2950:
cotransfected cells and WT mouse and monkey striatal synaptosomes but not in DAT-only transfected cells or in striatal synaptosomes of TAAR1-KO mice (Xie & Miller, 2009). TAAR1 activation was enhanced by co-expression of monoamine transporters and this effect could be blocked by monoamine transporter antagonists (Xie & Miller, 2007; Xie et al., 2007). Furthermore, DA activation of TAAR1 induced C-FOS-luciferase expression only in the presence of DAT (Xie et al., 2007).
3052:
prevented psychostimulant-induced and persistent hyperdopaminergia-related hyperactivity in mice.42 This effect was found to be DAT-independent, since suppression of hyperactivity was observed in DAT-KO mice.42 The collected information leads us to conclude that TAAR1 is a stereoselective binding site for amphetamine and that TAAR1 activation by amphetamine and its congeners may contribute to the stimulant properties of this class of compounds.
3270:
Simmler et al., 2016). Amphetamines are potent agonists of this receptor, making them likely to self‐inhibit their stimulating effects. In contrast, SCs show negligible activity towards TAAR1 (Kolaczynska et al., 2021; Rickli et al., 2015; Simmler et al., 2014, 2016). The lack of self‐regulation by TAAR1 may partly explain the higher addictive potential of SCs compared to amphetamines (Miller, 2011; Simmler et al., 2013).
31:
966:
yet to be identified. It has been hypothesized that highly potent enhancer substances may exist that may be able to rapidly modulate the activity of brain catecholaminergic neurons by as much as 5- to 10-fold to quickly control time-dependent motivational states. However, such mediators remain speculative and have not been discovered or substantiated as of present.
420:. It has been shown to enhance both impulse-evoked norepinephrine and dopamine release. Selegiline shows a bimodal concentration–response relationship in terms of its CAE actions for dopamine activity in the striatum. Besides enhancing catecholaminergic activity, it has additionally been found to decrease serotonergic activity. Selegiline's metabolite
3435:
compared with 198 ± 39% (p<0.05) in SDs; the corresponding figures for DA were 4898 ± 1912% (p<0.001) versus 1606 ± 391% (p<0.001). At 9 mg/kg, l-AMP maximally increased NA efflux by 1069 ± 105% (p<0.001) in SHRs compared with 157 ± 24% (p<0.01) in SDs; the DA figures were 3294 ± 691% (p<0.001) versus 459 ± 107% (p<0.001).
958:, significantly and rapidly reduced brain monoamine release relative to untreated controls. Similarly, sexual activity following sexual maturity substantially declines with age in both male rodents and humans. This is thought to be due to age-related decreased activity of the brain dopaminergic system.
3051:
While our data suggest a role for TAAR1 in eliciting amphetamine-like stimulant effects, it must be borne in mind that the observed in vivo effects are likely to result from interaction with both TAAR1 and monoamine transporters. Thus it has been shown that the selective TAAR1 agonist RO5166017 fully
1007:, one of the original developers of selegiline, the CAE effects of selegiline may be more important than MAO-B inhibition in terms of its effectiveness for Parkinson's disease. This is consistent with clinical findings that selegiline may be more effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease than
965:
with age. Decreased levels of phenethylamine may contribute to reduced activation of the enhancer regulation system and reduced brain catecholamine release with age. However, the key endogenous actors of the enhancer regulation system have been theorized to be more potent than phenethylamine but have
969:
Rodent studies have found that exogenous MAEs like selegiline and BPAP augment brain monoamine release, slow monoaminergic neurodegeneration, and help to preserve behavioral activity with age. As an example, selegiline has been found to augment sexual performance and delay its age-related decline in
3308:
The activation of human TAAR1 might diminish the effects of psychostimulation and intoxication arising from 7-APB effects on monoamine transporters (see 4.1.3. for more details). Affinity to mouse and rat TAAR1 has been shown for many psychostimulants, but species differences are common (Simmler et
2949:
It is reported that methamphetamine (METH) interacts with TAAR1 and subsequently inhibits DA uptake, enhance DA efflux and induces DAT internalization, and these effects are dependent on TAAR1 (Xie & Miller, 2009). For example, METH-induced inhibition of DA uptake was observed in TAAR1 and DAT
1942:
In addition, the compounds previously described by Knoll and colleagues , along with a series of trace amine derivatives synthesized by Ling et al. are potential TAAR ligands. Although neither of these classes of compound appear to have been examined for efficacy at TAAR, their strong structural
630:
monoamine release via TAAR1 activation, whereas MRAs are thought to induce impulse-independent non-vesicular monoamine release via TAAR1 activation. However, there are conflicting findings with regard to the involvement of TAAR1 activation in the monoamine-releasing actions of MRAs, such as TAAR1
2656:
Yoneda F, Moto T, Sakae M, Ohde H, Knoll B, Miklya I, Knoll J (May 2001). "Structure-activity studies leading to (-)1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane, ((-)BPAP), a highly potent, selective enhancer of the impulse propagation mediated release of catecholamines and serotonin in the brain".
348:
range). It has been hypothesized that the very high potency of BPAP may foreshadow the existence of much more potent endogenous MAEs than currently known compounds like β-phenylethylamine and tryptamine that have yet to be identified and may be the true key endogenous mediators for this system.
3434:
Both d- and l- evoked rapid increases in extraneuronal concentrations of and that reached a maximum 30 or 60 min after administration. However, the were much more responsive to AMP's enantiomers than the . Thus, 3 mg/kg d-AMP produced a peak increase in NA of 649 ± 87% (p<0.001) in SHRs
3269:
Another feature that distinguishes from amphetamines is their negligible interaction with the trace amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). Activation of this receptor reduces the activity of dopaminergic neurones, thereby reducing psychostimulatory effects and addictive potential (Miller, 2011;
488:
and these actions overshadow the former activities. Levomethamphetamine, levoamphetamine, and dextroamphetamine are all similarly potent as CAEs and compared to selegiline, but are substantially more potent as CAEs than dextromethamphetamine. Besides acting as CAEs, levomethamphetamine and
499:(IPAP) is a MAE for serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine that was derived from PPAP and is a tryptamine derivative. It shows some selectivity for serotonin, with its maximal impact on this neurotransmitter occurring at 10-fold lower concentrations than for norepinephrine or dopamine.
1789:
Knoll J, Miklya I, Knoll B, Yasusa T, Shimazu S, Yoneda F (September 2002). "1-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-2-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)aminopentane HCl, 3-F-BPAP, antagonizes the enhancer effect of (-)-BPAP in the shuttle box and leaves the effect of (-)-deprenyl unchanged".
