153:
997:, whose government waged a fierce anti-clerical battle. In the spring of 1903, Combes sent the Chamber fifty-four applications for authorization for male congregations, submitted by more than nineteen hundred and fifteen houses. The applications were divided into three groups: twenty-five "teaching" congregations (representing 1,689 houses and 11,841 religious), twenty-eight "preaching" congregations (225 houses and 3,040 religious) and one commercial congregation (the Carthusian monks, 48 monks). At the same time, Combes forwarded to the Senate the requests of six "hospitable, missionary and contemplative" congregations of men, five with favorable opinions, which would remain tolerated: the
1332:'s order of 9 August 1944 extended the Vichy measures. However, the deputies of the French Republic voted to abolish all aid and subsidies to denominational schools, without going back on the authorization of congregations: the laws of 3 September 1940 and 8 April 1942 were confirmed in 1945. It wasn't until 1 January 2005, that the Caisses des écoles were also able to help children in private schools. In 1959, the Debré law re-established subsidies to private schools in exchange for the signing of a contract, and compulsory schooling was officially raised to 16 (from 14 in 1936).
826:, by decree of 2 November 1789, placed the property of the Church, including that of the congregations, at the disposal of the Nation. The decree of 13 February 1790 prohibited monastic vows and abolished regular religious orders. The decree concerned 100,000 clergy not attached to a parish, i.e. two-thirds of the clergy considered not "useful". The criteria for "usefulness" were the sacraments and the care of souls, teaching, caring for the sick and infirm, and helping the destitute.
2004:
1990:
2018:
1976:
1225:, which repealed in its entirety the law of 7 July 1904, which prohibited religious from teaching in the public sector, including private schools. It also repealed article 14 of the law of 1 July 1901, which prohibited unauthorized congregations from teaching. From now on, teaching congregations may return to France. They have the right to set up new establishments (for example, the
968:"No religious congregation may be formed without authorization given by a law which will determine the conditions of its operation. No new establishment may be founded except by virtue of a decree issued by the Council of State. The dissolution of the congregation or the closure of any establishment may be pronounced by a decree issued by the Council of Ministers". (art.13)
1103:"to suspend the execution of decrees closing or refusing authorization issued in application of the law of 1901, of closure orders issued in execution of the law of 1904 and of all measures generally taken in execution of said laws, 9,323 religious returned from exile to be mobilized; 1,237 of them were wounded and 1,571 lost their lives in the fighting."
1189:" For having driven God out of the school, out of the nation's law courts, for having put up with unhealthy literature, the white slave trade, for the degrading promiscuity of workshops, offices and factories, Lord, we ask your forgiveness What use have we made of the victory of 1918? What use would we have made of an easy victory in 1940? "
1202:, Minister of the Interior, took up the classic argument against congregations: a congregation is not an association like any other, the bond between members of the congregation is strict, with the latter relinquishing all elements in favor of the group. The congregation reports to a foreign power, the
1255:
The law of 15 February 1941 extended the deadline for allocating real estate belonging to public religious establishments to religious associations. It was extended to the
Antilles and Reunion by the law of 14 June 1941. The law of 21 February 1941 fully regularized the presence of the six Carthusian
1232:
However, the
Vatican is opposed to a provision of the law which stipulates that recognition of a congregation is conditional on the congregation's superior being resident in France. Furthermore, article 16 of the law of 1 July 1901 required a request for authorization from the State, meaning that in
1274:
Law no. 505 of 8 April 1942, relaxes the provisions of Title III of the 1 July 1901 law. The law abrogated article 16, which required authorization on pain of being "declared illicit", and put an end to the hunt for religious organizations. Article 13 was amended: the founding of a congregation was
1074:
Nearly 2,000 schools were closed, and tens of thousands of religious who had made education their preferred field of action found themselves banned from exercising their profession, and faced with the choice of retraining, abandoning the regular state, or going into exile. Some secularized, at the
1156:
would put pressure on
Mussolini to prevent Italy from going to war against France, Interior Minister Georges Mandel authorized the congregations to return to France. On 9 June 1940, Georges Mandel authorized the return of the Carthusian monks and their installation in France, although it remained
1043:
In the summer of 1902, Émile Combes ordered the closure of 3,000 unauthorized schools run by authorized congregations in France, and the movement gathered pace in 1903 with the passing of the law of 4 December 1902, which stipulated that anyone who opened an unauthorized congregational school was
884:
In the decades that followed, legislation became increasingly favorable to women's congregations. The law of 24 May 1825 authorized the opening of new congregations, while those existing before 1 January 1825 were to be opened by simple royal decree. The creation of establishments by authorized
1296:
The law of 25 December 1942, modifies article 19 of the law of 1905, and allows public authorities to provide financial support for cult buildings belonging to religious associations. The budgets for 1942, 1943 and 1944 included subsidies for
Catholic institutes and three Protestant faculties.
