcelona Symphony Orchestra 9945:Llibre Vermell de Montserrat 9811:Another custom is to make a 8520: 8444: Other Religions (3.4%) 6540:Autopista de la Mediterrània 6364:(an entity belonging to the 6325: 6168:, which moved its office to 5834:from the Balconada viewpoint 5628: 5481: 5418: 5383:Political divisions of Spain 5269:Republican Left of Catalonia 5161:was held on 14 February 2021 4953:Spanish Constitution of 1978 4902:Candidatura d'Unitat Popular 4853:Republican Left of Catalonia 4688:Open University of Catalonia 4662:Spanish Constitution of 1978 3783:. Furthermore, there is the 3631:, located in the northeast. 3264: 3159:, which sent the law to the 3138:Republican Left of Catalonia 2851:Republican Left of Catalonia 2563:on 11 September 1714 to the 2239:, while the king of France, 1234:self-governance to Catalonia 1147:of the crowns of Aragon and 7: 19829:marks defunct organisations 19610:Assemblea Nacional Catalana 19440:Law of juridical transition 19328:2019 Catalan general strike 19303:2017 Catalan general strike 19194:1918-1919 autonomy campaign 18212:Declaration of independence 16466:. Universitat de València. 16427:. Universitat de València. 15938:Wihtol de Wenden, Catherine 14789:femVallès (28 April 2020). 14680:324cat (28 November 2023). 14629:"Legislació civil catalana" 12686:Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977 11639:Bonfante, Giuliano (1948). 10940: 10715:. It commemorates the 1714 10505:also periodically fields a 10503:Catalan Football Federation 9992:Palau de la Música Catalana 9560:, Joan Oliver Sallarès or " 9334:Palau de la Música Catalana 9303:Archaeological Ensemble of 9205:There are some examples of 8800:Statute of Autonomy of 1979 8792:Statute of Autonomy of 1979 8777:Barcelona metropolitan area 8747:-speaking regions of Europe 8354: 8186: 8170: 8154: 8138: 8122: 8106: 8090: 8074: 8058: 8042: 8026: 8010: 7994: 7978: 7962: 7946: 7930: 7914: 7898: 7882: 7866: 7850: 7834: 7818: 7802: 7786: 7770: 7701:, and smaller numbers from 6861:Rail transport in Catalonia 6854: 6525:The principal highways are 6330: 6315: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6282: 6279: 5980:billion) and the per capita 5706:Municipalities of Catalonia 5283:Security forces and Justice 5100:), the Office of Auditors ( 4982:has defined Catalonia as a 4741:Guàrdia Urbana de Barcelona 4029: 3968:, Aiguamolls de l'Empordà, 3832:—the most relevant are the 3821:and the recently recovered 3746:List of rivers of Catalonia 3237:Assemblea Nacional Catalana 3195:declaration of independence 2691:Suspects rounded up by the 2650:Guillaume Philibert Duhesme 2196:'s proposal to receive the 2055:control and became part of 1673:Timeline of Catalan history 1522: 1505: 1403:, initially constituting a 1294:Etymology and pronunciation 1172:northern parts of Catalonia 539: • Estimate 317:Dynastic union with Castile 10: 20684: 19400:Declaration of Sovereignty 18207:Statute of Autonomy (2006) 18202:Statute of Autonomy (1979) 18182:Statute of Autonomy (1932) 17693:. Noticias.juridicas.com. 17667:. Noticias.juridicas.com. 17215:Regió7 (28 October 2010). 16499:Turell, M. Teresa (2001). 13732:, Generalitat de Catalunya 13696:10.1515/mamm.1976.40.2.267 13533:Jones, Sam (12 May 2024). 13273:"Catalonia's longest week" 12805:10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100497 12543:Meaker, Gerald H. (1974). 12062:Cambridge University Press 12021:Cambridge University Press 11990:History of the Generalitat 11931:. Routledge. p. 324. 11842:, vol. 1, 2008, pp. 17–33. 11781:Journal of Human Evolution 11641:"Le nom de la "Catalogne"" 11614:"La formació de Catalunya" 11583:Ulick Ralph Burke (1900). 11181:"The Spanish Constitution" 10758: 10754: 10661: 10657: 10430: 10410: 10131: 9921:in the southern part. The 9864: 9755:during the festa major of 9659: 9407: 9215:Neoclassical architectures 8990: 8981: 8957:are the most common ones. 8818:. This small area of 7,000 8530: 8524: 8358: 7118: 7065: 7001: 6991: 6858: 6558:Autovia de la Mediterrània 6498: 6413: 6379:Girona-Costa Brava Airport 6345: 5972:billion (second after the 5923: 5919: 5703: 5639:Comarques (often known as 5632: 5485: 5422: 5399:, further subdivided into 5380: 5374: 5286: 5025: 4955:Catalonia, along with the 4921: 4915: 4739:million (according to the 4660:since the approval of the 4615: 4294:Ministry of Home Affairs ( 3743: 3736:can be found in the area. 3578:Catalan Central Depression 3532:Catalan Coastal Depression 3478:Catalan Central Depression 3432: 3269: 3189:, because it breached the 3121: 2916:Spanish Revolution of 1936 2880: 2605:, the assimilation of the 2396:In the later Middle Ages, 2200:and to marry his daughter 2175:Peace and Truce Assemblies 1859:) inland, Hibera (perhaps 1809:Pre-Roman and Roman period 1670: 1664: 1660: 1552:derives from the singular 1425:, the medieval term for a 811:+34 97 (rest of Catalonia) 303:Dynastic union with Aragon 64:Catalunya (disambiguation) 60:Catalonia (disambiguation) 53: 20608: 20582: 20493: 20270: 20198: 20159: 20148: 19882: 19820: 19779: 19741:Autonomist and federalist 19740: 19597: 19590: 19459: 19374: 19351:Principality of Catalonia 19338: 19276:2017 National Day for Yes 19181: 19082: 18999: 18941: 18848: 18753: 18705: 18700:Links to related articles 18668: 18616: 18514: 18461: 18454: 18392: 18385: 18328: 18319: 18282:Unique territorial entity 18267: 18234: 18225: 18111:Principality of Catalonia 18071: 17721:26 September 2007 at the 17277:Antoni Pladevall i Font: 17106:Louis @ (25 March 2010). 16252:27 September 2017 at the 14657:. idescat. Archived from 13737:24 September 2015 at the 13730:Biodiversitat a Catalunya 12852:23 September 2020 at the 12833:29 September 2020 at the 12551:Stanford University Press 11995:16 September 2020 at the 11840:Catalan Historical Review 11453:– Demographia, April 2018 10901:title for the year 2016. 10707:National Day of Catalonia 10279:Catalan Media Corporation 10219:El Periódico de Catalunya 10179: 10084:from the late 1970s with 9485:Caterina Albert i Paradís 9328:Lluís Domènech i Montaner 9243:architectural rationalism 9231:Lluís Domènech i Montaner 9113: 8963:Plataforma per la Llengua 8928:Catalan public television 8885:normalización lingüística 8879:normalització lingüística 8727: 8612: 8601: 8588: 8575: 8558: 8551: 7640:L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 7632:Urban Region of Barcelona 7613: 7477:— 7146:L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 7083:L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 6373:Barcelona El Prat Airport 6072:Catalonia is amongst the 5910:from the Vielha viewpoint 5774:Catalan regional capitals 5494:Principality of Catalonia 5387:Local government in Spain 5377:Subdivisions of Catalonia 5347:Catalonia, together with 4849:Catalan Socialists' Party 4525:Unique territorial entity 3701:and in the Pyrenees, the 3510:Catalan Pre-Coastal Range 3499:Catalan Transversal Range 3144:(ICV), and the socialist 3062:The Olympic flame in the 2831:first Statute of Autonomy 2800:Mancomunitat de Catalunya 2432:Principality of Catalonia 2389:peasants from the feudal 2300:Principality of Catalonia 2223:In 1258, by means of the 2067:of Barcelona in 801, the 1875:, who settled around the 1818:Aqüeducte de les Ferreres 1446:The source is the Celtic 1391:chroniclers claimed that 1333:One theory suggests that 1322:under the control of the 1125:Principality of Catalonia 1042:Principality of Catalonia 869: 855: 841: 831: 816: 804: 792: 751: 730: 713: 697: 690: 678: 671: • Total (2022) 670: 660: 653: 649: 611: 556: 546: 538: 533: 525: 515: 507: 502: 498: 488: 478: 464: 454: 439: 429: 415: 410: 375: 361: 333: 291: 273: 238: 209: 173: 141: 132: 76: 56:Principality of Catalonia 20271:Comarques of Autonomous 19517:Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira 17773:. India. 21 April 2009. 17348:27 February 2009 at the 17300:www.tarragonaturisme.cat 16750:Homenatge a Arthur Terry 16648:9 September 2008 at the 16505:. Multilingual Matters. 14422:El País (29 June 2010). 13715:(in Catalan). Barcelona. 13337:Generalitat de Catalunya 12616:Roglan, Joaquim (2006). 12504:Thomson, J.K.J. (1992). 12087:Imperial Spain 1469–1716 12056:Reilly, Bernard (1993). 11881:Ramos, Luis G-G (2002). 11012: 10570:2018 Mediterranean Games 10562:1955 Mediterranean Games 10426: 10270:, can be also acquired. 10086:La Banda Trapera del Río 9897:(from the oboe family), 9646:Manuel Vázquez Montalbán 9442:defined this era as the 9395:Santa Coloma de Cervelló 8899:Greuges de Guirard Isarn 7713:foreign residents (11.9% 7656:Santa Coloma de Gramenet 7384:Santa Coloma de Gramenet 6494: 6409: 6405:(Aeroports de Catalunya) 6393:(Aeroports de Catalunya) 6156:Many of Spain's leading 5934:Aerial view of Barcelona 5710:There are at present 947 5498:Generalitat de Catalunya 5363:Administrative divisions 5081:Generalitat de Catalunya 5076:Generalitat of Catalonia 5028:Generalitat of Catalonia 3697:, red foxes, as well as 2218:Consuetudinem Cathalonie 2194:King Ramiro II of Aragon 2177:and the intervention of 1544:derives from the plural 1410:Other theories suggest: 1277:a snap regional election 1262:regained self-government 809:+34 93 (Barcelona area) 434:Generalitat of Catalonia 31:latest accepted revision 19671:Popular Unity Candidacy 19204:Catalan Republic (1931) 18651:Pi de les Tres Branques 18368:International relations 18139:Northern Catalonia loss 18009:Encyclopædia Britannica 16371:"Catalan Sign Language" 16216:20 October 2018 at the 16136:(in European Spanish). 16027:International Migration 15585:Efe (12 October 2019). 15474:"Catalonia Tourist Tax" 14372:13 October 2007 at the 13987:18 January 2012 at the 13741:Retrieved 29 July 2017. 12165:16 October 2020 at the 11761:Sabaté, Flocel (2015). 11748:1 November 2020 at the 11657:10.3406/ecelt.1948.1196 11538:6 February 2012 at the 10829:escudella i carn d'olla 10039:Victoria de los Ángeles 9679:Monument als castellers 9662:Traditions of Catalonia 9438:centuries the Romantic 9410:Literature of Catalonia 9391:Church of Colònia Güell 9374:(La Pedrera), Barcelona 9273:The Medieval church of 9077:for early 20th-century 8851:Second Spanish Republic 8565:Identification language 8466:Government of Catalonia 6621:Other major roads are: 6483:Ports de la Generalitat 6432:(owned and operated by 6403:La Seu d'Urgell Airport 6391:Lleida-Alguaire Airport 6366:Government of Catalonia 6217:Spanish property bubble 6076:and is a member of the 5554:): 4,916,847 population 5341:Codi civil de Catalunya 5336:Civil Code of Catalonia 5265:Palau de la Generalitat 5190:Presidents of Catalonia 5138:Parliament of Catalonia 4980:Parliament of Catalonia 4851:, the pro-independence 4827:Two major factors were 4647:Second Spanish Republic 4378:Parliamentary elections 4182:International relations 3645:Ports de Tortosa-Beseit 3278:Climates of Catalonia: 3183:independence referendum 3080:new Statute of Autonomy 3025:During later stages of 2883:Revolutionary Catalonia 2819:Second Spanish Republic 2591:proto-industrialization 1835:– like the rest of the 1695:Mediterranean Basin, a 1230:Second Spanish Republic 1220:coupled with incipient 698: • HDI (2021) 679: • Per capita 459:Parliament of Catalonia 424:constitutional monarchy 20273:Community of Catalonia 20264:Comarques of Catalonia 20200: 19884:Autonomous communities 19872:Autonomous communities 19771:Proposta per les Illes 19477:Josep Puig i Cadafalch 19361:Anti-Catalan sentiment 19356:Republican Generalitat 19199:Plot of Prats de Molló 18177:Republican Generalitat 17735:"Cava & Co !" 15360:1 October 2017 at the 15300:. 2021. Archived from 15206:La Vanguardia Economía 15085:. Noticias Jurídicas. 14846:324cat (9 July 2010). 12186:Maland, David (1991). 12011:Elliott, John Huxtable 11464:"Welcome to Catalonia" 11038:", according with the 10905:Twinning and covenants 10854:Denominacions d'Origen 10852: 10835: 10827: 10819: 10799: 10777: 10770: 10746: 10728: 10711: 10684: 10675: 10486: 10418: 10329:Joaquim Jordà i Català 10296: 10205:(owned by Grup Godó), 10151:Televisió de Catalunya 10143: 9931: 9923: 9878: 9840: 9822: 9813: 9808: 9778: 9759: 9749: 9731: 9723: 9715: 9694: 9686: 9671: 9586:International Brigades 9554:Josep Maria de Sagarra 9541: 9469: 9460: 9444: 9289: 9278: 9235:Josep Puig i Cadafalch 9183: 9150:Fundació Antoni Tàpies 8918: 8911: 8898: 8884: 8878: 8748: 8527:Languages of Catalonia 6984:through the Pyrenees. 