910:," which means that the catalyst is dispersed on a second material that enhances the effectiveness or minimizes its cost. Supports prevent or minimize agglomeration and sintering of small catalyst particles, exposing more surface area, thus catalysts have a higher specific activity (per gram) on support. Sometimes the support is merely a surface on which the catalyst is spread to increase the surface area. More often, the support and the catalyst interact, affecting the catalytic reaction. Supports can also be used in nanoparticle synthesis by providing sites for individual molecules of catalyst to chemically bind. Supports are porous materials with a high surface area, most commonly
1347:
1207:
68:
1914:
4454:
510:
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760:
1926:
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60:
772:
1219:
1171:-bound enzymes are heterogeneous. Several factors affect the activity of enzymes (and other catalysts) including temperature, pH, the concentration of enzymes, substrate, and products. A particularly important reagent in enzymatic reactions is water, which is the product of many bond-forming reactions and a reactant in many bond-breaking processes.
860:, which are the atoms or crystal faces where the substrate actually binds. Active sites are atoms but are often described as a facet (edge, surface, step, etc.) of a solid. Most of the volume but also most of the surface of a heterogeneous catalyst may be catalytically inactive. Finding out the nature of the active site is technically challenging.
182:). Catalysts are not consumed by the reaction and remain unchanged after it. If the reaction is rapid and the catalyst recycles quickly, very small amounts of catalyst often suffice; mixing, surface area, and temperature are important factors in reaction rate. Catalysts generally react with one or more reactants to form
1681:
Inhibitors are sometimes referred to as "negative catalysts" since they decrease the reaction rate. However the term inhibitor is preferred since they do not work by introducing a reaction path with higher activation energy; this would not lower the rate since the reaction would continue to occur by
562:
is produced, and if there is no energy barrier, there is no need for a catalyst. Then, removing the catalyst would also result in a reaction, producing energy; i.e. the addition and its reverse process, removal, would both produce energy. Thus, a catalyst that could change the equilibrium would be a
1239:
Estimates are that 90% of all commercially produced chemical products involve catalysts at some stage in the process of their manufacture. In 2005, catalytic processes generated about $ 900 billion in products worldwide. Catalysis is so pervasive that subareas are not readily classified. Some areas
662:
a product of the overall reaction, in contrast to all other types of catalysis considered in this article. The simplest example of autocatalysis is a reaction of type A + B â 2 B, in one or in several steps. The overall reaction is just A â B, so that B is a product. But since B is also a reactant,
189:
The rate increase occurs because the catalyst allows the reaction to occur by an alternative mechanism which may be much faster than the non-catalyzed mechanism. However the non-catalyzed mechanism does remain possible, so that the total rate (catalyzed plus non-catalyzed) can only increase in the
685:
refers to a type of catalysis where the catalyst can be toggled between different ground states possessing distinct reactivity, typically by applying an external stimulus. This ability to reversibly switch the catalyst allows for spatiotemporal control over catalytic activity and selectivity. The
302:
Another example is the effect of catalysts on air pollution and reducing the amount of carbon monoxide. Development of active and selective catalysts for the conversion of carbon monoxide into desirable products is one of the most important roles of catalysts. Using catalysts for hydrogenation of
557:
describes why a catalyst does not change the chemical equilibrium of a reaction. Suppose there was such a catalyst that shifted an equilibrium. Introducing the catalyst to the system would result in a reaction to move to the new equilibrium, producing energy. Production of energy is a necessary
894:
in nitrogen is broken, which would be extremely uncommon in the gas phase due to its high activation energy. Thus, the activation energy of the overall reaction is lowered, and the rate of reaction increases. Another place where a heterogeneous catalyst is applied is in the oxidation of sulfur
513:
Generic potential energy diagram showing the effect of a catalyst in a hypothetical exothermic chemical reaction X + Y to give Z. The presence of the catalyst opens a different reaction pathway (shown in red) with lower activation energy. The final result and the overall thermodynamics are the
693:. The true catalyst is consumed in the elementary reaction and turned into a deactivated form. The sacrificial catalyst regenerates the true catalyst for another cycle. The sacrificial catalyst is consumed in the reaction, and as such, it is not really a catalyst, but a reagent. For example,
1745:
of unsaturates are smaller. Thus, a poison that covers the surface randomly will tend to lower the number of uncontaminated large planes but leave proportionally smaller sites free, thus changing the hydrogenation vs. hydrogenolysis selectivity. Many other mechanisms are also possible.
1653:
started a systematic investigation into reactions that were catalyzed by the presence of acids and bases, and found that chemical reactions occur at finite rates and that these rates can be used to determine the strengths of acids and bases. For this work, Ostwald was awarded the 1909
663:
it may be present in the rate equation and affect the reaction rate. As the reaction proceeds, the concentration of B increases and can accelerate the reaction as a catalyst. In effect, the reaction accelerates itself or is autocatalyzed. An example is the hydrolysis of an
2715:
1736:
The inhibitor can produce this effect by, e.g., selectively poisoning only certain types of active sites. Another mechanism is the modification of surface geometry. For instance, in hydrogenation operations, large planes of metal surface function as sites of
1220:
2436:
Matthiesen J, Wendt S, Hansen JĂ, Madsen GK, Lira E, Galliker P, Vestergaard EK, Schaub R, Laegsgaard E, Hammer B, Besenbacher F (2009). "Observation of All the
Intermediate Steps of a Chemical Reaction on an Oxide Surface by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy".
1222:
526:. Hence, catalysts can enable reactions that would otherwise be blocked or slowed by a kinetic barrier. The catalyst may increase the reaction rate or selectivity, or enable the reaction at lower temperatures. This effect can be illustrated with an
1077:) than transition metal(-ion)-based catalysts, but these catalysts are usually commercially available in bulk, helping to lower costs. In the early 2000s, these organocatalysts were considered "new generation" and are competitive to traditional
2587:
Shafiq, Iqrash; Shafique, Sumeer; Akhter, Parveen; Yang, Wenshu; Hussain, Murid (June 23, 2020). "Recent developments in alumina supported hydrodesulfurization catalysts for the production of sulfur-free refinery products: A technical review".
1193:
whose binding target is a stable molecule that resembles the transition state of a chemical reaction can function as weak catalysts for that chemical reaction by lowering its activation energy. Such catalytic antibodies are sometimes called
571:
alter the equilibrium constant. (A catalyst can however change the equilibrium concentrations by reacting in a subsequent step. It is then consumed as the reaction proceeds, and thus it is also a reactant. Illustrative is the base-catalyzed
278:
This reaction proceeds because the reaction products are more stable than the starting compound, but this decomposition is so slow that hydrogen peroxide solutions are commercially available. In the presence of a catalyst such as
1223:
1065:
Whereas transition metals sometimes attract most of the attention in the study of catalysis, small organic molecules without metals can also exhibit catalytic properties, as is apparent from the fact that many
1006:
Homogeneous catalysts function in the same phase as the reactants. Typically homogeneous catalysts are dissolved in a solvent with the substrates. One example of homogeneous catalysis involves the influence of
1498:
3238:"Some new experiments and observations on the combustion of gaseous mixtures, with an account of a method of preserving a continued light in mixtures of inflammable gases and air without flame"
1593:
and described in a 1794 book, based on her novel work in oxidationâreduction reactions. The first chemical reaction in organic chemistry that knowingly used a catalyst was studied in 1811 by
1534:
Catalysis affects the environment by increasing the efficiency of industrial processes, but catalysis also plays a direct role in the environment. A notable example is the catalytic role of
1466:
are prepared via catalysis; methods include those of heavy industry as well as more specialized processes that would be prohibitively expensive on a large scale. Examples include the
853:). The total surface area of a solid has an important effect on the reaction rate. The smaller the catalyst particle size, the larger the surface area for a given mass of particles.
1104:
and interaction, respectively. The Nobel Prize in
Chemistry 2021 was awarded jointly to Benjamin List and David W.C. MacMillan "for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis."
1221:
1662:
performed some of the earliest industrial scale reactions, including the discovery and commercialization of oligomerization and the development of catalysts for hydrogenation.
595:
change the energy difference between starting materials and products (thermodynamic barrier), or the available energy (this is provided by the environment as heat or light).