796:
areas. This has also been referred to as the "mesencephalic enhancer regulation" system to emphasize the key importance of dopaminergic neurons and their modulation of behavior in this system. However, enhancer-sensitive neurons are also present outside of the
3894:
Magyar K, Lengyel J, Bolehovszky A, Knoll B, Miklya I, Knoll J (2002). "The fate of (-)1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane . HCl, (-)-BPAP, in rats, a potent enhancer of the impulse-evoked release of catecholamines and serotonin in the brain".
1252:"Antiaging compounds: (-)deprenyl (selegeline) and (-)1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane, [(-)BPAP], a selective highly potent enhancer of the impulse propagation mediated release of catecholamine and serotonin in the brain"
904:
weeks of age, whereas dopamine and norepinephrine release in their respective areas was around 2-fold higher relative to pre-weaning and post-sexual maturity. In addition, monoamine release progressively declines with age going from
495:(PPAP) is a CAE for norepinephrine and dopamine that was derived from selegiline and is a phenethylamine derivative. In contrast to selegiline, it lacks monoamine oxidase inhibition and hence is much more selective in its actions.
3452:
Shimazu S, Takahata K, Katsuki H, Tsunekawa H, Tanigawa A, Yoneda F, Knoll J, Akaike A (June 2001). "(-)-1-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane enhances locomotor activity in rats due to its ability to induce dopamine release".
319:
of norepinephrine and dopamine at higher concentrations. The MAE and monoamine releasing agent actions of these compounds are mechanistically distinct and they have been referred to as "mixed-acting" monoaminergic potentiators.
2607:
Csaba G, Kovács P, Pállinger E (January–February 2006). "Acute and delayed effect of (-) deprenyl and (-) 1-phenyl-2-propylaminopentane (PPAP) on the serotonin content of peritoneal cells (white blood cells and mast cells)".
2409:
Knoll J, Miklya I (1994). "Multiple, small dose administration of (-)deprenyl enhances catecholaminergic activity and diminishes serotoninergic activity in the brain and these effects are unrelated to MAO-B inhibition".
303:μM. Hence, tryptamine is a substantially more potent MAE of serotonin than β-phenylethylamine, whereas β-phenylethylamine is a slightly more potent MAE of norepinephrine than tryptamine. It has been suggested that these
335:
as a MAE and to exert MAE and related effects at much lower concentrations than known endogenous MAEs like β-phenylethylamine and tryptamine. For example, BPAP has been found to have peak effects at a concentration of
3636:
Knoll J, Miklya I, Knoll B, Dalló J (July 2000). "Sexual hormones terminate in the rat: the significantly enhanced catecholaminergic/serotoninergic tone in the brain characteristic to the post-weaning period".
3155:
Lindemann L, Meyer CA, Jeanneau K, Bradaia A, Ozmen L, Bluethmann H, Bettler B, Wettstein JG, Borroni E, Moreau JL, Hoener MC (March 2008). "Trace amine-associated receptor 1 modulates dopaminergic activity".
1598:
Heal DJ, Smith SL, Kulkarni RS, Rowley HL (August 2008). "New perspectives from microdialysis studies in freely-moving, spontaneously hypertensive rats on the pharmacology of drugs for the treatment of ADHD".
2307:
McKean AJ, Leung JG, Dare FY, Sola CL, Schak KM (2015). "The Perils of
Illegitimate Online Pharmacies: Substance-Induced Panic Attacks and Mood Instability Associated With Selegiline and Phenylethylamine".
970:
rodents. It has been proposed that exogenous MAEs like selegiline might be able to modestly slow the age-related decay of brain monoamine release in humans, although such hypotheses have yet to be tested.
703:(GBR-12909) also robustly increase brain monoamine levels in rodents, though the maximal impacts of these agents are much smaller (e.g., 5- to 10-fold lower) than those of releasers like amphetamine.
646:, single acute doses of MAEs rapidly increase brain monoamine levels. However, MAEs have more limited impacts on brain monoamine levels compared to MRAs and monoamine reuptake inhibitors. In an
3563:
Knoll J, Miklya I (1995). "Enhanced catecholaminergic and serotoninergic activity in rat brain from weaning to sexual maturity: rationale for prophylactic (-)deprenyl (selegiline) medication".
631:
activation and signaling inhibiting the psychostimulant and reinforcing effects of MRAs, MRAs continuing to induce monoamine release in TAAR1 knockout mice, and many MRAs, including most
2804:
Simmler LD, Buchy D, Chaboz S, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (April 2016). "In Vitro
Characterization of Psychoactive Substances at Rat, Mouse, and Human Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1".
274:μM (1.6 × 10 M), β-phenylethylamine has been shown to act as a MAE for norepinephrine (2.6-fold increase), dopamine (1.3-fold increase), and serotonin (2.3-fold increase) in the rat
143:
for effects on some of these neurotransmitters but not on others. The maximal impacts of MAEs on brain monoamine levels are more modest than with monoamine releasing agents like
691:
with this agent and it can maximally increase striatal dopamine levels by more than 5,000% of baseline at higher doses. Monoamine reuptake inhibitors including methylphenidate,
2694:"The fate of (−)1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane · HCl, (−)-BPAP, in rats, a potent enhancer of the impulse-evoked release of catecholamines and serotonin in the brain"
2154:"(-)1-(Benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane, [(-)BPAP], a selective enhancer of the impulse propagation mediated release of catecholamines and serotonin in the brain"
738:, selegiline does not appear to stimulate locomotor activity and lacks psychostimulant-like effects in rodents. Accordingly, selegiline has been reported to not activate the
3712:
Knoll J, Yen TT, Miklya I (1994). "Sexually low performing male rats die earlier than their high performing peers and (-)deprenyl treatment eliminates this difference".
813:. The enhancer regulation system has been theorized to play an important role in dynamically controlling innate and acquired drives and mediating age-related changes in
1046:(BPAP) in particular has been proposed for potential clinical development. However, no other MAEs besides selegiline have been developed for medical use as of present.
3951:
3243:
Kuropka P, Zawadzki M, Szpot P (May 2023). "A narrative review of the neuropharmacology of synthetic cathinones-Popular alternatives to classical drugs of abuse".
2110:
Gaszner P, Miklya I (January 2006). "Major depression and the synthetic enhancer substances, (-)-deprenyl and R-(-)-1-(benzofuran-2-yl)-2-propylaminopentane".
961:
It is known that brain levels of phenethylamine, a known endogenous enhancer substance, decline with age. This may be due to progressively increased levels of
2201:
Yasar S, Goldberg JP, Goldberg SR (January 1, 1996). "Are metabolites of l-deprenyl (Selegiline) useful or harmful? Indications from preclinical research".