6908: 6876: 6870:High-speed train (AVE) 6614: 6597:Autopista del Nord-est 6596: 6557: 6539: 6519: 6514: 6481: 6459:in Europe and the 68th 6434: 6425: 6416:List of ports in Spain 6362:Aeroports de Catalunya 6343: 6153: 6078:Four Motors for Europe 6069: 6057: 6030:In the context of the 5961: 5946: 5935: 5803:from the Solsona tower 5766: 5760: 5754: 5744: 5738: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5692:Conselh Generau d'Aran 5690: 5677: 5635:Comarques of Catalonia 5518:December, recognizing 5506: 5488:Vegueries of Catalonia 5452:: 5,701,708 population 5442: 5438: 5434: 5372: 5340: 5303: 5295: 5273:Together for Catalonia 5259: 5249: 5239: 5233: 5184: 5143:Parlament de Catalunya 5142: 5133: 5114: 5108: 5103:Sindicatura de Comptes 5102: 5094: 5080: 4941: 4818:First Spanish Republic 4798:First Spanish Republic 4775:Spanish prime minister 4638: 4010: 4006:Garrotxa Volcanic Zone 3945: 3939: 3933: 3885: 3817:. The biggest are the 3768: 3757: 3681: 3596: 3554: 3540: 3489:the Central Depression 3343: 3256:misuse of public funds 3207:snap regional election 3178: 3102:and its first channel 3100:Televisió de Catalunya 3074: 3010: 2847:Republican Generalitat 2767: 2750:First Spanish Republic 2700: 2641: 2531:Treaty of the Pyrenees 2497: 2480:, he was also elected 2439:Ferdinand II of Aragon 2435: 2412:, author of the novel 2338: 2333:Diachronic map of the 2298:At the same time, the 2157: 2149: 2110: 2039:After the fall of the 2036: 1828: 1805:arrived in Catalonia. 1700: 1375: 1369: 1363: 1337:derives from the name 1303: 1298:The name "Catalonia" ( 1168:Treaty of the Pyrenees 1005:, to the south of the 965: 950: 927: 466:General representation 440: • President 334:Statute(s) of Autonomy 203: 176: 114: 98: 82: 58:. For other uses, see 19748:Assembly of Catalonia 19472:Enric Prat de la Riba 19286:2017 Operation Anubis 19236:2010 autonomy protest 19168:independence movement 18373:Independence movement 17716:Law 1/1993 in the BOE 17609:"100 Anys d'Historia" 16785:Moran, Josep (2004). 16243:on 26 September 2017. 15963:Reuters, 16 June 2017 12702:The Spanish Holocaust 12273:Benet, Josep (1995). 11449:5 August 2011 at the 11326:hdi.globaldatalab.org 10969:European Union portal 10895:El Celler de Can Roca 10768: 10692:vexillological symbol 10671: 10580:(Tour of Catalonia). 10544:synchronized swimming 10516:UEFA Champions League 10291: 10141: 10031:Gran Teatre del Liceu 9874: 9806: 9747: 9741:on 25 November 2005. 9677: 9669: 9537: 9513:Joan Salvat-Papasseit 9456: 9348:Works of Antoni Gaudí 9284: 9275:Sant Climent de Taüll 9272: 9174: 9083:Josep Maria Subirachs 8895: 8840:Catalan Sign Language 8833:Catalan Sign Language 8743: 8545:Catalan Sign Language 8361:Religion in Catalonia 7660:Cornellà de Llobregat 7451:Historical population 7230:Sant Boi de Llobregat 7196:Cornellà de Llobregat 7162:Sant Cugat del Vallès 6910:Rodalies de Catalunya 6891:(French Railways) at 6868: 6508: 6451:in Andalusia, the 9th 6423: 6338: 6148: 6110:, the beaches of the 6063: 6052: 6001:Standard & Poor's 5952: 5941: 5933: 5704:Further information: 5614:): 182,231 population 5604:): 497,764 population 5594:): 365,289 population 5584:): 761,690 population 5574:): 413,349 population 5564:): 536,453 population 5468:Province of Tarragona 5450:Province of Barcelona 5443:Diputación Provincial 5439:Deputacion Provinciau 5431:Provincial Deputation 5423:Further information: 5370: 5317:National Police Corps 5257:, and the ministers ( 5124: 4935: 4841:Convergence and Union 4813:Francesc Pi i Margall 4779:don Francisco Serrano 4633: 4618:Politics of Catalonia 4320:Parliamentary parties 4262:Syndicate of Accounts 4240:High Court of Justice 4039:Politics of Catalonia 3846:Catalan Coastal Range 3840:to the north and the 3763: 3753: 3667:Montseny brook newt ( 3666: 3587: 3546: 3521:Catalan Coastal Range 3442: 3359:Mediterranean climate 3337:continental influence 3277: 3169: 3118:Independence movement 3061: 3001: 2837:, an executive and a 2762: 2690: 2634:Third siege of Girona 2632: 2490: 2443:Isabella I of Castile 2429: 2418:, published in 1490. 2404:, the Valencian poet 2385:(1486) liberated the 2332: 2320:Catalan constitutions 2155: 2147: 2098: 2028: 1989:, attested in the 3rd 1816: 1686: 1627:North-Western Catalan 1281:Spanish Supreme Court 1254:rapid economic growth 1236:, being restored the 1143:flourished. In 1469, 1052:). It is bordered by 1048:now part of France's 732: • Summer ( 640:Catalan Sign language 310:Catalan constitutions 202: 19308:2017 Wake Up Europe! 18554:Gegants i capgrossos 18187:Catalan State (1934) 18135:Republic (1640–1641) 17969:on 21 September 2018 17801:16 July 2014 at the 17739:Cava & Co ! 17516:"Esports reconeguts" 17368:. 23 December 2010. 15959:17 June 2017 at the 14733:www.enciclopedia.cat 14321:on 30 September 2015 14195:. 14 December 2009. 14133:"Baròmetre d'Opinió" 14113:on 11 September 2016 14101:"Baròmetre d'Opinió" 14010:on 10 September 2010 13892:"La Vanguardia poll" 13872:on 13 September 2012 13836:. 24 November 2012. 13513:upceo.ceo.gencat.cat 12944:on 18 September 2016 12904:on 13 September 2016 12214:. (Barcelona, 1968). 11392:. 22 November 2009. 11040:Spanish Constitution 11007:Outline of Catalonia 10558:1992 Summer Olympics 10551:Circuit de Catalunya 10337:Sitges Film Festival 10293:Sitges Film Festival 10240:(from the fusion of 10064:from the 1960s with 9774:Christmas traditions 9751:Gegants i capgrossos 9397:, Barcelona province 9340:Hospital de Sant Pau 9323:, Tarragona province 9297:World Heritage Sites 9154:Joan Miró Foundation 8987:Art and architecture 7434:El Prat de Llobregat 7332:Vilanova i la Geltrú 6615:Autovia del Nord-est 6215:€/m on average (see 6124:Vilanova i la Geltrú 5880:from the city's port 5878:Vilanova i la Geltrú 5624:): 10,194 population 5602:Vilanova i la Geltrú 5544:): 63,892 population 5528:Alt Pirineu and Aran 5526:, although the name 5520:Alt Pirineu and Aran 5470:: 830,804 population 5464:: 437,939 population 5458:: 777,258 population 5435:Diputació Provincial 5167:, incumbent since 12 5084:), confirmed by the 5015:Constitutional Court 4963:, was defined as a " 4938:Statute of Catalonia 4626:Catalan independence 3925:ecological footprint 3906:influx (more than 20 3570:(see passage above); 3112:Summer Olympic Games 3072:1992 Summer Olympics 2920:Bombing of Barcelona 2615:Nueva Planta Decrees 2577:Nueva Planta decrees 2377:(1462–1472) and the 2304:estates of the realm 2271:, and, briefly, the 2117:, who were Frankish 2104:Petronilla of Aragon 2059:, a province of the 2041:Western Roman Empire 1667:History of Catalonia 1269:Catalan independence 1232:(1931–1939) granted 1218:cultural renaissance 1203:Nueva Planta decrees 1044:(with the remainder 850:Virgin of Montserrat 752:Postal code prefixes 612:Official language(s) 258:41.83750°N 1.53778°E 135:Autonomous community 20202:Plazas de soberanía 20141:Valencian Community 20096:Community of Madrid 19766:Catalonia in Common 19654:Junts per Catalunya 19209:Events of 6 October 19164:Catalan nationalism 18149:War of the Catalans 18096:County of Barcelona 17901:José Lebeña Acebo. 17741:. 24 October 2011. 17552:on 16 February 2009 17144:on 12 February 2019 17042:"normalitzacio.cat" 16941:6 June 2012 at the 16915:on 25 December 2012 16744:Veny, Joan (1997). 16542:. Medios.mugak.eu. 16352:9 July 2011 at the 16207:on 20 October 2018. 15027:www.catalannews.com 14969:. 8 February 2017. 14923:13 May 2008 at the 14661:on 13 November 2009 14516:on 8 September 2011 13666:25 May 2017 at the 13566:. 15 September 2022 13422:The Washington Post 13394:. 10 January 2019. 13309:. 3 November 2017. 13279:. 4 November 2017. 13218:. 27 October 2017. 13192:. 27 October 2017. 13133:. 27 October 2017. 12714:Ross (3 May 2007). 12671:. pp. 388–389. 12230:5 June 2022 at the 12212:Felip V i Catalunya 12089:. London: Penguin. 11901:Salrach, Josep Mª. 11807:on 4 September 2012 11620:on 15 December 2009 11488:Salrach, Josep Mª. 10839:(fish stew), and a 10776:(bread with tomato) 10747:Diada de Sant Jordi 10696:Counts of Barcelona 10347:Juan Antonio Bayona 10181:Televisión Española 10134:Cinema of Catalonia 10019:Domènec Terradellas 9642:Jaime Gil de Biedma 9595:Homage to Catalonia 9200:Santa Maria del Mar 8935:intense immigration 8734:6 386 000 (100.0%) 8731:6 386 000 (100.0%) 8717:Other combinations 8495:Jehovah's Witnesses 8488:Orthodox Christians 8406:Jehovah's Witnesses 7748: 7452: 6966:Paris-Barcelona TGV 6232: 6066:La Pobla de Mafumet 6053:Industrial park in 5974:community of Madrid 5748:). Its seat is the 5301:(officially called 4946:Statute of Autonomy 4912:Statute of Autonomy 4794:Estanislao Figueras 4691:such as Barcelona. 4643:Statute of Autonomy 4302:Police of Catalonia 4285:Ministry of Justice 4267:Audiovisual Council 4066:Statute of Autonomy 3913:natural environment 3869:rivers in Catalonia 3773:Mediterranean Basin 3092:Convergència i Unió 2969:Catalan nationalism 2887:Francoist Catalonia 2859:Events of 6 October 2780:eight-hour workdays 2625:Late modern history 2542:Charles II of Spain 2379:War of the Remences 2367:House of Trastámara 2365:from the Castilian 2359:Compromise of Caspe 2265:Kingdom of Sardinia 2257:Kingdom of Valencia 2231:King of Aragon and 2183:Usages of Barcelona 2115:counts of Barcelona 1697:World Heritage Site 1654:[kataˈluɲa] 1640:[kataˈluɲa] 1622:[kataˈluɲa] 1612:[kətəˈluɲə] 1605:. The native name, 1464:in pre-Roman times. 1443:have a common root. 1050:Pyrénées-Orientales 995:Statute of Autonomy 972:[kataˈluɲa] 957:[kataˈluɲa] 934:[kətəˈluɲə] 472:Parliament of Spain 420:Devolved government 297:County of Barcelona 254: / 21:Page version status 20501:Northern Catalonia 20222:Vélez de la Gomera 20006:Castilla–La Mancha 19727:Democratic Tsunami 19323:2019–2020 protests 18755:Regional elections 17933:soir.senate.ca.gov 17909:on 26 October 2013 17770:The Economic Times 17645:on 13 January 2009 17613:voltacatalunya.cat 17589:on 19 October 2005 17520:www.seleccions.cat 16039:10.1111/imig.12323 15304:on 16 January 2021 14347:on 13 January 2009 14258:on 17 October 2013 14081:on 14 October 2013 13784:on 13 January 2009 13758:on 13 January 2009 13428:on 14 October 2019 12972:. 3 October 2017. 12058:The Medieval Spain 11971:on 19 October 2010 11693:. Etymonline.com. 11296:www.datosmacro.com 11002:Northern Catalonia 10778: 10719:defeat during the 10717:siege of Barcelona 10676: 10576:in the world, the 10574:cycling stage race 10433:Sport in Catalonia 10357:Jaume Collet-Serra 10297: 10281:) and the private 10144: 10076:in the 1960s with 10043:Montserrat Caballé 9969:Josep Anselm Clavé 9879: 9867:Music of Catalonia 9809: 9760: 9695:colles castelleres 9687: 9672: 9582:Miquel Martí i Pol 9542: 9461: 9416:Homilies d'Organyà 9292:There are several 9290: 9279: 9184: 8919: 8913:Homilies d'Organyà 8749: 8597:2 305 000 (36.1%) 8594:2 320 000 (36.3%) 8584:3 104 000 (48.6%) 8581:2 978 000 (46.6%) 8056:Dominican Republic 7720: 7634:includes 5,217,864 7450: 6877: 6813:Spanish government 6792:La Roca del Vallès 6520: 6436:Puertos del Estado 6426: 6358:Spanish Government 6344: 6230: 6154: 6070: 6058: 5962: 5947: 5936: 5865:by the Segre river 5785:An aerial view of 5462:Province of Lleida 5456:Province of Girona 5425:Provinces of Spain 5373: 5156:universal suffrage 5134: 5022:Government and law 4942: 4816:(president of the 4796:(president of the 4733:Spanish Government 4649:at the end of the 4639: 3844:to the south. The 3769: 3758: 3712:The waters of the 3682: 3670:Calotriton arnoldi 3597: 3555: 3541: 3446:map of Catalonia: 3344: 3179: 3075: 3011: 2954:Battle of the Ebro 2928:The defeat of the 2839:court of cassation 2792:Regionalist League 2768: 2729:protectionist laws 2701: 2642: 2507:Franco-Spanish War 2498: 2470:Charles I of Spain 2436: 2398:Catalan literature 2339: 2261:Kingdom of Majorca 2233:Count of Barcelona 2192:decided to accept 2158: 2150: 2139:House of Barcelona 2111: 2049:Visigothic Kingdom 2037: 1956:Edict of Caracalla 1829: 1735:) and el Filador ( 1705:Middle Paleolithic 1701: 1324:Count of Barcelona 1226:workers' movements 1156:Franco-Spanish War 1141:Catalan literature 1117:composite monarchy 1064:to the north, the 987:, designated as a 508: • Total 365:(and largest city) 204: 27: 20648:Catalan Countries 20625: 20624: 20619: 20618: 20538: 20537: 20480:Vallès Occidental 20230: 20229: 20161:Autonomous cities 19838: 19837: 19816: 19815: 19552:Carles Puigdemont 19502:Josep Tarradellas 19424:Let Catalans Vote 19346:Catalan Countries 19281:2017 Yes Campaign 19266:2016 We are ready 19189:¡Cu-Cut! incident 19123: 19122: 18850:General elections 18692: 18691: 18664: 18663: 18450: 18449: 18381: 18380: 18358:Political parties 18315: 18314: 18307:Spanish provinces 18145:War of Succession 18121:Catholic Monarchs 17490:hemeroteca.abc.es 17466:on 1 January 2019 17435:on 2 January 2019 17279:El Romànic català 17080:978-84-7283-168-1 17048:on 8 January 2014 17016:www.asabadell.cat 16512:978-1-85359-491-5 16473:978-84-370-5924-2 16434:978-84-370-5924-2 16407:978-84-8415-309-2 15723:"Fact Sheet 2016" 14163:Antena 3 Noticias 12837:mossos.gencat.cat 12727:978-1-139-46307-2 12661:Bolloten, Burnett 12591:978-84-8301-893-4 12234:, páginas 45–46, 11938:978-1-136-20350-3 11891:978-84-344-6668-5 11361:978-84-09-06340-6 11236:on 26 August 2013 10982:Catalan Countries 10673:Flag of Catalonia 10578:Volta a Catalunya 9788:, meaning uncle. 