1167:
Biocatalysts can be thought of as an intermediate between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, although strictly speaking soluble enzymes are homogeneous catalysts and
3517:
890:
onto active sites on the iron particles. Once physically adsorbed, the reagents partially or wholly dissociate and form new bonds. In this way the particularly strong
2103:
Inhibitors do not work by introducing a higher reaction path; this would not reduce the rate, since the reaction would continue to occur by the alternative mechanism
2741:
Chadha, Utkarsh; Selvaraj, Senthil
Kumaran; Ashokan, Hridya; Hariharan, Sai P.; Mathew Paul, V.; Venkatarangan, Vishal; Paramasivam, Velmurugan (February 8, 2022).
2372:
The catalyst lowers the activation energy of the reaction by providing an alternative path that avoids the slow, rate-determining step of the uncatalyzed reaction
3097:. Stockholm, Sweden: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. After reviewing Eilhard Mitscherlich's research on the formation of ether, Berzelius coins the word
2909:
287:
of oxygen. The catalyst is not consumed in the reaction, and may be recovered unchanged and re-used indefinitely. Accordingly, manganese dioxide is said to
1609:, who predated Berzelius, did work with water as opposed to metals in her reduction experiments. Other 18th century chemists who worked in catalysis were
212:
of all kinds. Estimates are that 90% of all commercially produced chemical products involve catalysts at some stage in the process of their manufacture.
2981:
2743:"Complex Nanomaterials in Catalysis for Chemically Significant Applications: From Synthesis and Hydrocarbon Processing to Renewable Energy Applications"
745:
and other biocatalysts are often considered as a third category. Similar mechanistic principles apply to heterogeneous, homogeneous, and biocatalysis.
1943:
1749:
Promoters can cover up the surface to prevent the production of a mat of coke, or even actively remove such material (e.g., rhenium on platinum in
1081:(-ion)-containing catalysts. Organocatalysts are supposed to operate akin to metal-free enzymes utilizing, e.g., non-covalent interactions such as
3549:
2268:"Density Functional Theory Study of the Hydrogenation of Carbon Monoxide over the Co (001) Surface: Implications for the FischerâTropsch Process"
686:
external stimuli used to switch the catalyst can include changes in temperature, pH, light, electric fields, or the addition of chemical agents.
3480:
1350:
Typical vanadium pentoxide catalyst used in sulfuric acid production for an intermediate reaction to convert sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide.
587:
The catalyst stabilizes the transition state more than it stabilizes the starting material. It decreases the kinetic barrier by decreasing the
883:. But detailed studies and many optimizations have led to catalysts that are mixtures of iron-potassium-calcium-aluminum-oxide. The reacting
4528:
2056:
A catalyst is defined as a chemical substance which increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being consumed in the reaction.
1070:
lack transition metals. Typically, organic catalysts require a higher loading (amount of catalyst per unit amount of reactant, expressed in
3650:
1682:
the non-catalyzed path. Instead, they act either by deactivating catalysts or by removing reaction intermediates such as free radicals. In
3655:
2244:
3471:
621:
loses one triphenylphosphine ligand before entering the true catalytic cycle. Precatalysts are easier to store but are easily activated
4987:
1043:. Many homogeneous catalysts are however not organometallic, illustrated by the use of cobalt salts that catalyze the oxidation of
3073:
1678:
if irreversible. Promoters are substances that increase the catalytic activity, even though they are not catalysts by themselves.
3633:
1156:. Most biocatalysts are enzymes, but other non-protein-based classes of biomolecules also exhibit catalytic properties including
3677:
3314:"Dehydration, Dienes, High Octane, and High Pressures: Contributions from Vladimir Nikolaevich Ipatieff, a Father of Catalysis"
3215:"Neu entdeckte merkwĂŒrdige Eigenschaften des Platinsuboxyds, des oxydirten Schwefel-Platins und des metallischen Platinstaubes"
2166:
3217:[Newly discovered remarkable properties of platinum suboxide, oxidized platinum sulfide and metallic platinum dust].
2810:
2228:
1999:
3514:
3689:
3628:
3023:
Dub, Pavel A.; Gordon, John C. (2018). "The role of the metal-bound NâH functionality in Noyori-type molecular catalysts".
2962:
4740:
4617:
3542:
5258:
5145:
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842:
355:
In general, chemical reactions occur faster in the presence of a catalyst because the catalyst provides an alternative
17:
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2024:
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3118:
likasom vi med ordet analys beteckna Ätskiljandet af kroppars bestÄndsdelar medelst den vanliga kemiska frÀndskapen.
5298:
2643:
1891:
5308:
4494:
1896:
1491:
2117:"Catalytic Surgical Smoke Filtration Unit Reduces Formaldehyde Levels in a Simulated Operating Room Environment"
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2421:
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1845:
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458:
221:
3214:
3191:
1618:
584:
immediately reacts with the base catalyst and thus the reaction equilibrium is shifted towards hydrolysis.)
4980:
4514:
1605:
in 1835 to describe reactions that are accelerated by substances that remain unchanged after the reaction.
1447:
554:
5283:
5150:
4093:
3580:
2073:
1471:
2661:
Knözinger, Helmut and
Kochloefl, Karl (2002) "Heterogeneous Catalysis and Solid Catalysts" in Ullmann's
2069:
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5323:
5293:
5278:
5246:
4919:
4609:
4470:
4019:
3990:
3970:
3923:
1904:
1820:
1589:, meaning "to annul," or "to untie," or "to pick up". The concept of catalysis was invented by chemist
1582:
The term "catalyst", broadly defined as anything that increases the rate of a process, is derived from
706:
690:
527:
3477:
2548:"Azobenzene-Integrated NHC Ligands: A Versatile Platform for Visible-Light-Switchable Metal Catalysis"
5338:
5085:
4646:
4546:
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1303:
1127:
846:
284:
31:
622:
5353:
5251:
4876:
4363:
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3918:
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1865:
1655:
1311:
1179:
1094:
1040:
850:
564:
466:
197:, whose components are dispersed in the same phase (usually gaseous or liquid) as the reactant, or
3510:
Center for
Enabling New Technologies Through Catalysis, An NSF Center for Chemical Innovation, USA
3059:
1729:). Without the deactivation of the catalyst, the alkene produced would be further hydrogenated to
1401:
The production of ammonia is one of the largest-scale and most energy-intensive processes. In the
323:, which is quantified in moles per second. The productivity of a catalyst can be described by the
5358:
5303:
5288:
5241:
5221:
5180:
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5135:
5115:
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3732:
2248:
1870:
1428:
1090:
754:
738:
610:
434:
198:
1697:
The inhibitor may modify selectivity in addition to rate. For instance, in the hydrogenation of
1626:
1602:
679:. In the absence of added acid catalysts, the carboxylic acid product catalyzes the hydrolysis.
518:
Catalysts enable pathways that differ from the uncatalyzed reactions. These pathways have lower
186:
that subsequently give the final reaction product, in the process of regenerating the catalyst.
5447:
5348:
4679:
4219:
4207:
4098:
3963:
3737:
3603:
2448:
1830:
1630:
1497:
702:
549:
of a reaction. The ratio of the forward and the reverse reaction rates is unaffected (see also
3152:
3102:
2252:
5313:
5209:
5130:
4909:
4841:
4699:
4689:
4368:
4265:
4250:
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3935:
3885:
3794:
3719:
3618:
3237:
3000:
Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the
Transformation of World Food Production
2403:
The catalyst concentration appears in the rate expression, but not in the equilibrium ratio.
1860:
1768:
1475:
1190:
1098:
1001:
838:
730:
194:
183:
2924:"Tunable catalytic tubular micro-pumps operating at low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide"
2822:
5191:
5175:
5160:
4996:
4904:
4632:
4358:
4313:
4088:
3908:
3838:
3595:
3575:
3164:
2938:
2219:
Women in
Chemistry: Their Changing Roles from Alchemical Times to the Mid-Twentieth Century
1840:
1610:
1479:
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is one whose components are dispersed in the same phase (usually gaseous or liquid) as the
546:
8:
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1783:
1750:
1436:
1276:
1168:
1101:
1074:
676:
534:
3396:
Lindlar H.; Dubuis R. (2016). "Palladium
Catalyst for Partial Reduction of Acetylenes".
3168:
3127:: I shall, therefore, to employ a well-known derivation in chemistry, call bodies the
2942:
964:
that comprise the fuel cell. One common type of fuel cell electrocatalyst is based upon
363:
than the non-catalyzed mechanism. In catalyzed mechanisms, the catalyst is regenerated.
