977:
928:
794:
1076:
911:
994:
185:
1471:
1015:
1241:
1125:
1395:
1564:
supply, many of the single-celled amoebae congregate and start moving as a single body, called a 'slug'. The ability of the single celled organisms to aggregate into multicellular forms are why they are also called the social amoebae. In this state they are sensitive to airborne chemicals and can detect food sources. They readily change the shape and function of parts, and may form stalks that produce fruiting bodies, releasing countless spores, light enough to be carried on the wind or on passing animals. The cellular slime mold
961:
1812:
944:
719:
692:
33:
741:
1216:
596:
453:
494:
1587:
868:, the spore-forming bodies, which are often roughly spherical; these may be directly on the surface, such as on rotting wood, or may be on a thin stalk which elevates the spores for release above the surface. Other species have the spores in a large mass, which may be visited by insects for food; they disperse spores when they leave.
1462:
is often seen as a slimy yellow network in and on rotting logs. The amoebae and the plasmodia engulf microorganisms. The plasmodium grows into an interconnected network of protoplasmic strands. Within each protoplasmic strand, the cytoplasmic contents rapidly stream, periodically reversing direction.
1758:
Slime molds share some similarities with neural systems in animals. The membranes of both slime molds and neural cells contain receptor sites, which alter electrical properties of the membrane when it is bound. Therefore, some studies on the early evolution of animal neural systems are inspired by
1563:
The cellular slime molds are a group of approximately 150 described species. They occur primarily in the humus layer of forest soils and feed on bacteria but also are found in animal dung and agricultural fields. They exist as single-celled organisms while food is plentiful. When food is in short
306:
observed that slime molds were highly conspicuous and distinct within the Fungi, the group to which they were then classified. He concurred with
Lindsay S. Olive's proposal to reclassify the Gymnomycota, which includes slime molds, as part of the Protista. Whittaker placed three phyla, namely the
1637:
too serve to attract slime mold amoebae, at least at short distances. It has been suggested that acrasins may be taxon-specific, since specificity is required to form an aggregation of genetically similar cells. Many dictyostelid species indeed do not respond to cyclic AMP, but as of 2023 their
1769:, a professor of ecology known for his studies of slime molds, argues that they are "no more than a bag of amoebae encased in a thin slime sheath, yet they manage to have various behaviors that are equal to those of animals who possess muscles and nerves with ganglia – that is, simple brains."
3000:
Tsui, Clement K. M.; Marshall, Wyth; Yokoyama, Rinka; Honda, Daiske; Lippmeier, J Casey; Craven, Kelly D.; Peterson, Paul D.; Berbee, Mary L. (January 2009). "Labyrinthulomycetes phylogeny and its implications for the evolutionary loss of chloroplasts and gain of ectoplasmic gliding".
1663:). Further, both the (macroscopic) dictyostelids and the (microscopic) protostelids have a phase with motile amoebae and a phase with a stalk; in the protostelids, the stalk is tiny, supporting just one spore, but the logic of airborne spore dispersal is the same.
1837:
avoids bright light, light was used to simulate mountains, water and other obstacles in the dish. The mold first densely filled the space with plasmodia, and then thinned the network to focus on efficiently connected branches. The network closely resembled
2815:
1075:
1622:
amoebae communicate with each other using traveling waves of cyclic AMP. There is an amplification of cyclic AMP when they aggregate. Pre-stalk cells move toward cyclic AMP, but pre-spore cells ignore the signal. Other acrasins exist; the acrasin for
1846:
was used in experimental laboratory approximations of motorway networks of 14 geographical areas: Australia, Africa, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, Iberia, Italy, Malaysia, Mexico, the
Netherlands, UK and US. The filamentary structure of
1544:
C genes, allowing over 500 possible variations. It is advantageous for organisms with this type of reproductive cell to have many mating types because the likelihood of the cells finding a partner is greatly increased, and the risk of
976:
863:
gives a higher estimate, from 1200 to 1500 species. These are diverse both taxonomically and in appearance, the largest and most familiar species being among the
Myxogastria. The growth forms most commonly noticed are the
1802:
and colleagues studies slime molds and their abilities to solve mazes by placing nodes at two point separated by a maze of plastic film. The mold explored all possible paths and solves it for the shortest path.
993:
294:
placed the
Mycetozoa (the myxomycetes and plasmodiophorids) and the Sarkodina (the labyrinthulids and the cellular slime molds) in a phylum called Protoplasta, which he placed alongside the fungi and the
1833:
in a flat wet dish, placing the mold in a central position representing Tokyo, and oat flakes surrounding it corresponding to the locations of other major cities in the
Greater Tokyo Area. As
1014:
2614:
Zhulidov, Daniel A.; Robarts, Richard D.; Zhulidov, Alexander V.; Zhulidova, Olga V.; Markelov, Danila A.; Rusanov, Viktor A.; Headley, John V. (2002). "Zinc accumulation by the slime mold
2121:
Schnittler, M.; Mitchell, D. W. (2001) . "Species
Diversity in Myxomycetes based on the morphological species concept – a critical examination". In Nowotny, Wolfgang; Aescht, Erna (eds.).
1659:, as the habit of forming a stalk with a sporangium that can release spores into the air, off the ground, has evolved repeatedly, such as in myxogastria (eukaryotes) and in myxobacteria (
1524:
is ready to make its reproductive cells, it grows a bulbous extension of its body to contain them. Each cell has a random combination of the genes that the slime mold contains within its
3269:
Spiegel, Frederick W.; Steven L. Stephenson; Harold W. Keller; Donna L Moore; James C. Cavendar (2004). "Mycetozoans". In
Gregory M. Mueller; Gerald F. Bills; Mercedes S. Foster (eds.).
4277:
Carr, William E. S. (1989). "Chemical
Signaling Systems in Lower Organisms: A Prelude to the Evolution of Chemical Communication in the Nervous System". In Anderson, Peter A.V. (ed.).
1474:
Life cycle of a plasmodial slime mold. Haploid gametes undergo sexual fusion to form a diploid cell. Its nucleus divides (but the cell does not) to form a multinucleate plasmodium.
1882:
gathered on trips into the forest in the rainy season. One of its local names is "cheese mushroom", so called for its texture and flavor when cooked. It was salted, wrapped in a
1738:
ring. By 2022, more than 100 pigments had been isolated from slime molds, mostly from sporophores. It has been suggested that the many yellow-to-red pigments might be useful in
307:
Myxomycota, Acrasiomycota, and
Labyrinthulomycota in a subkingdom Gymnomycota within the Fungi. The same year, Martin and Alexopoulos published their influential textbook
2851:
Brown, Matthew W.; Silberman, Jeffrey D.; Spiegel, Frederick W. (2011). "'Slime Molds' among the
Tubulinea (Amoebozoa): Molecular Systematics and Taxonomy of Copromyxa".
1570:
has many different mating types. When this organism has entered the stage of reproduction, it releases a chemical attractant. When it comes time for the cells to fuse,
1528:. Therefore, it can create cells of up to eight different gene types. Released cells then independently seek another compatible cell for fusion. Other individuals of
1124:
910:
890:
slime molds; they gave the group its informal name, since for part of their life cycle they are slimy to the touch. A myxogastrian consists of a large cell with
1377:, which the larvae feed on. These pupate, and the hatching adults carry and disperse spores that have stuck to them. While various insects consume slime molds,
1270:
is semi-aquatic. Myxogastria are not limited to wet regions; 34 species are known from Saudi Arabia, living on bark, in plant litter, and rotting wood, even in
1333:. They include some aquatic species, which live on dead plant parts submerged in ponds. Cellular slime molds are most numerous in the tropics, decreasing with
1114:, a polyphyletic group, have characters intermediate between the previous two groups, but they are much smaller, the fruiting bodies only forming one to a few
1069:. Some of the amoebae become spores to begin the next generation, but others sacrifice themselves to become a dead stalk, lifting the spores up into the air.
1317:
in China, six species of dictyostelids were found in forest soils at elevations up to 2,038 m (6,686 ft), the highest recorded species there being
1255:
Slime molds, with their small size and moist surface, live mostly in damp habitats including shaded forests, rotting wood, fallen or living leaves, and on
2894:
Brown, Matthew W.; Silberman, Jeffrey D.; Spiegel, Frederick W. (2012). "A contemporary evaluation of the acrasids (Acrasidae, Heterolobosea, Excavata)".
1780:, based on the behavior of aggregated slime molds as they stream in search of food. It is described as a simple, efficient, and flexible way of solving
130:
Most slime molds are terrestrial and free-living, typically in damp shady habitats such as in or on the surface of rotting wood. Some myxogastrians and
3904:
Roos, W.; Nanjundiah, V.; Malchow, D.; Gerisch, G. (May 1975). "Amplification of cyclic-AMP signals in aggregating cells of Dictyostelium discoideum".
3861:
Tyson, John J.; Alexander, Kevin A.; Manoranjan, V. S.; Murray, J.D. (1989-01-01). "Spiral waves of cyclic amp in a model of slime mold aggregation".