9733:La Patum de Berga 9624:Manuel de Pedrolo 9574:Manuel de Pedrolo 9529:Generation of '36 9499:. During the 20th 9313:, Lleida province 9180:Solsona Cathedral 9140:in Figueres, the 9138:Teatre-Museu Dalí 9057:for the medieval 8738: 8737: 8570:Habitual language 8396:Eastern Orthodoxy 8376:Roman Catholicism 8352: 8351: 8191: 8190: 7621: 7620: 7447: 7446: 7269:Vallès Occidental 7253:Vallès Occidental 7185:Vallès Occidental 7167:Vallès Occidental 6881:Iberian Peninsula 6874:Camp de Tarragona 6797: 6796: 6515:Eix del Llobregat 6430:port of Barcelona 6340:Barcelona Airport 6323: 6322: 6198:Fira de Barcelona 6170:Palma de Mallorca 6112:Costa del Maresme 5761:casa de la ciutat 5568:Central Catalonia 5558:Camp de Tarragona 5297:Mossos d'Esquadra 5289:Mossos d'Esquadra 5237:) or Government ( 5229:Executive Council 5214:Carles Puigdemont 5194:Josep Tarradellas 5154:) are elected by 5096:Síndic de Greuges 5004:cultural heritage 4651:Spanish Civil War 4622:Politics of Spain 4614: 4613: 4553:Metropolitan area 4315:Political parties 4150:Executive Council 4002:Serra de Montsant 3919:and probably the 3797:cubic hectometres 3211:Carles Puigdemont 3203:Executive Council 3191:1978 Constitution 3175:Carles Puigdemont 3171:Catalan president 3096:Mossos d'Esquadra 2961:Spanish Civil War 2938:Spanish Civil War 2713:Bonaplata Factory 2658:Marshall Augereau 2573:Treaty of Utrecht 2561:fall of Barcelona 2546:Philip V of Spain 2523:Thirty Years' War 2474:House of Habsburg 2447:Catholic Monarchs 2375:Catalan Civil War 2269:Kingdom of Sicily 2229:James I of Aragon 2225:Treaty of Corbeil 2198:Kingdom of Aragon 2179:Ramon Berenguer I 2135:Wilfred the Hairy 2061:Umayyad Caliphate 1952:Roman citizenship 1833:Iberian Peninsula 1462:Iberian Peninsula 1320:March of Hispania 1285:Carles Puigdemont 1242:Spanish Civil War 1199:11 September 1714 1195:fall of Barcelona 1187:Philip V of Spain 1113:Kingdom of Aragon 1066:Mediterranean Sea 1003:Iberian Peninsula 873: 872: 805:Telephone code(s) 661: • Rank 547: • Rank 516: • Rank 484:48 of 350 (13.7%) 430: • Body 416: • Type 263:41.83750; 1.53778 200: 39:28 September 2024 18: 20675: 20614: 20565: 20558: 20551: 20542: 20541: 20360:Conca de Barberà 20257: 20250: 20243: 20234: 20233: 20205: 20188: 20186: 20185: 20175: 20173: 20172: 20154: 20143: 20139: 20137: 20136: 20128: 20124: 20122: 20121: 20113: 20109: 20107: 20106: 20098: 20094: 20092: 20091: 20083: 20079: 20077: 20076: 20068: 20064: 20062: 20061: 20053: 20049: 20047: 20046: 20038: 20034: 20032: 20031: 20023: 20021:Castile and León 20019: 20017: 20016: 20008: 20004: 20002: 20001: 19993: 19989: 19987: 19986: 19978: 19974: 19972: 19971: 19963: 19959: 19957: 19956: 19948: 19946:Balearic Islands 19944: 19942: 19941: 19933: 19929: 19927: 19926: 19918: 19914: 19912: 19911: 19903: 19899: 19897: 19896: 19865: 19858: 19851: 19842: 19841: 19732:Catalan Alliance 19688:Més per Mallorca 19598:Pro-independence 19595: 19594: 19572:Elisenda Paluzie 19467:Valentí Almirall 19452: 19451:(10/27 Oct 2017) 19444: 19436: 19428: 19420: 19412: 19404: 19396: 19388: 19383:Bases de Manresa 19251:2014 Catalan Way 19246:2013 Catalan Way 19214:Operation Garzón 19176: 19175: 19174: 19162: 19161: 19160: 19150: 19143: 19136: 19127: 19126: 18744: 18743: 18732: 18725: 18718: 18709: 18708: 18696: 18695: 18677: 18459: 18458: 18402:Financial crisis 18390: 18389: 18326: 18325: 18232: 18231: 18057: 18050: 18043: 18034: 18033: 18013: 17992: 17990: 17989: 17979: 17978: 17976: 17974: 17965:. Archived from 17955: 17949: 17948: 17946: 17944: 17925: 17919: 17918: 17916: 17914: 17898: 17892: 17891: 17889: 17887: 17872: 17866: 17865: 17863: 17861: 17846: 17840: 17839: 17837: 17835: 17820:"Catalonia 2016" 17816: 17810: 17793: 17787: 17786: 17784: 17782: 17761: 17755: 17754: 17752: 17750: 17731: 17725: 17713: 17707: 17706: 17704: 17702: 17687: 17681: 17680: 17678: 17676: 17661: 17655: 17654: 17652: 17650: 17635: 17629: 17628: 17626: 17624: 17605: 17599: 17598: 17596: 17594: 17588: 17582:. Archived from 17577: 17568: 17562: 17561: 17559: 17557: 17548:. Archived from 17542: 17536: 17535: 17533: 17531: 17512: 17506: 17505: 17503: 17501: 17482: 17476: 17475: 17473: 17471: 17451: 17445: 17444: 17442: 17440: 17421: 17415: 17414: 17412: 17410: 17388: 17382: 17381: 17379: 17377: 17358: 17352: 17339: 17333: 17322: 17316: 17315: 17313: 17311: 17292: 17286: 17275: 17269: 17268: 17266: 17264: 17253: 17247: 17246: 17240: 17232: 17230: 17228: 17212: 17206: 17205: 17203: 17201: 17186: 17180: 17179: 17177: 17175: 17166:. 12 June 2013. 17160: 17154: 17153: 17151: 17149: 17130: 17124: 17123: 17121: 17119: 17114:on 27 March 2010 17103: 17097: 17096: 17094: 17092: 17064: 17058: 17057: 17055: 17053: 17038: 17032: 17031: 17029: 17027: 17018:. Archived from 17008: 17002: 17001: 16999: 16997: 16982: 16976: 16975: 16973: 16971: 16956: 16950: 16931: 16925: 16924: 16922: 16920: 16914: 16907: 16899: 16893: 16892: 16890: 16888: 16873: 16867: 16866: 16864: 16862: 16847: 16841: 16840: 16838: 16836: 16821: 16815: 16814: 16812: 16810: 16782: 16776: 16775: 16773: 16771: 16741: 16735: 16734: 16732: 16730: 16725:on 25 March 2009 16724: 16718:. Archived from 16717: 16709: 16703: 16702: 16690: 16684: 16683: 16681: 16679: 16659: 16653: 16640: 16634: 16633: 16631: 16629: 16614: 16608: 16607: 16605: 16603: 16588: 16582: 16581: 16579: 16577: 16562: 16556: 16555: 16553: 16551: 16535: 16529: 16528: 16526: 16524: 16496: 16490: 16489: 16487: 16485: 16457: 16451: 16450: 16448: 16446: 16418: 16412: 16411: 16393: 16387: 16386: 16384: 16382: 16367: 16361: 16344: 16338: 16337: 16335: 16333: 16318: 16312: 16311: 16309: 16307: 16292: 16286: 16285: 16283: 16281: 16262: 16256: 16244: 16242: 16235: 16227: 16221: 16208: 16206: 16199: 16191: 16185: 16184: 16182: 16180: 16174: 16167: 16159: 16150: 16149: 16147: 16145: 16126: 16120: 16119: 16117: 16115: 16110:on 26 April 2019 16106:. Archived from 16096: 16090: 16089: 16087: 16085: 16066: 16060: 16057: 16051: 16050: 16022: 16016: 16015: 16013: 16011: 15983: 15977: 15970: 15964: 15951: 15945: 15935: 15929: 15928: 15926: 15924: 15909: 15903: 15902: 15900: 15898: 15879: 15870: 15869: 15867: 15865: 15844: 15838: 15837: 15835: 15833: 15811: 15802: 15801: 15799: 15797: 15781: 15775: 15774: 15772: 15770: 15751: 15745: 15744: 15742: 15740: 15734: 15727: 15719: 15713: 15712: 15706: 15698: 15696: 15694: 15674: 15668: 15667: 15665: 15663: 15643: 15637: 15636: 15634: 15632: 15613: 15607: 15606: 15604: 15602: 15582: 15576: 15575: 15573: 15571: 15552: 15546: 15545: 15543: 15541: 15526: 15520: 15519: 15517: 15515: 15496: 15490: 15489: 15487: 15485: 15470: 15464: 15463: 15461: 15459: 15454:on 25 March 2009 15453: 15447:. Archived from 15446: 15438: 15432: 15431: 15429: 15427: 15407: 15401: 15400: 15398: 15396: 15382: 15374: 15368: 15352: 15346: 15345: 15343: 15341: 15320: 15314: 15313: 15311: 15309: 15290: 15284: 15283: 15281: 15279: 15258: 15252: 15251: 15249: 15247: 15232: 15223: 15222: 15220: 15218: 15197: 15191: 15190: 15188: 15186: 15167: 15161: 15160: 15158: 15156: 15135: 15129: 15128: 15126: 15124: 15105: 15099: 15098: 15096: 15094: 15079: 15073: 15072: 15070: 15068: 15049: 15043: 15042: 15040: 15038: 15019: 15013: 15012: 15010: 15008: 14989: 14983: 14982: 14980: 14978: 14963: 14957: 14956: 14954: 14952: 14933: 14927: 14914: 14908: 14907: 14905: 14903: 14888: 14882: 14881: 14875: 14867: 14865: 14863: 14843: 14837: 14836: 14834: 14832: 14813: 14807: 14806: 14804: 14802: 14786: 14780: 14779: 14777: 14775: 14755: 14749: 14748: 14746: 14744: 14725: 14716: 14715: 14709: 14701: 14699: 14697: 14677: 14671: 14670: 14668: 14666: 14651: 14645: 14644: 14642: 14640: 14625: 14619: 14618: 14616: 14614: 14595: 14589: 14588: 14586: 14584: 14565: 14559: 14558: 14556: 14554: 14540: 14532: 14526: 14525: 14523: 14521: 14506: 14500: 14499: 14497: 14495: 14480: 14474: 14473: 14471: 14469: 14450: 14444: 14443: 14441: 14439: 14419: 14413: 14412: 14406: 14398: 14396: 14394: 14382: 14376: 14363: 14357: 14356: 14354: 14352: 14337: 14331: 14330: 14328: 14326: 14307: 14301: 14300: 14298: 14296: 14274: 14268: 14267: 14265: 14263: 14241: 14235: 14234: 14232: 14230: 14215: 14209: 14208: 14206: 14204: 14185: 14179: 14178: 14176: 14174: 14155: 14149: 14148: 14146: 14144: 14129: 14123: 14122: 14120: 14118: 14112: 14105: 14097: 14091: 14090: 14088: 14086: 14071: 14065: 14064: 14058: 14050: 14048: 14046: 14026: 14020: 14019: 14017: 14015: 14000: 13991: 13978: 13969: 13968: 13966: 13964: 13949: 13940: 13939: 13937: 13935: 13929: 13922: 13914: 13908: 13907: 13905: 13903: 13894:. Archived from 13888: 13882: 13881: 13879: 13877: 13871: 13864: 13856: 13850: 13849: 13847: 13845: 13826: 13820: 13819: 13817: 13815: 13800: 13794: 13793: 13791: 13789: 13774: 13768: 13767: 13765: 13763: 13748: 13742: 13727: 13723: 13717: 13716: 13704: 13698: 13657: 13651: 13650: 13648: 13646: 13641:on 25 March 2017 13637:. Archived from 13635:www.edmaktub.org 13627: 13621: 13620: 13618: 13616: 13601: 13595: 13594: 13591:www.euractiv.com 13582: 13576: 13575: 13573: 13571: 13564:Voice of America 13556: 13550: 13549: 13547: 13545: 13530: 13524: 13523: 13521: 13519: 13510: 13501: 13495: 13494: 13492: 13490: 13475: 13469: 13468: 13466: 13464: 13444: 13438: 13437: 13435: 13433: 13424:. Archived from 13414: 13408: 13407: 13405: 13403: 13384: 13378: 13377: 13367: 13359: 13353: 13352: 13350: 13348: 13329: 13323: 13322: 13320: 13318: 13299: 13293: 13292: 13290: 13288: 13269: 13263: 13262: 13260: 13258: 13238: 13232: 13231: 13229: 13227: 13212: 13206: 13205: 13203: 13201: 13186: 13180: 13179: 13177: 13175: 13153: 13147: 13146: 13144: 13142: 13123: 13117: 13116: 13114: 13112: 13084: 13078: 13077: 13075: 13073: 13057: 13051: 13050: 13048: 13046: 13040: 13033: 13025: 13019: 13018: 13016: 13014: 12992: 12986: 12985: 12983: 12981: 12960: 12954: 12953: 12951: 12949: 12940:. Archived from 12934: 12928: 12927: 12921: 12913: 12911: 12909: 12900:. Archived from 12893: 12887: 12886: 12884: 12882: 12873:. 22 July 2022. 12863: 12857: 12844: 12838: 12825: 12819: 12818: 12816: 12784: 12778: 12777: 12750: 12744: 12743: 12741: 12739: 12711: 12705: 12695: 12689: 12679: 12673: 12672: 12657: 12651: 12650: 12634: 12628: 12614: 12608: 12607: 12605: 12603: 12575: 12569: 12568: 12540: 12534: 12533: 12531: 12529: 12501: 12495: 12494: 12472: 12466: 12464: 12462: 12460: 12444: 12438: 12437: 12435: 12433: 12427: 12420: 12411: 12405: 12404: 12402: 12400: 12394: 12387: 12378: 12372: 12371: 12369: 12367: 12361: 12354: 12345: 12339: 12338: 12320: 12314: 12313: 12295: 12289: 12288: 12270: 12264: 12263: 12245: 12239: 12221: 12215: 12208: 12202: 12201: 12183: 12177: 12156: 12150: 12149: 12147: 12145: 12129: 12123: 12122: 12116: 12108: 12082: 12076: 12075: 12053: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12042: 12006: 12000: 11987: 11981: 11980: 11978: 11976: 11967:. Archived from 11961: 11955: 11954: 11952: 11950: 11922: 11916: 11912: 11906: 11899: 11893: 11879: 11873: 11872: 11870: 11868: 11849: 11843: 11836: 11830: 11823: 11817: 11815: 11814: 11812: 11803:, archived from 11772: 11766: 11759: 11753: 11739: 11733: 11732: 11730: 11728: 11713: 11707: 11706: 11704: 11702: 11687: 11681: 11680: 11678: 11676: 11645:Études celtiques 11636: 11630: 11629: 11627: 11625: 11610: 11604: 11601: 11595: 11594: 11580: 11574: 11573: 11571: 11569: 11560:. Ed. Nacional. 