980:
Existing congregations (...) that have not previously been authorized or recognized must, within three months, prove that they have taken the necessary steps to comply with these requirements. In the absence of such justification, they will be deemed dissolved ipso jure; the same will apply to
1118:
In response to these threats, two months later the League for the Rights of
Religious Veterans (DRAC) was founded by the Benedictine François-Josaphat Moreau, and in October the Jesuit Paul Doncœur published an open letter to Herriot entitled "For the honor of France, we will not leave". The
1339:
presidency proposed that unrecognized congregations apply to the State for legal recognition. By 1987, 249 apostolic institutes out of 365 and 114 monasteries out of 323 were recognized on the female side, and 25 apostolic institutes out of 62 and 23 monasteries out of 43 on the male side.
928:
from France once again, and to require other congregations to request authorization within three months, on pain of dissolution and dispersal. As most decided not to apply for authorization out of solidarity with the
Jesuits, at the end of the short deadline, unauthorized congregations
1173:" France is delivered after sixty years under the yoke of the anti-Catholic radical party (professors, lawyers, Jews, Freemasons). The new government invokes God and returns the Grande Chartreuse to the monks. Hope for deliverance from universal suffrage and parliamentarianism "
1070:"Congregations that have been authorized, and those applying for authorization, both for teaching and for other purposes, retain the benefit of this authorization or instance of authorization only for the non-teaching services provided for in their statutes".
367:
around 1210 and the
Dominicans around 1215, who chose a life of poverty and preaching; they set up their convents in the heart of towns to be close to the faithful. Personalities of this new type of conventual life even found their way into universities
290:
bishops. It benefited from the pontifical privilege of exemption, which freed it from the power of the local bishop and placed it directly under the authority of Rome. In 991, at the
Council of Saint-Basle de Verzy, convened to judge the
267:
list their possessions. The domain of the latter covered 33,000 ha. These possessions came from donations made to the abbeys, as the monks' essential function was to be intercessors, through their prayers, who opened the gates of Heaven.
1197:
for which talks had been held with the
Daladier government. In addition, the Church wanted congregations to be considered as associations, which would make them subject to a simple declaration. But members of the government, such as
1151:
enabled the
Carthusian monks to regain a temporary foothold in France: on 10 May 1940, Germany invaded France, and the monks were threatened with expulsion from Italy if Mussolini also attacked France. On 29 May 1940, hoping that
1769:
1351:. In this case, the congregation has no legal personality. It cannot sign any contracts in the abbey's name, own its own buildings, receive donations or legacies, open a bank account, obtain a car registration document.
1082:
Between 30 and 60,000 French religious thus left to found establishments abroad: Belgium, Spain, Switzerland, but also the "missionary" route. Some 1,300 arrived in Canada between 1901 and 1904, leaving their mark on
198:, commenting on the rule of St. Benedict of Nursia and referring to those of Basil, Paschomius and Columban. In 817, Louis the Pious imposed the Rule of St. Benedict on all monasteries in the empire with the
1259:
On 8 July 1941, a law allowed religious associations to collect donations and bequests, subject to administrative authorization. This provision marked the end of the bishops' challenge to the 1905 law. The
858:
The decree of 18 February 1809 allowed the reconstitution of women's hospital congregations simply by approving their statutes, as their prohibition had caused too many difficulties in caring for the sick.
1142:
fathers expelled in 1903 were still waiting in Italy for permission to return to France, where right-wing politicians were campaigning for "the Carthusian monastery to be returned to the Carthusians". The
1267:
The circular of 26 February 1942 sets out the ten articles on worship recognized by the Republic, including the requirement that all Catholic congregations be placed under the jurisdiction of a bishop.
1131:, Minister for the Colonies, allowed each religious denomination to set up a mission in the overseas territories, with a board of directors and "civil personality", enabling the Catholic mission in the
1115:, announced the resumption of the expulsion of congregations, the abolition of the embassy to the Holy See and the application of the law of separation of Church and State to Alsace and Moselle.