4823:
1994:
198:
3783:
Nestle, Marion; Sussman, Maurice (August 1972). "The effect of cyclic AMP on morphogernesis and enzyme accumulation in Dictyostelium discoideum".
3215:
Ameen, Fuad; Almansob, Abobakr; Al-Sabri, Ahmed (2020). "Records of slime molds (Myxomycetes) from deserts and other arid areas of Saudi Arabia".
4376:
Lenhoff, H M; Heagy, W (April 1977). "Aquatic invertebrates: model systems for study of receptor activation and evolution of receptor proteins".
2327:
4637:
4310:
Carr, William E. S.; Gleeson, Richard A.; Trapido-Rosenthal, Henry G. (June 1990). "The role of perireceptor events in chemosensory processes".
3616:
3255:. Vol. 2. Bryological Interaction. Ebook sponsored by Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists.
3302:
Zou, Yue; Hou, Jiangan; Guo, Songning; Li, Changtian; Li, Zhuang; Stephenson, Steven L.; Pavlov, Igor N.; Liu, Pu; Li, Yu (26 October 2022).
3117:
Lindley, Lora A.; Stephenson, Steven L.; Spiegel, Frederick W. (1 July 2007). "Protostelids and myxomycetes isolated from aquatic habitats".
3473:
4696:
4183:
Dembitsky, Valery M.; Řezanka, Tomáš; Spížek, Jaroslav; Hanuš, Lumír O. (2005). "Secondary metabolites of slime molds (myxomycetes)".
1283:
3038:
Deasey, Mary C.; Olive, Lindsay S. (July 1981). "Role of Golgi Apparatus in Sorogenesis by the Cellular Slime Mold Fonticula alba".
3304:"Diversity of Dictyostelid Cellular Slime Molds, Including Two Species New to Science, in Forest Soils of Changbai Mountain, China"
943:
927:
4842:
1765:
have even shown the organism to have an ability to learn and predict periodic unfavorable conditions in laboratory experiments.
1215:
4354:
252:
4736:
334:
Slime molds have little or no fossil history, as might be expected given that they are small and soft-bodied. The grouping is
4294:
3693:
3599:
3098:
3003:
2673:
2598:
2573:
2518:
2307:
2077:
1977:
1574:
has mating types of its own that dictate which cells are compatible with each other. There are at least eleven mating types;
17:
4464:
Saigusa, Tetsu; Tero, Atsushi; Nakagaki, Toshiyuki; Kuramoto, Yoshiki (January 2008). "Amoebae anticipate periodic events".
1759:
slime molds. When a slime mold mass or mound is physically separated, the cells find their way back to re-unite. Studies on
898:. Most are smaller than a few centimeters, but some species may reach sizes up to several square meters, and in the case of
1859:. This observation has led astronomers to use simulations based on the behaviour of slime molds to inform their search for
1651:
The practical study of slime molds was facilitated by the introduction of the "moist culture chamber" by H. C. Gilbert and
4803:
3442:
4916:
2134:
4520:
171:
have been used to simulate traffic networks. Some species have traditionally been eaten in countries such as Ecuador.
2896:
3563:
793:
3646:
2095:
A monograph of the Mycetozoa : a descriptive catalogue of the species in the Herbarium of the British Museum
1205:
are marine slime nets, forming labyrinthine networks of tubes in which amoeba without pseudopods can travel. The
4065:
Deep origins of eukaryotic multicellularity revealed by the Acrasis kona genome and developmental transcriptomes
3949:"Tissue self-organization based on collective cell migration by contact activation of locomotion and chemotaxis"
3286:
2466:
Stoyneva-Gärtner, Maya; Uzunov, Blagoy; Androv, Miroslav; Ivanov, Kristian; Gärtner, Georg (21 December 2022).
2063:
1611:
1595:
1061:, feeding on microorganisms. When food is depleted and they are ready to form sporangia, they form swarms. The
855:
Various estimates of the number of species of slime molds agree that there are around 1000 species, most being
3402:"New mid-Cretaceous cryptic slime mold beetles and the early evolution of Sphindidae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea)"
1598:, a small molecule common in cells. Acrasins are signals that cause cellular slime mold amoebae to aggregate.
4115:
Keller, Harold W.; Everhart, Sydney (2010). "Importance of Myxomycetes in Biological Research and Teaching".
2129:]. Ausstellung im Biologiezentrum des OÖ. Landesmuseums. Vol. 73. OÖ Landes-Kultur. pp. 39–53.
4757:; Akl, S.; Alonso-Sanz, R.; et al. (2013). "Are motorways rational from slime mould's point of view?".
3157:"Phenotypic plasticity in plasmodial slime molds and molecular phylogeny of terrestrial vs. aquatic species"
4926:
4900:
2252:
2234:
1965:
1777:
1065:
join up into a tiny multicellular slug which crawls to an open lit place and grows into a fruiting body, a
303:
291:
3818:
Levine, Herbert; Reynolds, William (May 1991). "Streaming instability of aggregating slime mold amoebae".
4548:"The 'sultan of slime': Biologist continues to be fascinated by organisms after nearly 70 years of study"
2341:
Vallverdú, Jordi; et al. (2018). "Slime mould: the fundamental mechanisms of biological cognition".
1932: – rapid and coordinated translocation of a bacterial population across solid or semi-solid surfaces
1463:
The streaming protoplasm within a plasmodial strand can reach speeds of up to 1.35 mm per second in
1057:
like the Myxogastria; their amoebae remain individual for most of their lives as individual unicellular
235:(cellular slime molds) as Mycetozoa, a new class. He also introduced a "Doubtful Mycetozoa" section for
4895:
1894:
was similarly collected in Mexico, cooked with onions and peppers and eaten in a tortilla. In Ecuador,
1743:
4717:
2690:
4684:
4563:"Deep ensemble of slime mold algorithm and arithmetic optimization algorithm for global optimization"
4547:
2945:
2153:(1932). "Systematic Position of the Slime Molds and Its Bearing on the Classification of the Fungi".
1625:
1338:
143:
960:
3624:
1566:
1082:
184:
2780:; Baldauf, Sandra L. (January 2010). "Deep Phylogeny and Evolution of Slime Moulds (Mycetozoa)".
1680:
1445:
1405:
1026:
883:
96:
3481:
3278:
2827:
1676:
224:
165:
Slime molds have a variety of behaviors otherwise seen in animals with brains. Species such as
2711:
4086:
3400:
Li, Yan-Da; Tihelka, Erik; Liu, Zhen-Hua; Huang, Di-Ying; Cai, Chen-Yang (23 November 2021).
2777:
2196:
2150:
1785:
1761:
1671:
1666:
1652:
1496:
1400:
1373:
1261:
1000:
983:
287:
167:
107:
stage and the formation of spores. Spores are often produced in macroscopic multicellular or
100:
3401:
3270:
2508:
326:
and M. L. Sogin proposed that the dictyostelids diverged before plants, animals, and fungi.
4652:
4473:
4192:
4021:
3960:
3870:
3827:
3734:
3528:
3047:
2954:
2627:
2417:
2362:
1920:, in which a giant amoeba from space sets about engulfing people in a small American town.
1781:
1699:
Slime molds have been studied for their production of unusual organic compounds, including
1656:
1470:
111:
fruiting bodies that may be formed through aggregation or fusion; aggregation is driven by
4234:
Lierl, Michelle B. (2013). "Myxomycete (slime mold) spores: unrecognized aeroallergens?".
8:
4525:
4012:
1716:
1394:
1291:
1222:
1202:
447:
210:
189:
159:
4656:
4477:
4389:
4196:
4025:
3964:
3874:
3831:
3738:
3532:
3268:
3051:
2958:
2631:
2421:
2366:
2323:
4921:
4784:
4766:
4676:
4507:
4335:
4165:
4045:
4033:
3983:
3948:
3929:
3699:
3662:
3544:
3336:
3303:
3189:
3156:
2977:
2940:
2753:
2726:
2386:
2352:
2280:
2216:
2178:
2170:
1878:
was traditionally used as food; it was one of the species which mushroom-collectors or
1799:
1746:
reacted to myxogastrian spores, so the spores may contribute significantly as airborne
1021:
934:
323:
4441:
4412:
3757:
3718:
3224:
1321:. The protostelids live mainly on dead plant matter, where they consume the spores of
4864:
4668:
4615:
4499:
4446:
4393:
4327:
4323:
4290:
4259:
4251:
4216:
4208:
4157:
4037:
3988:
3921:
3917:
3886:
3882:
3843:
3800:
3796:
3762:
3689:
3666:
3595:
3423:
3382:
3341:
3323:
3282:
3271:
3228:
3194:
3176:
3134:
3094:
3063:
3020:
2982:
2921:
2913:
2876:
2868:
2797:
2758:
2669:
2643:
2594:
2569:
2514:
2489:
2445:
2440:
2405:
2378:
2374:
2303:
2284:
2272:
2130:
2073:
2031:
1973:
1929:
1789:
1766:
1314:
1244:
887:
860:
343:
203:
4788:
4511:
4339:
4204:
4169:
3933:
3250:
2298:
Patterson, D. J.; Sogin, M. L. (1992). "Eukaryote origins and protistan diversity".