507:
times more potent in its MAE actions than selegiline. Similarly to selegiline, BPAP shows a bimodal concentration–response relationship in its MAE effects.
2486:[A comparison of the pharmacology of (-)-deprenyl to N-methylpropargylamine-1-aminoindane (J-508) and rasagiline, the desmethyl-analogue of J-508]
2272:
Timár J, Gyarmati Z, Tekes K, Härsing GL, Knoll J (November 1993). "Further proof that (-)deprenyl fails to facilitate mesolimbic dopaminergic activity".
17:
3321:
Rickli A, Kolaczynska K, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (May 2019). "Pharmacological characterization of the aminorex analogs 4-MAR, 4,4'-DMAR, and 3,4-DMAR".
1673:
Knoll J (August 2003). "Enhancer regulation/endogenous and synthetic enhancer compounds: a neurochemical concept of the innate and acquired drives".
928:
may dampen brain monoamine release. Accordingly, brain monoamine release was found to be significantly higher in prepubertally castrated rats at 3
3523:
Gyarmati S, Hársing LG, Tekes K, Knoll J (1990). "Repeated administration of (-)deprenyl leaves the mesolimbic dopaminergic activity unchanged".
557:(TAAR1). Trace amines like β-phenylethylamine and tyramine bind to the TAAR1 with high affinity, whereas the affinities of other monoamines like
3488:
Timár J, Gyarmati Z, Barna L, Knoll B (August 1996). "Differences in some behavioural effects of deprenyl and amphetamine enantiomers in rats".
3944:
2484:"(-)-deprenil, az N-metilprogargilamin-1-aminoindan (J-508) és a J-508 dezmetil analógjának (rasagilin) összehasonlító farmakológiai analízise"
917:
months of age compared to before or after this age has been attributed to greater activity of the brain catecholaminergic system at this time.
2242:
Timár J, Knoll B (January 1986). "The effect of repeated administration of (-) deprenyl on the phenylethylamine-induced stereotypy in rats".
3598:
Miklya I, Knoll B, Knoll J (May 2003). "An HPLC tracing of the enhancer regulation in selected discrete brain areas of food-deprived rats".
489:
dextromethamphetamine diminish serotonergic activity, similarly to selegiline, whereas levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine do not do so.
100:-mediated monoamine release. That is, MAEs increase the amounts of monoamine neurotransmitters released by neurons per electrical impulse.
2343:
Gillman PK (November 2018). "A reassessment of the safety profile of monoamine oxidase inhibitors: elucidating tired old tyramine myths".
1970:
Knoll J, Miklya I, Knoll B, Markó R, Rácz D (1996). "Phenylethylamine and tyramine are mixed-acting sympathomimetic amines in the brain".
837:. The key endogenous actors in the enhancer regulation system have been hypothesized to be much more potent but have not been identified.
2754:"The emerging role of trace amine-associated receptor 1 in the functional regulation of monoamine transporters and dopaminergic activity"
677:
3421:
The SH rat model of ADHD has profoundly different catecholaminergic responses to amphetamine's enantiomers compared with
Sprague-Dawleys
3419:
2874:
Ekblom J, Oreland L, Chen K, Shih JC (1998). "Is there a "non-MAO" macromolecular target for L-deprenyl?: Studies on MAOB mutant mice".
4169:
3937:
622:. The TAAR1 may also be involved in the releasing effects of MRAs as with MAEs. It has been proposed that there may be two distinct
503:(BPAP) is a MAE for serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine that was derived from PPAP and is related to tryptamine. It is about 130
4144:
3867:
Gaszner P, Miklya I (December 2004). "The use of the synthetic enhancer substances (-)-deprenyl and (-)-BPAP in major depression".
1019:
1916:
Berry MD (January 2007). "The potential of trace amines and their receptors for treating neurological and psychiatric diseases".
2520:
Knoll J (February 1998). "(-)Deprenyl (selegiline), a catecholaminergic activity enhancer (CAE) substance acting in the brain".
920:
As previously described, brain monoamine release begins to rapidly decrease with sexual maturity in rodents. This suggests that
4140:
2839:
Magyar K, Szende B, Jenei V, Tábi T, Pálfi M, Szöko E (December 2010). "R-deprenyl: pharmacological spectrum of its activity".
1346:"Pharmacological studies with endogenous enhancer substances: β-phenylethylamine, tryptamine, and their synthetic derivatives"
386:, can dramatically potentiate β-phenylethylamine by inhibiting its metabolism and thereby allow for it to produce significant
3792:
3758:
3136:
2218:
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311:
for these compounds. Tyramine has been shown to act as a MAE of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in the rat brainstem
287:μM (1.3 × 10 M) and as a MAE for norepinephrine (1.9-fold increase) and dopamine (1.3-fold increase) at a concentration of 13
4136:
848:
months). This has been specifically quantified with orienting-searching reflex activity induced by hunger. Male rats are
1014:
Selective MAEs have been proposed for potential medical use in the treatment of a variety of conditions. These include
565:
MAEs like BPAP and selegiline may exert their effects via TAAR1 activation. This was evidenced by the TAAR1 antagonist
864:
months of age. Subsequent research found that brain monoamine release is much higher during the developmental phase (4
761:
of BPAP, antagonizes the MAE actions of BPAP. However, it does not antagonize the MAE actions of selegiline or PPAP.
554:
224:
3196:"Augmentation of methamphetamine-induced behaviors in transgenic mice lacking the trace amine-associated receptor 1"
680:
amphetamine increases dopamine levels in the striatum by 700 to 1,500% of baseline and norepinephrine levels in the
561:, dopamine, and serotonin for this receptor are much lower. In addition, recent findings have suggested that known
283:. Conversely, tryptamine has been found to act as a MAE for serotonin (3.6-fold increase) at a concentration of 1.3
2444:
Miklya I (June 2014). "Essential difference between the pharmacological spectrum of (-)-deprenyl and rasagiline".
2692:
Magyar, Kálmán; Lengyel, Joseph; Bolehovszky, Andrea; Knoll, Bertha; Miklya, Iidikó; Knoll, Joseph (2002-09-01).
610:
of these transporters in order to exert their MAE effects. This may be due to the fact that the TAAR1 is located
166:
of MAE activity across tested concentration ranges. Hence, there is a restricted concentration range for optimal
614:
within neurons. Transport by MATs into monoaminergic neurons is similarly required for the releasing effects of
4027:
1100:
1043:
685:
500:
328:
212:
159:
3817:"A multiple treatment comparison meta-analysis of monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors for Parkinson's disease"
3309:
al. 2016). For example, and bind and activate TAAR1 in the nanomolar range, but do not activate human TAAR1.