5468:
5333:
5204:
5015:
4939:
4709:
4538:
4458:
4424:
4286:
4255:
4136:
4078:
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3759:
3754:
3709:
3672:
3662:
3623:
3294:
3257:
3192:"GlĂŒhendes Verbrennen des Alkohols durch verschiedene erhitzte Metalle und Metalloxyde"
3040:
2871:
2613:
2217:
2174:
New beer in an old bottle : Eduard
Buchner and the growth of biochemical knowledge
2144:
1675:
1671:
1650:
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1553:
1256:
1206:
356:
5057:
1354:
Some of the largest-scale chemicals are produced via catalytic oxidation, often using
67:
5407:
5095:
4934:
4929:
4891:
4836:
4755:
4735:
4671:
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3848:
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3640:
3452:
3432:
3398:
3379:
3352:
3277:
3194:[Incandescent burning of alcohol by various heated metals and metal oxides].
3110:
Jag skall derföre, för att begagna en i kemien vÀlkÀnd hÀrledning, kalla den kroppars
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2045:
2020:
1995:
1763:
1659:
1606:
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1379:
1315:
1260:
1228:
1118:
Photocatalysis is the phenomenon where the catalyst can receive light to generate an
1048:
989:
960:
engineering, various metal-containing catalysts are used to enhance the rates of the
931:
896:
819:
559:
519:
360:
280:
248:
231:
209:
140:
5125:
3298:
3261:
2781:
Behr, Arno (2002) "Organometallic
Compounds and Homogeneous Catalysis" in Ullmann's
2116:
1953:
1085:. The discipline organocatalysis is divided into the application of covalent (e.g.,
335:. For more information on the efficiency of enzymatic catalysis, see the article on
5273:
5268:
5080:
5020:
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4815:
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2754:
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1987:
1957:
1948:
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927:
919:
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808:
796:
694:
648:
626:
523:
446:
150:
97:
2922:
Solovev, Alexander A.; Sanchez, Samuel; Mei, Yongfeng; Schmidt, Oliver G. (2011).
2691:
2601:
2266:
Torkashvand, Mostafa; Sarabadani Tafreshi, Saeedeh; de Leeuw, Nora H. (May 2023).
701:) is a good reagent for dihydroxylation, but it is highly toxic and expensive. In
5140:
5067:
4944:
4856:
4805:
4340:
4296:
4291:
4185:
4161:
3995:
3958:
3811:
3801:
3684:
3521:
3484:
3346:
2985:
1855:
1825:
1646:
1486:, can be synthesized efficiently from hydroxyacetone by using catalysts based on
1413:
1375:
1371:
1264:
1060:
1032:
947:
923:
831:
827:
672:
581:
350:
324:
312:
303:
carbon monoxide helps to remove this toxic gas and also attain useful materials.
247:
An illustrative example is the effect of catalysts to speed the decomposition of
76:
2923:
2858:
2841:
230:, meaning "loosen" or "untie". The concept of catalysis was invented by chemist
5376:
5030:
4651:
4640:
4224:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4147:
4143:
4126:
4083:
4014:
3875:
3870:
3855:
3667:
3585:
1930:
1875:
1795:
1738:
1583:
1463:
1367:
1275:). Even the exhaust from the burning of fossil fuels is treated via catalysis:
1123:
1113:
1036:
1016:
1012:
935:
823:
780:
550:
421:
The NO catalyst is regenerated. The overall rate is the rate of the slow step
216:
80:
3499:
3290:
3139:
the separation of the constituents of bodies by the usual chemical affinities.
3036:
1753:). They can aid the dispersion of the catalytic material or bind to reagents.
1597:, who discovered the acid-catalyzed conversion of starch to glucose. The term
522:. Consequently, more molecular collisions have the energy needed to reach the
5462:
5010:
4899:
4871:
4779:
4730:
4704:
4429:
4318:
4274:
3999:
3833:
3828:
3821:
3699:
3407:
3330:
3313:
3176:
2790:
2768:
2670:
2609:
2470:
2293:
2167:""Elizabeth Fulhame and the discovery of catalysis: 100 years before Buchner"
2140:
2132:
1952:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
1801:
1742:
1683:
1511:
1478:, many pharmaceuticals are produced by enantioselective catalysis (catalytic
1467:
1443:
1402:
1395:
1363:
1326:
and related biofuels require processing via both inorganic and biocatalysts.
1307:
1272:
1161:
1119:
965:
961:
900:
864:
655:
283:
this reaction proceeds much more rapidly. This effect is readily seen by the
136:
4506:
3495:
Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
1991:
1961:
1641:
sponge, which became a commercial success in the 1820s that lives on today.
5214:
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1886:
1642:
1538:
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1383:
1175:
815:
379:
84:
2284:
2267:
1302:
With regard to synthetic fuels, an old but still important process is the
625:. Because of this preactivation step, many catalytic reactions involve an
5442:
5427:
5165:
5090:
4810:
4745:
3704:
2564:
2547:
1546:
1359:
1268:
1039:. For inorganic chemists, homogeneous catalysis is often synonymous with
1020:
891:
775:
Zeolites are extruded as pellets for easy handling in catalytic reactors.
605:
494:
332:
331:(TOF), which is the TON per time unit. The biochemical equivalent is the
42:
4965:
3527:
1979:
1287:, break down some of the more harmful byproducts of automobile exhaust.
1126:
is usually produced by photocatalysis. Photocatalysts are components of
337:
5386:
5120:
5100:
4330:
2950:
1432:
1252:
1227:
A Ti-Cr-Pt tube (~40 ÎŒm long) releases oxygen bubbles when immersed in
1211:
1183:
1153:
1149:
887:
573:
498:
462:
72:
51:
2462:
2387:
Steinfeld, Jeffrey I.; Francisco, Joseph S.; Hase, William L. (1999).
2265:
2040:
Steinfeld, Jeffrey I.; Francisco, Joseph S.; Hase, William L. (1999).
5432:
5422:
5381:
5037:
3694:
3559:
1706:
1549:
1523:
1424:
1387:
1329:
1323:
1248:
1232:
1178:, enzymes are employed to prepare many commodity chemicals including
985:
977:
957:
784:
509:
470:
3275:
Roberts, M.W. (2000). "Birth of the catalytic concept (1800â1900)".
759:
5110:
4414:
3489:
2505:
VlatkoviÄ, Matea; Collins, Beatrice S. L.; Feringa, Ben L. (2016).
2439:
1925:
1880:
1638:
1634:
1535:
1526:. Many other foodstuffs are prepared via biocatalysis (see below).
1515:
1420:
1409:
1405:
1280:
1157:
1044:
1024:
1008:
969:
915:
876:
872:
734:
651:
two or more different catalysts are coupled in a one-pot reaction.
442:
296:
38:
609:. Precatalysts convert to catalysts in the reaction. For example,
291:
this reaction. In living organisms, this reaction is catalyzed by
5417:
4434:
3447:
Bender, Myron L; Komiyama, Makoto and Bergeron, Raymond J (1984)
2215:
Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey William (2001).
1806:
1773:
1691:
1391:
1319:
1284:
1195:
1086:
1027:. High-volume processes requiring a homogeneous catalyst include
911:
868:
804:
800:
764:
668:
591:
in energy between starting material and the transition state. It
567:, a contradiction to the laws of thermodynamics. Thus, catalysts
366:
As a simple example occurring in the gas phase, the reaction 2 SO
205:
and other biocatalysts are often considered as a third category.
741:
is one where the reaction components are not in the same phase.
3504:
1790:
1778:
1730:
1702:
1698:
1687:
1519:
1355:
1145:
1067:
981:
973:
792:
742:
438:
292:
252:
202:
3505:
Carbons & Catalysts Group, University of Concepcion, Chile
2740:
1332:
rely on catalysts for both the anodic and cathodic reactions.
771:
636:, chemical species that improve catalytic activity are called
234:, based on her novel work in oxidation-reduction experiments.
165:
5402:
4764:
2115:
Carroll, Gregory T.; Kirschman, David L. (January 23, 2023).
1542:
1487:
1078:
1071:
811:
788:
664:
577:
320:
219:
1809:(Berlin Graduate School of Natural Sciences and Engineering)
59:
4409:
2435:
2210:
2208:
1645:
discovered the use of platinum in catalysis. In the 1880s,
1338:
generate flameless heat from a supply of combustible fuel.