2182:
1520:, meaning that it contains two copies of each of the three reproductive genes. When
1361:
1240:
251:, emphasizing their distinction from plants and fungi. In 1880, the French botanist
4776:
4754:
4680:
4660:
4607:
4574:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4436:
4428:
4385:
4319:
4282:
4243:
4200:
4147:
4068:
4029:
3978:
3968:
3913:
3878:
3835:
3792:
3752:
3742:
3658:
3548:
3536:
3413:
3372:
3331:
3315:
3220:
3184:
3168:
3126:
3086:
3055:
3012:
2972:
2962:
2905:
2860:
2789:
2748:
2738:
2635:
2479:
2435:
2425:
2390:
2370:
2268:
2264:
2208:
2162:
2098:
2023:
1708:
1494:(reproductive cells) are all the same size, unlike the eggs and sperms of animals.
900:
193:
was the first slime mold to be discussed scientifically, by Thomas Panckow in 1654.
37:
4072:
4780:
4432:
3059:
2864:
2793:
1852:
1724:
1675:
had two strains (+ and −) of cells, equivalent to gametes, that these could form
1307:
280:
4286:
3947:
Fujimori, Taihei; Nakajima, Akihiko; Shimada, Nao; Sawai, Satoshi (March 2019).
3839:
3016:
2776:
Fiore-Donno, Anna Maria; Nikolaev, Sergey I.; Nelson, Michaela; Pawlowski, Jan;
1811:
290:
argued that the slime molds evolved from fungi. In 1956, the American biologist
4562:
4247:
4136:"Slime moulds (Myxomycetes) as a source of new biologically active metabolites"
3953:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3727:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3503:
3172:
3130:
2909:
2069:
1911:
1872:
1712:
1688:
1458:
1453:
1417:
1279:
1275:
1226:
1111:
1105:
1087:
1050:
1044:
950:
891:
732:
710:
423:
377:
237:
147:
139:
131:
112:
4889:
4561:
Zheng, Rong; Jia, Heming; Aualigah, Laith; Liu, Qingxin; Wang, Shuang (2021).
3319:
2536:"Lab Snapshots by Marek Ples; Microbiology - The biology on a different level"
2484:
2467:
2027:
1367:
Some myxogastrians have their spores dispersed by animals. The slime mold fly
718:
691:
4910:
4255:
4212:
4161:
4063:
Sheikh, Sanea; Fu, Chengjie; Brown, Matthew; Baldauf, Sandra (1 March 2023),
4041:
3890:
3670:
3450:
3427:
3386:
3327:
3232:
3180:
3090:
2917:
2872:
2535:
2493:
2461:
2459:
2430:
2276:
2035:
1793:
1602:
The chemicals that aggregate cellular slime molds are small molecules called
1433:
967:
433:
276:
264:
256:
120:
108:
104:
32:
4664:
4152:
4135:
3973:
3377:
3360:
3249:
Glime, J. M. (2019). "Slime Molds: Ecology and Habitats – Lesser Habitats".
2967:
2102:
4808:
4672:
4619:
4595:
4560:
4530:
4503:
4263:
4220:
3992:
3847:
3766:
3747:
3345:
3198:
3138:
3067:
3024:
2986:
2925:
2880:
2801:
2762:
2647:
2382:
1886:
leaf, and baked in the ashes of a campfire; or boiled and eaten with maize
1839:
1826:
1818:
network grown in a period of 26 hours (6 stages shown) to simulate greater
1558:
1449:
1429:
1198:
740:
335:
315:
247:
69:
4594:
Nakagaki, Toshiyuki; Yamada, Hiroyasu; Toth, Agotha (September 28, 2000).
4450:
4331:
3804:
3703:
3519:
Dee, Jennifer (1960). "A Mating-type System in an Acellular Slime-mould".
3418:
2743:
2727:"Evolution of Multicellular Complexity in The Dictyostelid Social Amoebas"
2456:
2449:
146:
in distribution. A small number of species occur in regions as dry as the
3925:
2939:
Neuhauser, Sigrid; Kirchmair, Martin; Bulman, Simon; Bass, David (2014).
2639:
2263:(3881). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 857.
1860:
1634:
1437:
1341:, occurring in soil even in the Arctic and the Antarctic. In the Alaskan
1303:
1209:
are cellular slime molds that form a fruiting body in a "volcano" shape.
1190:
1173:
are eruptive, meaning that hemispherical bulges appear at the front. The
1131:
877:
856:
788:
683:
92:
42:
4397:
4049:
4007:
987:
sporangium. Spores can disperse in air or water, or by slime mold flies.
4891:
Slime molds are gorgeous (you just never knew it!) | Oregon Field Guide
2468:"Potential of Slime Molds as a Novel Source for the Cosmetics Industry"
2343:
2220:
2174:
2062:
Olive, Lindsay S.; Stoianovitch, Carmen (technical assistance) (1975).
1938:
1704:
1691:
for exploring incompatibility, asexual reproduction, and mating types.
1660:
1607:
1546:
1479:
1378:
1174:
1030:
917:
865:
774:
573:
488:
268:
242:
135:
124:
85:
65:
46:
4579:
4494:
1731:
are colored red by arcyriaflavins A–C, which contain an unusual indolo
1381:
slime mold beetles, both larvae and adults, exclusively feed on them.
1135:
is microscopic; each stalk is topped by only one or a very few spores.
595:
4804:"Cities in motion: how slime mould can redraw our rail and road maps"
4611:
3540:
2510:
Advances in Physarum Machines: Sensing and Computing with Slime Mould
2127:
Wolves' Blood and Tan Blossom – Life forms between animals and plants
1773:
1739:
1732:
1630:
1575:
1256:
1206:
1170:
1153:
1054:
895:
671:
656:
636:
357:
347:
319:
232:
228:
81:
61:
2212:
4759:
International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems
4176:
3717:
Erdos, Gregory W.; Raper, Kenneth B.; Vogen, Linda K. (June 1973).
3508:(Second ed.). New York, N.Y.: John Wiley and Sons. p. 78.
3361:"The Evolution of Evolution: Seen through the Eyes of a Slime Mold"
2769:
2357:
2166:
1916:
1887:
1856:
1747:
1735:
1425:
1334:
1322:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1091:
1066:
871:
626:
590:
474:
272:
73:
4771:
3112:
3110:
2775:
2566:
The myxomycetes of Britain and Ireland: an identification handbook
2465:
2097:. London: Printed by order of the Trustees of the British Museum.
4753:
4355:"Chemical Signals in the Sea: Marine Allelochemics and Evolution"
2593:. Zuthpen: Koninklijke Nederlandse Natuurhistorische Vereniging.
1700:
1603:
1591:
1517:
1487:
1475:
1421:
1166:
1058:
560:
367:
260:
155:
116:
77:
4858:
4856:
2613:
1851:
forming a network to food sources is similar to the large scale
1516:
C with three variants. Each reproductively mature slime mold is
4636:
Tero, A.; Takagi, S.; Saigusa, T.; et al. (January 2010).
4631:
4629:
3647:"The Acrasieae in Nature. Ii. Forest Soil as a Primary Habitat"
3107:
2846:
2844:
2316:
2123:
Wolfsblut und Lohblüte – Lebensformen zwischen Tier und Pflanze
1684:
1525:
1491:
1441:
1413:
1342:
1326:
1271:
1182:
1148:
1115:
1062:
1005:
647:
255:
analyzed the two groups further. In 1868, the German biologist
151:
88:
3860:
4853:
3081:
Glimn-Lacy, Janice; Kaufman, Peter B. (2006). "Slime Molds".
1883:
1819:
1330:
1287:
1086:
is a microscopic organism. The cells can aggregate to form a
809:
452:
411:
339:
296:
4626:
4309:
4056:
3946:
3903:
2938:
2887:
2841:
2300:
The origin and evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
1972:(4th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons. p. 776.
1169:, which have sluglike amoebae. In locomotion, the amoebae's
493:
4463:
4182:
1501:
283:
published monographs of the group in 1894, 1911, and 1925.
3210:
3208:
2618:(L.) Wiggers in the former Soviet Union and North Korea".
2116:
2114:
2112:
1996:
Herbarium Portatile, Oder Behendes Kräuter und GewächsBuch
1456:
between them, and can grow to meters in size. The species
4867:[Ethnobiological Considerations on Myxomycetes].
4638:"Rules for biologically inspired adaptive network design"
4521:"#71: Slime Molds Show Surprising Degree of Intelligence"
4413:"Molecular basis of transmembrane signal transduction in
4089:(1933). "Myxomycetes found on the bark of living trees".
2999:
1906:
Oscar Requejo and N. Floro Andres-Rodriguez suggest that
1578:
form after cell contact between compatible mating types.
3116:
2255:(16 May 1969). "Response: Reassignment of Gymnomycota".