11551: 11542: 11529: 11523: 11522: 11520: 11518: 11499: 11493: 11486: 11480: 11479: 11477: 11475: 11460: 11454: 11441: 11435: 11434: 11429: 11427: 11412: 11406: 11405: 11403: 11401: 11386: 11380: 11379: 11378: 11376: 11370: 11353: 11343: 11337: 11336: 11334: 11332: 11318: 11312: 11311: 11309: 11307: 11288: 11282: 11281: 11279: 11277: 11271: 11260: 11252: 11246: 11245: 11243: 11241: 11235: 11229:. Archived from 11228: 11220: 11207: 11206: 11204: 11202: 11196: 11185: 11177: 11171: 11170: 11168: 11166: 11151: 11145: 11144: 11142: 11140: 11125: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11114: 11095: 11078: 11075: 11069: 11058: 11052: 11049: 11043: 11032: 11026: 11023: 10971: 10966: 10965: 10964: 10957: 10952: 10951: 10950: 10933: 10932: 10921: 10920: 10858:wines, such as: 10857: 10838: 10832: 10824: 10804: 10775: 10749: 10733: 10714: 10689: 10643: 10629: 10611: 10589: 10532:Segunda División 10489: 10421: 10333:José Luis Guerín 10305:Josep Maria Forn 10301:Barcelona School 10184: 10183: 10128:Media and cinema 10124:from the 1990s. 10070:Els Setze Jutges 10013:Performances of 9949:Pere Albert Vila 9934: 9928: 9845: 9827: 9816: 9783: 9754: 9736: 9728: 9720: 9697: 9638:Ana María Matute 9570:Gabriel Ferrater 9539:Ana María Matute 9502: 9477:Jacint Verdaguer 9474: 9466: 9449: 9437: 9433: 9428: 9421: 9317:Poblet Monastery 9247:Josep Lluís Sert 9164:(CCCB), and the 9118: 9117: 9105: 9096: 9075:Josep Maria Sert 9071:Santiago Rusiñol 9055:Claudi Lorenzale 9014: 9005: 8993:Art of Catalonia 8916: 8908: 8905: 8901: 8896:Fragment of the 8887: 8881: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8754: 8704:Other languages 8616:651 000 (10.2%) 8613:Other languages 8549: 8537:Spanish language 8533:Catalan language 8512: 8504: 8493: 8486: 8475: 8471: 8449: 8443: 8433: 8423: 8413: 8403: 8393: 8383: 8373: 8298:CENTRAL AMERICA 8219:TOTAL FOREIGNERS 8193: 8192: 8183: 8181: 8180: 8167: 8165: 8164: 8151: 8149: 8148: 8135: 8133: 8132: 8119: 8117: 8116: 8103: 8101: 8100: 8087: 8085: 8084: 8071: 8069: 8068: 8055: 8053: 8052: 8039: 8037: 8036: 8023: 8021: 8020: 8007: 8005: 8004: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7975: 7973: 7972: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7943: 7941: 7940: 7927: 7925: 7924: 7911: 7909: 7908: 7895: 7893: 7892: 7879: 7877: 7876: 7863: 7861: 7860: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7831: 7829: 7828: 7815: 7813: 7812: 7799: 7797: 7796: 7783: 7781: 7780: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7749: 7746: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7719: 7716: 7712: 7685: 7668: 7637: 7626: 7466: 7461: 7453: 7449: 7133: 7123: 7080: 7070: 7011: 6999: 6998: 6971: 6963: 6959: 6951: 6947: 6935: 6931: 6924:) services from 6913: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6784: 6779: 6759: 6754: 6734: 6717: 6700: 6695: 6678: 6658: 6641: 6624: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6593: 6588: 6586: 6582: 6560: 6554: 6552: 6548: 6542: 6536: 6534: 6530: 6517: 6486: 6478: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6443: 6439: 6397:Sabadell Airport 6233: 6229: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6195: 6183: 6141: 6137: 6116:Costa del Garraf 6094:Secondary sector 6045: 6041: 6014: 6006: 5998: 5983: 5979: 5971: 5942:Peach fields in 5926:Economy of Spain 5908:Vielha e Mijaran 5904: 5889: 5874: 5858: 5843: 5827: 5812: 5797: 5782: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5747: 5741: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5714:municipalities ( 5713: 5695: 5680: 5678:consell comarcal 5673:comarcal council 5645:Catalan counties 5622:Vielha e Mijaran 5608:Terres de l'Ebre 5517: 5513: 5509: 5412: 5343: 5328:criminal justice 5310: 5306: 5300: 5278: 5262: 5252: 5250:conseller primer 5242: 5236: 5234:Consell Executiu 5220:(2018–2020) and 5202:Pasqual Maragall 5187: 5174: 5170: 5149: 5145: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5083: 5061: 5040: 4992:Balearic Islands 4907: 4899: 4887: 4883: 4873: 4869: 4809: 4790: 4767: 4746: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4698: 4685: 4681: 4606: 4599: 4592: 4061:Statute and laws 4050: 4034: 4033: 4013: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3909: 3888: 3852:and the town of 3819:lake of Banyoles 3755:Lake of Banyoles 3703:Pyrenean chamois 3610: 3606: 3536: 3529: 3523: 3518: 3512: 3507: 3501: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3475: 3469: 3464: 3458: 3453: 3411:freezing drizzle 3334: 3323: 3315: 3307: 3296: 3285: 3181:A controversial 3146:Pasqual Maragall 3108:Barcelona hosted 3003:Francisco Franco 2965:Francisco Franco 2908: 2899: 2828: 2824: 2815:Catalan Republic 2754:Valentí Almirall 2706: 2640:against Napoleon 2550:House of Bourbon 2548:from the French 2415:Tirant lo Blanch 2410:Joanot Martorell 2352: 2132: 2034:Claudi Lorenzale 2012: 1996: 1992: 1969: 1961: 1949: 1899:and traded with 1897:Second Punic War 1800: 1796: 1791:Urnfield Culture 1780: 1772: 1761: 1753: 1730: 1656: 1642: 1624: 1614: 1609:, is pronounced 1604: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1519: 1515: 1508: 1378: 1372: 1366: 1191:Peace of Utrecht 1189:, but after the 1105:Frankish kingdom 1072:to the west and 982: 981: 980: 974: 959: 944: 943: 942: 936: 921: 920: 917: 916: 913: 910: 907: 904: 901: 898: 895: 892: 889: 886: 865: 862: 832:Official holiday 737: 704: 674:€255.154 billion 642: 494:24 of 265 (9.1%) 474: 467: 405: 366: 313: 284: 282: 281: 269: 268: 266: 265: 264: 259: 255: 252: 251: 250: 247: 229: 226: 219: 216: 201: 189: 181: 161: 149: 127: 119: 111: 103: 95: 87: 74: 73: 20683: 20682: 20678: 20677: 20676: 20674: 20673: 20672: 20628: 20627: 20626: 20621: 20620: 20615: 20606: 20578: 20569: 20539: 20534: 20499: 20489: 20485:Vallès Oriental 20420:Pla de l'Estany 20272: 20266: 20261: 20231: 20226: 20194: 20183: 20181: 20170: 20168: 20155: 20146: 20134: 20132: 20131: 20119: 20117: 20116: 20104: 20102: 20101: 20089: 20087: 20086: 20074: 20072: 20071: 20059: 20057: 20056: 20044: 20042: 20041: 20029: 20027: 20026: 20014: 20012: 20011: 19999: 19997: 19996: 19984: 19982: 19981: 19969: 19967: 19966: 19954: 19952: 19951: 19939: 19937: 19936: 19924: 19922: 19921: 19909: 19907: 19906: 19894: 19892: 19891: 19878: 19869: 19839: 19834: 19812: 19775: 19736: 19700:Més per Menorca 19615:Òmnium Cultural 19586: 19537:Carme Forcadell 19527:Oriol Junqueras 19455: 19450: 19442: 19434: 19426: 19418: 19410: 19402: 19394: 19386: 19370: 19334: 19177: 19172: 19170: 19158: 19156: 19154: 19124: 19119: 19078: 19001:Local elections 18995: 18937: 18844: 18749: 18738: 18736: 18701: 18693: 18688: 18680: 18673: 18660: 18646:St George's Day 18612: 18579:Public holidays 18510: 18446: 18407:Property bubble 18377: 18311: 18263: 18221: 18216:2017 referendum 18172:Republic (1931) 18106:Crown of Aragon 18067: 18061: 18019: 18002:, ed. (1911). " 17987: 17985: 17983: 17982: 17972: 17970: 17957: 17956: 17952: 17942: 17940: 17927: 17926: 17922: 17912: 17910: 17899: 17895: 17885: 17883: 17874: 17873: 17869: 17859: 17857: 17848: 17847: 17843: 17833: 17831: 17818: 17817: 17813: 17803:Wayback Machine 17794: 17790: 17780: 17778: 17763: 17762: 17758: 17748: 17746: 17733: 17732: 17728: 17723:Wayback Machine 17714: 17710: 17700: 17698: 17689: 17688: 17684: 17674: 17672: 17663: 17662: 17658: 17648: 17646: 17637: 17636: 17632: 17622: 17620: 17607: 17606: 17602: 17592: 17590: 17586: 17580:www.tas-cas.org 17575: 17569: 17565: 17555: 17553: 17544: 17543: 17539: 17529: 17527: 17514: 17513: 17509: 17499: 17497: 17484: 17483: 17479: 17469: 17467: 17452: 17448: 17438: 17436: 17423: 17422: 17418: 17408: 17406: 17389: 17385: 17375: 17373: 17360: 17359: 17355: 17350:Wayback Machine 17340: 17336: 17323: 17319: 17309: 17307: 17294: 17293: 17289: 17276: 17272: 17262: 17260: 17255: 17254: 17250: 17234: 17233: 17226: 17224: 17213: 17209: 17199: 17197: 17188: 17187: 17183: 17173: 17171: 17162: 17161: 17157: 17147: 17145: 17132: 17131: 17127: 17117: 17115: 17104: 17100: 17090: 17088: 17081: 17065: 17061: 17051: 17049: 17040: 17039: 17035: 17025: 17023: 17010: 17009: 17005: 16995: 16993: 16984: 16983: 16979: 16969: 16967: 16958: 16957: 16953: 16943:Wayback Machine 16932: 16928: 16918: 16916: 16912: 16905: 16901: 16900: 16896: 16886: 16884: 16875: 16874: 16870: 16860: 16858: 16849: 16848: 16844: 16834: 16832: 16823: 16822: 16818: 16808: 16806: 16799: 16783: 16779: 16769: 16767: 16760: 16742: 16738: 16728: 16726: 16722: 16715: 16711: 16710: 16706: 16699:abcdesevilla.es 16691: 16687: 16677: 16675: 16660: 16656: 16650:Wayback Machine 16641: 16637: 16627: 16625: 16624:on 17 July 2009 16616: 16615: 16611: 16601: 16599: 16598:on 17 July 2009 16590: 16589: 16585: 16575: 16573: 16564: 16563: 16559: 16549: 16547: 16536: 16532: 16522: 16520: 16513: 16497: 16493: 16483: 16481: 16474: 16458: 16454: 16444: 16442: 16435: 16419: 16415: 16408: 16394: 16390: 16380: 16378: 16369: 16368: 16364: 16354:Wayback Machine 16345: 16341: 16331: 16329: 16320: 16319: 16315: 16305: 16303: 16298:. 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2010 13890: 13889: 13885: 13875: 13873: 13869: 13862: 13858: 13857: 13853: 13843: 13841: 13828: 13827: 13823: 13813: 13811: 13810:on 3 March 2010 13802: 13801: 13797: 13787: 13785: 13776: 13775: 13771: 13761: 13759: 13750: 13749: 13745: 13739:Wayback Machine 13725: 13724: 13720: 13705: 13701: 13668:Wayback Machine 13658: 13654: 13644: 13642: 13629: 13628: 13624: 13614: 13612: 13603: 13602: 13598: 13583: 13579: 13569: 13567: 13558: 13557: 13553: 13543: 13541: 13531: 13527: 13517: 13515: 13508: 13502: 13498: 13488: 13486: 13477: 13476: 13472: 13462: 13460: 13445: 13441: 13431: 13429: 13416: 13415: 13411: 13401: 13399: 13386: 13385: 13381: 13360: 13356: 13346: 13344: 13343:on 22 June 2018 13331: 13330: 13326: 13316: 13314: 13301: 13300: 13296: 13286: 13284: 13271: 13270: 13266: 13256: 13254: 13239: 13235: 13225: 13223: 13214: 13213: 13209: 13199: 13197: 13188: 13187: 13183: 13173: 13171: 13154: 13150: 13140: 13138: 13125: 13124: 13120: 13110: 13108: 13085: 13081: 13071: 13069: 13058: 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Arabic 8906: 8874:language policy 8867:Òmnium Cultural 8863:sociolinguistic 8855:Francoist Spain 8827: 8823: 8819: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8752: 8723:193 000 (3.0%) 8710:153 000 (2.4%) 8707:281 000 (4.4%) 8629:114 000 (1.8%) 8619:504 000 (7.9%) 8608:474 000 (7.4%) 8605:440 000 (6.9%) 8602:Both languages 8547: 8541:Aranese dialect 8529: 8523: 8510: 8502: 8491: 8484: 8473: 8472:Catholics, 7.0% 8469: 8460:, specifically 8454: 8453: 8452: 8451: 8447: 8445: 8441: 8439: 8431: 8429: 8421: 8419: 8411: 8409: 8401: 8399: 8391: 8389: 8381: 8379: 8371: 8363: 8357: 8258:EUROPEAN UNION 8178: 8176: 8162: 8160: 8146: 8144: 8130: 8128: 8114: 8112: 8098: 8096: 8082: 8080: 8066: 8064: 8050: 8048: 8034: 8032: 8018: 8016: 8002: 8000: 7986: 7984: 7970: 7968: 7954: 7952: 7938: 7936: 7922: 7920: 7906: 7904: 7890: 7888: 7874: 7872: 7858: 7856: 7842: 7840: 7826: 7824: 7810: 7808: 7794: 7792: 7778: 7776: 7762: 7760: 7744: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7714: 7710: 7707:Southern Europe 7683: 7666: 7635: 7624: 7448: 7264:Rubí, Barcelona 7134: 7128: 7124: 7081: 7075: 7071: 7021: 7020: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 6996: 6990: 6969: 6961: 6957: 6949: 6945: 6933: 6929: 6918:High-speed rail 6863: 6857: 6846: 6842: 6840: 6834: 6830: 6828: 6822: 6818: 6816: 6806: 6802: 6800: 6773: 6748: 6728: 6711: 6689: 6672: 6652: 6635: 6607: 6603: 6601: 6584: 6580: 6578: 6550: 6546: 6544: 6532: 6528: 6526: 6503: 6497: 6476: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6441: 6418: 6412: 6350: 6333: 6328: 6225: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6193: 6181: 6139: 6135: 6100:Tertiary sector 6043: 6039: 6012: 6004: 5996: 5981: 5977: 5969: 5928: 5922: 5911: 5905: 5896: 5890: 5881: 5875: 5866: 5859: 5850: 5844: 5835: 5828: 5819: 5813: 5804: 5801:La Seu d'Urgell 5798: 5789: 5783: 5767:casa de la vila 5711: 5708: 5702: 5657:Pla de l'Estany 5637: 5631: 5542:La Seu d'Urgell 5515: 5511: 5490: 5484: 5427: 5421: 5410: 5389: 5379: 5365: 5357:law enforcement 5308: 5291: 5285: 5276: 5172: 5168: 5147: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5062: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5048:Ciutadella park 5041: 5030: 5024: 4930: 4920: 4914: 4905: 4897: 4885: 4881: 4871: 4867: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4815: 4810: 4802: 4801: 4791: 4783: 4782: 4768: 4759: 4758: 4744: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4696: 4683: 4679: 4628: 4616:Main articles: 4610: 4581: 4577:Other countries 4568: 4567: 4544: 4512: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4461: 4460: 4375: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4317: 4307: 4306: 4280: 4272: 4271: 4248: 4236: 4226: 4225: 4197: 4187: 4186: 4173: 4146: 4136: 4135: 4111: 4101: 4100: 4086: 4062: 4041: 4032: 4022:Forest and the 3907: 3899: 3748: 3742: 3679:Montseny Massif 3661: 3659:Flora and fauna 3608: 3604: 3539: 3534: 3527: 3526: 3516: 3515: 3505: 3504: 3494: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3473: 3472: 3462: 3461: 3451: 3450: 3437: 3431: 3421:valleys and in 3392:oceanic climate 3342: 3339: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3290: 3288:Oceanic climate 3283: 3272: 3267: 3219:Oriol Junqueras 3130: 3122:Main articles: 3120: 3084:first elections 3056: 3044:Spanish miracle 3027:Francoist Spain 3020:Montjuïc Castle 2934:Republican side 2926: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2901: 2900: 2889: 2881:Main articles: 2879: 2826: 2822: 2804:Primo