903:. Many heterogeneous catalysts are in fact nanomaterials.
880:
118:
103:
3509:
2214:
1482:). (R)-1,2-Propandiol, the precursor to the antibacterial
75:
that uses a low-temperature oxidation catalyst to convert
5437:
4584:
4419:
3242:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
2912:. Documentroot.com (2010-03-06). Retrieved on 2015-11-11.
1510:
One of the most obvious applications of catalysis is the
884:
168:
159:
124:
112:
2921:
2586:
2205:
1446:
processes require metal catalysts, examples include the
1259:(breaking long-chain hydrocarbons into smaller pieces),
841:
are known, depending on how the adsorption takes place (
2504:
2176:. Valencia: Universitat de Valencia. pp. 123â126.
1408:
is combined with hydrogen over an iron oxide catalyst.
2386:
2039:
1097:) organocatalysts referring to the preferred catalyst-
2164:
1902:
1665:
171:
156:
127:
121:
100:
27:
Process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction
3490:
Alumite Catalyst, Kameyama-Sakurai Laboratory, Japan
2638:(2nd ed.). Pearson Prentice-Hall. p. 805.
1670:
An added substance that lowers the rate is called a
980:
in a fuel cell, this platinum increases the rate of
174:
162:
115:
109:
3395:
2991:
2507:"Dynamic Responsive Systems for Catalytic Function"
1986:. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. 2009.
1416:or carbon dioxide but using copper-zinc catalysts.
153:
106:
2634:Housecroft, Catherine E.; Sharpe, Alan G. (2005).
2545:
2216:
767:ZSM-5 is exploited in catalysts used in refineries
473:together. The intermediate reaction states are: HO
3478:W.A. Herrmann Technische UniversitÀt presentation
2842:"Introduction: Photochemical Catalytic Processes"
2391:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. pp. 147â150.
2165:Laidler, Keith J.; Cornish-Bowden, Athel (1997).
5460:
3344:
3150:
2633:
2114:
1690:inhibits the catalyst, which becomes covered by
1240:of particular concentration are surveyed below.
1214:, Right: burning cube sugar with ash as catalyst
344:
3449:The Bioorganic Chemistry of Enzymatic Catalysis
3376:Physical Chemistry with Biological Applications
3131:and the decomposition of bodies by this force
558:result since reactions are spontaneous only if
469:. The dissociated, surface-bound O and H atoms
30:"Catalyst" redirects here. For other uses, see
3524:, Science News magazine online, April 6, 2009.
2684:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2355:
1251:refining makes intensive use of catalysis for
1015:of carboxylic acids, such as the formation of
201:, whose components are not in the same phase.
63:A range of industrial catalysts in pellet form
4981:
4536:
4522:
3543:
3274:
3235:
3072:BÄrd Lindström and Lars J. Petterson (2003) "
2747:Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
2629:
2627:
2330:
2086:
1545:. These radicals are formed by the action of
190:presence of the catalyst and never decrease.
3370:
3368:
3312:Nicholas, Christopher P. (August 21, 2018).
2382:
2380:
2044:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 147.
799:. Important heterogeneous catalysts include
3095:Ă
rsberÀttelsen om framsteg i fysik och kemi
2331:Laidler, Keith J.; Meiser, John H. (1982).
2087:Laidler, Keith J.; Meiser, John H. (1982).
2070:"7 things you may not know about catalysis"
1133:
976:particles. When in contact with one of the
779:Heterogeneous catalysts act in a different
763:The microporous molecular structure of the
541:change the extent of a reaction: they have
327:(or TON) and the catalytic activity by the
295:(proteins that serve as catalysts) such as
4988:
4974:
4529:
4515:
3550:
3536:
3500:Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
3351:. India: S. Chand Publishing. p. 66.
3212:
3189:
2839:
2624:
2360:(8th ed.). W.H.Freeman. p. 839.
748:
689:A true catalyst can work in tandem with a
4995:
3557:
3365:
3329:
3022:
2857:
2758:
2563:
2546:Roelz M, Butschke B, Breit B (May 2024).
2522:
2452:
2377:
2283:
2160:
2158:
1231:(via catalytic decomposition), forming a
807:, higher-order oxides, graphitic carbon,
3311:
2552:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1984:IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
1974:
1972:
1345:
1217:
1205:
995:
770:
758:
508:
83:at room temperature. It can also remove
66:
58:
3389:
2356:Atkins, Peter; de Paula, Julio (2006).
2335:. Benjamin/Cummings. pp. 424â425.
2305:
2303:
1474:. Because most bioactive compounds are
906:Heterogeneous catalysts are typically "
14:
5461:
4555:Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution
3016:
2657:
2655:
2414:
2309:Laidler, K.J. and Meiser, J.H. (1982)
2155:
2067:
972:that are supported on slightly larger
725:Catalysis may be classified as either
713:, and only catalytic quantities of OsO
504:
193:Catalysis may be classified as either
4969:
4565:Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution
4510:
3531:
3429:Catalysis in Chemistry and Enzymology
3155:[On the formation of ether].
3057:
2910:Catalytic Antibodies Simply Explained
2890:Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry
2014:
1969:
1709:(Pd) catalyst partly "poisoned" with
382:. The reaction occurs in two steps:
237:
143:due to an added substance known as a
4465:
3515:"Bubbles turn on chemical catalysts"
3002:(1st ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT.
2997:
2968:from the original on March 28, 2019.
2892:3rd Ed. Worth Publishing: New York.
2783:Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2681:
2663:Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2493:Catalysis of Gas Reactions by Metals
2300:
1243:
603:Some so-called catalysts are really
215:The term "catalyst" is derived from
4618:Electrophilic aromatic substitution
4489:
3348:A Textbook of Engineering Chemistry
2979:1.4.3 Industrial Process Efficiency
2931:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
2823:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021"
2652:
2415:Jacoby, Mitch (February 16, 2009).
941:
787:. Most heterogeneous catalysts are
598:
24:
4585:Nucleophilic internal substitution
4575:Nucleophilic aromatic substitution
3474:Page for high school level science
3451:Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, U.S.
2888:Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M. (2000)
2172:. In Cornish-Bowden, Athel (ed.).
2091:. Benjamin/Cummings. p. 425.
1949:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
1814:Catalysis Science & Technology
1666:Inhibitors, poisons, and promoters
1505:
1496:
1322:from carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
1054:
863:For example, the catalyst for the
497:), after which the water molecule
461:showed that the molecules undergo
359:(reaction pathway) having a lower
25:
5485:
3465:
3378:, Benjamin/Cummings. pp. 415â17.
3135:, just as we signify by the word
1741:catalysis while sites catalyzing
1457:
1341:
1107:
720:
50:For the stage of metabolism, see
5056:
4488:
4476:
4464:
4453:
4452:
3114:sönderdelning genom denna kraft
2121:ACS Chemical Health & Safety
2019:. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
1924:
1912:
1892:Temperature-programmed reduction
1310:, which itself is processed via
984:reduction either to water or to
149:
96:
4741:LindemannâHinshelwood mechanism
3441:
3421:
3338:
3305:
3268:
3229:
3206:
3183:
3144:
3087:
3066:
3051:
2972:
2915:
2903:
2882:
2833:
2815:
2795:
2775:
2734:
2708:
2675:
2580:
2539:
2498:
2485:
2429:
2422:Chemical & Engineering News
2408:
2349:
2324:
2259:
2251:. March 2, 2005. Archived from
2017:Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis
1897:Thermal desorption spectroscopy
1492:Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation
1201:
1148:are protein-based catalysts in
922:. Specialized supports include
4790:Outer sphere electron transfer
4785:Inner sphere electron transfer
4595:Nucleophilic acyl substitution
2389:Chemical Kinetics and Dynamics
2237:
2108:
2080:
2061:
2042:Chemical Kinetics and Dynamics
2033:
2008:
1529:
1431:. Polyesters, polyamides, and
13:
1:
4955:Diffusion-controlled reaction
3817:Interface and colloid science
3571:Glossary of chemical formulae
3219:Journal fĂŒr Chemie und Physik
3196:Journal fĂŒr Chemie und Physik
3157:Annalen der Physik und Chemie
2692:10.1002/14356007.a02_143.pub2
2682:Appl, Max (2006). "Ammonia".