1964:
4862:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
3686:
The Social Amoebae: The Biology of Cellular Slime Molds
3273:
Biodiversity of fungi: inventory and monitoring methods
3205:
3150:
3148:
2582:
2568:. Slough, England: Richmond Publishing. pp. 4, 9.
2109:
1960:
1958:
1943:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1586:
1436:. These amoebae can mate if they encounter the correct
1038:
4865:"Consideraciones Etnobiologicas sobre los Mixomicetos"
3778:
3776:
3594:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. pp. 187–193.
2397:
2199:(1932). "The Systematic Position of the Myxomycetes".
1259:. Most Myxogastria are terrestrial, though some, like
1235:
3214:
2893:
2850:
2688:
2607:
2406:"Origin and Evolution of the Slime Molds (Mycetozoa)"
2245:
921:
shows stalked sporangia for airborne spore dispersal.
99:
slime molds visible to the naked eye. The slime mold
4635:
4411:
Janssens, P.M.; Van Haastert, P.J. (December 1987).
4410:
4101:
4062:
3645:
Cavender, James C.; Raper, Kenneth B. (March 1965).
3219:(72). Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne: 171–177.
3145:
2689:
Krivomaz, Т. І.; Michaud, A.; Minter, D. W. (2012).
2291:
1955:
1934:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1618:. During the aggregation phase of their life cycle,
350:. Paraphyletic groups are shown in quotation marks:
4863:Requejo, Oscar; Andres-Rodriguez, N. Floro (2019).
3773:
3393:
3295:
2941:"Cross-kingdom host shifts of phytomyxid parasites"
1968:; Mims, Charles W.; Blackwell, Meredith M. (1996).
1898:was called "yakich" and eaten raw as an appetizer.
1715:, physarochrome A, and compounds of tetramic acid.
1614:(cyclic AMP), a common cell signaling molecule, in
1408:with many nuclei without individual cell membranes
4697:"Slime mould attacks simulates Tokyo rail network"
4593:
3314:(5). American Society for Microbiology: e0240222.
2659:
2657:
2588:
2120:
1792:in a network. However, it can become trapped in a
894:within a single membrane without walls, forming a
3399:
3080:
2086:
2061:
4908:
4824:"Slime Mold Simulations Used to Map Dark Matter"
3623:. University of Wisconsin System. Archived from
2705:
2703:
2403:
2302:. New Jersey: World Scientific. pp. 13–46.
1727:compounds. The sporophores (fruiting bodies) of
872:Macroscopic, plasmodial slime molds: Myxogastria
3716:
3264:
3262:
2654:
2404:Baldauf, S.L.; Doolittle, W.F. (October 1997).
2328:University of California Museum of Paleontology
1646:
1278:(46 species), and in Chile's exceptionally dry
1151:, a paraphyletic group of amoebae, include the
4843:"Slime mold helps astronomers map dark matter"
4114:
3817:
3585:
3583:
3555:
3277:. New York: Elsevier Academic Press. pp.
3154:
2334:
2297:
1806:
1008:to eject their lids and disperse their spores.
4352:
4127:
4091:University of Iowa Studies in Natural History
4084:
3782:
3644:
3244:
3242:
2712:"Slime Molds: No Brains, No Feet, No Problem"
2700:
1606:; motion towards a chemical signal is called
1345:, the only slime molds are the dictyostelids
1313:The dictyostelids are mostly terrestrial. On
1286:has 105 species, and Russia and Kazakhstan's
1165:Among the non-amoebozoan slime molds are the
1160:
1094:or fruiting body (shown) on a delicate stalk.
904:, a mass of up to 20 kilograms (44 lb).
4715:
4378:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
4375:
3471:
3259:
2092:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
1941: – Fungus-like eukaryotic microorganism
1482:to form haploid cells with just one nucleus.
3677:
3608:
3580:
3564:"Slime Molds Remember – but Do They Learn?"
3501:
3352:
3301:
3155:Hoppe, T.; Kutschera, U. (27 August 2022).
3037:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2003:
1004:has small round sporangia that have spiral
259:placed the Mycetozoa in a kingdom he named
215:
4545:
4236:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
4227:
3710:
3480:. Harvard University Press. Archived from
3371:(12). Oxford University Press: 1184–1187.
3239:
2663:
1687:of a single gene. This made the species a
1655:in 1933. Slime molds can be used to teach
1532:may contain different combinations of the
286:In 1932 and 1960, the American mycologist
4770:
4578:
4493:
4440:
4151:
3982:
3972:
3756:
3746:
3719:"Mating Types and Macrocyst Formation in
3561:
3417:
3376:
3335:
3188:
2993:
2976:
2966:
2752:
2742:
2724:
2506:
2483:
2439:
2429:
2356:
2340:
2251:
2093:Lister, Arthur; Lister, Gulielma (1911).
2042:
1610:. The first acrasin to be discovered was
1420:. These unicellular amoebae are commonly
1389:
1053:or cellular slime molds do not form huge
138:are parasitic, living inside their plant
4737:"Designing highways the slime mould way"
4281:. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 81–94.
4133:
3592:Dr. Tatiana's Sex Advice To All Creation
3512:
2709:
2552:
2233:
1810:
1683:, and that the system was controlled by
1585:
1469:
1393:
1282:(24 species). In contrast, the semi-dry
1239:
183:
31:
3443:"Myxomycetes: Overlooked Native Plants"
2241:. Palo Alto, California: Pacific Books.
2009:
1992:
1552:
271:as part of the Gymnomyxa in the phylum
14:
4909:
4596:"Maze-solving by an amoeboid organism"
4546:MacPherson, Kitta (January 21, 2010).
4518:
4279:Evolution of the First Nervous Systems
4146:(3). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 281–288.
4005:
3683:
3614:
3589:
3447:The Native Plant Society of New Jersey
3359:Bonner, John Tyler (7 November 2015).
3358:
2668:. Portland: Timber Press. p. 65.
2664:Stephenson, Steven L. (15 June 2000).
2195:
2149:
2016:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
1371:lay its eggs within the spore mass of
4734:
4519:Barone, Jennifer (December 9, 2008).
4233:
3406:Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny
3248:
3004:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2239:The Classification of Lower Organisms
1901:
1467:, the fastest for any microorganism.
1412:Plasmodial slime molds begin life as
1294:of Latin America, species such as of
197:The first account of slime molds was
91:. Most are microscopic; those in the
4840:
4801:
4694:
4276:
4008:"Chemical Signals of Social Amoebae"
3472:Chimileski, Scott; Kolter, Roberto.
3440:
3434:
2533:
1512:B, with thirteen variants each, and
1428:, yeast cells, and fungal spores by
1284:Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve
1039:Cellular slime molds: Dictyosteliida
954:cells aggregate to form a soft mass.
267:grouped the Mycetozoa alongside the
179:
4390:10.1146/annurev.pa.17.040177.001331
3518:
2563:
2324:"Introduction to the 'Slime Molds'"
1581:
1236:Distribution, habitats, and ecology
227:, in 1860 and 1887, classified the
45:) with developing fruiting bodies (
24:
4716:Christiansen B (25 January 2010).
4034:10.1038/scientificamerican0483-114
3663:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1965.tb06789.x
2725:Kin, K.; Schaap, P. (March 2021).
142:. Geographically, slime molds are
25:
4938:
4883:
3225:10.12905/0380.sydowia72-2020-0171
2824:The Eumycetozoan Project Database
2589:Nannenga-Bremekamp, N.E. (1974).
1193:. They cause plant diseases like
314:In 1975, Olive distinguished the
263:. In 1885, the British zoologist
134:are aquatic or semi-aquatic. The
4718:"Slime Mold Network Engineering"
4353:Lindsey, J.; Lasker, R. (1974).
3562:Moskvitch, Katia (9 July 2018).
2897:European Journal of Protistology
2620:Journal of Environmental Quality
2375:10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.12.011
1290:river basin has 158 species. In
1274:. They occur, too, in Arizona's
1251:feed exclusively on slime molds.
1214:
1123:
1099:
1074:
1013:
992:
975:
959:
942:
926:
909:
792:
739:
717:
690:
594:
492:
451:
119:. Slime molds contribute to the
4834:
4816:
4795:
4747:
4728:
4709:
4587:
4554:
4539:
4457:
4404:
4369:
4346:
4303:
4270:
4205:10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.02.017
4134:Steglich, W. (1 January 1989).
4078:
3999:
3940:
3897:
3854:
3811:
3638:
3495:
3465:
3074:
3031:
2932:
2808:
2718:
2682:
2527:
2500:
1694:
1424:and feed on small prey such as
1181:, with hosts among the plants,
299:in a new kingdom, Protoctista.
60:is an informal name given to a
4486:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.018101
4242:(6). Elsevier BV: 537–541.e2.
3863:Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena
3688:. Princeton University Press.
2710:Jacobson, R. (April 5, 2012).
2269:10.1126/science.164.3881.857.b
2227:
2189:
2143:
1986:
1866:
1753:
1612:cyclic adenosine monophosphate
1404:streaming along as it forms a
346:) widely scattered across the
13:
1:
4802:Parr, D. (18 February 2014).
