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2562:, in which the history of the governing party was significantly altered and revised including the importance of the leading figures during the Bolshevik revolution. Retrospectively, Lenin's primary associates such as Zinoviev, Trotsky, Radek and Bukharin were presented as "vacillating", "opportunists" and "foreign spies" whereas Stalin is depicted as the chief discipline during this revolution. However, in reality, Stalin was considered a relatively unknown figure with secondary importance at the time of the event. In his book,
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2268:, censors made over three hundred cuts, screening the book's references to Frenchmen as "a people of very lively imagination", and the chivalrous treatments which the French gave to Russian prisoners—such as eating in the passenger's lounge and being given a hundred francs per month—were extracted from the text. Historically, Russia has been technologically inferior to the West, which is demonstrated by
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uneducated on film production. Due to this ignorance, Stalin thought of the director as a mere technician who carried out instructions. Therefore, he dictated that camera angles should not be shot from below, or above the actor, but always at eye level. Stalin's callowness over the importance of the director's work was of great benefit to the filmmakers since, "with few exceptions, they survived."
2576:. He argued that the Stalinist faction routinely distorted political events, forged a theoretical basis for irreconcilable concepts such as the notion of "Socialism in One Country" and misrepresented the views of opponents through an array of employed historians alongside economists to justify policy manoeuvering and safeguarding its own set of material interests.
2339:, was posthumously injected in 1963 with descriptions of supposed American bigotry, selfishness, and racism, which was not in the novel originally. These examples of anti-Westernization indicate that works were expurgated for propaganda, but censorship still declined with Khrushchev's de-Stalinization.
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features a factory director who prioritizes his work over educating his son, Boris. Portraying Boris as an unhappy child and the father—a war hero—as a slothful parent was regarded as slanderous by a film reviewer. After her movie was removed from cinemas, Barskaia either committed suicide on 23 July
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leader by depicting him as hypocritical and abusing his power. Stalin organized a military tribunal which castigated the scenarist
Aleksandr Avdeenko, accusing him of inaccurate representations of Soviet reality. While nothing was said of the director, Avdeenko was jettisoned from the party. However,
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Kulaks were farmers resisting Stalin's crop requisition, and Anka's lover uses the party card for iniquitous purposes. In the final scene of the movie, she confronts him at gunpoint and, after he ignominiously begs forgiveness, she has him arrested by the authorities. By vilifying kulaks, Stalin
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and constituents of socialist nations. As propaganda tools directed at the masses—particularly the illiterate—themes of anti-Westernization and nationalism depicted socialist realism in films by negatively portraying elements of capitalist countries while positively depicting the Soviet Union.
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While
Glavlit censored literature, Stalin micro-managed the film industry. He made "recommendations" on what should be included, edited, or deleted entirely. If ignored, similar consequences to those that befell Margarita were meted out. However, while he was obsessed with films, Stalin was
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Elements of anti-Westernization included censoring religion and technological superiority, while signs of weakness in the Soviet military, like lost battles or frightened soldiers, were expurgated to further nationalistic goals. Film censorship peaked during the rule of Stalin (1924–1953).
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was not such a film. This picture's screenplay was written during the time of a national campaign to renew individual party cards, and losing one amounted to a serious lack of Soviet discipline. Anka, the main character, has her card stolen by her lover, who is the surreptitious son of a
2459:. At this point, censorship finally began to diminish; this was known as the "Khrushchev Thaw." Film output grew to 20 pictures in 1953, 45 in 1954, and 66 in 1955. Movies now introduced themes that were formerly considered taboo, like conflicted characters. In the 1959 film
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aimed to diminish public sympathy for them. Socialist realism is promoted since, at the end of the movie, her loyalty to the party takes precedence over her romantic feelings; therefore, Stalin approved its production. However, not all films earned his approval.
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of all production facilities, thus making all those employed in media state employees. This extended to the fine arts, including the theater, opera, and ballet. Art and music were controlled by state ownership of distribution and performance venues.
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In the case of book publishing, a manuscript had to pass censorship and the decision of a state-owned publishing house to publish and distribute the book. Books which met with official approval and favor, for example, the collected speeches of
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One of the important information channels were anecdotes. Through this, folklore from people often expressed their critical attitude towards the authorities and communist ideology. Political anecdotes became widespread in the 1960s and 70s.
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Censorship was also utilized in cases where performances did not meet with the favor of the Soviet leadership, with newspaper campaigns against offending material and sanctions applied through party-controlled professional organizations.
2640:, allegorical styles, smuggling, and tamizdat (publishing abroad) were used as methods of circumventing censorship. For example, an underground library was functioning in Odessa from 1967 to 1982, which was used by around 2,000 readers.