2602:10.1080/01614940.2020.1780824
2511:Chemistry: A European Journal
2313:, Benjamin/Cummings, p. 425.
2223:. American Chemical Society.
1937:
1846:Kelvin probe force microscope
1122:that effect redox reactions.
856:A heterogeneous catalyst has
459:Scanning tunneling microscopy
345:Catalytic reaction mechanisms
3074:A brief history of catalysis
1448:Monsanto acetic acid process
1210:Left: Partially caramelized
791:that act on substrates in a
727:homogeneous or heterogeneous
555:second law of thermodynamics
7:
4610:Electrophilic substitutions
4094:Bioorganometallic chemistry
3581:List of inorganic compounds
3345:Dhara SS; Umare SS (2018).
3058:Clark, Jim (October 2013).
2859:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00993
2417:"Making Water Step by Step"
2074:Argonne National Laboratory
1756:
1419:Bulk polymers derived from
705:, the sacrificial catalyst
501:from the catalyst surface.
378:can be catalyzed by adding
208:Catalysis is ubiquitous in
10:
5490:
4920:Energy profile (chemistry)
4882:More O'FerrallâJencks plot
4547:Nucleophilic substitutions
4020:Dynamic covalent chemistry
3991:Enantioselective synthesis
3971:Physical organic chemistry
3924:Organolanthanide chemistry
3416:, vol. 5, p. 880
2840:Melchiorre, Paolo (2022).
2358:Atkins' Physical Chemistry
1821:Catalytic resonance theory
1619:Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner
1577:
1398:from propane and ammonia.
1137:
1128:dye-sensitized solar cells
1111:
1093:) and non-covalent (e.g.,
1058:
999:
945:
752:
707:N-methylmorpholine N-oxide
493:and the reaction product (
348:
242:
220:
49:
36:
29:
5395:
5367:
5189:
5146:Metalâair electrochemical
5065:
5054:
5003:
4950:MichaelisâMenten kinetics
4890:
4824:
4798:
4754:
4718:
4670:
4631:
4608:
4545:
4448:
4351:
4112:
4028:
3949:
3899:
3775:
3718:
3609:Electroanalytical methods
3594:
3566:
3483:October 28, 2005, at the
3153:"Ueber die Aetherbildung"
3151:Mitscherlich, E. (1834).
3037:10.1038/s41570-018-0049-z
2801:Elschenbroich, C. (2006)
2491:Robertson, A.J.B. (1970)
2015:Masel, Richard I (2001).
1798:(includes Base catalysis)
1490:-ruthenium complexes, in
1314:, catalyzed by iron. The
1312:water-gas shift reactions
1304:Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
32:Catalyst (disambiguation)
4877:Potential energy surface
4756:Electron/Proton transfer
4641:Unimolecular elimination
4364:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
4280:Supramolecular chemistry
3919:Organometallic chemistry
3408:10.15227/orgsyn.046.0089
3331:10.1021/acscatal.8b02310
3177:10.1002/andp.18341071802
3025:Nature Reviews Chemistry
2791:10.1002/14356007.a18_215
2671:10.1002/14356007.a05_313
2133:10.1021/acs.chas.2c00071
1866:Phase-boundary catalysis
1656:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1472:FriedelâCrafts reactions
1279:, typically composed of
1180:high-fructose corn syrup
1134:Enzymes and biocatalysts
1095:thiourea organocatalysis
1041:organometallic catalysts
565:perpetual motion machine
306:
37:Not to be confused with
4925:Transition state theory
4726:Intramolecular reaction
4652:Bimolecular elimination
4302:Combinatorial chemistry
4213:Food physical chemistry
4176:Environmental chemistry
4060:Bioorthogonal chemistry
3986:Retrosynthetic analysis
3807:Chemical thermodynamics
3790:Spectroelectrochemistry
3733:Computational chemistry
3431:McGraw-Hill, New York.
3291:10.1023/A:1016622806065
3093:Berzelius, J.J. (1835)
2988:. climatetechnology.gov
2805:. Wiley-VCH: Weinheim.
2785:, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
2716:"Chemistry of Vanadium"
2665:, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
2249:University of Minnesota
2068:Lerner, Louise (2011).
1992:10.1351/goldbook.C00876
1962:10.1351/goldbook.C00876
1871:Phase transfer catalyst
1429:Ziegler-Natta catalysis
1427:are often prepared via
1291:2 CO + 2 NO â 2 CO
837:Diverse mechanisms for
818:for hydrogenation, and
755:Heterogeneous catalysis
749:Heterogeneous catalysis
739:heterogeneous catalysis
435:heterogeneous catalysis
5448:Semipermeable membrane
5237:Lithiumâironâphosphate
4719:Unimolecular reactions
4680:Electrophilic addition
4374:of element discoveries
4220:Agricultural chemistry
4208:Carbohydrate chemistry
4099:Bioinorganic chemistry
3964:Alkane stereochemistry
3909:Coordination chemistry
3738:Mathematical chemistry
3604:Instrumental chemistry
3520:July 22, 2012, at the
3472:Science Aid: Catalysts
3254:10.1098/rstl.1817.0009
3236:Davy, Humphry (1817).
3141:
3121:
2524:10.1002/chem.201602453
2495:. Logos Press, London.
1831:Environmental triggers
1613:who referred to it as
1570:ClO + O â Cl + O
1502:
1501:levofloxaxin synthesis
1351:
1236:
1215:
899:for the production of
879:is often described as
776:
768:
709:(NMMO) regenerates OsO
703:Upjohn dihydroxylation
515:
88:
64:
5319:Rechargeable alkaline
4997:Electrochemical cells
4910:Rate-determining step
4842:Reactive intermediate
4700:Free-radical addition
4690:Nucleophilic addition
4633:Elimination reactions
4369:Timeline of chemistry
4266:Post-mortem chemistry
4251:Clandestine chemistry
4181:Atmospheric chemistry
4104:Biophysical chemistry
3936:Solid-state chemistry
3886:Equilibrium chemistry
3795:Photoelectrochemistry
3374:Laidler, K.J. (1978)
3122:
3106:
2998:Smil, Vaclav (2004).
2285:10.3390/catal13050837
1861:Pharmaceutic adjuvant
1817:(a chemistry journal)
1500:
1349:
1306:of hydrocarbons from
1226:
1209:
1191:monoclonal antibodies
1002:Homogeneous catalysis
996:Homogeneous catalysis
867:for the synthesis of
839:reactions on surfaces
774:
762:
731:homogeneous catalysis
634:cooperative catalysis
580:, where the produced
512:
495:water molecule dimers
319:of a catalyst is the
135:) is the increase in
70:
62:
5299:Nickelâmetal hydride
4905:Equilibrium constant
4359:History of chemistry
4314:Chemical engineering
4089:Bioorganic chemistry
3839:Structural chemistry
3576:List of biomolecules
3427:Jencks, W.P. (1969)
3060:"Types of catalysis"
2760:10.1155/2022/1552334
2720:Chemistry LibreTexts
2565:10.1021/jacs.4c01138
1841:Industrial catalysts
1611:Eilhard Mitscherlich
1603:Jöns Jakob Berzelius
1541:in the breakdown of
1522:catalyst to produce
1480:asymmetric synthesis
1277:Catalytic converters
918:or various kinds of
843:Langmuir-Hinshelwood
691:sacrificial catalyst
683:Switchable catalysis
611:Wilkinson's catalyst
547:chemical equilibrium
457:) to produce water.
5309:Polysulfideâbromide
5151:Nickel oxyhydroxide
5043:Thermogalvanic cell
4915:Reaction coordinate
4847:Radical (chemistry)
4832:Elementary reaction
4775:Grotthuss mechanism
4539:reaction mechanisms
4382:The central science
4336:Ceramic engineering
4261:Forensic toxicology
4234:Chemistry education
4132:Radiation chemistry
4114:Interdisciplinarity
4067:Medicinal chemistry
4005:Fullerene chemistry
3881:Microwave chemistry
3750:Molecular mechanics
3745:Molecular modelling
3213:Döbereiner (1823).
3190:Döbereiner (1822).
3169:1834AnP...107..273M
3112:katalytiska kraft,
2943:2011PCCP...1310131S
2636:Inorganic Chemistry
2558:(19): 13210â13225.