4695:Yong, Ed (January 21, 2010).
1948:
1384:
1025:aggregating from a streaming
322:as separate groups. In 1992,
231:(plasmodial slime molds) and
123:of dead vegetation; some are
4781:10.1080/17445760.2012.685884
4735:Marks, P. (6 January 2010).
4433:10.1128/mr.51.4.396-418.1987
4324:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90162-4
3918:10.1016/0014-5793(75)80005-6
3883:10.1016/0167-2789(89)90234-0
3797:10.1016/0012-1606(72)90002-4
3060:10.1126/science.213.4507.561
2865:10.1016/j.protis.2010.09.003
2794:10.1016/j.protis.2009.05.002
1742:. Some 42% of patients with
1647:Use in research and teaching
1339:cosmopolitan in distribution
1140:
1029:(network of filaments) to a
850:
329:
174:
7:
4287:10.1007/978-1-4899-0921-3_6
4191:(7). Elsevier BV: 747–769.
4073:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2587723/v1
4006:Bonner, John Tyler (1983).
3840:10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.2400
3474:"Life at the Edge of Sight"
3085:. Springer US. p. 45.
3017:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.09.027
2904:(2). Elsevier BV: 103–123.
2820:M. Nesom & L. S. Olive"
1966:Alexopoulos, Constantine J.
1923:
1807:Traffic system inspirations
1669:showed that the slime mold
1638:acrasins remained unknown.
1629:, purified in 1983, is the
1306:, growing on the leaves of
220:, "a fast-growing fungus".
154:; they are abundant in the
10:
4943:
4841:Wenz, J. (12 March 2020).
4248:10.1016/j.anai.2013.08.007
4140:Pure and Applied Chemistry
3651:American Journal of Botany
3502:Alexopoulos, C.J. (1962).
3173:10.1007/s12064-022-00375-9
3131:10.3852/mycologia.99.4.504
2910:10.1016/j.ejop.2011.10.001
2591:De Nederlandse Myxomyceten
2534:Ples, Marek (2023-11-11).
2507:Adamatzky, Andrew (2016).
2010:de Bary, A. (1860). "XXV.—
1744:seasonal allergic rhinitis
1556:
1504:involved in reproduction:
1432:, engulfing them with its
1161:Non-amoebozoan slime molds
1103:
1042:
875:
4917:Common names of organisms
3617:"Slime Mold Reproduction"
3320:10.1128/spectrum.02402-22
2485:10.3390/cosmetics10010003
2028:10.1080/00222936008697211
1626:Polysphondylium violaceum
1490:, which means that their
886:slime molds are the only
807:
785:
778:
737:
715:
688:
676:
652:
640:
630:
587:
571:
564:
485:
478:
444:
437:
427:
409:
402:
395:
388:
381:
371:
361:
338:, consisting of multiple
4415:Dictyostelium discoideum
3721:Dictyostelium discoideum
3167:(3). Springer: 313–319.
3091:10.1007/0-387-28875-9_45
2946:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2431:10.1073/pnas.94.22.12007
1993:Panckow, Thomas (1654).
1778:meta-heuristic algorithm
1641:
1620:Dictyostelium discoideum
1616:Dictyostelium discoideum
1572:Dictyostelium discoideum
1567:Dictyostelium discoideum
1549:is drastically reduced.
1319:Dictyostelium mucoroides
1083:Dictyostelium discoideum
302:In 1969, the taxonomist
64:assemblage of unrelated
4901:Slime mold photo series
4869:Bol. Soc. Micol. Madrid
4665:10.1126/science.1177894
4550:. Princeton University.
4466:Physical Review Letters
4421:Microbiological Reviews
4312:Trends in Neurosciences
4153:10.1351/pac198961030281
3974:10.1073/pnas.1815063116
3820:Physical Review Letters
3590:Judson, Olivia (2002).
2968:10.1186/1471-2148-14-33
2691:"Metatrichia vesparium"
2513:. Springer. p. 4.
2103:10.5962/bhl.title.21191
1871:In central Mexico, the
1351:D. sphaerocephalum
1090:or slug, and then to a
103:includes a free-living
27:Spore-forming organisms
3748:10.1073/pnas.70.6.1828
3684:Bonner, J. T. (2009).
2828:University of Arkansas
2778:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas
1823:
1784:, such as finding the
1599:
1483:
1409:
1390:Plasmodial slime molds
1252:
225:Heinrich Anton de Bary
217:Fungus cito crescentes
216:
208:'s 1654 discussion of
194:
50:
4533:on December 10, 2008.
3785:Developmental Biology
3505:Introductory Mycology
3419:10.3897/asp.79.e72724
3378:10.1093/biosci/biv154
3308:Microbiology Spectrum
3161:Theory in Biosciences
2818:Copromyxa arborescens
2744:10.3390/genes12040487
1970:Introductory Mycology
1876:Enteridium lycoperdon
1816:Physarum polycephalum
1814:
1782:optimization problems
1762:Physarum polycephalum
1594:to be discovered was
1589:
1557:Further information:
1497:Physarum polycephalum
1478:halves the number of
1473:
1465:Physarum polycephalum
1448:. These contain many
1401:Physarum polycephalum
1397:
1374:Enteridium lycoperdon
1243:
1001:Metatrichia vesparium
984:Enteridium lycoperdon
288:George Willard Martin
187:
168:Physarum polycephalum
35:
18:Cellular slime moulds
2640:10.2134/jeq2002.1038
2416:(22): 12007–120012.
1829:and colleagues grew
1717:Bisindolylmaleimides
1657:convergent evolution
1553:Cellular slime molds
1522:P. polycephalum
1444:that then grow into
1292:tropical rainforests
1230:is a marine protist.
253:Philippe van Tieghem
4927:Polyphyletic groups
4903:by Barry Webb, 2023
4657:2010Sci...327..439T
4478:2008PhRvL.100a8101S
4197:2005PChem..66..747D
4026:1983SciAm.248d.114B
4013:Scientific American
3965:2019PNAS..116.4291F
3875:1989PhyD...34..193T
3832:1991PhRvL..66.2400L
3739:1973PNAS...70.1828E
3627:on November 2, 2019
3615:Renner, B. (2006).
3533:1960Natur.185..780D
3484:on October 19, 2023
3478:www.hup.harvard.edu
3052:1981Sci...213..561D
2959:2014BMCEE..14...33N
2632:2002JEnvQ..31.1038Z
2422:1997PNAS...9412007B
2367:2018BiSys.165...57V
1896:Lycogala epidendrum
1840:Tokyo's rail system
1711:. Pigments include
1677:immortal cell lines
1364:, feeding on dung.
1203:Labyrinthulomycetes
892:thousands of nuclei
882:The Myxogastria or
448:Labyrinthulomycetes
342:(emphasised in the
211:Lycogala epidendrum
190:Lycogala epidendrum
150:and as cold as the
4847:Astronomy magazine
4123:(1 (Winter 2010)).
3083:Botany Illustrated
1910:may have inspired
1902:In popular culture
1824:
1800:Toshiyuki Nakagaki
1600:
1484:
1410:
1347:D. mucoroides
1253:
1245:Slime mold beetles
1223:Labyrinthulomycete
1022:Mucilago crustacea
935:Diachea leucopodia
324:David J. Patterson
223:German mycologist
195:
68:organisms in the
51:
4755:Adamatzky, Andrew
4651:(5964): 439–442.
4580:10.3390/pr9101774
4296:978-1-4899-0921-3
3959:(10): 4291–4296.
3826:(18): 2400–2403.
3695:978-0-691-13939-5
3601:978-0-8050-6332-5
3527:(4715): 780–781.
3441:Ling, H. (2012).
3252:Bryophyte Ecology
3100:978-0-387-28870-3
3046:(4507): 561–563.
2675:978-0-88192-439-8
2600:978-90-03-93130-6
2575:978-0-85546-251-2
2520:978-3-319-26662-6
2478:(1). MDPI AG: 3.
2309:978-9-8102-1262-9
2155:Botanical Gazette
2079:978-0-1252-6250-7
1979:978-0-471-52229-4
1930:Swarming motility
1855:structure of the
1767:John Tyler Bonner
1709:anti-cancer drugs
1315:Changbai Mountain
1266:are aquatic, and
1195:cabbage club root
888:macroscopic scale
861:environmental DNA
847:
846:
838:
837:
829:
828:
820:
819:
761:
760:
752:
751:
616:
615:
607:
606:
550:
549:
541:
540:
532:
531:
523:
522:
514:
513:
505:
504:
464:
463:
344:phylogenetic tree
180:Taxonomic history
16:(Redirected from
4934:
4892:
4877:
4876:
4860:
4851:
4850:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4830:. 10 March 2020.
4820:
4814:
4813:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4774:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4691:
4689:
4683:. Archived from
4642:
4633:
4624:
4623:
4612:10.1038/35035159
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4529:. Archived from
4515:
4497:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4444:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4359:Fishery Bulletin
4350:
4344:
4343:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4155:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4112:
4099:
4098:
4085:Gilbert, H. C.;
4082:
4076:
4075:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3986:
3976:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3760:
3750:
3733:(6): 1828–1830.