769:
has been found to reverse the MAE actions of selegiline and has been proposed as a possible TAAR1 antagonist.
932:
months of age compared to non-castrated controls. In addition, treatment of 3-week-old prepubertal rats for 2
688:
3013:"Trace amine-associated receptor 1 is a stereoselective binding site for compounds in the amphetamine class"
2570:"The pharmacology of 1-phenyl-2-propylamino-pentane (PPAP), a deprenyl-derived new spectrum psychostimulant"
1404:"Potential plant-derived catecholaminergic activity enhancers for neuropharmacological approaches: A review"
4132:
639:
417:
148:
3123:. Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. Vol. 23. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 175–194.
3282:
Simmler LD, Liechti ME (2018). "Pharmacology of MDMA- and
Amphetamine-Like New Psychoactive Substances".
2483:
372:
840:
Rodents are much more behaviorally and motivationally active in the late developmental phase of life (2
789:
765:, a TAAR1 antagonist, has been found to reverse the MAE actions of both BPAP and selegiline. Likewise,
735:
730:-like effects. The locomotor stimulant effect of BPAP has been shown to be dependent on enhancement of
193:
69:
1735:"Striking Neurochemical and Behavioral Differences in the Mode of Action of Selegiline and Rasagiline"
1403:
1345:
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1110:
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496:
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216:
77:
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1558:
Knoll J (2005). "Enhancer
Regulation: A Neurochemical Approach to the Innate and Acquired Drives".
1105:
806:
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on the TAAR1, one for MAEs and one for MRAs. MAEs are thought to induce action potential-dependent
607:
492:
208:
65:
726:-like effects in rodent studies. In relation to these effects, they have been described as having
357:β-Phenylethylamine, tryptamine, and tyramine when administered to animals are ineffective as MAEs
3429:
1057:
550:
391:
308:
156:
2044:"The significance of selegiline/(-)-deprenyl after 50 years in research and therapy (1965-2015)"
299:μΜ is a much more effective MAE of serotonin than is β-phenylethylamine at a concentration of 16
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409:
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selegiline was detected in the brain, suggesting that this agent might not act directly via a
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2964:"A receptor mechanism for methamphetamine action in dopamine transporter regulation in brain"
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are MAEs, but their MAE effects are overshadowed and complicated by their concomitant potent
948:
632:
599:
481:
3119:
Espinoza S, Gainetdinov RR (2014). "Neuronal
Functions and Emerging Pharmacology of TAAR1".
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similarly to β-phenylethylamine. β-Phenylethylamine and tyramine additionally act as potent
259:
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219:(IPAP). Although this was originally not known, the actions of MAEs may be mediated by
189:
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is a CAE, with slightly lower potency than selegiline. By extension to selegiline and
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has also been found to be active as a CAE. Aside from selegiline and its metabolites,
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has been proposed to exist in which so-called enhancer substances can potentiate the
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57:
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effects. Tyramine, unlike β-phenylethylamine and tryptamine, is unable to cross the
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The Brain and Its Self: A Neurochemical
Concept of the Innate and Acquired Drives
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The Brain and Its Self: A Neurochemical
Concept of the Innate and Acquired Drives
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reversing their MAE effects, among other findings. However, in an older study of
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1864:"Enhancer Regulation of Dopaminergic Neurochemical Transmission in the Striatum"
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2205:. Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementum. Vol. 48. pp. 61–73.
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of rasagiline and a closer analogue of selegiline, does not have MAE actions.
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Achat-Mendes C, Lynch LJ, Sullivan KA, Vallender EJ, Miller GM (April 2012).
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778:
669:
611:
592:
581:
132:
97:
3169:
2979:
2817:
1567:
3916:
3880:
3850:
3658:
3619:
3474:
3404:
3371:"Amphetamine, past and present--a pharmacological and clinical perspective"
3350:
3303:
3264:
3229:
3177:
3102:
3046:
2997:
2944:
2860:
2825:
2787:
2725:
2678:
2629:
2569:
2503:
2465:
2364:
2329:
2187:
2169:
2131:
2077:
1937:
1899:
1811:
1770:
1694:
1620:
1435:
1377:
1285:
925:
817:. The concept of this system was created and advanced by the developers of
731:
623:
444:
136:
85:
3733:
3698:
3584:
3532:
3509:
2895:
2593:
2541:
2423:
2293:
2255:
2228:
1991:
1751:
652:
rodent study, BPAP was found to maximally increase dopamine levels in the
4010:
3295:
3128:
1880:
1150:
1049:
921:
692:
619:
549:
of MAEs, for instance the trace amines, may be explained by their shared
461:
256:
177:
144:
81:
2060:
2043:
4116:
4046:
4038:
3982:
3968:
3908:
2709:
1201:
1130:
1120:
1083:
1008:
978:
830:
818:
814:
766:
711:
700:
673:
577:
558:
511:
425:
401:
383:
341:
267:
252:
240:
204:
185:
173:
34:
3832:
3256:
2693:
2621:
1039:
1031:
937:
772:
696:
345:
275:
128:
103:
MAEs have been shown to significantly enhance nerve impulse-mediated
1943:
similarity to trace amines suggests that such studies are warranted.
4106:
4033:
3987:
3815:
Binde CD, Tvete IF, Gåsemyr J, Natvig B, Klemp M (September 2018).
1191:
1115:
1088:
941:
877:
754:
734:
signaling. In contrast to PPAP and BPAP, as well as in contrast to
715:
653:
523:
440:
279:
263:
236:
108:
104:
3193:
849:
809:
neurons as well. Enhancer effects have even been observed in the
648:
359:
220:
3189:
3187:
1030:. There has also been theoretical interest in MAEs as potential
3451:
1034:
agents that might help to oppose age-related catecholaminergic
781:
595:
531:
3787:. SpringerLink: Springer e-Books. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
3677:
Knoll J (August 1994). "Memories of my 45 years in research".
3320:
2568:
Knoll, J.; Knoll, B.; Török, Z.; Timár, J.; Yasar, S. (1992).
2152:
Knoll J, Yoneda F, Knoll B, Ohde H, Miklya I (December 1999).
1350:
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and
Biological Psychiatry
246:
4111:
3893:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3184:
3154:
3150:
3148:
2691:
1196:
989:
962:
793:
762:
570:
566:
376:
232:
3887:
684:
by 400 to 450% of baseline. However, there appears to be no
484:) are CAEs like selegiline, but these drugs are also potent
30:
3314:
1067:
676:
on brain monoamine levels are similar. For comparison, the
3440:
3417:
3411:
3145:
3114:
3112:
2574:
295:. It is apparent that tryptamine at a concentration of 1.3
3522:
3158:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
2799:
2797:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2194:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1402:
Bhattacharjee, Monojit; Perumal, Ekambaram (2019-03-01).