1283:"Any religious congregation may obtain legal recognition by decree issued with the assent of the Conseil d'État; the provisions relating to previously authorized congregations apply to them.
1048:- Anyone who opens a Congregational school without authorization, – Anyone who, after a closure order, continues the activities of the establishment or promotes its organization or operation.
888:
The decree of 31 January 1852 called for women's religious congregations "dedicated to the education of youth and the relief of the poor" to be given the means to obtain legal recognition.
65:
and religious people live in a community whose life is organized by a rule. This is why they are considered, in a broad and somewhat inaccurate sense, to form the regular clergy. However,
1079:, to ensure the survival of their work, but many chose fidelity to their vocation and therefore exile, preferably as close to France as possible, in the hope of a possible return.
1525:
1354:
Originally intended for Catholic communities, the provisions of the texts on congregations have been applied to Protestant, Orthodox, ecumenical and Buddhist communities.
1067:"The same will apply to congregations and establishments which, although authorized for several purposes, were in fact exclusively devoted to teaching on January 1, 1903.
1024:
As for women's congregations, 390 applied for authorization. Only 81 applications from "teaching" congregations were forwarded to the Chamber with unfavorable opinions.
278:
The Norman, Hungarian, and Saracen invasions of the 9th and 10th centuries largely ruined these efforts. At the beginning of the 9th century, the founding of the
1321:, it turned out that the law of 3 September 1940 had not been used. Only three minor congregations obtained legal recognition, including the Carmel de Créteil.
1206:: "Secret societies have just been banned. We must be careful not to undermine the authority of the State by creating an exception". The bishops' contact was
1252:, who took over from Peyrouton to defend the interests of the State. The law of 6 January 1941 allowed communes to grant subsidies to private schools.
881:
The law of 2 January 1817 required congregations to be recognized by statute to acquire real estate and annuities, and to receive gifts and legacies.
1289:
The dissolution of the congregation or the suppression of any establishment may only be pronounced by decree with the assent of the Conseil d'État."
1240:
The law of 15 October entitles children in private schools to assistance from the caisse des écoles. The political crisis that saw the departure of
97:
or community life, generally contrasted with eremitism or anachoresis. Pachomius believed that solitude was dangerous, as it could lead to despair.
282:
is, for historians, the harbinger of the so-called Gregorian reform. Faced with the disintegration of royal power and Carolingian institutions in
1544:
1264:
granted substantial subsidies to private schools. Private denominational schools received state subsidies (400 million francs in 1941).
752:
259:
owned considerable property, and most of the monks worked in the fields, which enabled them to provide for the needs of the poor and passing
1233:
practice a congregation had to be recognized by the Conseil d'État. This status was maintained in subsequent decades. The superior of the
814:
and parliamentarians, and later by philosophical atheists. They were banned from France in 1763-4, and their two hundred colleges closed.
848:
The decree of 3 Messidor An XII opened up the possibility of congregation formation, subject to formal authorization by imperial decree.
271:
The nuns were forced to respect the enclosure, and the abbesses could only travel with the permission of the bishop. The bishop of Metz,
192:
for a copy of St. Benedict's rule, and his son Louis the Pious, the Carolingian emperors turned to St. Benedict of Aniane, who wrote the
1107:
At the end of the war, many congregations returned to France, confident of the openness created by the resumption of relations with the
1095:
Many religious remained abroad, contributing to the internationalization of the congregations, but the Sacred Union proclaimed when the
2069:
998:
449:
1027:
The Chamber or the Senate followed Combes' recommendations. Unauthorized congregations were expelled in April 1903. The monks of the
1347:
The only alternative for congregations refusing "legal recognition" is "de facto association". This is the solution adopted by the
152:
2044:
1357:
At the end of the 20th century, some traditional orders were going through a crisis, and secular institutes were also appearing.
763:
2064:
2039:
1135:
to retain ownership of all its land. Mandel's decree-law of 6 December 1939 modified certain articles of the previous decree.
1881:
1554:
1286:
Legal recognition may be granted to any new congregational establishment by virtue of a decree issued by the Conseil d'État.
964:
The law of 1 July 1901 on associations subjected congregations to an exceptional regime described in Title III of the law:
714:
224:, monk of Saint-Denis and later archbishop of Reims, was the great theologian, and a staunch defender of orthodoxy against
797:
1064:"Congregations authorized as exclusively teaching congregations will be abolished within a maximum period of ten years.