2295:", beginning in 1953 with Stalin's death, brought some liberalization of censorship laws, and greater liberty to the authors writing during this time. Glavlit's authority to censor literature decreased after they became attached to the
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One more method was the so-called "dog method". According to this, one should include an obviously ridiculous and attention-drawing vivid episode in the work. As a result, minor nuances went unnoticed. In this manner, a movie named
64:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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The centrality of Stalin in film censorship lasted to his death in 1953, but the strictness of Soviet censorship did not survive him. Khrushchev succeeded Stalin as the USSR's ruler, and articulated de-Stalinization in his
2172:, an agency established on June 6, 1922, ostensibly to safeguard top secret information from foreign entities but in reality to remove material the Soviet authorities did not like. From 1932 until 1952, the promulgation of
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2547:, was a serious crime which involved "a visit from the KGB." Another outlet for works, which were censored by the authorities, was publishing abroad, although smuggling books to the West was dangerous.
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There were cases of literary hoaxes, where authors made up a translated source. Poet
Vladimir Lifschitz, for instance, invented a British poet named James Clifford, who allegedly died in 1944 on the
2391:. Stalin's letter made several intrusive revisions on the characters, props, and vital scenes such that the entire film needed restructuring. More moderate cases were recorded, such as a picture by
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Due to the appearance of foreign radio stations broadcasting in
Russian territory and their immunity from censorship, as well as the appearance of a large number of shortwave receivers, massive
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All media in the Soviet Union throughout its history was controlled by the state, including television and radio broadcasting, newspaper, magazine, and book publishing. This was achieved by
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commission was horrified and requested that the explosion be removed. After resisting for a while, Gaidai removed the explosion and the rest of the film was left almost untouched.
2135:. Often, Soviet citizens preferred to destroy politically incorrect publications and photos because those connected to them frequently suffered persecution, such as in the case of
2124:" material. Libraries were registered and an inspectorate set up to ensure compliance; items regarded as harmful were weeded from the collections. Towards the end of Soviet rule,
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Translations of foreign publications were often produced in a truncated form, accompanied with extensive corrective footnotes. For example, in the 1976 Russian translation of
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of political events such as the
October Revolution and the Brest-Litovsk Treaty became a distinctive element of Stalin's regime. A notable example is the 1938 publication,
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Acting as the chief censor for films, Stalin was demanding meticulous revisions in a way befitting his interpretation, as if a co-author. One famous letter Stalin wrote to
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contained the description, "frozen rotten potatoes, dogs eaten by people, children dying out, hunger," but was promptly deleted. Also, excisions in the 1941 novel
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were made by eliminating Gleb's spirited exclamation to
English sailors: "Although we're poverty-stricken and are eating people on account of hunger, we have
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Rogers A. Robert. (1973). Censorship and
Libraries in the Soviet Union. Journal of Library History, Philosophy, and Comparative Librarianship, 8(1), 22–29.
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shorter than 25 meters was also controlled. Receivers with those ranges were primarily exported and were sold very rarely within the country.
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of these stations was applied in the USSR using high-power radio-electronic equipment. It continued for almost 60 years until the end of the
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It was the practice of libraries in the Soviet Union to restrict access to back issues of journals and newspapers more than three years old.
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3347:[Self-censorship: the "charter of ethics" for filmmakers may become a new element of "non-existent" censorship in Russia].
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were active fighters against censorship. Samizdat was the main method of information dissemination. Such organizations as the
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books and magazines that were banned by the Soviet state. Possession of even a single samizdat manuscript, such as a book by
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3345:"Ограничь себя сам. Этическая хартия кинематографистов может стать еще одним элементом "отсутсвующей" в стране цензуры"
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was another goal of post-World War II censorship, and was an extension of anti-Westernization. In the children's novel
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in literature were forbidden, as were depictions of trepidation in Soviet military characters. Pressure from state-run
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and the Free
Interprofessional Labor Union were also engaged in similar activities, but they were heavily persecuted.
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Blium, A. V. (Arlen
Viktorovich), and Donna M. T. Cr Farina. "Forbidden Topics: Early Soviet Censorship Directives."
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1939 following a meeting where she was excommunicated from the film-making profession, or was arrested and died in a
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Russian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Repressed persons were routinely removed not only from texts, but also from photos, posters and paintings.
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became divested of cuts meant to hide the West's technological advancement and Russia's backwardness. When
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Censorship in the Soviet Union and its Cultural and Professional Results for Arts and Art Libraries
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Stelmakh, Valeria (Winter 2001). "Reading in the context of censorship in the Soviet Union".