de Rivera 2788:Setmana Tràgica 2704: 2682:Carlist faction 2646:Napoleonic Wars 2627: 2611:Castilian Crown 2607:Crown of Aragon 2599: 2476:) grandfather, 2424: 2350: 2335:Crown of Aragon 2312:Corts Catalanes 2285:House of Aragon 2206:Crown of Aragon 2170:Ramon Borrell I 2130: 2108:Crown of Aragon 2069:Frankish empire 2023: 2010: 1994: 1990: 1967: 1959: 1947: 1879:, in Emporion ( 1811: 1798: 1794: 1778: 1770: 1759: 1756:hunter-gatherer 1751: 1728: 1721:Epipalaeolithic 1689:Roca dels Moros 1681: 1676: 1669: 1663: 1617:Central Catalan 1569: 1565: 1534:Marca Hispanica 1296: 1121:Crown of Aragon 1094:Aranese dialect 976: 975: 938: 937: 883: 879: 859: 848: 842:Patron saint(s) 810: 788: 787: 731: 702: 645: 638: 594: 580: 566: 470: 465: 404: 380: 364: 363: 348: 342: 324: 314: 307: 306: 300: 279: 277: 262: 260: 256: 253: 248: 245: 243: 241: 240: 234: 231: 230: 227: 220: 217: 205: 195: 192: 191:("The Reapers") 190: 183: 169: 168: 167: 166: 155: 154: 137: 128: 121: 112: 105: 96: 89: 79: 72: 67: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 20681: 20671: 20670: 20665: 20660: 20655: 20650: 20645: 20640: 20623: 20622: 20617: 20616: 20609: 20607: 20605: 20604: 20599: 20594: 20589: 20583: 20580: 20579: 20568: 20567: 20560: 20553: 20545: 20536: 20535: 20533: 20532: 20527: 20522: 20517: 20512: 20506: 20504: 20491: 20490: 20488: 20487: 20482: 20477: 20472: 20467: 20462: 20457: 20452: 20447: 20442: 20437: 20432: 20427: 20422: 20417: 20415:Pallars Sobirà 20412: 20407: 20402: 20397: 20392: 20387: 20382: 20377: 20372: 20367: 20362: 20357: 20352: 20347: 20342: 20337: 20335:Baix Llobregat 20332: 20327: 20322: 20317: 20312: 20307: 20302: 20300:Alta Ribagorça 20297: 20292: 20287: 20282: 20276: 20274: 20268: 20267: 20260: 20259: 20252: 20245: 20237: 20228: 20227: 20225: 20224: 20219: 20214: 20208: 20206: 20196: 20195: 20193: 20192: 20179: 20165: 20163: 20157: 20156: 20149: 20147: 20145: 20144: 20129: 20114: 20099: 20084: 20069: 20054: 20039: 20024: 20009: 19994: 19979: 19976:Canary Islands 19964: 19961:Basque Country 19949: 19934: 19919: 19904: 19888: 19886: 19880: 19879: 19868: 19867: 19860: 19853: 19845: 19836: 19835: 19833: 19832: 19821: 19818: 19817: 19814: 19813: 19811: 19810: 19804: 19799: 19794: 19789: 19783: 19781: 19777: 19776: 19774: 19773: 19768: 19763: 19757: 19751: 19744: 19742: 19738: 19737: 19735: 19734: 19729: 19724: 19719: 19714: 19709: 19708: 19707: 19697: 19696: 19695: 19685: 19684: 19683: 19678: 19668: 19667: 19666: 19661: 19651: 19650: 19649: 19639: 19633: 19627: 19622: 19617: 19612: 19607: 19601: 19599: 19592: 19588: 19587: 19585: 19584: 19579: 19574: 19569: 19564: 19559: 19554: 19549: 19544: 19539: 19534: 19529: 19524: 19519: 19514: 19512:Guillem Agulló 19509: 19504: 19499: 19494: 19489: 19487:Lluís Companys 19484: 19482:Francesc Macià 19479: 19474: 19469: 19463: 19461: 19457: 19456: 19454: 19453: 19445: 19437: 19429: 19421: 19413: 19405: 19397: 19389: 19378: 19376: 19372: 19371: 19369: 19368: 19363: 19358: 19353: 19348: 19342: 19340: 19336: 19335: 19333: 19332: 19331: 19330: 19320: 19315: 19310: 19305: 19300: 19299: 19298: 19288: 19283: 19278: 19273: 19268: 19263: 19258: 19253: 19248: 19243: 19238: 19233: 19232: 19231: 19221: 19216: 19211: 19206: 19201: 19196: 19191: 19185: 19183: 19179: 19178: 19153: 19152: 19145: 19138: 19130: 19121: 19120: 19118: 19117: 19112: 19107: 19102: 19097: 19092: 19086: 19084: 19080: 19079: 19077: 19076: 19071: 19066: 19061: 19056: 19051: 19046: 19041: 19036: 19031: 19026: 19021: 19016: 19011: 19005: 19003: 18997: 18996: 18994: 18993: 18988: 18983: 18978: 18973: 18968: 18963: 18958: 18953: 18947: 18945: 18939: 18938: 18936: 18935: 18930: 18925: 18920: 18915: 18910: 18905: 18900: 18895: 18890: 18885: 18880: 18875: 18870: 18865: 18860: 18854: 18852: 18846: 18845: 18843: 18842: 18835: 18830: 18825: 18820: 18815: 18810: 18805: 18800: 18795: 18790: 18785: 18780: 18775: 18770: 18765: 18759: 18757: 18751: 18750: 18735: 18734: 18727: 18720: 18712: 18706: 18703: 18702: 18690: 18689: 18687: 18686: 18679: 18678: 18670: 18669: 18666: 18665: 18662: 18661: 18659: 18658: 18656:Catalan donkey 18653: 18648: 18643: 18638: 18633: 18628: 18622: 18620: 18614: 18613: 18611: 18610: 18605: 18604: 18603: 18593: 18586: 18581: 18576: 18571: 18566: 18561: 18556: 18551: 18546: 18541: 18536: 18531: 18526: 18520: 18518: 18512: 18511: 18509: 18508: 18503: 18498: 18493: 18488: 18483: 18478: 18473: 18468: 18462: 18456: 18452: 18451: 18448: 18447: 18445: 18444: 18439: 18434: 18429: 18424: 18419: 18414: 18409: 18404: 18399: 18397:Catalan peseta 18393: 18387: 18383: 18382: 18379: 18378: 18376: 18375: 18370: 18365: 18360: 18355: 18350: 18345: 18340: 18335: 18329: 18323: 18317: 18316: 18313: 18312: 18310: 18309: 18304: 18299: 18297:Municipalities 18294: 18289: 18279: 18273: 18271: 18265: 18264: 18262: 18261: 18259:Extreme points 18256: 18251: 18246: 18241: 18235: 18229: 18223: 18222: 18220: 18219: 18209: 18204: 18199: 18194: 18189: 18184: 18179: 18174: 18169: 18164: 18157: 18152: 18142: 18128: 18123: 18118: 18113: 18108: 18103: 18098: 18093: 18091:Roman Hispania 18088: 18083: 18077: 18075: 18069: 18068: 18066: articles 18060: 18059: 18052: 18045: 18037: 18031: 18030: 18025: 18018: 18017:External links 18015: 18000:Chisholm, Hugh 17981: 17980: 17950: 17920: 17893: 17867: 17841: 17811: 17807:Périco Légasse 17788: 17756: 17726: 17708: 17682: 17656: 17630: 17619:on 25 May 2017 17600: 17563: 17537: 17507: 17492:(in Spanish). 17477: 17446: 17416: 17383: 17353: 17342:Patum de Berga 17334: 17317: 17287: 17270: 17248: 17219:. Regio7.cat. 17207: 17181: 17155: 17125: 17098: 17079: 17059: 17033: 17022:on 6 July 2011 17003: 16977: 16951: 16926: 16894: 16879:. gencat.cat. 16868: 16853:. gencat.cat. 16842: 16827:. gencat.cat. 16816: 16797: 16777: 16758: 16736: 16704: 16685: 16654: 16635: 16609: 16583: 16557: 16530: 16511: 16491: 16472: 16452: 16433: 16413: 16406: 16388: 16362: 16339: 16328:on 28 May 2008 16313: 16287: 16257: 16222: 16186: 16151: 16121: 16091: 16061: 16052: 16017: 15994:(in Spanish). 15978: 15965: 15946: 15930: 15904: 15871: 15839: 15803: 15776: 15746: 15714: 15685:(in Catalan). 15669: 15654:(in Catalan). 15638: 15608: 15593:(in Spanish). 15577: 15547: 15521: 15491: 15465: 15433: 15402: 15369: 15347: 15315: 15285: 15253: 15224: 15192: 15162: 15130: 15115:(in Spanish). 15113:datosmacro.com 15100: 15074: 15044: 15029:. 6 May 2023. 15014: 14984: 14958: 14928: 14909: 14898:on 4 July 2010 14883: 14854:(in Catalan). 14838: 14821:www.elmundo.es 14808: 14793:(in Catalan). 14781: 14766:(in Catalan). 14758:palau, òscar. 14750: 14717: 14688:(in Catalan). 14672: 14646: 14635:on 6 July 2011 14620: 14605:(in Catalan). 14590: 14560: 14527: 14501: 14475: 14445: 14414: 14377: 14358: 14332: 14302: 14269: 14236: 14210: 14180: 14150: 14139:on 25 May 2017 14124: 14092: 14066: 14021: 13992: 13970: 13941: 13909: 13883: 13851: 13821: 13795: 13769: 13743: 13718: 13713:l'Enciclopèdia 13699: 13652: 13622: 13596: 13577: 13551: 13525: 13496: 13470: 13455:(in Spanish). 13439: 13409: 13379: 13354: 13324: 13294: 13264: 13249:(in Spanish). 13233: 13207: 13181: 13148: 13118: 13079: 13052: 13020: 12987: 12955: 12929: 12888: 12858: 12839: 12820: 12779: 12767:10.2307/337523 12745: 12726: 12706: 12690: 12682:Payne, Stanley 12674: 12652: 12629: 12609: 12590: 12570: 12563: 12535: 12516: 12496: 12489: 12467: 12439: 12406: 12373: 12340: 12333: 12315: 12308: 12290: 12283: 12265: 12259:978-8429723632 12258: 12240: 12216: 12203: 12196: 12178: 12151: 12124: 12095: 12077: 12070: 12048: 12029: 12023:. p. 26. 12001: 11982: 11956: 11937: 11917: 11907: 11894: 11874: 11844: 11831: 11818: 11767: 11754: 11734: 11708: 11682: 11651:(2): 365–368. 11631: 11605: 11596: 11575: 11543: 11524: 11494: 11481: 11455: 11436: 11422:on 28 May 2008 11407: 11381: 11360: 11338: 11313: 11283: 11265:(in Catalan). 11247: 11208: 11172: 11161:on 28 May 2008 11146: 11131:(in Catalan). 11120: 11089: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11080: 11079: 11070: 11053: 11044: 11027: 11017: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11010: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10973: 10972: 10958: 10942: 10939: 10938: 10937: 10925: 10913: 10906: 10903: 10836:suquet de peix 10759:Main article: 10756: 10753: 10752: 10751: 10739: 10736:Catalan Revolt 10724: 10703: 10662:Main article: 10659: 10656: 10655: 10654: 10645: 10638: 10636: 10631: 10624: 10622: 10613: 10606: 10604: 10591: 10584: 10431:Main article: 10428: 10425: 10408: 10405: 10132:Main article: 10129: 10126: 10068:and the group 10051:Josep Carreras 10000:Robert Gerhard 9984:Enric Granados 9865:Main article: 9862: 9859: 9851:Canary Islands 9846:in Catalonia. 9842:Feria de Abril 9660:Main article: 9657: 9654: 9650:Juan Goytisolo 9608:Les Géorgiques 9558:Mercè Rodoreda 9483:(pseudonym of 9458:Mercè Rodoreda 9440:historiography 9408:Main article: 9405: 9402: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9398: 9387: 9381: 9375: 9369: 9363: 9357: 9345: 9344: 9343: 9337: 9324: 9314: 9308: 9299:in Catalonia: 9266: 9263: 9259:Enric Miralles 9255:Ricardo Bofill 9196:Catalan Gothic 9146:Picasso Museum 9110: 9109: 9100: 9099: 9091: 9090: 9089: 9088: 9087: 9019: 9018: 9009: 9008: 9000: 8999: 8998: 8997: 8996: 8991:Main article: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8975:People's Party 8781:Tarragona area 8736: 8735: 8732: 8729: 8725: 8724: 8721: 8720:96 000 (1.5%) 8718: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8708: 8705: 8702: 8699: 8698: 8697:18 000 (0.3%) 8695: 8694:20 000 (0.3%) 8692: 8689: 8686: 8685: 8684:20 000 (0.3%) 8682: 8681:25 000 (0.4%) 8679: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8671:16 000 (0.2%) 8669: 8668:26 000 (0.4%) 8666: 8663: 8660: 8659: 8658:26 000 (0.4%) 8656: 8655:29 000 (0.5%) 8653: 8650: 8647: 8646: 8645:24 000 (0.4%) 8643: 8642:58 000 (0.9%) 8640: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8632:61 000 (0.9%) 8630: 8627: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8617: 8614: 8610: 8609: 8606: 8603: 8599: 8598: 8595: 8592: 8586: 8585: 8582: 8579: 8573: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8556: 8555: 8525:Main article: 8522: 8519: 8446: 8440: 8430: 8420: 8410: 8400: 8390: 8380: 8370: 8366: 8365: 8364: 8359:Main article: 8356: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8308:NORTH AMERICA 8305: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8288:SOUTH AMERICA 8285: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8245: 8244: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8221: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8206: 8205: 8202: 8199: 8189: 8188: 8185: 8173: 8172: 8169: 8157: 8156: 8153: 8141: 8140: 8137: 8125: 8124: 8121: 8109: 8108: 8105: 8093: 8092: 8089: 8077: 8076: 8073: 8061: 8060: 8057: 8045: 8044: 8041: 8029: 8028: 8025: 8013: 8012: 8009: 8008:United Kingdom 7997: 7996: 7993: 7981: 7980: 7977: 7965: 7964: 7961: 7949: 7948: 7945: 7933: 7932: 7929: 7917: 7916: 7913: 7901: 7900: 7897: 7885: 7884: 7881: 7869: 7868: 7865: 7853: 7852: 7849: 7837: 7836: 7833: 7821: 7820: 7817: 7805: 7804: 7801: 7789: 7788: 7785: 7773: 7772: 7769: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7699:Eastern Europe 7619: 7618: 7611: 7610: 7607: 7604: 7600: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7589: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7578: 7577: 7574: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7552: 7549: 7545: 7544: 7541: 7538: 7534: 7533: 7530: 7527: 7523: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7512: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7501: 7500: 7497: 7494: 7490: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7479: 7478: 7475: 7472: 7468: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7445: 7444: 7441: 7439:Baix Llobregat 7436: 7431: 7428: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7411: 7410: 7407: 7405:Baix Llobregat 7402: 7397: 7394: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7377: 7376: 7373: 7371:Baix Llobregat 7368: 7363: 7360: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7343: 7342: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7309: 7308: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7275: 7274: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7258: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7241: 7240: 7237: 7235:Baix Llobregat 7232: 7227: 7224: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7207: 7206: 7203: 7201:Baix Llobregat 7198: 7193: 7190: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7156: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7139: 7138: 7117: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7101: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7085: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7031: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7013: 7008: 7005: 7002: 6997: 6994:Catalan people 6992:Main article: 6989: 6986: 6895:on the coast. 