2517:(48): 17080â17111.
2245:"Genie in a Bottle"
2193:on January 23, 2015
1554:chlorofluorocarbons
1518:gas) of fats using
1437:acid-base catalysis
1358:. Examples include
1075:amount of substance
535:elementary reaction
505:Reaction energetics
437:is the reaction of
329:turn over frequency
5072:(non-rechargeable)
5016:Concentration cell
4940:Arrhenius equation
4710:Oxidative addition
4672:Addition reactions
4425:Chemical substance
4287:Chemical synthesis
4256:Forensic chemistry
4137:Actinide chemistry
4079:Clinical chemistry
3760:Molecular geometry
3755:Molecular dynamics
3710:Elemental analysis
3663:Separation process
3084:(4) : 130â38.
2984:2008-05-17 at the
2951:10.1039/C1CP20542K
2333:Physical Chemistry
2311:Physical Chemistry
2089:Physical Chemistry
1674:if reversible and
1672:reaction inhibitor
1651:Leipzig University
1601:was later used by
1595:Gottlieb Kirchhoff
1503:
1352:
1257:catalytic cracking
1237:
1216:
956:, specifically in
952:In the context of
777:
769:
516:
445:on the surface of
402:(rate-determining)
357:reaction mechanism
317:catalytic activity
315:for measuring the
238:General principles
89:
65:
18:Catalytic reaction
5474:Chemical kinetics
5456:
5455:
4963:
4962:
4935:Activated complex
4930:Activation energy
4892:Chemical kinetics
4837:Reaction dynamics
4736:Photodissociation
4504:
4503:
4440:Quantum mechanics
4405:Chemical compound
4388:Chemical reaction
4326:Materials science
4244:General chemistry
4239:Amateur chemistry
4167:Photogeochemistry
4152:Stellar chemistry
4122:Nuclear chemistry
4043:Molecular biology
4010:Polymer chemistry
3981:Organic synthesis
3976:Organic reactions
3941:Ceramic chemistry
3931:Cluster chemistry
3861:Chemical kinetics
3849:Molecular physics
3728:Quantum chemistry
3641:Mass spectrometry
3414:Collected Volumes
3399:Organic Syntheses
3278:Catalysis Letters
2811:978-3-527-29390-2
2722:. October 3, 2013
2590:Catalysis Reviews
2463:10.1021/nn8008245
2255:on April 5, 2008.
2230:978-0-8412-3522-9
2001:978-0-9678550-9-7
1883:(RNA biocatalyst)
1764:Chemical reaction
1660:Vladimir Ipatieff
1627:Döbereiner's lamp
1591:Elizabeth Fulhame
1412:is prepared from
1380:terephthalic acid
1336:Catalytic heaters
1316:Sabatier reaction
1244:Energy processing
1229:hydrogen peroxide
1224:
1049:terephthalic acid
990:hydrogen peroxide
932:calcium carbonate
897:vanadium(V) oxide
822:for oxidation of
820:vanadium(V) oxide
814:, metals such as
560:Gibbs free energy
533:In the catalyzed
520:activation energy
361:activation energy
281:manganese dioxide
249:hydrogen peroxide
232:Elizabeth Fulhame
210:chemical industry
141:chemical reaction
16:(Redirected from
5481:
5252:Lithiumâtitanate
5197:
5073:
5060:
5021:Electric battery
4990:
4983:
4976:
4967:
4966:
4867:Collision theory
4816:Matrix isolation
4770:Harpoon reaction
4647:E1cB-elimination
4531:
4524:
4517:
4508:
4507:
4492:
4491:
4480:
4468:
4467:
4456:
4455:
4400:Chemical element
4055:Chemical biology
3914:Magnetochemistry
3891:Mechanochemistry
3844:Chemical physics
3785:Electrochemistry
3690:Characterization
3552:
3545:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3459:
3445:
3439:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3410:
3393:
3387:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3148:
3142:
3091:
3085:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2995:
2989:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2937:(21): 10131â35.
2928:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2861:
2852:(2): 1483â1484.
2846:Chemical Reviews
2837:
2831:
2830:
2819:
2813:
2799:
2793:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2679:
2673:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2567:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2502:
2496:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2456:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2328:
2322:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2222:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2186:. Archived from
2171:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1976:
1929:
1928:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1851:Limiting reagent
1836:Enzyme catalysis
1727:Lindlar catalyst
1711:lead(II) acetate
1676:catalyst poisons
1623:contact action.
1452:hydroformylation
1435:are derived via
1362:(from ammonia),
1225:
1160:, and synthetic
1140:Enzyme catalysis
1083:hydrogen bonding
1029:hydroformylation
954:electrochemistry
942:Electrocatalysts
928:titanium dioxide
920:activated carbon
809:transition metal
797:reaction mixture
737:'s molecules. A
695:osmium tetroxide
649:tandem catalysis
627:induction period
599:Related concepts
524:transition state
447:titanium dioxide
397:
389:
225:
224:
181:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
21:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5391:
5370:
5363:
5284:Nickelâhydrogen
5242:Lithiumâpolymer
5198:
5195:
5194:
5185:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5061:
5052:
4999:
4994:
4964:
4959:
4945:Eyring equation
4886:
4857:Stereochemistry
4820:
4806:Solvent effects
4794:
4750:
4714:
4695:
4685:
4666:
4661:
4627:
4623:
4604:
4600:
4590:
4580:
4570:
4560:
4541:
4535:
4505:
4500:
4444:
4347:
4341:Polymer science
4297:Click chemistry
4292:Green chemistry
4186:Ocean chemistry
4162:Biogeochemistry
4108:
4024:
3996:Total synthesis
3959:Stereochemistry
3945:
3895:
3812:Surface science
3802:Thermochemistry
3771:
3714:
3685:Crystallography
3590:
3562:
3556:
3522:Wayback Machine
3485:Wayback Machine
3468:
3463:
3462:
3446:
3442:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3394:
3390:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3343:
3339:
3310:
3306:
3273:
3269:
3234:
3230:
3211:
3207:
3188:
3184:
3149:
3145:
3129:catalytic force
3101:(catalysis) on
3092:
3088:
3071:
3067:
3056:
3052:
3031:(12): 396â408.
3021:
3017:
3010:
2996:
2992:
2986:Wayback Machine
2977:
2973:
2965:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2887:
2883:
2838:
2834:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2803:Organometallics
2800:
2796:
2780:
2776:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2680:
2676:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2632:
2625:
2585:
2581:
2544:
2540:
2503:
2499:
2490:
2486:
2434:
2430:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2385:
2378:
2368:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2329:
2325:
2308:
2301:
2264:
2260:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2213:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2169:
2163:
2156:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2085:
2081:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1940:
1935:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1903:
1901:
1856:Murburn concept
1826:Electrocatalyst
1759:
1725:) can be used (
1724:
1720:
1716:
1694:side products.
1668:
1647:Wilhelm Ostwald
1617:processes, and
1580:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1532:
1514:(reaction with
1508:
1506:Food processing
1460:
1414:carbon monoxide
1382:from p-xylene,
1376:contact process
1372:sulfur trioxide
1344:
1298:
1294:
1267:(conversion of
1265:steam reforming
1246:
1218:
1204:
1142:
1136:
1116:
1110:
1063:
1061:Organocatalysis
1057:
1055:Organocatalysis
1033:hydrosilylation
1004:
998:
950:
948:Electrocatalyst
944:
924:silicon dioxide
832:contact process
828:sulfur trioxide
757:
751:
723:
716:
712:
700:
673:carboxylic acid
658:, the catalyst
620:
616:
601:
582:carboxylic acid
537:, catalysts do
507:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
452:
428:
416:
412:
408:
401:
395:
393:
387:
377:
373:
369:
353:
351:catalytic cycle
347:
325:turnover number
313:SI derived unit
309:
274:
270:
266:
262:
251:into water and
245:
240:
152:
148:
99:
95:
77:carbon monoxide
55:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5487:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5377:Atomic battery
5373:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5349:Vanadium redox
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5324:Silverâcadmium
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5294:Nickelâlithium
5291:
5286:
5281:
5279:Nickelâcadmium
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5247:Lithiumâsulfur
5244:
5239:
5234:
5224:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5207:
5201:
5199:
5196:(rechargeable)
5192:Secondary cell
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5116:EdisonâLalande
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5077:
5075:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5031:Trough battery
5028:
5018:
5013:
5007:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4993:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4970:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4828:
4826:
4825:Related topics
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4799:Medium effects
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4761:
4759:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4683:
4676:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4644:
4637:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4614:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4578:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4558:
4551:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4534:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4511:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4486:
4474:
4462:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4385:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4225:Soil chemistry
4217:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4203:Food chemistry
4200:
4198:Carbochemistry
4195:
4193:Clay chemistry
4190:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4154:
4148:Astrochemistry
4144:Cosmochemistry
4141:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4127:Radiochemistry
4118:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4084:Neurochemistry
4081:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4034:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4015:Petrochemistry
4012:
4007:
4002:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3955:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3876:Spin chemistry
3873:
3871:Photochemistry
3868:
3863:
3858:
3856:Femtochemistry
3853:
3852:
3851:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3781:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3668:Chromatography
3665:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3586:Periodic table
3583:
3578:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3475:
3467:
3466:External links
3464:
3461:
3460:
3440:
3420:
3388:
3364:
3357:
3337:
3324:(9): 8531â39.