2049:
971:
Members of an unauthorized congregation are prohibited from teaching or running an educational establishment. (art.14)
251:). Monasteries were centers of culture and education: schools were opened there. Some parents placed their children as
216:, they recopy ancient manuscripts, both religious and secular. Monks were at the heart of the Carolingian renaissance.
228:. He had Pope Nicholas I condemn his opinions on Eucharistic symbolism, which led to the denial of the Real Presence.
2054:
1853:
1491:
1177:
Some Catholics blamed the defeat on the reserve teachers who were the first to give up. In the 28 June 1940 issue of
784:, from 1680 in Reims, wanted to provide education for the poor, and laid the foundations for what was to become the
264:
161:
2059:
176:
around 529, the Rule of Life he drew up around 540 became widely known throughout Europe. St. Benedict's motto was
1169:
left Catholics with an immense sense of guilt. Catholic writer Paul Claudel wrote in his diary on 5–7 July 1940:
1099:
broke out, and underlined by the circular of 2 August 1914 from Interior Minister Louis Malvy inviting prefects:
766:
in Paris, in response to the need for priestly training and the creation of seminaries prescribed by the Council.
144:, which emphasizes penance and mortification. This rule was adopted by the vast majority of monasteries in Gaul.
1275:
no longer subject to authorization by a law passed by Parliament, but by a decree issued after the assent of the
934:
875:
390:
989:
condemned the law, but left congregations free to request authorization, which most of them did. However, the
830:
117:
1276:
1366:
845:, confirmed the abolition of all ecclesiastical establishments (except cathedral chapters and seminaries).
556:
69:
are not canonically part of the clergy, and strictly speaking, monks who have not received holy orders are
1057:
The final blow was dealt to teaching congregations by the law of 7 July 1904, article 1 of which states:
1014:
974:
The list of members and the congregation's accounts and inventory are available to the prefect. (art.15)
773:, a few years later, in 1643 in Caen, founded the Congregation of Jesus and Mary, otherwise known as the
736:
1947:
La vie religieuse féminine en Haute-Loire à la fin du xviiie siècle et pendant la Révolution (1789–1816)
1328:
had authorized the return of teaching congregations and permitted the subsidization of private schools,
1193:
As early as the summer of 1940, the episcopate reiterated to the new government the requests for aid to
1615:"Décret du 16 janvier 1939 instituant outre-mer des conseils d'administration des missions religieuses"
521:
993:' victory in the legislative elections of May 1902 brought Émile Combes to power, allied with Jaurès'
1182:
1166:
560:
517:
423:
founded the Order of Clerics Regular of St. Paul, otherwise known as the Barnabites, for instruction.
781:
322:
In 1098, reacting against the opulence of certain monasteries, a group of Benedictines founded the
141:
1256:
communities in France, by explicitly and definitively authorizing the return of the Carthusians.
710:
353:
953:
convents were closed. The monks of the Grande Chartreuse and the Trappists remained untroubled.
2009:
1018:
336:
1614:
1348:
897:
851:
Article 109 of the imperial decree of 17 March 1808 organizing the University recognized the
300:
255:
at an early age; the most famous example is Hincmar, who entered Saint-Denis as a child. The
94:
275:, gave his canons a rule that was a compromise between communal life and pastoral missions.
1482:
Iogna-Prat, D. (1990). "Entre anges et hommes : les moines doctrinaires de l'an Mil".
1318:
1226:
917:
852:
823:
785:
506:
327:
292:
86:
721:
463:, a new order of regular clerics, whose main activities were missionary work and teaching.
128:
de Bangor, a missionary from Ireland, reformed numerous monasteries at the request of the
8:
1995:
607:
584:
Female teaching congregations experienced unprecedented vitality in the 17th century. In
129:
90:
340:, his reform reintroduced manual labor and strict poverty. This led to the birth of the
1211:
759:
748:
456:
345:
169:
157:
1965:
La vie religieuse féminine en Haute-Loire à la fin du xviiie siècle (troisième partie)
1956:
La vie religieuse féminine en Haute-Loire à la fin du xviiie siècle… (deuxième partie)
1222:
1112:
528:
494:
376:). Thanks to these Mendicant orders, many Christians remained faithful to the Church.