6856: 6853: 6811:roads) or the 6795: 6794: 6785: 6770: 6769: 6760: 6745: 6744: 6735: 6725: 6724: 6718: 6708: 6707: 6701: 6686: 6685: 6679: 6669: 6668: 6659: 6649: 6648: 6642: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6496: 6493: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6224: 6221: 6120:Malgrat de Mar 6104: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6088:Primary sector 6080:organisation. 5924:Main article: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5906: 5899: 5897: 5891: 5884: 5882: 5876: 5869: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5851: 5845: 5838: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5820: 5814: 5807: 5805: 5799: 5792: 5790: 5784: 5777: 5775: 5701: 5700:Municipalities 5698: 5649:Alta Ribagorça 5633:Main article: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5615: 5605: 5595: 5585: 5575: 5565: 5555: 5545: 5514:24/2001, of 31 5486:Main article: 5483: 5480: 5476:Baixa Cerdanya 5472: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5420: 5417: 5405:municipalities 5375:Main article: 5364: 5361: 5353:Basque Country 5344:) since 2002. 5287:Main article: 5284: 5281: 5255:Vice President 5245:First Minister 5063: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5042: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5026:Main article: 5023: 5020: 5000:People's Party 4957:Basque Country 4916:Main article: 4913: 4910: 4837:independentist 4811: 4804: 4803: 4792: 4785: 4784: 4769: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4669:federalisation 4635:Lluís Companys 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4563:Municipalities 4560: 4555: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4522: 4513: 4508: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4467: 4459: 4458: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4292: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4247: 4246: 4237: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4198: 4193: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4172: 4171: 4147: 4142: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4043: 4042: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4014:or PNIN), the 3898: 3895: 3867:The principal 3789:Atlantic Ocean 3741: 3738: 3660: 3657: 3613:Serra del Cadí 3582: 3581: 3574: 3571: 3538: 3537: 3524: 3513: 3502: 3491: 3481: 3470: 3459: 3447: 3444:Geomorphologic 3430: 3427: 3381:Alpine climate 3341: 3340: 3331: 3329: 3320: 3318: 3312: 3310: 3304: 3302: 3299:Alpine climate 3293: 3291: 3282: 3279: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3157:People's Party 3119: 3116: 3055: 3048: 3016:Lluís Companys 2913: 2912: 2903: 2902: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2878: 2875: 2855:Lluís Companys 2843:Francesc Macià 2764:Francesc Macià 2654:Peninsular War 2638:Peninsular War 2626: 2623: 2598: 2595: 2493:Corpus de Sang 2423: 2420: 2308:Catalan Courts 2245:County of Foix 2022: 2019: 2015:deurbanization 1985:Conversion to 1908:Roman Republic 1889:8th century BC 1873:ancient Greeks 1822:Roman aqueduct 1810: 1807: 1787:Indo-Europeans 1680: 1677: 1665:Main article: 1662: 1659: 1564:is pronounced 1558: 1557: 1492: 1465: 1444: 1429:(a ruler of a 1349:("Land of the 1300:Medieval Latin 1295: 1292: 1224:while several 1129:Catalan Courts 1035:European Union 871: 870: 867: 866: 857: 853: 852: 843: 839: 838: 833: 829: 828: 818: 814: 813: 806: 802: 801: 796: 790: 789: 786: 785: 778: 771: 764: 756: 755: 753: 749: 748: 738: 728: 727: 717: 711: 710: 699: 695: 694: 688: 687: 680: 676: 675: 672: 668: 667: 662: 658: 657: 651: 650: 647: 646: 644: 643: 636: 631: 621: 615: 613: 609: 608: 565:or Catalonian 560: 554: 553: 548: 544: 543: 540: 536: 535: 531: 530: 527: 523: 522: 517: 513: 512: 509: 505: 504: 500: 499: 496: 495: 492: 486: 485: 482: 480:Congress seats 476: 475: 468: 462: 461: 456: 452: 451: 441: 437: 436: 431: 427: 426: 417: 413: 412: 408: 407: 403: 402: 397: 392: 387: 381: 377: 373: 372: 367: 359: 358: 345:Second Statute 335: 331: 330: 293: 289: 288: 275: 271: 270: 236: 235: 232: 221: 211: 210: 207: 206: 193: 171: 170: 162: 156: 150: 144: 143: 142: 139: 138: 133: 130: 129: 80: 77: 70: 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20680: 20669: 20666: 20664: 20661: 20659: 20656: 20654: 20651: 20649: 20646: 20644: 20641: 20639: 20636: 20635: 20633: 20613: 20603: 20600: 20598: 20595: 20593: 20590: 20588: 20585: 20584: 20581: 20577: 20573: 20566: 20561: 20559: 20554: 20552: 20547: 20546: 20543: 20531: 20528: 20526: 20523: 20521: 20518: 20516: 20513: 20511: 20510:Alta Cerdanya 20508: 20507: 20505: 20502: 20497: 20492: 20486: 20483: 20481: 20478: 20476: 20473: 20471: 20468: 20466: 20463: 20461: 20458: 20456: 20453: 20451: 20448: 20446: 20443: 20441: 20438: 20436: 20435:Ribera d'Ebre 20433: 20431: 20428: 20426: 20423: 20421: 20418: 20416: 20413: 20411: 20410:Pallars Jussà 20408: 20406: 20403: 20401: 20398: 20396: 20393: 20391: 20388: 20386: 20383: 20381: 20378: 20376: 20373: 20371: 20368: 20366: 20363: 20361: 20358: 20356: 20353: 20351: 20348: 20346: 20343: 20341: 20338: 20336: 20333: 20331: 20328: 20326: 20323: 20321: 20318: 20316: 20313: 20311: 20308: 20306: 20303: 20301: 20298: 20296: 20293: 20291: 20288: 20286: 20283: 20281: 20278: 20277: 20275: 20269: 20265: 20258: 20253: 20251: 20246: 20244: 20239: 20238: 20235: 20223: 20220: 20218: 20215: 20213: 20210: 20209: 20207: 20204: 20203: 20197: 20191: 20180: 20178: 20167: 20166: 20164: 20162: 20158: 20153: 20142: 20130: 20127: 20115: 20112: 20100: 20097: 20085: 20082: 20070: 20067: 20055: 20052: 20040: 20037: 20025: 20022: 20010: 20007: 19995: 19992: 19980: 19977: 19965: 19962: 19950: 19947: 19935: 19932: 19920: 19917: 19905: 19902: 19890: 19889: 19887: 19885: 19881: 19877: 19873: 19866: 19861: 19859: 19854: 19852: 19847: 19846: 19843: 19830: 19826: 19823: 19822: 19819: 19808: 19805: 19803: 19800: 19798: 19795: 19793: 19790: 19788: 19785: 19784: 19782: 19778: 19772: 19769: 19767: 19764: 19761: 19758: 19755: 19752: 19749: 19746: 19745: 19743: 19739: 19733: 19730: 19728: 19725: 19723: 19720: 19718: 19715: 19713: 19710: 19706: 19703: 19702: 19701: 19698: 19694: 19691: 19690: 19689: 19686: 19682: 19679: 19677: 19674: 19673: 19672: 19669: 19665: 19662: 19660: 19657: 19656: 19655: 19652: 19648: 19645: 19644: 19643: 19640: 19637: 19634: 19631: 19628: 19626: 19623: 19621: 19618: 19616: 19613: 19611: 19608: 19606: 19603: 19602: 19600: 19596: 19593: 19591:Organisations 19589: 19583: 19580: 19578: 19577:Pere Aragonès 19575: 19573: 19570: 19568: 19565: 19563: 19560: 19558: 19557:Roger Torrent 19555: 19553: 19550: 19548: 19547:Jordi Cuixart 19545: 19543: 19542:Jordi Sànchez 19540: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19532:Muriel Casals 19530: 19528: 19525: 19523: 19520: 19518: 19515: 19513: 19510: 19508: 19505: 19503: 19500: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19492:Joan Comorera 19490: 19488: 19485: 19483: 19480: 19478: 19475: 19473: 19470: 19468: 19465: 19464: 19462: 19458: 19449: 19446: 19441: 19438: 19433: 19430: 19425: 19422: 19417: 19414: 19409: 19406: 19403:(23 Jan 2013) 19401: 19398: 19393: 19390: 19385: 19384: 19380: 19379: 19377: 19373: 19367: 19364: 19362: 19359: 19357: 19354: 19352: 19349: 19347: 19344: 19343: 19341: 19337: 19329: 19326: 19325: 19324: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19301: 19297: 19294: 19293: 19292: 19289: 19287: 19284: 19282: 19279: 19277: 19274: 19272: 19269: 19267: 19264: 19262: 19261:2015 Free Way 19259: 19257: 19254: 19252: 19249: 19247: 19244: 19242: 19239: 19237: 19234: 19230: 19227: 19226: 19225: 19222: 19220: 19217: 19215: 19212: 19210: 19207: 19205: 19202: 19200: 19197: 19195: 19192: 19190: 19187: 19186: 19184: 19180: 19169: 19165: 19151: 19146: 19144: 19139: 19137: 19132: 19131: 19128: 19116: 19113: 19111: 19108: 19106: 19103: 19101: 19098: 19096: 19093: 19091: 19088: 19087: 19085: 19081: 19075: 19072: 19070: 19067: 19065: 19062: 19060: 19057: 19055: 19052: 19050: 19047: 19045: 19042: 19040: 19037: 19035: 19032: 19030: 19027: 19025: 19022: 19020: 19017: 19015: 19012: 19010: 19007: 19006: 19004: 19002: 18998: 18992: 18989: 18987: 18984: 18982: 18979: 18977: 18974: 18972: 18969: 18967: 18964: 18962: 18959: 18957: 18954: 18952: 18949: 18948: 18946: 18944: 18940: 18934: 18931: 18929: 18926: 18924: 18921: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18909: 18906: 18904: 18901: 18899: 18896: 18894: 18891: 18889: 18886: 18884: 18881: 18879: 18876: 18874: 18871: 18869: 18866: 18864: 18861: 18859: 18856: 18855: 18853: 18851: 18847: 18841: 18840: 18836: 18834: 18831: 18829: 18826: 18824: 18821: 18819: 18816: 18814: 18811: 18809: 18806: 18804: 18801: 18799: 18796: 18794: 18791: 18789: 18786: 18784: 18781: 18779: 18776: 18774: 18771: 18769: 18766: 18764: 18761: 18760: 18758: 18756: 18752: 18748: 18742: 18733: 18728: 18726: 18721: 18719: 18714: 18713: 18710: 18704: 18697: 18685: 18682: 18681: 18676: 18672: 18671: 18667: 18657: 18654: 18652: 18649: 18647: 18644: 18642: 18639: 18637: 18634: 18632: 18629: 18627: 18624: 18623: 18621: 18619: 18615: 18609: 18606: 18602: 18599: 18598: 18597: 18594: 18592: 18591: 18587: 18585: 18582: 18580: 18577: 18575: 18572: 18570: 18567: 18565: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18522: 18521: 18519: 18517: 18513: 18507: 18504: 18502: 18499: 18497: 18494: 18492: 18489: 18487: 18484: 18482: 18479: 18477: 18474: 18472: 18469: 18467: 18464: 18463: 18460: 18457: 18453: 18443: 18440: 18438: 18435: 18433: 18430: 18428: 18425: 18423: 18420: 18418: 18415: 18413: 18410: 18408: 18405: 18403: 18400: 18398: 18395: 18394: 18391: 18388: 18384: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18359: 18356: 18354: 18351: 18349: 18346: 18344: 18341: 18339: 18336: 18334: 18331: 18330: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18318: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18300: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18287: 18283: 18280: 18278: 18275: 18274: 18272: 18270: 18266: 18260: 18257: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18242: 18240: 18237: 18236: 18233: 18230: 18228: 18224: 18217: 18213: 18210: 18208: 18205: 18203: 18200: 18198: 18195: 18193: 18190: 18188: 18185: 18183: 18180: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18162: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18150: 18146: 18143: 18140: 18136: 18132: 18129: 18127: 18124: 18122: 18119: 18117: 18114: 18112: 18109: 18107: 18104: 18102: 18101:Constitutions 18099: 18097: 18094: 18092: 18089: 18087: 18084: 18082: 18079: 18078: 18076: 18074: 18070: 18065: 18058: 18053: 18051: 18046: 18044: 18039: 18038: 18035: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18020: 18014: 18011: 18010: 18005: 18001: 17996: 17995:public domain 17968: 17964: 17960: 17954: 17938: 17934: 17930: 17924: 17908: 17904: 17897: 17881: 17877: 17871: 17855: 17851: 17845: 17829: 17825: 17821: 17815: 17808: 17804: 17800: 17797: 17792: 17776: 17772: 17771: 17766: 17760: 17744: 17740: 17736: 17730: 17724: 17720: 17717: 17712: 17696: 17692: 17686: 17670: 17666: 17660: 17644: 17640: 17634: 17618: 17614: 17610: 17604: 17585: 17581: 17574: 17567: 17551: 17547: 17541: 17525: 17521: 17517: 17511: 17495: 17491: 17487: 17481: 17465: 17461: 17457: 17450: 17434: 17430: 17426: 17420: 17404: 17400: 17399: 17394: 17387: 17371: 17367: 17363: 17357: 17351: 17347: 17343: 17338: 17331: 17330:84-7235-438-5 17327: 17321: 17305: 17301: 17297: 17291: 17284: 17280: 17274: 17258: 17252: 17244: 17238: 17222: 17218: 17211: 17195: 17191: 17185: 17169: 17165: 17159: 17143: 17139: 17135: 17129: 17113: 17109: 17102: 17086: 17082: 17076: 17072: 17071: 17063: 17047: 17043: 17037: 17021: 17017: 17013: 17007: 16991: 16987: 16981: 16965: 16961: 16955: 16949:. Idescat.cat 16948: 16944: 16940: 16937: 16936: 16930: 16911: 16904: 16898: 16882: 16878: 16872: 16856: 16852: 16846: 16830: 16826: 16820: 16804: 16800: 16798:84-8415-672-9 16794: 16790: 16789: 16781: 16765: 16761: 16759:84-7826-894-4 16755: 16751: 16747: 16740: 16721: 16714: 16708: 16700: 16696: 16689: 16673: 16669: 16665: 16658: 16651: 16647: 16644: 16639: 16623: 16619: 16613: 16597: 16593: 16587: 16571: 16567: 16561: 16545: 16541: 16534: 16518: 16514: 16508: 16504: 16503: 16495: 16479: 16475: 16469: 16465: 16464: 16456: 16440: 16436: 16430: 16426: 16425: 16417: 16409: 16403: 16399: 16392: 16376: 16372: 16366: 16359: 16358:La Val d'Aran 16355: 16351: 