876:
weeks of age). This has included dopamine release in the
408:-deprenyl) (a phenylethylamine derivative) is used as an
352:
3516:
3236:
2803:
2698:
European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
2600:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
985:
actions that is available for medical use. It is also a
3814:
3631:
3629:
3487:
3109:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
825:
and Ildikó Miklya. Endogenous enhancer substances like
3481:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3004:
2794:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2262:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1780:
3808:
3635:
3418:
Cheetham SC, Kulkarni RS, Rowley HL, Heal DJ (2007).
2873:
2867:
2838:
2832:
2200:
1969:
1818:
1701:
1562:. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. p. 25–94.
981:
is currently the only MAE without concomitant potent
913:
weeks. The higher behavioral activity of rodents at 2
844:
months) than in the early post-developmental phase (4
3959:
3862:
3860:
3626:
3591:
3242:
2606:
2567:
2151:
2138:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
1948:
1584:
1401:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
706:
MAEs like PPAP and BPAP have been found to increase
3368:
3357:
3118:
2655:
2644:
2548:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2306:
2300:
1777:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
3705:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3369:Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (June 2013).
3275:
3010:
2911:"Trace amine-associated receptor 1 and drug abuse"
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
1861:
1732:
773:Enhancer regulation system and age-related changes
3857:
2092:
1344:Shimazu, Seiichiro; Miklya, Ildikó (2004-05-01).
872:weeks of age) or following sexual maturity (16–32
635:, being inactive as agonists of the human TAAR1.
50:catecholaminergic/serotonergic activity enhancers
4161:
3597:
3011:Lewin AH, Miller GM, Gilmour B (December 2011).
1292:
896:. Serotonin release was 6- to 7-fold higher at 4
672:by 166%. The maximal impacts of other MAEs like
3750:How Selegiline ((-)-Deprenyl) Slows Brain Aging
3539:
3426:Neuroscience 2007, San Diego, CA, Nov 3-7, 2007
2371:
3711:
3281:
3062:
3060:
2235:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
3945:
3866:
3774:
2955:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2477:
2475:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2109:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1862:Harsing LG, Knoll J, Miklya I (August 2022).
1733:Harsing LG, Timar J, Miklya I (August 2023).
1343:
868:weeks of age) compared to prior to weaning (2
801:(midbrain) and activity enhancers can affect
777:An endogenous enhancer regulation system for
394:, which additionally limits its capacity for
3672:
3670:
3668:
2515:
2513:
1911:
1909:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
416:and exhibits CAE effects independent of its
3562:
3057:
2902:
2408:
2336:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
307:may indicate the existence of multiple MAE
247:Endogenous monoaminergic activity enhancers
3952:
3938:
3428:. Society for Neuroscience. Archived from
2740:
2472:
2430:
2241:
1998:
1042:, though such ideas have not been tested.
454:, has been found to act as a CAE as well.
155:. MAEs have a peculiar and characteristic
3840:
3740:
3665:
3394:
3219:
3092:
3036:
2987:
2961:
2934:
2777:
2510:
2177:
2112:Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry
2059:
1906:
1889:
1879:
1760:
1750:
1275:
255:MAEs have been identified, including the
3200:Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior
1627:
1450:
1226:
1068:List of monoaminergic activity enhancers
1020:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
29:
27:Class of compounds in the nervous system
3066:
2908:
2342:
678:norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent
14:
4162:
2751:
2481:
2443:
2041:
1397:
1395:
540:
353:Monoaminergic activity enhancing drugs
3933:
3780:
3746:
3676:
3069:"TAAR1 and Psychostimulant Addiction"
2519:
1915:
1672:
1557:
1249:
833:are known, but are of relatively low
668:by 228%; and serotonin levels in the
664:by 57%; norepinephrine levels in the
584:target in terms of its MAE effects.
331:(BPAP) has been found to be far more
291:μΜ (1.3 × 10 M) in the rat brainstem
522:do not have MAE actions. Similarly,
3073:Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology
1392:
160:concentration–response relationship
24:
18:Catecholaminergic activity enhancer
3691:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1994.tb00326.x
2534:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1998.tb01399.x
1268:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00202.x
638:As with MRAs like amphetamine and
25:
4196:
3067:Liu J, Wu R, Li JX (March 2020).
815:goal-directed behavioral activity
555:trace amine-associated receptor 1
225:trace amine-associated receptor 1
4170:Monoaminergic activity enhancers
3961:Monoaminergic activity enhancers
2770:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07109.x
1185:
995:and is used in the treatment of
888:; norepinephrine release in the
753:of MAEs are known. For example,
42:Monoaminergic activity enhancers
4145:Monoamine metabolism modulators
2685:
892:; and serotonin release in the
4028:Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane
3897:Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet
3753:. Bentham Science Publishers.
2962:Xie Z, Miller GM (July 2009).
2610:Cell Biochemistry and Function
1044:Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane
973:
745:
501:Benzofuranylpropylaminopentane
329:benzofuranylpropylaminopentane
213:benzofuranylpropylaminopentane
13:
1:
4141:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
4133:Receptor/signaling modulators
3651:10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00671-8
3612:10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00192-9
3502:10.1016/s0031-9384(96)80035-7
3467:10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01040-8
2888:10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00370-1
2671:10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00002-5
1804:10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01968-9
1219:
1072:
1026:like Parkinson's disease and
640:monoamine reuptake inhibitors
149:monoamine reuptake inhibitors
3726:10.1016/0024-3205(94)00415-3
3577:10.1016/0024-3205(94)00494-d
2458:10.1016/j.pharep.2013.11.003
2286:10.1016/0091-3057(93)90566-c
2042:Miklya, I. (November 2016).
1984:10.1016/0024-3205(96)00204-4
1420:10.1016/j.phymed.2018.07.010
1094:
940:sex hormones, including the
418:monoamine oxidase inhibition
373:monoamine oxidase inhibitors
235:(a known TAAR1 antagonist),
7:
3343:10.1016/j.neuro.2019.02.011
2927:10.1016/bs.apha.2021.10.005
2909:Wu R, Liu J, Li JX (2022).
2211:10.1007/978-3-7091-7494-4_6
2124:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.06.004
1362:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.11.016
1207:
790:monoamine neurotransmitters
740:mesolimbic dopamine pathway
606:(DAT). Hence, they must be
510:In contrast to selegiline,
96:but rather potentiate only
70:monoamine neurotransmitters
10:
4201:
4137:Monoamine releasing agents
3085:10.1007/s10571-020-00792-8
2752:Miller GM (January 2011).