3304:
3267:
3228:
3205:
3182:
3163:(18): 273â82.
3143:
3086:
3065:
3050:
3015:
3008:
2990:
2971:
2914:
2902:
2881:
2832:
2827:NobelPrize.org
2814:
2794:
2774:
2733:
2707:
2700:
2674:
2651:
2644:
2623:
2579:
2538:
2497:
2484:
2454:10.1.1.711.974
2428:
2407:
2397:
2376:
2366:
2348:
2341:
2323:
2299:
2258:
2236:
2229:
2204:
2182:
2154:
2107:
2097:
2079:
2060:
2050:
2032:
2025:
2007:
2000:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1921:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1876:Photocatalysis
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1810:
1804:
1799:
1796:Acid catalysis
1793:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1739:hydrogenolysis
1722:
1718:
1714:
1667:
1664:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1531:
1528:
1507:
1504:
1464:fine chemicals
1459:
1458:Fine chemicals
1456:
1368:sulfur dioxide
1343:
1342:Bulk chemicals
1340:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1263:reforming and
1245:
1242:
1203:
1200:
1162:deoxyribozymes
1138:Main article:
1135:
1132:
1124:Singlet oxygen
1114:Photocatalysis
1112:Main article:
1109:
1108:Photocatalysts
1106:
1059:Main article:
1056:
1053:
1037:hydrocyanation
1017:methyl acetate
1013:esterification
1000:Main article:
997:
994:
962:half reactions
946:Main article:
943:
940:
936:barium sulfate
824:sulfur dioxide
753:Main article:
750:
747:
722:
721:Classification
719:
714:
710:
698:
618:
614:
600:
597:
551:thermodynamics
545:effect on the
528:energy profile
506:
503:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
450:
433:An example of
431:
430:
426:
419:
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:
399:
391:
375:
371:
367:
349:Main article:
346:
343:
308:
305:
276:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
244:
241:
239:
236:
81:carbon dioxide
79:to less toxic
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5486:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5366:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5339:Sodiumâsulfur
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5314:Potassium ion
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5193:
5188:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5131:Lithium metal
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5086:Aluminiumâair
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5011:Galvanic cell
5009:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4991:
4986:
4984:
4979:
4977:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4900:Rate equation
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4872:Arrow pushing
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4780:Marcus theory
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4731:Isomerization
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4705:Cycloaddition
4703:
4701:
4698:
4691:
4688:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4596:
4593:
4586:
4583:
4576:
4573:
4566:
4563:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4532:
4527:
4525:
4520:
4518:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4497:
4496:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4430:Chemical bond
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4319:Stoichiometry
4317:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4275:Nanochemistry
4273:
4272:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
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4232:
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4226:
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4218:
4214:
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4209:
4206:
4205:
4204:
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4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
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4174:
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4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
4000:Semisynthesis
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3939:
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3934:
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3922:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3834:Sonochemistry
3832:
3830:
3829:Cryochemistry
3827:
3823:
3822:Micromeritics
3820:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3700:Wet chemistry
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3553:
3548:
3546:
3541:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3458:
3457:0-471-05991-9
3454:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3437:0-07-032305-4
3434:
3430:
3424:
3415:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3392:
3385:
3384:0-8053-5680-0
3381:
3377:
3371:
3369:
3360:
3358:9789352830688
3354:
3350:
3349:
3341:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3318:ACS Catalysis
3315:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3061:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3009:9780262693134
3005:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2906:
2899:
2898:1-57259-153-6
2895:
2891:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2703:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2628:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2447:(3): 517â26.
2446:
2442:
2441:
2432:
2425:. p. 10.
2424:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2400:
2398:0-13-737123-3
2394:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2367:0-7167-8759-8
2363:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2342:0-8053-5682-7
2338:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2319:0-618-12341-5
2316:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2232:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2211:
2209:
2189:
2185:
2183:9788437033280
2179:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2100:
2098:0-8053-5682-7
2094:
2090:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2053:
2051:0-13-737123-3
2047:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2026:0-471-24197-0
2022:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:Autocatalysis
1800:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1743:hydrogenation
1740:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:heterogeneous
1679:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1625:He developed
1624:
1621:who spoke of
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1569:
1564:â ClO + O
1559:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:free radicals
1537:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1512:hydrogenation
1499:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:Heck reaction
1465:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:carbonylation
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:Haber process
1399:
1397:
1396:acrylonitrile
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:sulfuric acid
1361:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:synthesis gas
1305:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:synthesis gas
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1234:
1230:
1213:
1208:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:excited state
1115:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
966:nanoparticles
963:
959:
955:
949:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
901:sulfuric acid
898:
893:
889:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:Haber process
861:
859:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
773:
766:
761:
756:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
718:
708:
704:
696:
692:
687:
684:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
657:
656:autocatalysis
652:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
612:
608:
607:
596:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
570:
566:
561:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
511:
502:
500:
496:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
448:
444:
440:
436:
424:
423:
422:
404:
385:
384:
383:
381:
364:
362:
358:
352:
342:
340:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
304:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:effervescence
282:
258:
257:
256:
254:
250:
235:
233:
229:
223:
218:
213:
211:
206:
204:
200:
199:heterogeneous
196:
191:
187:
185:
184:intermediates
179:
146:
142:
138:
132:
93:
87:from the air.
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
61:
57:
53:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
5412:
5354:Zincâbromine
5161:Silver oxide
5096:Chromic acid
5068:Primary cell
5048:Voltaic pile
5026:Flow battery
4861:
4852:Molecularity
4493:
4481:
4469:
4457:
4392:
4307:Biosynthesis
4157:Geochemistry
4072:Pharmacology
4048:Cell biology
4038:Biochemistry
3866:Spectroscopy
3765:VSEPR theory
3614:Spectroscopy
3558:Branches of
3448:
3443:
3428:
3423:
3413:
3397:
3391:
3375:
3347:
3340:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3068:
3062:. Chemguide.
3053:
3028:
3024:
3018:
2999:
2993:
2974:
2934:
2930:
2917:
2905:
2889:
2884:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2802:
2797:
2782:
2777:
2753:: e1552334.
2750:
2746:
2736:
2724:. Retrieved
2719:
2710:
2683:
2677:
2662:
2645:0130-39913-2
2635:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2492:
2487:
2444:
2438:
2431:
2420:
2410:
2402:
2388:
2371:
2357:
2351:
2332:
2326:
2310:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2253:the original
2239:
2218:
2195:. Retrieved
2188:the original
2173:
2127:(1): 21â28.
2124:
2120:
2110:
2102:
2088:
2082:
2063:
2055:
2041:
2035:
2016:
2010:
1983:
1947:
1887:SUMO enzymes
1812:
1748:
1735:
1696:
1680:
1669:
1643:Humphry Davy
1622:
1614:
1598:
1581:
1533:
1509:
1484:levofloxacin
1461:
1441:
1418:
1400:
1384:acrylic acid
1353:
1334:
1328:
1301:
1269:hydrocarbons
1247:
1238:
1202:Significance
1188:
1176:biocatalysis
1173:
1166:
1144:In biology,
1143:
1117:
1064:
1005:
951:
905:
862:
858:active sites
857:
855:
851:van Krevelen
836:
816:Raney nickel
778:
724:
717:are needed.