16348: 16343: 16327: 16323: 16317: 16301: 16297: 16291: 16275: 16271: 16267: 16261: 16255: 16251: 16248: 16239: 16232: 16226: 16219: 16215: 16212: 16203: 16196: 16190: 16171: 16164: 16158: 16156: 16139: 16135: 16131: 16125: 16109: 16105: 16101: 16095: 16079: 16075: 16071: 16065: 16056: 16048: 16044: 16040: 16036: 16032: 16028: 16021: 16005: 16001: 15997: 15993: 15989: 15982: 15975: 15969: 15962: 15958: 15955: 15950: 15943: 15939: 15934: 15918: 15914: 15908: 15892: 15888: 15884: 15878: 15876: 15859: 15855: 15854: 15849: 15843: 15827: 15823: 15822: 15817: 15810: 15808: 15791: 15787: 15780: 15764: 15760: 15756: 15750: 15731: 15724: 15718: 15710: 15704: 15688: 15684: 15680: 15673: 15657: 15653: 15649: 15642: 15626: 15622: 15621:Libre Mercado 15618: 15612: 15596: 15592: 15588: 15581: 15565: 15561: 15557: 15551: 15535: 15531: 15525: 15509: 15505: 15504:Expansión.com 15501: 15495: 15479: 15475: 15469: 15450: 15443: 15437: 15421: 15417: 15413: 15406: 15390: 15386: 15381: 15373: 15366: 15363: 15359: 15356: 15351: 15335: 15331: 15330: 15325: 15319: 15303: 15299: 15298:barcelona.cat 15295: 15289: 15273: 15269: 15268: 15267:La Vanguardia 15263: 15257: 15241: 15237: 15231: 15229: 15212: 15208: 15207: 15202: 15196: 15180: 15176: 15172: 15166: 15150: 15146: 15145: 15144:La Vanguardia 15140: 15134: 15118: 15114: 15110: 15104: 15088: 15084: 15078: 15062: 15058: 15054: 15048: 15032: 15028: 15024: 15018: 15002: 14998: 14994: 14988: 14972: 14968: 14962: 14946: 14942: 14938: 14932: 14926: 14922: 14918: 14913: 14897: 14893: 14887: 14879: 14873: 14857: 14853: 14849: 14842: 14826: 14822: 14818: 14812: 14796: 14792: 14785: 14769: 14765: 14761: 14754: 14738: 14734: 14730: 14724: 14722: 14713: 14707: 14691: 14687: 14683: 14676: 14660: 14656: 14650: 14634: 14630: 14624: 14608: 14604: 14600: 14594: 14578: 14574: 14573:The Economist 14570: 14564: 14548: 14544: 14539: 14531: 14515: 14511: 14505: 14489: 14485: 14479: 14463: 14459: 14455: 14449: 14433: 14429: 14425: 14418: 14410: 14404: 14388: 14381: 14375: 14371: 14367: 14362: 14346: 14342: 14336: 14320: 14316: 14312: 14306: 14290: 14286: 14285: 14280: 14273: 14257: 14253: 14252: 14251:La Vanguardia 14247: 14240: 14224: 14220: 14214: 14198: 14194: 14190: 14184: 14168: 14164: 14160: 14154: 14138: 14134: 14128: 14109: 14102: 14096: 14080: 14076: 14070: 14062: 14056: 14040: 14036: 14032: 14025: 14009: 14005: 13999: 13997: 13990: 13986: 13982: 13977: 13975: 13958: 13954: 13948: 13946: 13926: 13919: 13913: 13897: 13893: 13887: 13868: 13861: 13855: 13839: 13835: 13834:The Economist 13831: 13825: 13809: 13805: 13799: 13783: 13779: 13773: 13757: 13753: 13747: 13740: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13722: 13714: 13710: 13703: 13697: 13693: 13689: 13685: 13681: 13677: 13673: 13669: 13665: 13662: 13656: 13640: 13636: 13632: 13626: 13610: 13606: 13600: 13592: 13588: 13581: 13565: 13561: 13555: 13540: 13536: 13529: 13514: 13507: 13500: 13484: 13480: 13474: 13458: 13454: 13450: 13443: 13427: 13423: 13419: 13413: 13397: 13393: 13389: 13383: 13375: 13371: 13370:The Telegraph 13366: 13358: 13342: 13338: 13334: 13328: 13312: 13308: 13304: 13298: 13282: 13278: 13274: 13268: 13252: 13248: 13244: 13237: 13221: 13217: 13211: 13195: 13191: 13185: 13169: 13165: 13164: 13159: 13152: 13136: 13132: 13128: 13122: 13106: 13102: 13098: 13094: 13090: 13083: 13067: 13064:. Bloomberg. 13063: 13056: 13037: 13030: 13024: 13008: 13004: 13003: 12998: 12991: 12975: 12971: 12970: 12965: 12959: 12943: 12939: 12933: 12925: 12919: 12903: 12899: 12892: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12862: 12855: 12851: 12848: 12843: 12836: 12832: 12829: 12824: 12815: 12810: 12806: 12802: 12798: 12794: 12790: 12783: 12776: 12772: 12768: 12764: 12760: 12756: 12749: 12733: 12729: 12723: 12719: 12718: 12710: 12703: 12699: 12698:Preston, Paul 12694: 12687: 12683: 12678: 12670: 12666: 12662: 12656: 12648: 12644: 12640: 12633: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12613: 12597: 12593: 12587: 12583: 12582: 12574: 12566: 12564:0-8047-0845-2 12560: 12556: 12552: 12548: 12547: 12539: 12523: 12519: 12517:0-521-39482-1 12513: 12509: 12508: 12500: 12492: 12490:84-9766-044-7 12486: 12482: 12478: 12471: 12465: 12454: 12450: 12443: 12424: 12417: 12410: 12391: 12384: 12377: 12358: 12351: 12344: 12336: 12334:9788418849107 12330: 12326: 12319: 12311: 12309:9788418434983 12305: 12301: 12294: 12286: 12284:84-7826-620-8 12280: 12276: 12269: 12261: 12255: 12251: 12244: 12237: 12233: 12229: 12226: 12220: 12213: 12210:Mercader, J. 12207: 12199: 12197:0-333-33574-0 12193: 12189: 12182: 12176: 12175:9781139439619 12172: 12168: 12164: 12161: 12155: 12139: 12135: 12128: 12120: 12114: 12106: 12102: 12098: 12092: 12088: 12081: 12073: 12071:0-521-39436-8 12067: 12063: 12060:. Cambridge: 12059: 12052: 12036: 12032: 12030:0-521-27890-2 12026: 12022: 12018: 12017: 12012: 12005: 11998: 11994: 11991: 11986: 11970: 11966: 11960: 11944: 11940: 11934: 11930: 11929: 11921: 11911: 11904: 11898: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11878: 11862: 11858: 11856: 11848: 11841: 11835: 11828: 11822: 11806: 11802: 11798: 11794: 11790: 11787:(3): 347–58, 11786: 11782: 11778: 11771: 11764: 11758: 11751: 11747: 11744: 11738: 11722: 11718: 11712: 11696: 11692: 11686: 11670: 11666: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11646: 11642: 11635: 11619: 11615: 11609: 11600: 11592: 11588: 11587: 11579: 11563: 11559: 11558: 11550: 11548: 11541: 11537: 11534:(in Catalan) 11533: 11528: 11512: 11508: 11504: 11498: 11491: 11485: 11469: 11465: 11459: 11452: 11448: 11445: 11440: 11433: 11421: 11417: 11411: 11395: 11391: 11385: 11367: 11363: 11357: 11350: 11349: 11342: 11327: 11323: 11317: 11301: 11297: 11293: 11287: 11268: 11264: 11263:blogs.iec.cat 11257: 11251: 11232: 11225: 11219: 11217: 11215: 11213: 11193: 11189: 11182: 11176: 11160: 11156: 11150: 11134: 11130: 11124: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11094: 11090: 11074: 11067: 11063: 11057: 11048: 11041: 11037: 11031: 11022: 11018: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10974: 10970: 10959: 10956: 10945: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10902: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10879: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10856: 10855: 10848: 10846: 10845:Catalan cream 10842: 10837: 10831: 10830: 10823: 10822: 10816: 10812: 10808: 10803: 10802: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10774: 10773: 10767: 10762: 10748: 10743: 10740: 10737: 10732: 10731: 10725: 10722: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10704: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10688: 10687: 10681: 10680: 10679: 10674: 10670: 10665: 10652: 10648: 10647:Pep Guardiola 10642: 10637: 10634: 10628: 10623: 10620: 10616: 10610: 10605: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10588: 10583: 10582: 10581: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10554: 10552: 10547: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10533: 10529: 10525: 10521: 10517: 10513: 10508: 10507:national team 10504: 10499: 10497: 10493: 10492:roller hockey 10488: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10462: 10460: 10456: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10440: 10434: 10424: 10420: 10414: 10404: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10385: 10383: 10378: 10376: 10375: 10370: 10369: 10364: 10363: 10358: 10354: 10353: 10348: 10344: 10343: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10317:Jaime Rosales 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10271: 10269: 10268: 10263: 10262: 10257: 10256: 10251: 10250: 10245: 10244: 10239: 10238: 10233: 10232: 10227: 10226: 10225:La Vanguardia 10221: 10220: 10214: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10182: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10140: 10135: 10125: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10102:Sopa de Cabra 10099: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10074:Catalan rumba 10071: 10067: 10063: 10059: 10054: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10023:Carles Baguer 10020: 10016: 10011: 10009: 10005: 10004:Eduard Toldrà 10001: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9980:Isaac Albéniz 9976: 9974: 9973:Felip Pedrell 9970: 9966: 9962: 9961:Joan Cererols 9958: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9936: 9933: 9927: 9926: 9920: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9877: 9873: 9868: 9858: 9856: 9852: 9847: 9844: 9843: 9836: 9834: 9829: 9826: 9825: 9818: 9815: 9805: 9801: 9799: 9798:Christmas Eve 9795: 9794:Christmas Day 9791: 9787: 9782: 9781: 9775: 9770: 9768: 9767:Christmas Eve 9764: 9758: 9753: 9752: 9746: 9742: 9740: 9735: 9734: 9727: 9726: 9719: 9718: 9711: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9668: 9663: 9653: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9620:Agustí Bartra 9617: 9611: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9596: 9591: 9590:George Orwell 9587: 9583: 9579: 9578:Agustí Bartra 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9509:Eugenio d'Ors 9506: 9498: 9497:Àngel Guimerà 9494: 9493:Joan Maragall 9490: 9486: 9482: 9481:Víctor Català 9478: 9473: 9472: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9448: 9447: 9441: 9423: 9417: 9411: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9385: 9382: 9379: 9376: 9373: 9370: 9367: 9364: 9361: 9358: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9341: 9338: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9325: 9322: 9318: 9315: 9312: 9309: 9306: 9302: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9287: 9283: 9276: 9271: 9262: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9203: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9192:Gothic styles 9189: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9167: 9163: 9160:(MACBA), the 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9116: 9104: 9095: 9086: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9063:Marià Fortuny 9060: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9047:Pablo Picasso 9044: 9043:Antoni Tàpies 9040: 9036: 9035:Salvador Dalí 9027: 9023: 9013: 9004: 8994: 8979: 8976: 8972: 8967: 8964: 8958: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8931: 8929: 8923: 8915: 8914: 8900: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8868: 8864: 8859: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8843: 8841: 8836: 8834: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8796: 8793: 8789: 8784: 8782: 8778: 8758: 8746: 8742: 8733: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8713: 8709: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8700: 8696: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8687: 8683: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8674: 8670: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8661: 8657: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8648: 8644: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8635: 8631: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8622: 8618: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8574: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8557: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8528: 8518: 8516: 8508: 8500: 8496: 8489: 8482: 8478: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8437: 8427: 8417: 8407: 8397: 8387: 8386:Protestantism 8377: 8369: 8362: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8333: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8323: 8320: 8317: 8316: 8313: 8310: 8307: 8306: 8303: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8293: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8283: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8268:OTHER EUROPE 8267: 8266: 8263: 8260: 8257: 8256: 8253: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8207: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8175: 8174: 8159: 8158: 8143: 8142: 8127: 8126: 8111: 8110: 8095: 8094: 8079: 8078: 8063: 8062: 8047: 8046: 8031: 8030: 8015: 8014: 7999: 7998: 7983: 7982: 7967: 7966: 7951: 7950: 7935: 7934: 7919: 7918: 7903: 7902: 7887: 7886: 7871: 7870: 7855: 7854: 7839: 7838: 7823: 7822: 7807: 7806: 7791: 7790: 7775: 7774: 7759: 7758: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7743: 7718: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7695:Latin America 7692: 7687: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7663: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7633: 7628: 