315:
withdrew with a few companions to the northern pre-Alps in 1084, where he founded the
1877:
1849:
1846:
La République contre les congrégations – Histoire d'une passion française (1899–1904)
1550:
1487:
1329:
1207:
1132:
1028:
842:
502:
435:
181:
137:
1828:
Histoire des ordres et congrégations religieuses en France, du Moyen ge à nos jours
1336:
1245:
1199:
1148:
990:
901:
874:
proceeded with the universal restoration of the Society by promulgating the decree
725:
706:
484:
427:
420:
360:
349:
331:
316:
312:
1809:
Histoire des ordres et congrégations religieuses en France du Moyen ge à nos jours
323:
303:, who favored the jurisdiction of the Council of the Gauls in the case of a peer.
1096:
1061:"Teaching of any order and of any kind is forbidden in France to congregations."
977:
Any congregation formed without authorization will be declared illegal. (art.16)
950:
863:
744:
578:
536:
405:
105:
36:
1006:
817:
415:
Little by little, congregations sprang up, specializing in specific activities.
121:
109:
1981:
1234:
1194:
1128:
946:
905:
369:
296:
279:
220:, abbot of Saint-Martin de Tours, was Charlemagne's most sought-after advisor.
1119:
government renounces its intentions, and no religious leave French territory.
35:, which have been created over time in response to the needs or crises of the
2033:
2023:
1249:
1153:
1010:
871:
593:
589:
471:
401:
341:
206:
189:
173:
1147:
asked France to return to freedom for religious congregations. Finally, the
1325:
1261:
1241:
1237:, refusing to apply to the Conseil d'État, led a fronde of congregations.
1218:
1203:
1144:
986:
930:
513:
283:
225:
505:, who in 1568 reformed the male branch of Carmel, developing the order of
1911:
Les congrégations hors la loi ? Autour de la loi du 1er juillet 1901
1139:
942:
921:
811:
729:
552:
532:
478:
441:
404:
de Thiene and Mgr Pietro Carafa, later Pope Paul IV, founded an order of
394:
373:
364:
212:
185:
22:
833:
abolished secular congregations, mainly for teaching and hospital work.
695:
938:
866:, the political climate had changed. The monarchs who had expelled the
770:
567:
498:
272:
125:
82:
1344:
have only been officially admitted to France since 24 February 2001.
1002:
994:
807:
740:
467:
409:
1111:
in 1921. However, on 2 June 1924, the new President of the Council,
885:
congregations would only be subject to a royal authorization order.
2003:
1292:– Article 13 of the law of July 1, 1901 (version in force in 2010).
1229:
can resume their teaching activities in their own establishments).
1221:
passed the law of 3 September 1940, drafted under the authority of
1108:
603:
585:
574:
113:
52:
1052:
1989:
1770:"La laïcisation du département de l'Isère sous la troisième Répu"
1341:
925:
867:
803:
774:
659:
623:
Maîtresses des Ecoles gratuites et charitables du St-Enfant Jésus
460:
445:
431:
260:
221:
133:
1874:
Le Grand Exil des congrégations religieuses françaises 1901–1914
1865:
Les Congrégations religieuses. De la France au Québec, 1880-1914
470:, the first female teaching order, in 1535 under the impetus of
306:
1084:
1076:
702:
691:
287:
252:
217:
101:
40:
28:
1526:"Série V – L'administration des cultes en Corrèze (1800–1940)"
717:, a women's order combining contemplative life and education.
1214:, who issued a series of laws and decrees in September 1940.
981:
congregations whose authorization has been refused. (art.18)"
956:
In all, 5,643 Jesuits were expelled and 261 convents closed.
818:
The suppression of congregations during the French Revolution
681:
637:
627:
256:
70:
1600:
210:(pray and work), are the two activities of the monk. In the
116:. At the beginning of the 5th century, John Cassian founded
1309:), which had become free in 1933, became fee-paying again.
611:
548:
58:
44:
32:
836:
755:
in Paris in 1633, dedicated to serving the sick and poor.
239:
In Carolingian society, monks constituted a social group (
1312:
438:, dedicated to caring for the sick and educating orphans.
66:
62:
48:
726:
Congregation of the Oratory of Jesus and Mary Immaculate
379:
841:
The Consulate, in the organic articles appended to the
728:
in Paris, with the same aim as the oratorians of Saint
687:
Sœurs de Saint-Paul de Chartres, des Écoles charitables
466:
Women's congregations were also founded, including the
479:
Foundations and reforms following the Council of Trent
397:, further emphasizing the latter's ideal of poverty.
147:
1909:
Lalouette, Jacqueline; Machelon, Jean-Pierre (2002).
570:, founded in 1584, dedicated to caring for the sick.