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Works of print such as the press, advertisements, product labels, and books were censored by
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3206:"Stalin, Falsifier in Chief: E. H. Carr and the Perils of Historical Research Introduction"
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magazine intended to publish a photo with a hardly noticeable jamming tower located in the
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Censorship of film was commonplace since the USSR's inception. Beginning with the
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Soviet books and journals also disappeared from libraries according to changes in
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Kimmage (1988). "Open Stacks in a Closed Society? Glasnost in Soviet Libraries".
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Soviet censorship, nationalism defined the period during the war. Defeats of the
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in many agencies and institutions, such as the State Statistical Committee (
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Down the Volga : a journey through Mother Russia in a time of troubles
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and foreign books and journals from libraries. Only "special collections" (
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Fifty Russian winters : an American woman's life in the Soviet Union
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was tightly controlled in order to hinder production and distribution of
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Censorship, in accordance with the official ideology and politics of the
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Cinema and Soviet Society: From the Revolution to the Death of Stalin
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Cinema and Soviet Society: From the Revolution to the Death of Stalin
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Cinema and Soviet Society: From the Revolution to the Death of Stalin
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Cinema and Soviet Society: From the Revolution to the Death of Stalin
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General Directorate for the Protection of State Secrets in the Press
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in 1953, all subscribers to the second edition (1950–1958) of the
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were common tropes for that goal. To limit peasant revolts over
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was the target of Glavlit in bowdlerizing works of print, while
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History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
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3046:, I.B. Tauris Publishers. London and New York. Print. 139.
3001:, I.B. Tauris Publishers. London and New York. Print. 133.
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The Soviet government implemented mass destruction of pre-
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20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
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Vtoraya Mirovaya Voina, History of the Second World War
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Vtoraya Mirovaya Voina, History of the Second World War
2280:'s technological accomplishments in flattering detail.
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2975:. Lanham u.a.: Rowman & Littlefield, Boston. 167.
2962:. Lanham u.a.: Rowman & Littlefield, Boston. 137.
2949:. Lanham u.a.: Rowman & Littlefield, Boston. 109.
2906:. Lanham u.a.: Rowman & Littlefield, Boston. 124.
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to some extent. For instance, in the 1950 edition of
3441:"Psychiatry and censorship in the USSR, 1950s–1980s"
3127:(1st American ed.). New York: Viking. pp.
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The Search for Self-definition in Russian Literature
2893:. Lanham u.a.: Rowman & Littlefield, Boston. 78.
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directors were not always spared, as in the case of
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2152:obtained a page to replace the one containing the
2072:censored all printed matter: fiction, poetry, etc.
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2365:(1917–1922), censoring film effectively advanced
2048:Censorship was performed in two main directions:
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4394:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
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2084:, in charge of radio and television broadcasting
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3323:. Pickle Partners Publishing. pp. vii-89.
3296:. Pickle Partners Publishing. pp. vii-89.
2116:), accessible by special permit granted by the
2003:Internet censorship and surveillance by country
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2883:
2792:Freedom of the press in the Russian Federation
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2156:article; the new page extended information on
82:accompanying your translation by providing an
48:Click for important translation instructions.
35:expand this article with text translated from
4717:
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2782:Censorship in the People's Republic of Poland
2651:Other forms of illegal distribution included
2481:content, such as the Soviet treatment of its
2022:
1371:
1066:
343:
3086:The Illustrated History of the Soviet Cinema
3073:The Illustrated History of the Soviet Cinema
2356:
2128:led to loosened restrictions on publishing.
2973:Censorship in Soviet Literature (1917-1991)
2960:Censorship in Soviet Literature (1917-1991)
2947:Censorship in Soviet Literature (1917-1991)
2904:Censorship in Soviet Literature (1917-1991)
2891:Censorship in Soviet Literature (1917-1991)
2880:
2492:
2485:, many other Western Allies' efforts (e.g.
2395:, where Stalin only changed the title from
4724:
4710:
3537:
3523:
2029:
2015:
1378:
1364:
1073:
1059:
350:
336:
3458:
3429:
3088:, Hippocrene Books, New York. Print. 217.
3075:, Hippocrene Books, New York. Print. 195.
3031:23-го июля 1939 года она кончает с собой.
2915:
2767:Political repression in the Soviet Union
2583:
2349:Censorship of images in the Soviet Union
2066:was performed by several organizations:
3544:
3398:by B. Liddel Gart (Russian translation)
3316:
3289:
3164:
3103:by B. Liddel Gart (Russian translation)
2837:
2342:
5178:
3563:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
3242:
3204:Suny, Ronald Grigor (2 January 2022).