2322:10.1016/j.psym.2015.05.003
2203:Deprenyl — Past and Future
1930:10.2174/157488707779318107
1024:neurodegenerative diseases
900:weeks of age compared to 2
856:weeks of age and complete
616:monoamine releasing agents
486:monoamine releasing agents
317:monoamine releasing agents
270:. At a concentration of 16
78:monoamine releasing agents
4125:
4097:
4065:Indolylpropylaminopentane
3996:
3967:
3869:Neuropsychopharmacol Hung
3212:10.1016/j.pbb.2011.10.025
3029:10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.007
2853:10.1007/s11064-010-0238-8
2492:Neuropsychopharmacol Hung
2412:Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther
2357:10.1007/s00702-018-1932-y
2244:Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther
1613:10.1016/j.pbb.2008.03.016
1062:monoamine releasing agent
983:monoamine releasing agent
811:peripheral nervous system
497:Indolylpropylaminopentane
217:indolylpropylaminopentane
98:nerve impulse propagation
76:. MAEs are distinct from
4088:Phenylpropylaminopentane
3387:10.1177/0269881113482532
2345:J Neural Transm (Vienna)
1058:substituted amphetamines
576:, no non-MAO binding of
493:Phenylpropylaminopentane
243:, have been identified.
209:phenylpropylaminopentane
3170:10.1124/jpet.107.132647
2980:10.1124/jpet.109.153775
2818:10.1124/jpet.115.229765
2482:Miklya I (March 2008).
2274:Pharmacol Biochem Behav
1687:10.1023/a:1024224311289
1601:Pharmacol Biochem Behav
1568:10.1007/3-540-27434-0_4
924:and the onset of their
526:(AGN-1133; J-508), the
37:, the prototypical MAE.
2170:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702995
1918:Rev Recent Clin Trials
1214:Pro-motivational agent
600:monoamine transporters
410:antiparkinsonian agent
375:(MAOIs), specifically
38:
4076:Dextromethamphetamine
3527:. 75 Suppl: 133–134.
1752:10.3390/ijms241713334
1173:Dextromethamphetamine
1016:psychiatric disorders
482:dextromethamphetamine
192:MAEs include certain
176:MAEs include certain
33:
3296:10.1007/164_2018_113
3129:10.1007/7355_2014_78
2968:J Pharmacol Exp Ther
2806:J Pharmacol Exp Ther
2048:Molecular Psychiatry
1881:10.3390/ijms23158543
1018:like depression and
712:stereotyped behavior
660:by 118%, and in the
604:dopamine transporter
88:in that they do not
4081:Levomethamphetamine
4059:Desmethylselegiline
3821:Br J Clin Pharmacol
3335:2019NeuTx..72...95R
3284:Handb Exp Pharmacol
3245:Hum Psychopharmacol
2061:10.1038/mp.2016.127
1178:Levomethamphetamine
1141:Desmethylselegiline
1056:, and likely other
1028:Alzheimer's disease
997:Parkinson's disease
788:-evoked release of
547:mechanism of action
541:Mechanism of action
514:and its metabolite
478:levomethamphetamine
422:desmethylselegiline
392:blood–brain barrier
92:of monoamines from
3909:10.1007/BF03190451
3781:Knoll, J. (2005).
3747:Knoll, J. (2012).
2710:10.1007/BF03190451
1022:(ADHD) as well as
886:olfactory tubercle
858:sexual development
708:locomotor activity
662:olfactory tubercle
396:centrally mediated
363:due to very rapid
260:β-phenylethylamine
182:β-phenylethylamine
164:bell-shaped curves
117:olfactory tubercle
90:induce the release
56:), are a class of
39:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4052:
4041:
4016:Dextroamphetamine
3833:10.1111/bcp.13651
3794:978-3-540-27434-6
3760:978-1-60805-470-1
3720:(15): 1047–1057.
3679:Pharmacol Toxicol
3606:(25): 2923–2930.
3525:Acta Physiol Hung
3432:on 27 July 2024.
3375:J Psychopharmacol
3138:978-3-319-48925-4
3023:(23): 7044–7048.
2847:(12): 1922–1932.
2522:Pharmacol Toxicol
2351:(11): 1707–1717.
2220:978-3-211-82891-5
2054:(11): 1499–1503.
1978:(23): 2101–2114.
1577:978-3-540-23969-7
1156:Dextroamphetamine
1133:
1126:
1036:neurodegeneration
682:prefrontal cortex
470:dextroamphetamine
434:
428:
407:
369:monoamine oxidase
131:release from the
123:release from the
94:synaptic vesicles
60:that enhance the
48:), also known as
16:(Redirected from
4192:
4127:
4050:
4039:
4006:4-Fluorodeprenyl
3977:Phenylethylamine
3954:
3947:
3940:
3931:
3930:
3921:
3920:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3864:
3855:
3854:
3844:
3827:(9): 1917–1927.
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3674:
3663:
3662:
3633:
3624:
3623:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3560:
3537:
3536:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3449:
3438:
3437:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3398:
3366:
3355:
3354:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3257:10.1002/hup.2866
3240:
3234:
3233:
3223:
3191:
3182:
3181:
3152:
3143:
3142:
3116:
3107:
3106:
3096:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3040:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2938:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2801:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2749:
2738:
2737:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2653:
2642:
2641:
2622:10.1002/cbf.1183
2604:
2598:
2597:
2565:
2546:
2545:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2494:(in Hungarian).
2489:
2479:
2470:
2469:
2441:
2428:
2427:
2406:
2369:
2368:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2181:
2164:(8): 1723–1732.
2149:
2136:
2135:
2107:
2090:
2089:
2063:
2039:
1996:
1995:
1967:
1946:
1945:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1859:
1816:
1815:
1786:
1775:
1774:
1764:
1754:
1730:
1699:
1698:
1681:(8): 1275–1297.
1670:
1625:
1624:
1595:
1582:
1581:
1555:
1448:
1447:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1341:
1290:
1289:
1279:
1250:Knoll J (2001).
1247:
1146:4-Fluorodeprenyl
1131:
1124:
1079:Phenylethylamine
935:
931:
916:
912:
908:
903:
899:
882:substantia nigra
875:
871:
867:
863:
855:
847:
843:
792:in a variety of
786:action potential
658:substantia nigra
602:(MATs) like the
506:
459:psychostimulants
452:4-fluorodeprenyl
432:
426:
405:
371:(MAO). However,
339:
302:
298:
290:
286:
273:
139:. Some MAEs are
113:substantia nigra
62:action potential
21:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4175:Neurophysiology
4160:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4121:
4093:
4071:Methamphetamine
4021:Levoamphetamine
3992:
3963:
3958:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3892:
3888:
3865:
3858:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3779:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3745:
3741:
3710:
3706:
3675:
3666:
3634:
3627:
3596:
3592:
3561:
3540:
3521:
3517:
3486:
3482:
3455:Eur J Pharmacol
3450:
3441:
3416:
3412:
3367:
3358:
3323:Neurotoxicology
3319:
3315:
3280:
3276:
3241:
3237:
3192:
3185:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3121:Taste and Smell
3117:
3110:
3065:
3058:
3017:Bioorg Med Chem
3009:
3005:
2960:
2956:
2907:
2903:
2882:(12): PL181–6.