39:, and are an illustration of the Church's evolution.
1971:
450:
Hospitaller Order of the Brothers of St. John of God
76:
1601:"Association Droits du religieux ancien combattant"
1837:La liberté des congrégations religieuses en France
1486:. Points (in French). Le Seuil. pp. 245–263.
908:, pursued a policy of eliminating congregations.
853:Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools
786:Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools
665:Sœurs de la Charité et de l'Instruction chrétienne
286:, Cluny sought to escape the dubious authority of
263:. The Redon Cartulary and Irminon's polyptych for
1908:
1872:Durand, Jean-Dominique; Cabanel, Patrick (2005).
1811:(in French). Editions Champ Vallon. p. 1343.
1756:La Laïcité à la française: Scruter la loi de 1905
904:movement, while remaining fairly tolerant of the
563:of priests dedicated to education and preaching.
359:This need for reform also led to the creation of
334:, and in his desire to respect the spirit of the
299:supported the Pope's exclusive jurisdiction over
2031:
1904:(in French). Presses Universitaires de Grenoble.
1867:(in French). Les Presses de l’Université Laval.
1053:1904: The suppression of teaching congregations
924:, Minister of Public Instruction, to expel the
791:
557:Confederation of Oratories of Saint Philip Neri
610:founded the Compagnie de Marie Notre-Dame. In
384:
89:were established as early as the 2nd century.
1871:
1731:(in French). Desclée de Brouwer. p. 400.
959:
916:On 29 March 1880, two decrees were signed by
518:Congregation of Saint-Vanne et Saint-Hydulphe
307:Renewal at the start of the second millennium
47:by making a lifelong commitment to the three
1304:
1298:
1127:The decree-law of 16 January 1939 issued by
911:
685:
675:
669:
663:
653:
647:
641:
631:
621:
615:
597:
180:, "peace". It has remained the motto of the
136:and founded, among others, the monastery of
1032:
193:
1938:Les catholiques français sous l'occupation
1929:Histoire religieuse de l'Occident médiéval
1825:
1806:
1481:
999:Brothers Hospitallers of Saint John of God
311:In search of a mainly contemplative life,
1899:
1893:Quand les catholiques étaient hors la loi
1210:, head of the government's Department of
1122:
1090:
751:, he was also behind the founding of the
489:
1935:
1890:
1782:
1702:
1678:
1666:
1639:
1584:
1542:
151:
140:. On this occasion, he wrote the severe
81:From the earliest days of Christianity,
1967:(in French). Cahiers de la Haute-Loire.
1958:(in French). Cahiers de la Haute-Loire.
1949:(in French). Cahiers de la Haute-Loire.
1926:
1917:
1794:
1741:
1726:
1714:
1690:
1651:
1627:
1466:
1454:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1405:(in French). Desclée. pp. 697–698.
837:From the Consulate to the Second Empire
829:With the decree of 18 August 1792, the
764:Society of the Priests of Saint Sulpice
124:. In Gaul in the 5th century, the monk
2032:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1895:. Tempus (in French). éditions Perrin.
1862:
1753:
1572:La République contre les congrégations
1385:
1313:From the Liberation to the present day
1248:, but it was Darlan's éminence grise,
330:played a key role in the birth of the
231:
1843:
1834:
1589:(in French). Flammarion. p. 307.
1520:
1518:
1506:
1400:
891:
380:Reforms from the 16th century onwards
43:, aspiring to religious life, become
715:Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary
452:, for the care of the poor and sick.
1729:Notre histoire écrite par les papes
1587:Histoire de la France contemporaine
1546:Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez 17
1244:at the end of 1940 also eliminated
1160:
1017:, one with a negative opinion: the
798:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
400:At the same time, in Rome in 1524,
202:, prepared by Benedict of Aniane.
148:The rise of Benedictine monasticism
13:
1656:(in French). Pléiade. p. 321.
1569:
1515:
1044:liable to a fine or imprisonment:
743:) was founded in Paris in 1625 by
577:Order, founded in Rome in 1597 by
14:
2081:
2070:History of Christianity in France
1758:(in French). Fayard. p. 374.
1227:Brothers of the Christian Schools
649:Sœurs de l'Instruction chrétienne
501:order in 1562, followed by Saint
77:The beginnings: 5th–9th centuries
2016:
2002:
1988:
1974:
1549:(in French). Casa de Velázquez.