3714:
3708:
3707:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3541:10.1038/185780a0
3516:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3449:. Archived from
3438:
3432:
3431:
3421:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3380:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3339:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3276:
3266:
3257:
3256:
3246:
3237:
3236:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3192:
3152:
3143:
3142:
3114:
3105:
3104:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3035:
3029:
3028:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2970:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2746:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2661:
2652:
2651:
2626:(3): 1038–1042.
2611:
2605:
2604:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2564:Ing, B. (1999).
2561:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2487:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2433:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2360:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2253:Whittaker, R. H.
2249:
2243:
2242:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2118:
2107:
2106:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2072:. pp. 1–7.
2059:
2040:
2039:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1962:
1944:
1935:
1729:Arcyria denudata
1721:Arcyria denudata
1582:Chemical signals
1486:Slime molds are
1398:Long strands of
1369:Epicypta testata
1268:D. nigripes
1218:
1127:
1078:
1017:
996:
979:
963:
946:
930:
913:
901:Brefeldia maxima
859:. Collection of
796:
781:
780:
743:
721:
694:
679:
678:
643:
642:
633:
632:
598:
567:
566:
496:
481:
480:
455:
440:
439:
430:
429:
405:
404:
398:
397:
391:
390:
384:
383:
374:
373:
364:
363:
354:
353:
292:Herbert Copeland
219:
207:
158:, especially in
113:chemical signals
38:Comatricha nigra
21:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4907:
4906:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4880:
4861:
4854:
4839:
4835:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4800:
4796:
4752:
4748:
4733:
4729:
4714:
4710:
4687:
4640:
4634:
4627:
4592:
4588:
4559:
4555:
4544:
4540:
4462:
4458:
4409:
4405:
4374:
4370:
4351:
4347:
4308:
4304:
4297:
4275:
4271:
4232:
4228:
4181:
4177:
4132:
4128:
4113:
4102:
4083:
4079:
4061:
4057:
4004:
4000:
3945:
3941:
3902:
3898:
3859:
3855:
3816:
3812:
3781:
3774:
3715:
3711:
3696:
3682:
3678:
3643:
3639:
3630:
3628:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3588:
3581:
3572:
3570:
3568:Quanta Magazine
3560:
3556:
3517:
3513:
3500:
3496:
3487:
3485:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3439:
3435:
3398:
3394:
3357:
3353:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3267:
3260:
3247:
3240:
3213:
3206:
3153:
3146:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3079:
3075:
3036:
3032:
2998:
2994:
2937:
2933:
2892:
2888:
2849:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2774:
2770:
2723:
2719:
2714:. PBS Newshour.
2708:
2701:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2662:
2655:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2542:
2540:weirdscience.eu
2532:
2528:
2521:
2505:
2501:
2464:
2457:
2402:
2398:
2339:
2335:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2296:
2292:
2250:
2246:
2235:Copeland, H. F.
2232:
2228:
2213:10.2307/3756254
2194:
2190:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2119:
2110:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2065:The Mycetozoans
2060:
2043:
2022:(28): 233–243.
2008:
2004:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1926:
1904:
1869:
1853:galaxy filament
1849:P. polycephalum
1844:P. polycephalum
1822:'s rail network
1809:
1772:The slime mold
1756:
1713:naphthoquinones
1697:
1672:Didymium iridis
1649:
1644:
1584:
1561:
1555:
1530:P. polycephalum
1392:
1387:
1356:The species of
1249:Sphindus dubius
1238:
1231:
1219:
1163:
1145:
1136:
1128:
1108:
1102:
1095:
1079:
1047:
1041:
1034:
1018:
1009:
997:
988:
980:
971:
964:
955:
947:
938:
931:
922:
914:
880:
874:
853:
848:
839:
830:
821:
762:
753:
617:
608:
551:
542:
533:
524:
515:
506:
465:
332:
309:The Myxomycetes
304:R. H. Whittaker
281:Gulielma Lister
214:. He called it
201:
182:
177:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4940:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4905:
4904:
4898:
4885:
4884:External links
4882:
4879:
4878:
4871:(in Spanish).
4852:
4833:
4815:
4794:
4765:(3): 230–248.
4746:
4727:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4690:on 2013-04-21.
4625:
4586:
4553:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4456:
4427:(4): 396–418.
4403:
4384:(1): 243–258.
4368:
4345:
4318:(6): 212–215.
4302:
4295:
4269:
4226:
4185:Phytochemistry
4175:
4126:
4100:
4077:
4055:
4020:(4): 114–121.
3998:
3939:
3912:(2): 139–142.
3896:
3869:(1): 193–207.
3853:
3810:
3791:(4): 545–554.
3772:
3709:
3694:
3676:
3657:(3): 297–302.
3637:
3607:
3600:
3579:
3554:
3511:
3494:
3464:
3453:on 9 June 2015
3433:
3392:
3351:
3294:
3287:
3258:
3238:
3204:
3144:
3125:(4): 504–509.
3106:
3099:
3073:
3030:
2992:
2931:
2886:
2859:(2): 277–287.
2840:
2807:
2768:
2717:
2699:
2681:
2674:
2653:
2616:Fuligo septica
2606:
2599:
2581:
2574:
2551:
2526:
2519:
2499:
2455:
2396:
2351:(165): 57–70.
2333:
2315:
2308:
2290:
2244:
2226:
2207:(4): 119–129.
2188:
2167:10.1086/334272
2161:(4): 421–335.
2142:
2136:978-3854740568
2135:
2108:
2085:
2078:
2070:Academic Press
2041:
2002:
1985:
1978:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1936:
1925:
1922:
1912:Irvin Yeaworth
1908:Fuligo septica
1903:
1900:
1892:Fuligo septica
1873:false puffball
1868:
1865:
1808:
1805:
1755:
1752:
1725:phosphorescent
1696:
1693:
1689:model organism
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1583:
1580:
1554:
1551:
1459:Fuligo septica
1454:cell membranes
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1280:Atacama Desert
1276:Sonoran Desert
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1227:Aplanochytrium
1220:
1213:
1162:
1159:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1122:
1106:Protosteliales
1104:Main article:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1080:
1073:
1051:Dictyosteliida
1045:Dictyosteliida
1043:Main article:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1019:
1012:
1010:
998:
991:
989:
981:
974:
972:
965:
958:
956:
951:Fuligo septica
948:
941:
939:
932:
925:
923:
915:
908:
876:Main article:
873:
870:
852:
849:
845:
844:
841:
840:
836:
835:
832:
831:
827:
826:
823:
822:
818:
817:
814:
813:
806:
803:
802:
799:
798:
784:
779:
777:
771:
770:
764:
763:
759:
758:
755:
754:
750:
749:
746:
745:
736:
728:
727:
724:
723:
714:
711:Dictyosteliida
706:
705:
697:
696:
687:
677:
675:
667:
666:
663:
662:
651:
641:
639:
631:
629:
623:
622:
619:
618:
614:
613:
610:
609:
605:
604:
601:
600:
586:
583:
582:
579:
578:
570:
565:
563:
557:
556:
553:
552:
548:
547:
544:
543:
539:
538:
535:
534:
530:
529:
526:
525:
521:
520:
517:
516:
512:
511:
508:
507:
503:
502:
499:
498:
484:
479:
477:
471:
470:
467:
466:
462:
461:
458:
457:
443:
438:
436:
428:
426:
420:
419:
416:
415:
408:
403:
401:
396:
394:
389:
387:
382:
380:
378:Diaphoretickes
372:
370:
362:
360:
352:
331:
328:
238:Plasmodiophora
199:Thomas Panckow
181:
178:
176:
173:
148:Atacama Desert
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4939:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4887:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4857:
4848:
4844:
4837:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4798:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4742:
4741:New Scientist
4738:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4692:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4630:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4606:(6803): 470.
4605:
4601:
4597:
4590:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4557:
4549:
4542:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4472:(1): 018101.
4471:
4467:
4460:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4416:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4306:
4298:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4087:Martin, G. W.
4081:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4059:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4002:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3777:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3713:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3603:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3584:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3507:
3506:
3498:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3265:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3245:
3243:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3209:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3149:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3111:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3011:(1): 129–40.
3010:
3006:
3005:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2845:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2706:
2704:
2692:
2685:
2677:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2658:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2197:Martin, G. W.
2192:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:Martin, G. W.
2146:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1914:'s 1958 film
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1794:local optimum
1791:
1787:
1786:shortest path
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1723:include some
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1667:O. R. Collins
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:cell membrane
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1302:are commonly
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:are obligate
1176:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1157:slime molds.