2752:Eastern Bloc information dissemination
2324:One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich
4705:
3518:
3378:Attacks on Intelligentsia: Censorship
3160:
3158:
3156:
2045:was pervasive and strictly enforced.
3203:
2802:
17:
3171:. New York: Pharos Books. pp.
13:
3320:The Stalin School of Falsification
3293:The Stalin School of Falsification
3153:
2797:The Stalin School of Falsification
2565:The Stalin School of Falsification
1129:Great October Socialist Revolution
1106:
14:
5207:
3439:Fireside, Harvey (October 2001).
3359:
3317:Trotsky, Leon (13 January 2019).
3290:Trotsky, Leon (13 January 2019).
2625:The production of receivers with
2580:Jamming of foreign radio stations
2499:Printed media in the Soviet Union
2282:Religious intolerance and atheism
2217:As peasant uprisings defined pre-
4686:
4685:
4673:
3365:
2787:Censorship in the Russian Empire
2762:Human rights in the Soviet Union
2730:
2716:
2702:
1413:
1345:
1033:
372:
94:{{Translated|ru|Цензура в СССР}}
22:
3337:
3310:
3283:
3236:
3197:
3114:
3091:
3078:
3062:
3049:
3036:
3004:
2991:
2978:
2965:
2747:Drug policy of the Soviet Union
2572:, and suppressed texts such as
2479:History of the Second World War
2468:
2233:Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeyev
2164:Soviet censorship of literature
5186:Censorship in the Soviet Union
4731:
3372:Censorship in the Soviet Union
3351:(in Russian). 20 January 2014.
2952:
2939:
2925:. John Benjamins. p. 25.
2909:
2896:
2867:
2858:
2831:
2819:
2772:Propaganda in the Soviet Union
2680:was saved after the director,
2503:Television in the Soviet Union
2419:One example is the 1940 film,
324:Ukrainian language suppression
92:You may also add the template
1:
4226:Political abuse of psychiatry
4018:Congress of People's Deputies
3410:Venclova, Tomas (July 1978).
3222:10.1080/09546545.2022.2065740
2812:
2102:Destruction of printed matter
988:Political abuse of psychiatry
567:Congress of People's Deputies
186:Purges of the Communist Party
3412:"USSR: Stages of censorship"
2588:Soviet-era jamming tower in
2306:For the Power of the Soviets
1998:Freedom of speech by country
366:Politics of the Soviet Union
7:
4389:Academy of Medical Sciences
3121:De Villiers, Marq. (1992).
2695:
2633:Circumvention of censorship
1099:Culture of the Soviet Union
527:Central Executive Committee
10:
5212:
3243:Bailey, Sydney D. (1955).
3165:Wettlin, Margaret (1992).
2777:Censorship in East Germany
2496:
2346:
2276:which enviously describes
151:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
56:Machine translation, like
5135:
5035:
4845:
4739:
4667:
4611:
4585:
4505:
4428:
4419:
4364:
4271:
4234:
4174:
4077:
4039:
3959:
3821:
3812:
3762:
3710:
3701:
3553:
3460:10.1080/03064220108536997
3431:10.1080/03064227808532817
2971:Ermolaev, Herman (1997).
2958:Ermolaev, Herman (1997).
2945:Ermolaev, Herman (1997).
2902:Ermolaev, Herman (1997).
2889:Ermolaev, Herman (1997).
2507:Radio in the Soviet Union
2357:Soviet censorship of film
2299:in 1953. The nascence of
2297:USSR Council of Ministers
2272:editing out a section of
2149:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
2137:persecution of Christians
883:Material balance planning
584:1989 Legislative election
37:the corresponding article
4893:Content-control software
3394:Soviet Taboo. Review of
3099:Soviet Taboo. Review of
2738:Freedom of speech portal
2554:Historical falsification
2493:Control over information
2266:The Ordeal of Sevastopol
2200:'s devastation from the
2196:'s harrowing account of
698:Administrator of Affairs
5148:Chinese issues overseas
4680:Soviet Union portal
3479:Libraries & Culture
2309:, with words like "the
2235:to redact a section in
1352:Soviet Union portal
1040:Soviet Union portal
552:Soviet of Nationalities
103:For more guidance, see
5196:Suppression of dissent
5122:Suppression of dissent
4572:Stalinist architecture
4326:Science and technology
4236:Ideological repression
4164:Soviet Airborne Forces
4102:Destruction battalions
3084:Zorkaya, Neya (1989).