2872:
2868:
2837:
2833:
2802:
2795:
2750:
2741:
2690:
2686:
2665:(5): 1197–212.
2659:Bioorg Med Chem
2654:
2645:
2605:
2601:
2566:
2549:
2518:
2511:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2442:
2431:
2407:
2372:
2341:
2337:
2305:
2301:
2270:
2263:
2240:
2236:
2221:
2199:
2195:
2150:
2139:
2108:
2093:
2040:
1999:
1968:
1949:
1914:
1907:
1860:
1819:
1798:(17): 1975–84.
1787:
1778:
1731:
1702:
1671:
1628:
1596:
1585:
1578:
1556:
1451:
1400:
1393:
1342:
1293:
1248:
1227:
1222:
1210:
1188:
1168:Methamphetamine
1161:Levoamphetamine
1097:
1075:
1070:
1054:methamphetamine
1003:. According to
976:
933:
929:
914:
910:
906:
901:
897:
890:locus coeruleus
873:
869:
865:
861:
853:
845:
841:
775:
748:
728:psychostimulant
666:locus coeruleus
656:by 44%, in the
644:methylphenidate
612:intracellularly
543:
504:
474:methamphetamine
466:levoamphetamine
435:-deprenyl, the
388:pharmacodynamic
355:
337:
300:
296:
288:
284:
271:
249:
168:pharmacodynamic
153:methylphenidate
125:locus coeruleus
107:release in the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4198:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4155:
4154:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4044:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3973:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3957:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3934:
3923:
3922:
3903:(3): 157–161.
3886:
3875:(4): 210–220.
3856:
3807:
3793:
3773:
3759:
3739:
3704:
3664:
3645:(7): 765–773.
3625:
3590:
3571:(8): 611–620.
3538:
3515:
3496:(2): 581–587.
3480:
3461:(3): 181–189.
3439:
3410:
3381:(6): 479–496.
3356:
3313:
3274:
3235:
3206:(2): 201–207.
3183:
3164:(3): 948–956.
3144:
3137:
3108:
3079:(2): 229–238.
3056:
3003:
2974:(1): 316–325.
2954:
2901:
2866:
2831:
2812:(1): 134–144.
2793:
2764:(2): 164–176.
2739:
2704:(3): 157–161.
2684:
2643:
2599:
2547:
2509:
2471:
2452:(3): 453–458.
2429:
2370:
2335:
2316:(5): 583–587.
2310:Psychosomatics
2299:
2280:(3): 709–714.
2261:
2234:
2219:
2193:
2158:Br J Pharmacol
2137:
2091:
1997:
1947:
1905:
1817:
1776:
1700:
1626:
1607:(2): 184–197.
1583:
1576:
1449:
1391:
1356:(3): 421–427.
1291:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
975:
972:
827:phenethylamine
774:
771:
747:
744:
724:antidepressant
722:, and produce
582:macromolecular
542:
539:
520:)-1-aminoindan
443:, is a CAE. A
414:antidepressant
354:
351:
248:
245:
231:of MAEs, like
194:phenethylamine
137:rodent studies
121:norepinephrine
74:nervous system
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4197:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3950:
3948:
3943:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3861:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3796:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3777:
3762:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3743:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3708:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3632:
3630:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3490:Physiol Behav
3484:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3423:
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3414:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3317:
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3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
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3190:
3188:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
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3149:
3140:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3113:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3061:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
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3007:
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2995:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2915:Adv Pharmacol
2912:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2841:Neurochem Res
2835:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2798:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
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2755:
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2735:
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2727:
2723:
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2688:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
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2652:
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2648:
2639:
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2631:
2627:
2623:
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2603:
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2591:
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2571:
2564:
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2560:
2558:
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2531:
2527:
2523:
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2514:
2505:
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2497:
2493:
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2467:
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2451:
2447:
2446:Pharmacol Rep
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
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2403:
2401:
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2331:
2327:
2323:
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2303:
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2291:
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2279:
2275:
2268:
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2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:Int J Mol Sci
1865:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1745:(17): 13334.
1744:
1740:
1739:Int J Mol Sci
1736:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
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1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1675:Neurochem Res
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1579:
1573:
1569:
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1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
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1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
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1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
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1409:
1408:Phytomedicine
1405:
1398:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:(3): 317–45.
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1215:
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1200:
1198:
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1176:
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1153:
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959:
957:
954:, though not
953:
950:
946:
943:
939:
927:
923:
918:
895:
894:raphe nucleus
891:
887:
883:
879:
859:
851:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:noradrenergic
800:
799:mesencephalon
795:
791:
787:
783:
780:
779:monoaminergic
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
714:, facilitate
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:raphe nucleus
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
650:
645:
641:
636:
634:
629:
625:
624:binding sites
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
594:
593:monoaminergic
590:
587:MAEs require
585:
583:
579:
575:
574:knockout mice
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
538:
536:
533:
529:
525:
521:
519:
513:
508:
502:
498:
494:
490:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
460:
455:
453:
450:of deprenyl,
449:
446:
442:
438:
430:
423:
419:
415:
411:
403:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:
350:
347:
343:
334:
330:
326:
321:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:selectivities
294:
282:
281:
277:
269:
265:
261:
258:
254:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
169:
165:
161:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:raphe nucleus
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
36:
32:
19:
4185:Trace amines
4149:TAAR ligands
4129:
4128:
3960:
3926:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3872:
3868:
3824:
3820:
3810:
3798:. Retrieved
3783:
3776:
3764:. Retrieved
3749:
3742:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3685:(2): 65–72.
3682:
3678:
3642:
3638:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3568:
3564:
3524:
3518:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3458:
3454:
3433:
3430:the original
3420:
3413:
3378:
3374:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3307:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3268:
3251:(3): e2866.
3248:
3244:
3238:
3203:
3199:
3161:
3157:
3120:
3076:
3072:
3050:
3020:
3016:
3006:
2971:
2967:
2957:
2948:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2809:
2805:
2761:
2757:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2662:
2658:
2616:(1): 49–53.
2613:
2609:
2602:
2577:
2573:
2528:(2): 57–66.
2525:
2521:
2498:(1): 15–22.
