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303:, instead of one event being caused by the other. It is also important to know which event is the cause. Careful sampling and measurement are more important than sophisticated statistical analysis to determine causation. Experimental evidence involving interventions (providing or removing the supposed cause) gives the most compelling evidence of etiology.
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Other times there is not a single cause for a disease, but instead a chain of causation from an initial trigger to the development of the clinical disease. An etiological agent of disease may require an independent co-factor, and be subject to a promoter (increases expression) to cause disease. An
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Lötvall, J.; Akdis, C. A.; Bacharier, L. B.; Bjermer, L.; Casale, T. B.; Custovic, A.; Lemanske, R. F. Jr.; Wardlaw, A. J.; Wenzel, S. E.; Greenberger, P. A. (2011). "Asthma endotypes: A new approach to classification of disease entities within the asthma syndrome".
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Related to this, sometimes several symptoms always appear together, or more often than what could be expected, though it is known that one cannot cause the other. These situations are called
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While germ theory is not refuted, it does exist side by side with other disease etiologies. The evil eye (al hassad or al ain al Weh- sha) is one causative agent for the Arab.
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324:
infection. Many chronic diseases of unknown cause may be studied in this framework to explain multiple epidemiological associations or
785:"1993 Revised Classification System for HIV Infection and Expanded Surveillance Case Definition for AIDS among Adolescents and Adults"
405:, development, biochemical or physiological properties, or behavior, without any implication of a mechanism. It is envisaged that
257:, a group of nine principles to establish epidemiological causation. This idea of causality was later used in a proposal for a
230:. But proof of causation in infectious diseases is limited to individual cases that provide experimental evidence of etiology.
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276:. The infectious agents that cause disease fall into five groups: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths (worms).
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Castro, Kenneth G.; Ward, John W.; Slutsker, Laurence; Buehler, James W.; Jaffe, Harold W.; Berkelman, Ruth L. (1993).
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may be induced by stress, requires the presence of acid secretion in the stomach, and has primary etiology in
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with a specific endotype present themselves within phenotypic clusters of diseases.
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doctors generally held the view that disease was related to the air and adopted a
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which may or may not be causally related, and to seek the actual etiology.
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is a subtype of a condition, which is defined by a distinct functional or
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The term can also refer to a toxin or toxic chemical that causes illness.
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Medieval thinking on the etiology of disease showed the influence of
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143:. Where no etiology can be ascertained, the disorder is said to be
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distinguish causation from association or statistical correlation
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19:"Etiologies" and "etiologic" redirect here. For other uses, see
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example of all the above, which was recognized late, is that
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Discusses several examples of the medical usage of the term
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686:; Nicholas, Frances M. (May 19, 1993). Berry, R.J. (ed.).
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226:. This line of thinking and evidence is summarized in
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412:One example is asthma, which is considered to be a
189:Etiological discovery in medicine has a history in
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287:Further thinking in epidemiology was required to
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514:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2002.
714:Causation and Disease: A Chronological Journey
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253:, and summarized the line of reasoning in the
16:Reason for or origin of a disease or pathology
634:Magrill, Dan; Sekaran, Prabhu (May 1, 2007).
579:"The Arab American in the health care system"
564:and explains methods used to study causation.
689:Environmental Dilemmas: Ethics and decisions
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481:; Poole, Charles; Lash, Timothy L. (2008).
245:demonstrated a causal relationship between
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291:. Events may occur together simply due to
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717:. Springer Science & Business Media.
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692:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 72–85.
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711:Evans, Alfred S.; Evans, Terry (1993).
355:Conversely, a single etiology, such as
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344:, are syndromically defined by their
193:'s demonstration that species of the
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441:Molecular pathological epidemiology
393:mechanism. This is distinct from a
272:are caused by infectious agents or
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283:Chain of causation and correlation
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135:refers to the cause or causes of
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483:"Causation and Causal Inference"
163:in a 1st-century BC book titled
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789:Clinical Infectious Diseases
640:Postgraduate Medical Journal
259:Unified concept of causation
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698:10.1007/978-0-585-36577-0_5
586:American Journal of Nursing
537:"The three C's of etiology"
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762:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.037
700:– via Springer Link.
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199:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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512:Oxford English Dictionary
332:Etiological heterogeneity
101:, "giving a reason for" (
802:10.1093/clinids/17.4.802
672:– via pmj.bmj.com.
652:10.1136/pgmj.2006.053173
365:nasopharyngeal carcinoma
350:heterogeneous conditions
456:Disease causative agent
423:Other example could be
336:Some diseases, such as
270:The infectious diseases
265:Disease causative agent
749:J Allergy Clin Immunol
431:of the HIV infection.
255:Bradford Hill criteria
157:Marcus Terentius Varro
186:to disease etiology.
622:Varro On Agriculture
575:Meleis, Afaf Ibrahim
316:peptic ulcer disease
243:Austin Bradford Hill
88:is derived from the
684:Brimblecombe, Peter
487:Modern Epidemiology
475:Rothman, Kenneth J.
446:Molecular pathology
321:Helicobacter pylori
202:causes the disease
195:pathogenic bacteria
560:in the context of
369:Burkitt's lymphoma
357:Epstein–Barr virus
346:signs and symptoms
209:Bacillus anthracis
184:miasmatic approach
535:Greene J (1996).
496:978-0-7817-5564-1
479:Greenland, Sander
429:clinical stage IV
228:Koch's postulates
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541:Wide Smiles
301:confounding
251:lung cancer
191:Robert Koch
178:. Medieval
176:Hippocrates
141:pathologies
127:Description
845:Categories
730:7 December
562:cleft lips
551:2007-08-20
462:References
403:morphology
401:, such as
145:idiopathic
99:aitiologia
94:αἰτιολογία
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395:phenotype
342:hepatitis
308:syndromes
274:pathogens
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414:syndrome
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387:endotype
381:Endotype
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