7617: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7597: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7575: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7564: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7553: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7542: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7509: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7498: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7463: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7366:Castelldefels 7364: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7000: 6995: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6967: 6955: 6943: 6939: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6905: 6901: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6862: 6852: 6849: 6837: 6825: 6814: 6809: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6777: 6772: 6771: 6768: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6752: 6747: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6727: 6726: 6722: 6719: 6715: 6710: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6693: 6688: 6687: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6656: 6651: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6634: 6633: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6610: 6598: 6592: 6587: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6563:French border 6559: 6553: 6541: 6535: 6523: 6516: 6511: 6507: 6502: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6474: 6470: 6450: 6446: 6438: 6437: 6431: 6422: 6417: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6349: 6341: 6337: 6318: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6228: 6220: 6218: 6201: 6199: 6190: 6188: 6179: 6175: 6174:Banc Sabadell 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6158:savings banks 6152: 6147: 6143: 6133: 6129: 6128:Costa Daurada 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6067: 6062: 6056: 6055:Castellbisbal 6051: 6047: 6037: 6033: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6018: 6017:Fitch Ratings 6010: 6002: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5975: 5967: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5940: 5932: 5927: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5903: 5898: 5895: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5873: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5852: 5849: 5842: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5821: 5818: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5796: 5791: 5788: 5781: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5707: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5687: 5682: 5679: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5623: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5416: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5369: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5290: 5280: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5223: 5222:Pere Aragonès 5219: 5215: 5212:(2010–2016), 5211: 5208:(2006–2010), 5207: 5206:José Montilla 5204:(2003–2006), 5203: 5200:(1980–2003), 5199: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5144: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5126:Pere Aragonès 5123: 5119: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5066: 5060: 5049: 5046:, located in 5045: 5039: 5029: 5019: 5016: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4949: 4947: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4909: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4879: 4875: 4865: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4845:2010 election 4842: 4838: 4833: 4830: 4819: 4814: 4808: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4780: 4777:under regent 4776: 4772: 4766: 4756: 4748: 4742: 4734: 4705: 4692: 4689: 4677: 4676: 4675:La Vanguardia 4670: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4607: 4602: 4600: 4595: 4593: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4505: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4465: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4371: 4370: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4310: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4235: 4230: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4202: 4196: 4191: 4190: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4164:Salvador Illa 4161: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4145: 4140: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4126:Salvador Illa 4124: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4110: 4105: 4104: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4090:Constitutions 4088: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4058: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3962:Natural Parks 3959: 3955: 3954:National Park 3950: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3905: 3894: 3892: 3891:Mediterranean 3887: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3838:Gulf of Roses 3835: 3831: 3826: 3824: 3823:lake of Ivars 3820: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3781:Mediterranean 3778: 3774: 3767:, Costa Brava 3766: 3762: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3665: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3602: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3579: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3533: 3525: 3522: 3514: 3511: 3503: 3500: 3492: 3482: 3479: 3471: 3468: 3460: 3457: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3353: 3349: 3338: 3330: 3327: 3319: 3311: 3303: 3300: 3292: 3289: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3235:In 2018, the 3233: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3053: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2973:republicanism 2970: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2921: 2917: 2907: 2898: 2888: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2871:Popular Front 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2849:, led by the 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2725:company towns 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2674:liberal state 2671: 2667: 2666:Ferdinand VII 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2594: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2495: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2428: 2419: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2018: 2016: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1932:Tarraconensis 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1893:Carthaginians 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1877:Gulf of Roses 1874: 1870: 1867:) or Indika ( 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1837:Mediterranean 1834: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1806: 1804: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1776: 1768: 1763: 1757: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1674: 1668: 1658: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1602: 1563: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1526: 1524: 1514: 1509: 1507: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473:Iberian tribe 1470: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1371: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1316:Cathalanenses 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1174:, mostly the 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1158:(1635–1659), 1157: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1137:constitutions 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1119:known as the 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046:northern area 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 991: 986: 979: 973: 969: 968: 963: 958: 954: 953: 948: 941: 935: 931: 930: 925: 919: 877: 868: 864: 858: 854: 851: 847: 844: 840: 837: 834: 830: 826: 822: 819: 815: 812: 807: 803: 800: 797: 795: 794:ISO 3166 code 791: 783: 779: 776: 772: 769: 765: 762: 758: 757: 754: 750: 746: 742: 739: 735: 729: 725: 721: 718: 716: 712: 708: 700: 696: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 666: 663: 659: 656: 652: 648: 641: 637: 635: 632: 629: 625: 622: 620: 617: 616: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 592: 588: 584: 578: 574: 570: 564: 561: 559: 555: 552: 549: 545: 541: 537: 532: 529:6.3% of Spain 528: 524: 521: 518: 514: 510: 506: 501: 497: 493: 491: 487: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 463: 460: 457: 453: 449: 445: 444:Salvador Illa 442: 438: 435: 432: 428: 425: 421: 418: 414: 409: 406: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 382: 378: 374: 371: 368: 360: 356: 352: 351:Third Statute 346: 340: 339:First Statute 336: 332: 328: 322: 318: 311: 304: 298: 294: 290: 287: 276: 272: 267: 239:Coordinates: 237: 225: 215: 208: 187: 180: 179: 172: 165: 160: 153: 148: 140: 136: 131: 125: 118: 117: 109: 102: 101: 93: 86: 85: 75: 69: 65: 61: 57: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 20575: 20425:Pla d'Urgell 20340:Baix Penedès 20330:Baix Empordà 20035: 19828: 19824: 19717:Reagrupament 19681:Poble Lliure 19647:Sobiranistes 19625:Estat Català 19562:Anna Gabriel 19443:(8 Sep 2017) 19435:(6 Sep 2017) 19419:(9 Nov 2015) 19381: 18837: 18746: 18641:National Day 18631:Coat of arms 18608:Tió de Nadal 18588: 18524:Architecture 18496:Prostitution 18471:Demographics 18432:Trade unions 18363:Police force 18269:Subdivisions 18167:Commonwealth 18159: 18155:Nueva Planta 18131:Reapers' War 18063: 18007: 17984: 17973:21 September 17971:. 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Info7. 17470:1 January 17460:Diari Ara 17439:1 January 16919:6 October 16887:16 August 16861:16 August 16835:16 August 16445:6 January 16047:151628467 16000:1134-6582 15853:Trainline 15385:Telegraph 15278:3 January 15246:14 August 15217:13 August 15185:13 August 15175:Expansión 14583:6 January 14553:6 January 14543:Telegraph 14520:6 January 14494:6 January 13688:0025-1461 13680:1864-1547 13347:21 August 13317:7 October 13247:El Diario 13101:0261-3077 13045:5 October 13013:4 October 12980:5 October 12647:1695-2014 12144:3 October 12113:cite book 11665:0373-1928 11375:5 January 11306:13 August 11276:9 October 10821:calçotada 10787:olive oil 10651:Barcelona 10539:waterpolo 10512:Barcelona 10195:Telecinco 10122:indie pop 10114:Sangtraït 9925:havaneres 9763:Christmas 9710:in 2010. 9683:Tarragona 9604:Le Palace 9550:Josep Pla 9525:J.V. Foix 9422:century. 9372:Casa Milà 9326:Works of 9219:Modernism 9123:. Right: 9121:Barcelona 9039:Joan Miró 9024:. 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7803:59,380 7784:Morocco 7768:Romania 7747:(2018) 7734:country 7722:Foreign 7443:65,385 7427:106,168 7409:67,197 7393:120,443 7375:67,460 7359:129,661 7355:Maresme 7341:67,733 7325:136,496 7307:78,246 7298:Manresa 7291:140,403 7273:78,591 7257:216,590 7239:84,500 7223:223,166 7205:89,936 7189:223,627 7171:92,977 7155:269,382 7112:Gironès 7053:Comarca 7036:Comarca 6980:with a 6960:January 6948:January 6893:Portbou 6815:(e.g., 6767:Tordera 6721:Cervera 6662:Amposta 6644:Lleida- 6473:Palamós 6009:Moody's 5990:Navarre 5958:Tourism 5956:beach. 5920:Economy 5894:Tortosa 5832:Manresa 5739:alcalde 5661:Moianès 5612:Tortosa 5598:Penedès 5572:Manresa 5397:regions 5349:Navarre 4961:Galicia 4951:In the 4894:Catalan 4874:seats. 4862:In the 4558:Terçons 4486:2009–11 4177:Cabinet 4024:Albères 3904:tourist 3815:ice age 3677:to the 3675:endemic 3653:Penedès 3629:Empordà 3270:Climate 3215:Belgium 3052:present 2942:CNT-FAI 2936:of the 2867:fascism 2609:by the 2565:Bourbon 2503:viceroy 2451:Castile 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14641:2010 14615:2022 14585:2011 14555:2011 14522:2011 14496:2011 14470:2010 14440:2010 14409:link 14395:2010 14353:2010 14327:2015 14297:2012 14284:Time 14264:2013 14231:2014 14205:2010 14175:2019 14145:2016 14119:2016 14087:2013 14061:link 14047:2021 14016:2014 13965:2014 13936:2018 13904:2010 13878:2012 13846:2013 13816:2010 13790:2010 13764:2010 13684:ISSN 13676:ISSN 13647:2017 13617:2017 13572:2024 13546:2024 13520:2024 13491:2022 13465:2022 13434:2019 13404:2019 13349:2018 13319:2018 13289:2017 13259:2017 13228:2017 13202:2017 13176:2018 13143:2017 13113:2018 13097:ISSN 13074:2017 13047:2017 13015:2017 12982:2017 12950:2016 12924:link 12910:2016 12883:2024 12740:2020 12722:ISBN 12643:ISSN 12622:ISBN 12604:2019 12586:ISBN 12559:ISBN 12557:ff. 12530:2022 12512:ISBN 12485:ISBN 12461:2019 12434:2022 12401:2022 12368:2022 12329:ISBN 12304:ISBN 12279:ISBN 12254:ISBN 12192:ISBN 12171:ISBN 12146:2012 12119:link 12101:OCLC 12091:ISBN 12066:ISBN 12043:2020 12025:ISBN 11977:2013 11951:2019 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