2495:
2491:
2449:
2445:
2415:
2411:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2277:
2273:
2250:(1): 50–60.
2247:
2243:
2237:
2202:
2196:
2161:
2157:
2115:
2111:
2051:
2047:
1975:
1971:
1941:
1921:
1917:
1874:(15): 8543.
1871:
1867:
1795:
1791:
1742:
1738:
1678:
1674:
1604:
1600:
1559:
1411:
1407:
1353:
1349:
1259:
1256:CNS Drug Rev
1255:
1064:activities.
1048:
1038:and prolong
1013:
1005:József Knoll
977:
968:
960:
956:progesterone
945:testosterone
922:sex hormones
919:
839:
823:József Knoll
821:, including
807:serotonergic
776:
749:
742:in rodents.
736:amphetamines
732:dopaminergic
705:
647:
637:
618:(MRAs) like
586:
578:radiolabeled
544:
527:
517:
509:
491:
456:
400:
358:
356:
322:
312:
292:
278:
257:trace amines
250:
215:(BPAP), and
178:trace amines
172:
102:
86:fenfluramine
80:(MRAs) like
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:
4099:Antagonists
4011:Amphetamine
3290:: 143–164.
2921:: 373–401.
2758:J Neurochem
2418:(1): 1–15.
2118:(1): 5–14.
1924:(1): 3–19.
1414:: 148–164.
1186:Antagonists
1151:Amphetamine
1050:Amphetamine
974:Medical use
936:weeks with
909:weeks to 32
751:Antagonists
746:Antagonists
710:, increase
693:atomoxetine
686:dose–effect
620:amphetamine
462:amphetamine
445:halogenated
229:Antagonists
201:derivatives
162:, with two
145:amphetamine
82:amphetamine
4180:Selegiline
4164:Categories
4117:Rasagiline
4053:-deprenyl)
4047:Selegiline
3983:Tryptamine
3969:Endogenous
3329:: 95–100.
1220:References
1202:Rasagiline
1127:-deprenyl)
1121:Selegiline
1084:Tryptamine
1073:Endogenous
1009:rasagiline
1001:depression
979:Selegiline
926:production
852:at about 3
831:tryptamine
819:selegiline
767:rasagiline
759:derivative
701:vanoxerine
674:selegiline
633:cathinones
608:substrates
559:octopamine
551:affinities
532:methylated
512:rasagiline
402:Selegiline
384:selegiline
380:inhibitors
342:femtomolar
268:tryptamine
253:endogenous
241:rasagiline
205:selegiline
198:tryptamine
186:tryptamine
174:Endogenous
170:activity.
35:Selegiline
4130:See also:
4042:-Deprenyl
3998:Synthetic
2718:2107-0180
2586:0003-9780
2086:205202709
2070:1476-5578
1428:0944-7113
1370:0278-5846
1134:-Deprenyl
1095:Synthetic
1032:antiaging
993:inhibitor
987:selective
938:exogenous
720:retention
697:bupropion
628:vesicular
589:transport
563:synthetic
429:-deprenyl
398:effects.
365:breakdown
346:picomolar
325:synthetic
309:receptors
276:brainstem
227:(TAAR1).
190:synthetic
141:selective
129:serotonin
127:; and/or
58:compounds
4107:3-F-BPAP
4034:Deprenyl
3988:Tyramine
3917:12365195
3881:15825677
3851:29847694
3714:Life Sci
3659:10968406
3639:Life Sci
3620:12697275
3600:Life Sci
3565:Life Sci
3475:11516435
3405:23539642
3351:30776375
3304:29633178
3265:36866677
3230:22079347
3178:18083911
3103:31974906
3047:22037049
2998:19364908
2945:35341572
2876:Life Sci
2861:20725780
2826:26791601
2788:21073468
2734:30618267
2726:12365195
2679:11377178
2638:11027835
2630:15584092
2580:: 5–29.
2504:18771016
2466:24905523
2365:30255284
2330:26198572
2188:10588928
2132:16023777
2078:27480491
1972:Life Sci
1938:18473983
1900:35955676
1812:12175892
1792:Life Sci
1771:37686140
1762:10487936
1695:12834268
1621:18456311
1444:58948967
1436:30668425
1386:37564231
1378:15093948
1286:11607046
1208:See also
1192:3-F-BPAP
1116:Deprenyl
1089:Tyramine
1040:lifespan
949:estrogen
942:androgen
878:striatum
755:3-F-BPAP
716:learning
654:striatum
553:for the
535:analogue
524:SU-11739
448:analogue
441:deprenyl
313:in vitro
293:in vitro
280:in vitro
264:tyramine
237:3-F-BPAP
211:(PPAP),
188:, while
109:striatum
105:dopamine
64:-evoked
3842:6089809
3800:28 July
3766:28 July
3734:8152326
3699:7971740
3585:7869839
3533:2115226
3510:8840922
3396:3666194
3331:Bibcode
3221:3288391
3094:7845786
3038:3236098
2989:2700171
2936:9826737
2896:9749831
2779:3005101
2594:1356324
2542:9498233
2424:7893186
2294:8278449
2256:3083795
2229:8988462
2179:1571822
1992:8649195
1891:9369307
1277:6494119
952:estrone
947:or the
835:potency
782:neurons
689:ceiling
649:in vivo
596:neurons
437:racemic
360:in vivo
262:(PEA),
223:of the
221:agonism
157:bimodal
72:in the
66:release
54:CAE/SAE
4090:(PPAP)
4067:(IPAP)
4030:(BPAP)
3915:
3879:
3849:
3839:
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3732:
3697:
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850:weaned
846:
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699:, and
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333:potent
301:
297:
289:
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272:
266:, and
251:A few
239:, and
115:, and
4112:EPPTB
4061:(DMS)
3979:(PEA)
2730:S2CID
2634:S2CID
2488:(PDF)
2082:S2CID
1440:S2CID
1382:S2CID
1197:EPPTB
990:MAO-B
963:MAO-B
794:brain
763:EPPTB
642:like
591:into
571:MAO-B
567:EPPTB
382:like
377:MAO-B
233:EPPTB
203:like
180:like
151:like
3913:PMID
3877:PMID
3847:PMID
3802:2024
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3768:2024
3755:ISBN
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3695:PMID
3655:PMID
3616:PMID
3581:PMID
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3226:PMID
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2722:PMID
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2128:PMID
2074:PMID
2066:ISSN
1988:PMID
1934:PMID
1896:PMID
1808:PMID
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1691:PMID
1617:PMID
1572:ISBN
1432:PMID
1424:ISSN
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1366:ISSN
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1106:PPAP
1101:BPAP
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860:by 2
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757:, a
718:and
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468:and
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196:and
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