920:, President of the Council, and
614:, Charles Démia establishes the
596:founded the congregation of the
1902:L'expulsion des chartreux. 1903
1819:
1800:
1788:
1776:
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1747:
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1645:
1633:
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1607:
1593:
1578:
1563:
1536:
85:was a form of self-giving, and
2045:History of the Catholic Church
1963:Gounon, Marie-Pascale (1999).
1954:Gounon, Marie-Pascale (1999).
1945:Gounon, Marie-Pascale (1997).
1920:L'Église sous Vichy, 1940–1945
1830:(in French). Éd. Champ Vallon.
1500:
1475:
1460:
1448:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1394:
1379:
935:Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
876:Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum
542:
448:, laid the foundations of the
391:Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
27:are institutions, approved by
1:
2065:Catholic orders and societies
2040:History of religion in France
1913:(in French). Letouzey et Ané.
1372:
1185:, Bishop of Toulouse, wrote:
870:were no longer in power, and
110:Abbey of St. Martin of Ligugé
1543:Delaunay, Jean-Marc (1981).
1467:Hilaire, Yves-Marie (2003).
1403:Le christianisme en Occident
1388:Le sens de la vie monastique
1367:List of religious institutes
1317:Finally, at the time of the
1157:illegal under the 1901 law.
949:, etc.) were expelled. Some
792:The expulsion of the Jesuits
636:(founded by Canon Roland in
620:. Nicolas Barré founded the
162:Saint-Germain-des-Prés abbey
93:is considered the father of
7:
1826:Hasquenoph, Sophie (2009).
1807:Hasquenoph, Sophie (2009).
1727:Marneur, Catherine (2013).
1360:
1015:Society of African Missions
737:Congregation of the Mission
385:Before the Council of Trent
10:
2086:
1936:Duquesne, Jacques (1986).
1511:(in French). Paris: Seuil.
960:1903: The second expulsion
795:
769:In the same spirit, Saint
522:Congregation of Saint-Maur
482:
2050:Catholic Church in France
1918:Cointet, Michèle (1998).
1844:Sorre, Christian (2003).
1835:Duran, Jean-Paul (1999).
1585:Dansette, Adrien (1984).
1574:. CERF. pp. 122–123.
1471:(in French). p. 161.
912:1880: The first expulsion
188:, who asked the Abbot of
2055:Protestant organizations
1900:Bourgeois, René (2000).
1507:Lekai, Louis J. (1957).
1444:(in French). p. 13.
782:John Baptist de La Salle
749:Saint Louise de Marillac
694:) and de Saint-Paul (in
581:to teach poor children.
434:, northern Italy by St.
158:Saint Benedict of Nursia
142:Rule of Saint Columbanus
2060:Religious organizations
1891:Sévillia, Jean (2005).
1440:Gaussin, P. R. (1985).
711:Jane Frances de Chantal
707:Saint François de Sales
633:Sœurs de l'Enfant-Jésus
459:created the Society of
354:Congregation of Savigny
184:. Under the impetus of
172:founded a monastery on
25:congregations in France
2010:Catholic Church portal
1927:Chélini, Jean (1991).
1754:Poulat, Emile (2010).
1652:Claudel, Paul (1969).
1469:Histoire de la papauté
1442:Les Cohortes du Christ
1401:Riché, Pierre (1993).
1386:Bouyer, Louis (2008).
1305:
1299:
1294:
1191:
1175:
1123:1939/1940: Appeasement
1105:
1091:1914: The Sacred Union
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1019:Salesians of Don Bosco
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337:Rule of Saint Benedict
265:Saint-Germain-des-Prés
200:capitulaire monasticum
194:
165:
1484:La France de l'an Mil
1390:(in French). Le Cerf.
1349:Solesmes Congregation
1297:Secondary education (
1281:
1187:
1171:
1101:
1059:
1046:
966:
898:French Third Republic
745:Saint Vincent de Paul
698:) were also founded.
671:Présentation de Tours
643:Sœurs de Saint-Joseph
520:in 1604, then by the
495:Saint Teresa of Avila
430:, founded in 1532 in
155:
118:Abbey of Saint-Victor
16:Catholicism in France
1940:(in French). Fayard.
1922:(in French). Perrin.
1217:On 3 September, the
918:Charles de Freycinet
831:Legislative Assembly
824:Constituent assembly
753:Daughters of Charity
516:was reformed by the
507:Discalced Carmelites
497:reformed the female
328:Bernard of Clairvaux
293:Archbishop of Rheims
87:monastic communities
1996:Christianity portal
1876:(in French). Cerf.