1156:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1112:Protosteliida
1107:
1100:Protosteliida
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:
995:
990:
986:
985:
978:
973:
970:
969:
968:Trichia varia
962:
957:
953:
952:
945:
940:
937:
936:
929:
924:
920:
919:
912:
907:
906:
905:
903:
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
879:
869:
867:
862:
858:
843:
842:
834:
833:
825:
824:
816:
815:
812:
811:
805:
804:
801:
800:
797:
795:
791:
790:
783:
782:
776:
773:
772:
769:
766:
765:
757:
756:
748:
747:
744:
742:
735:
734:
730:
729:
726:
725:
722:
720:
713:
712:
708:
707:
704:
703:
699:
698:
695:
693:
686:
685:
681:
680:
673:
669:
668:
665:
664:
661:
660:
659:
658:
649:
645:
644:
638:
635:
634:
628:
625:
624:
621:
620:
612:
611:
603:
602:
599:
597:
593:
592:
585:
584:
581:
580:
577:
575:
569:
568:
562:
559:
558:
555:
554:
546:
545:
537:
536:
528:
527:
519:
518:
510:
509:
501:
500:
497:
495:
491:
490:
483:
482:
476:
473:
472:
469:
468:
460:
459:
456:
454:
450:
449:
442:
441:
435:
434:Stramenopiles
432:
431:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
414:
413:
407:
406:
400:
399:
393:
392:
386:
385:
379:
376:
375:
369:
366:
365:
359:
356:
355:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
327:
325:
321:
317:
316:dictyostelids
312:
310:
305:
300:
298:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:Ray Lankester
262:
258:
257:Ernst Haeckel
254:
250:
249:
244:
240:
239:
234:
230:
226:
221:
218:
213:
212:
205:
200:
192:
191:
186:
172:
170:
169:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:protostelians
128:
126:
122:
121:decomposition
118:
114:
110:
109:multinucleate
106:
105:single-celled
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:Stramenopiles
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
44:
40:
39:
34:
30:
19:
4872:
4868:
4846:
4836:
4827:
4818:
4809:The Guardian
4807:
4797:
4762:
4758:
4749:
4740:
4730:
4721:
4711:
4701:ScienceBlogs
4700:
4685:the original
4648:
4644:
4603:
4599:
4589:
4573:(10): 1774.
4570:
4566:
4556:
4541:
4531:the original
4524:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4406:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4362:
4358:
4348:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4278:
4272:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4143:
4139:
4129:
4120:
4116:
4094:
4090:
4080:
4064:
4058:
4017:
4011:
4001:
3956:
3952:
3942:
3909:
3906:FEBS Letters
3905:
3899:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3788:
3784:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3712:
3685:
3679:
3654:
3650:
3640:
3629:. Retrieved
3625:the original
3620:
3610:
3591:
3571:. Retrieved
3567:
3557:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3504:
3497:
3486:. Retrieved
3482:the original
3477:
3467:
3455:. Retrieved
3451:the original
3446:
3436:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3272:
3251:
3216:
3164:
3160:
3122:
3118:
3082:
3076:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3008:
3002:
2995:
2950:
2944:
2934:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2856:
2852:
2831:. Retrieved
2823:
2817:
2810:
2788:(1): 55–70.
2785:
2781:
2771:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2684:
2665:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2590:
2584:
2565:
2543:. Retrieved
2539:
2529:
2509:
2502:
2475:
2471:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2318:
2299:
2293:
2260:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2204:
2200:
2191:
2158:
2154:
2145:
2126:
2122:
2094:
2088:
2064:
2019:
2015:
2014:Mycetozoa".
2011:
2005:
1995:
1988:
1969:
1915:
1907:
1905:
1895:
1891:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1848:
1843:
1834:
1830:
1827:Atsushi Tero
1825:
1815:
1798:
1771:
1760:
1757:
1728:
1720:
1719:produced by
1698:
1695:Biochemicals
1670:
1665:
1653:G. W. Martin
1650:
1635:Calcium ions
1624:
1619:
1615:
1601:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1559:Dictyostelid
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1485:
1464:
1457:
1430:phagocytosis
1411:
1399:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1362:coprophilous
1357:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1318:
1312:
1299:
1295:
1267:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1225:
1199:powdery scab
1164:
1152:
1146:
1141:
1130:
1109:
1081:
1048:
1033:(large mass)
1020:
999:
982:
966:
949:
933:
916:
899:
881:
854:
808:
787:
786:
767:
738:
731:
716:
709:
701:
700:
689:
682:
655:
654:
653:
589:
588:
572:
487:
486:
446:
445:
410:
336:polyphyletic
333:
313:
308:
301:
285:
248:Labyrinthula
246:
236:
222:
209:
196:
188:
166:
164:
144:cosmopolitan
129:
95:form larger
62:polyphyletic
57:
53:
52:
36:
29:
4722:Technovelgy
3412:: 587–597.
2666:Myxomycetes
1867:Use as food
1861:dark matter
1754:Computation
1705:antibiotics
1661:prokaryotes
1480:chromosomes
1438:mating type
1304:epiphyllous
1207:Fonticulida
1191:brown algae
1171:pseudopodia
1132:Ceratiomyxa
878:Myxogastria
857:Myxogastria
789:Fonticulida
733:Protostelia
702:macroscopic
684:Myxogastria
229:Myxomycetes
202: [
160:rainforests
93:Myxogastria
58:slime mould
43:myxogastria
4911:Categories
4495:2115/33004
4365:(1): 1–11.
3704:j.ctt7s6qz
3631:2019-11-02
3573:2019-11-02
3488:2018-01-26
3365:BioScience
3288:0125095511
2816:"Species:
2737:(4): 487.
2545:2023-07-02
2358:1712.00414
2344:BioSystems
1949:References
1939:Water mold
1608:chemotaxis
1596:cyclic AMP
1590:The first
1576:macrocysts
1547:inbreeding
1500:has three
1406:plasmodium
1385:Life cycle
1379:Sphindidae
1337:, but are
1308:liverworts
1257:bryophytes
1175:Phytomyxea
1055:coenocytes
1031:sporangium
1027:plasmodium
918:Stemonitis
884:plasmodial
775:Holomycota
489:Phytomyxea
358:Eukaryotes
348:Eukaryotes
269:Proteomyxa
243:Phytomyxea
136:phytomyxea
101:life cycle
97:plasmodial
86:Holomycota
66:eukaryotic
54:Slime mold
4922:Mycetozoa
4772:1203.2851
4567:Processes
4256:1081-1206
4213:0031-9422
4162:1365-3075
4042:0036-8733
3891:0167-2789
3671:0002-9122
3428:1864-8312
3387:1525-3244
3328:2165-0497
3233:0082-0598
3181:1431-7613
3119:Mycologia
2953:(1): 33.
2918:0932-4739
2873:1434-4610
2494:2079-9284
2472:Cosmetics
2285:239845755
2277:0036-8075
2201:Mycologia
2036:0374-5481
1999:. Berlin.
1888:tortillas
1880:hongueros
1774:algorithm
1748:allergens
1740:cosmetics
1733:carbazole
1631:dipeptide
1488:isogamous
1446:plasmodia
1440:and form
1358:Copromyxa
1264:aquatilis
1187:oomycetes
1179:parasites
1154:Copromyxa
1142:Copromyxa
896:syncytium
866:sporangia
851:Diversity
672:Mycetozoa
657:Copromyxa
637:Amoebozoa
330:Phylogeny
233:Acrasieae
175:Evolution
125:parasitic
82:Amoebozoa
47:sporangia
4875:: 25–37.
4789:15534238
4673:20093467
4620:11028990
4526:Discover
4512:14710241
4504:18232821
4340:46452914
4264:24267365
4221:15797602
4170:53663356
4050:24968880
3993:30782791
3934:29448450
3848:10043475
3767:16592095
3346:36190423
3199:36029433
3139:18065001
3068:17794844
3025:18977305
2987:24559266
2926:22154141
2881:21112814
2833:June 26,
2802:19656720
2763:33801615
2648:12026071
2383:29326068
2237:(1956).
2183:84506715
1924:See also
1917:The Blob
1857:universe
1835:Physarum
1831:Physarum
1788:between
1736:alkaloid
1701:pigments
1633:glorin.
1604:acrasins
1452:without
1426:bacteria
1335:latitude
1323:bacteria
1300:Didymium
1262:Didymium
1247:such as
1167:Acrasids
1149:lobosans
1092:sorocarp
1067:sorocarp
1059:protists
627:Amorphea
591:Acrasida
574:euglenae
475:Rhizaria
320:acrasids
318:and the
273:Protozoa
261:Protista
241:(now in
117:acrasins
74:Rhizaria
4896:YouTube
4681:5001773
4653:Bibcode
4645:Science
4474:Bibcode
4451:2893972
4332:1694326
4193:Bibcode
4022:Bibcode
3984:6410881
3961:Bibcode
3871:Bibcode
3828:Bibcode
3805:4340352
3735:Bibcode
3549:4206149
3529:Bibcode
3337:9620775
3217:Sydowia
3190:9474427
3048:Bibcode
3040:Science
2978:4016497
2955:Bibcode
2853:Protist
2782:Protist
2754:8067170
2628:Bibcode
2450:9342353
2418:Bibcode
2391:3909678
2363:Bibcode
2257:Science
2221:3756254
2175:2471449
1685:alleles
1681:culture
1592:acrasin
1540:B, and
1518:diploid
1492:gametes
1476:Meiosis
1442:zygotes
1422:haploid
1296:Arcyria
1272:deserts
1183:diatoms
1063:amoebae
1006:elaters
768:amoebae
561:Discoba
368:Diphoda
156:tropics
115:called
78:Discoba
4787:
4679:
4671:
4618:
4600:Nature
4510:
4502:
4449:
4442:373123
4439:
4396:
4338:
4330:
4293:
4262:
4254:
4219:
4211:
4168:
4160:
4097:: 3–8.