688:
682:
681:
659:
653:
646:
641:
637:
633:
631:
606:precatalysts
604:
602:
592:
588:
586:
568:
542:
538:
532:
517:
467:dissociation
454:
432:
420:
380:nitric oxide
365:
354:
336:
328:
316:
310:
301:
288:
277:
246:
227:
214:
207:
192:
188:
144:
91:
90:
85:formaldehyde
56:
43:
5443:Salt bridge
5428:Electrolyte
5359:Zincâcerium
5344:Solid state
5329:Silverâzinc
5304:Nickelâzinc
5289:Nickelâiron
5264:Molten salt
5232:Dual carbon
5227:Lithium ion
5222:Lithiumâair
5181:Zincâcarbon
5156:Siliconâair
5136:Lithiumâair
4811:Cage effect
4746:RRKM theory
4662:elimination
4495:WikiProject
3720:Theoretical
3705:Calorimetry
3125:Translation
2596:(1): 1â86.
1751:platforming
1686:catalysis,
1547:ultraviolet
1530:Environment
1433:isocyanates
1360:nitric acid
1021:acetic acid
895:dioxide on
892:triple bond
849:, and Mars-
847:Eley-Rideal
795:or gaseous
638:cocatalysts
333:enzyme unit
195:homogeneous
44:Cathalistis
5463:Categories
5396:Cell parts
5387:Solar cell
5369:Other cell
5334:Sodium ion
5205:Automotive
4331:Metallurgy
4030:Biological
3596:Analytical
3285:(1): 1â4.
3108:Original:
2701:3527306730
2278:(5): 837.
1980:"Catalyst"
1938:References
1330:Fuel cells
1253:alkylation
1212:cube sugar
1184:acrylamide
1154:catabolism
1150:metabolism
978:electrodes
589:difference
574:hydrolysis
463:adsorption
73:air filter
52:catabolism
5469:Catalysis
5433:Half-cell
5423:Electrode
5382:Fuel cell
5259:Metalâair
5210:Leadâacid
5126:Leclanché
5038:Fuel cell
4862:Catalysis
4758:reactions
4393:Catalysis
3901:Inorganic
3695:Titration
3560:chemistry
3248:: 77â85.
3225:: 321â26.
3133:catalysis
3116:katalys,
3045:106394152
2876:246287799
2769:1687-8434
2618:225777024
2610:0161-4940
2471:1520-605X
2449:CiteSeerX
2294:2073-4344
2272:Catalysts
2197:March 14,
2149:255047115
2141:1871-5532
1919:Chemistry
1769:Substrate
1707:palladium
1692:polymeric
1633:based on
1599:catalysis
1587:ÎșαÏαλÏΔÎčÎœ
1550:radiation
1524:margarine
1425:propylene
1388:propylene
1324:Biodiesel
1318:produces
1249:Petroleum
1233:micropump
1158:ribozymes
1099:substrate
986:hydroxide
958:fuel cell
908:supported
785:reactants
783:than the
642:promoters
530:diagram.
413:â NO + SO
228:kataluein
222:ÎșαÏαλÏΔÎčÎœ
92:Catalysis
5413:Catalyst
5274:Nanowire
5269:Nanopore
5215:gelâVRLA
5176:Zincâair
5081:Alkaline
4459:Category
4415:Molecule
4352:See also
3777:Physical
3518:Archived
3481:Archived
3299:91507819
3262:97988261
3202:: 91â92.
3137:analysis
2982:Archived
2963:Archived
2959:21505711
2868:35078320
2574:38709955
2533:27717167
2479:19309169
2440:ACS Nano
1954:catalyst
1881:Ribozyme
1757:See also
1639:platinum
1635:hydrogen
1560:Cl + O
1556:(CFCs).
1536:chlorine
1516:hydrogen
1421:ethylene
1410:Methanol
1406:nitrogen
1281:platinum
1169:membrane
1045:p-xylene
1025:methanol
970:platinum
916:zeolites
877:hydrogen
873:nitrogen
801:zeolites
735:reactant
667:such as
613:RhCl(PPh
593:does not
485:, then H
443:hydrogen
297:catalase
289:catalyze
145:catalyst
39:Catalist
5418:Cathode
5171:Zamboni
5141:Mercury
5106:Daniell
4471:Commons
4435:Alchemy
3951:Organic
3165:Bibcode
3099:katalys
3078:Cattech
2939:Bibcode
2726:July 8,
1931:Biology
1905:Portals
1807:BIG-NSE
1784:Product
1774:Reagent
1703:alkenes
1699:alkynes
1631:lighter
1615:contact
1607:Fulhame
1578:History
1392:propane
1374:by the
1320:methane
1285:rhodium
1261:naphtha
1196:abzymes
1146:enzymes
1102:binding
1087:proline
1068:enzymes
1011:on the
912:alumina
869:ammonia
830:by the
805:alumina
765:zeolite
743:Enzymes
677:alcohol
675:and an
669:aspirin
623:in situ
553:). The
499:desorbs
471:diffuse
455:titania
338:enzymes
293:enzymes
271:O + O
267:â 2 H
243:Example
203:Enzymes
5408:Binder
5166:Weston
5091:Bunsen
4537:Basic
4483:Portal
3629:UV-Vis
3455:
3435:
3382:
3355:
3297:
3260:
3103:p. 245
3043:
3006:
2957:
2896:
2874:
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2809:
2767:
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2364:
2339:
2317:
2292:
2227:
2180:
2147:
2139:
2095:
2048:
2023:
1998:
1791:Abzyme
1779:Enzyme
1731:alkane
1713:(Pb(CH
1688:coking
1637:and a
1520:nickel
1476:chiral
1470:, and
1366:(from
1356:oxygen
982:oxygen
974:carbon
934:, and
888:adsorb
812:oxides
793:liquid
789:solids
578:esters
569:do not
439:oxygen
425:v = 2k
417:(fast)
396:
390:NO + O
388:
374:â 2 SO
253:oxygen
5403:Anode
5121:Grove
5101:Clark
5004:Types
4765:Redox
4601:Acyl)
3656:MALDI
3624:Raman
3295:S2CID
3258:S2CID
3041:S2CID
2966:(PDF)
2927:(PDF)
2872:S2CID
2614:S2CID
2191:(PDF)
2170:(PDF)
2145:S2CID
1944:IUPAC
1584:Greek
1543:ozone
1488:BINAP
1462:Many
1442:Most
1386:from
1271:into
1189:Some
1079:metal
1019:from
885:gases
871:from
826:into
781:phase
671:to a
665:ester
514:same.
453:, or
321:katal
307:Units
217:Greek
139:of a
5438:Ions
4654:(E2)
4643:(E1)
4410:Atom
3678:HPLC
3453:ISBN
3433:ISBN
3380:ISBN
3353:ISBN
3004:ISBN
2955:PMID
2894:ISBN
2864:PMID
2807:ISBN
2765:ISSN
2751:2022
2728:2022
2696:ISBN
2640:ISBN
2606:ISSN
2570:PMID
2529:PMID
2475:PMID
2467:ISSN
2393:ISBN
2362:ISBN
2337:ISBN
2315:ISBN
2290:ISSN
2225:ISBN
2199:2021
2178:ISBN
2137:ISSN
2093:ISBN
2046:ISBN
2021:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1705:, a
1629:, a
1450:and
1423:and
1394:and
1295:+ N
1283:and
1182:and
1152:and
1091:DMAP
1072:mol%
1023:and
881:iron
875:and
729:. A
697:(OsO
465:and
449:(TiO
441:and
409:+ SO
311:The
137:rate
5111:Dry
4624:Ar)
4581:Ar)
4420:Ion
3651:ICP
3634:NMR
3404:doi
3326:doi
3287:doi
3250:doi
3246:107
3173:doi
3033:doi
2947:doi
2854:doi
2850:122
2787:doi
2755:doi
2688:doi
2667:doi
2598:doi
2560:doi
2556:146
2519:doi
2459:doi
2280:doi
2129:doi
1988:doi
1958:doi
1956:".
1701:to
1649:at
1552:on
1390:or
1378:),
1370:to
1198:".
1174:In
1047:to
988:or
968:of
654:In
647:In
640:or
632:In
576:of
539:not
477:, H
394:â 2
370:+ O
259:2 H
71:An
41:or
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4692:(A
4682:(A
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