1848:(in French). Cerf.
1570:Sorrel, Christian.
1530:archives.correze.fr
608:Jeanne de Lestonnac
599:Sœurs de Notre-Dame
579:St. Joseph Calasanz
472:Saint Angela Merici
243:) with a function (
195:Concordia regularum
91:Pachomius the Great
1839:(in French). Cerf.
1212:Public instruction
1037:on 29 April 1903.
892:The Third Republic
878:on 7 August 1814.
760:Jean-Jacques Olier
720:In 1611, Cardinal
457:Ignatius of Loyola
419:In 1530 in Milan,
346:Premonstratensians
301:Gerbert d'Aurillac
170:Benedict of Nursia
166:
1883:978-2-204-07469-8
1863:Lapperière, Guy.
1785:, p. 96-101)
1556:978-84-600-2583-2
1509:Les moines blancs
1330:General de Gaulle
1208:Jacques Chevalier
1167:armistice of 1940
1133:Marquesas Islands
1029:Grande Chartreuse
806:were attacked by
722:Pierre de Bérulle
668:(in Nevers), the
652:(in Le Puy), the
561:apostolic society
514:Benedictine order
503:John of the Cross
436:Gerolamo Emiliani
393:emerged from the
356:and many others.
182:Benedictine order
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864:Napoleonic Wars
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535:in 1664 at the
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406:regular clerics
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106:Martin of Tours
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1195:free education
1162:
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1129:Georges Mandel
1124:
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1089:
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1031:were expelled
961:
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947:Assumptionists
913:
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906:secular clergy
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2024:France portal
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1744:, p. 84)
1743:
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1717:, p. 80)
1716:
1715:Cointet (1998
1711:
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1693:, p. 81)
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1931:(in French).
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902:anticlerical
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828:
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762:founded the
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719:
713:founded the
701:In 1610, in
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555:created the
547:In 1575, in
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108:founded the
100:As early as
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21:
20:
18:
1183:Mgr Saliège
943:Franciscans
922:Jules Ferry
730:Philip Neri
553:Philip Neri
543:Foundations
533:Cistercians
531:joined the
374:Bonaventure
365:Franciscans
249:ministerium
213:scriptorium
186:Charlemagne
130:Merovingian
2034:Categories
1373:References
1324:After the
1319:Liberation
1140:Carthusian
1013:, and the
995:Socialists
939:Carmelites
896:Under the
862:After the
812:Gallicists
808:Jansenists
796:See also:
771:John Eudes
741:Lazaristes
709:and Saint
705:, France,
568:Camillians
483:See also:
350:Gilbertins
295:, she and
273:Chrodegang
156:Statue of
126:Columbanus
95:cenobitism
83:asceticism
1087:society.
1003:trappists
951:Dominican
758:In 1641,
602:, and in
524:in 1621.
499:Carmelite
468:Ursulines
410:Theatines
1361:See also
1337:Pompidou
1179:La Croix
1109:Holy See
1075:call of
696:Tréguier
646:and the
604:Bordeaux
586:Lorraine
551:, Saint
455:In 1540
288:simoniac
261:pilgrims
245:officium
114:Poitiers
73:people.
53:chastity
23:Catholic
1654:Journal
1342:Jesuits
1300:collège
1204:Vatican
1145:Vatican
1077:bishops
987:Vatican
926:Jesuits
868:Jesuits
804:Jesuits
775:Eudists
684:), the
662:), the
660:Mayenne
640:), the
575:Piarist
461:Jesuits
446:Granada
432:Somasca
253:oblates
222:Hincmar
138:Luxeuil
134:Guntram
41:Novices
29:bishops
1880:
1852:
1553:
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1085:Quebec
1009:, the
1005:, the
1001:, the
900:, the
780:Saint
703:Annecy
692:Nantes
674:, the
630:. The
408:: the
257:abbeys
218:Alcuin
37:Church
1306:lycée
682:Rouen
638:Reims
628:Rouen
559:, an
527:Abbé
168:When
132:king
112:near
59:Monks
45:monks
33:popes
1878:ISBN
1850:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1488:ISBN
1303:and
1165:The
985:The
822:The
802:The
735:The
690:(in
680:(in
658:(in
612:Lyon
592:and
573:The
566:The
549:Rome
512:The
426:The
241:ordo
232:The
120:and
67:nuns
63:nuns
49:Vows
626:in
509:.
178:Pax
102:360
71:lay
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