4048:
4040:
3991:
3981:
3932:
3926:166875
3924:
3889:
3846:
3803:
3765:
3758:433606
3755:
3702:
3692:
3669:
3621:BioWeb
3598:
3547:
3521:Nature
3457:29 May
3426:
3385:
3344:
3334:
3326:
3285:
3281:–576.
3231:
3197:
3187:
3179:
3137:
3097:
3066:
3023:
2985:
2975:
2924:
2916:
2879:
2871:
2800:
2761:
2751:
2672:
2646:
2597:
2572:
2517:
2492:
2448:
2438:
2389:
2381:
2306:
2283:
2275:
2219:
2181:
2173:
2133:
2076:
2034:
2012:On the
1976:
1707:, and
1526:genome
1508:A and
1450:nuclei
1416:-like
1414:amoeba
1343:tundra
1329:, and
1327:yeasts
1201:. The
1189:, and
1116:spores
648:Lobosa
576:, etc
412:Plants
340:clades
277:Arthur
245:) and
152:Arctic
89:clades
4785:S2CID
4767:arXiv
4688:(PDF)
4677:S2CID
4641:(PDF)
4508:S2CID
4398:17353
4336:S2CID
4166:S2CID
4117:Fungi
4046:JSTOR
3930:S2CID
3700:JSTOR
3545:S2CID
2731:Genes
2694:(PDF)
2441:23686
2387:S2CID
2353:arXiv
2281:S2CID
2217:JSTOR
2179:S2CID
2171:JSTOR
2125:[
1884:maize
1820:Tokyo
1790:nodes
1776:is a
1642:Study
1502:genes
1418:cells
1331:fungi
1288:Volga
810:Fungi
297:algae
206:]
140:hosts
4828:NASA
4669:PMID
4616:PMID
4500:PMID
4447:PMID
4394:PMID
4328:PMID
4291:ISBN
4260:PMID
4252:ISSN
4217:PMID
4209:ISSN
4158:ISSN
4038:ISSN
3989:PMID
3922:PMID
3887:ISSN
3844:PMID
3801:PMID
3763:PMID
3690:ISBN
3667:ISSN
3596:ISBN
3459:2018
3424:ISSN
3383:ISSN
3342:PMID
3324:ISSN
3283:ISBN
3229:ISSN
3195:PMID
3177:ISSN
3135:PMID
3095:ISBN
3064:PMID
3021:PMID
2983:PMID
2922:PMID
2914:ISSN
2877:PMID
2869:ISSN
2835:2010
2798:PMID
2759:PMID
2670:ISBN
2644:PMID
2595:ISBN
2570:ISBN
2515:ISBN
2490:ISSN
2446:PMID
2410:PNAS
2379:PMID
2304:ISBN
2273:ISSN
2131:ISBN
2074:ISBN
2032:ISSN
1974:ISBN
1360:are
1349:and
1298:and
1221:The
1197:and
1147:The
1110:The
1088:grex
1049:The
279:and
84:and
4894:on
4777:doi
4661:doi
4649:327
4608:doi
4604:407
4575:doi
4490:hdl
4482:doi
4470:100
4437:PMC
4429:doi
4386:doi
4320:doi
4283:doi
4244:doi
4240:111
4201:doi
4148:doi
4069:doi
4030:doi
4018:248
3979:PMC
3969:doi
3957:116
3914:doi
3879:doi
3836:doi
3793:doi
3753:PMC
3743:doi
3659:doi
3537:doi
3525:185
3414:doi
3373:doi
3332:PMC
3316:doi
3279:547
3221:doi
3185:PMC
3169:doi
3165:141
3127:doi
3087:doi
3056:doi
3044:213
3013:doi
2973:PMC
2963:doi
2906:doi
2861:doi
2857:162
2790:doi
2786:161
2749:PMC
2739:doi
2636:doi
2480:doi
2436:PMC
2426:doi
2371:doi
2349:165
2265:doi
2261:164
2209:doi
2163:doi
2099:doi
2024:doi
1679:in
1542:mat
1538:mat
1536:A,
1534:mat
1514:mat
1510:mat
1506:mat
424:SAR
56:or
4913::
4873:43
4855:^
4845:.
4826:.
4806:.
4783:.
4775:.
4763:28
4761:.
4739:.
4720:.
4699:.
4675:.
4667:.
4659:.
4647:.
4643:.
4628:^
4614:.
4602:.
4598:.
4569:.
4565:.
4523:.
4506:.
4498:.
4488:.
4480:.
4468:.
4445:.
4435:.
4425:51
4423:.
4419:.
4392:.
4382:17
4380:.
4363:72
4361:.
4357:.
4334:.
4326:.
4316:13
4314:.
4289:.
4258:.
4250:.
4238:.
4215:.
4207:.
4199:.
4189:66
4187:.
4164:.
4156:.
4144:61
4142:.
4138:.
4119:.
4103:^
4095:15
4093:.
4067:,
4044:.
4036:.
4028:.
4016:.
4010:.
3987:.
3977:.
3967:.
3955:.
3951:.
3928:.
3920:.
3910:53
3908:.
3885:.
3877:.
3867:34
3865:.
3842:.
3834:.
3824:66
3822:.
3799:.
3789:28
3787:.
3775:^
3761:.
3751:.
3741:.
3731:70
3729:.
3725:.
3698:.
3665:.
3655:52
3653:.
3649:.
3619:.
3582:^
3566:.
3543:.
3535:.
3523:.
3476:.
3445:.
3422:.
3410:79
3408:.
3404:.
3381:.
3369:65
3367:.
3363:.
3340:.
3330:.
3322:.
3312:10
3310:.
3306:.
3261:^
3241:^
3227:.
3207:^
3193:.
3183:.
3175:.
3163:.
3159:.
3147:^
3133:.
3123:99
3121:.
3109:^
3093:.
3062:.
3054:.
3042:.
3019:.
3009:50
3007:.
2981:.
2971:.
2961:.
2951:14
2949:.
2943:.
2920:.
2912:.
2902:48
2900:.
2875:.
2867:.
2855:.
2843:^
2826:.
2822:.
2796:.
2784:.
2757:.
2747:.
2735:12
2733:.
2729:.
2702:^
2656:^
2642:.
2634:.
2624:31
2622:.
2554:^
2538:.
2488:.
2476:10
2474:.
2470:.
2458:^
2444:.
2434:.
2424:.
2414:94
2412:.
2408:.
2385:.
2377:.
2369:.
2361:.
2347:.
2326:.
2279:.
2271:.
2259:.
2215:.
2205:93
2203:.
2177:.
2169:.
2159:93
2157:.
2111:^
2068:.
2044:^
2030:.
2018:.
1957:^
1890:.
1863:.
1842:.
1796:.
1750:.
1703:,
1353:.
1325:,
1310:.
1185:,
1118:.
674:"
650:"
311:.
275:.
204:de
162:.
127:.
80:,
76:,
72:,
4849:.
4812:.
4791:.
4779::
4769::
4743:.
4724:.
4703:.
4663::
4655::
4622:.
4610::
4583:.
4577::
4571:9
4514:.
4492::
4484::
4476::
4453:.
4431::
4417:"
4400:.
4388::
4342:.
4322::
4299:.
4285::
4266:.
4246::
4223:.
4203::
4195::
4172:.
4150::
4121:3
4071::
4052:.
4032::
4024::
3995:.
3971::
3963::
3936:.
3916::
3893:.
3881::
3873::
3850:.
3838::
3830::
3807:.
3795::
3769:.
3745::
3737::
3723:"
3706:.
3673:.
3661::
3634:.
3604:.
3576:.
3551:.
3539::
3531::
3491:.
3461:.
3430:.
3416::
3389:.
3375::
3348:.
3318::
3291:.
3235:.
3223::
3201:.
3171::
3141:.
3129::
3103:.
3089::
3070:.
3058::
3050::
3027:.
3015::
2989:.
2965::
2957::
2928:.
2908::
2883:.
2863::
2837:.
2804:.
2792::
2765:.
2741::
2696:.
2678:.
2650:.
2638::
2630::
2603:.
2578:.
2548:.
2523:.
2496:.
2482::
2452:.
2428::
2420::
2393:.
2373::
2365::
2355::
2330:.
2312:.
2287:.
2267::
2223:.
2211::
2185:.
2165::
2139:.
2105:.
2101::
2082:.
2038:.
2026::
2020:5
1982:.
670:"
646:"
49:)
41:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