2826:The Commissar vanishes
2596:
2531:Possession and use of
2256:With the start of the
2231:prompted authors like
2190:Russia Washed in Blood
1111:
983:Ideological repression
873:Science and technology
210:Ideological repression
4888:Conspiracy of silence
4878:Collateral censorship
4803:Speech and expression
4354:List of metro systems
3907:Collective leadership
3492:10.1353/lac.2001.0022
3392:Lewis, B. E. (1977).
3097:Lewis, B. E. (1977).
3055:Kenez, Peter (2001).
3042:Kenez, Peter (2001).
2997:Kenez, Peter (2001).
2984:Kenez, Peter (2001).
2646:Moscow Helsinki Group
2587:
2122:politically incorrect
2120:, contained old and "
2078:, in charge of cinema
1406:Censorship by country
1110:
416:Collective leadership
105:Knowledge:Translation
76:copyright attribution
5191:Censorship in Russia
5165:Muhammad controversy
5102:Naturalistic fallacy
5010:computer and network
4316:Net material product
4259:Censorship of images
4176:Political repression
4136:Soviet Border Troops
4069:First Deputy Premier
3653:1965 economic reform
3648:Soviet space program
3374:at Wikimedia Commons
3210:Revolutionary Russia
2612:1980 Summer Olympics
2343:Censorship of images
2286:Virgin Soil Upturned
2142:After the arrest of
2055:were handled by the
1949:United Arab Emirates
1299:World Heritage Sites
993:Political repression
958:Censorship of images
688:First Deputy Premier
426:Presidential Council
319:Repressions of Poles
314:Population transfers
172:Political repression
5160:Internet censorship
4384:Academy of Sciences
4199:Population transfer
4143:Soviet Armed Forces
4006:Congress of Soviets
3987:Presidium/Politburo
3951:Soviet anti-Zionism
3800:West Siberian Plain
3678:Revolutions of 1989
3615:Great Patriotic War
3600:New Economic Policy
3446:Index on Censorship
3417:Index on Censorship
3382:Library of Congress
3012:"Маргарита Барская"
2710:Soviet Union portal
2462:Ballad of a Soldier
2387:, a film about the
2379:Alexander Dovzhenko
2333:Emmanuil Kazakevich
2178:anti-Westernization
1598:Democratic Republic
1134:Great Patriotic War
1008:Suppressed research
998:Population transfer
868:New Economic Policy
547:Soviet of the Union
517:Congress of Soviets
309:National operations
201:Punitive psychiatry
128:Economic repression
123:in the Soviet Union
5097:Moralistic fallacy
4835:banned video games
4818:banned televisions
4029:Military Collegium
3897:Capital punishment
3775:Caucasus Mountains
3688:Post-Soviet states
3568:Russian Revolution
3249:The Russian Review
2877:1 (1998): 268-282.
2840:American Libraries
2597:
2475:Basil Liddell Hart
2432:Margarita Barskaia
2389:Moscow show trials
2337:Spring on the Oder
2202:October Revolution
2182:Soviet nationalism
2041:Censorship in the
1112:
742:Procurator General
730:Military Collegium
84:interlanguage link
5173:
5172:
5155:Freedom of speech
5000:Strategic lawsuit
4950:National intranet
4898:Damnatio memoriae
4699:
4698:
4663:
4662:
4655:Hammer and sickle
4597:and their groups
4595:Soviet dissidents
4374:Communist Academy
4291:Economic planning
4267:
4266:
4160:Soviet Air Forces
4079:Security services
3999:General Secretary
3982:Central Committee
3924:Political parties
3856:Brezhnev Doctrine
3851:Foreign relations
3808:
3807:
3749:Autonomous okrugs
3663:Soviet–Afghan War
3643:Sino-Soviet split
3585:Russian Civil War
3370:Media related to
3330:978-1-78912-348-7
3303:978-1-78912-348-7
2809:
2808:
2642:Soviet dissidents
2574:Lenin's Testament
2384:The Great Citizen
2367:socialist realism
2363:Russian Civil War
2174:socialist realism
2039:
2038:
1635:Dutch East Indies
1388:
1387:
1083:
1082:
1025:
1024:
878:Era of Stagnation
820:
819:
705:
704:
593:
592:
499:
498:
470:General Secretary
455:Central Committee
360:
359:
304:De-Cossackization
296:Ethnic repression
116:
115:
49:
45:
5203:
5112:Propaganda model
4740:Media regulation
4726:
4719:
4712:
4703:
4702:
4689:
4688:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4426:
4425:
4334:
4189:Collectivization
3934:Marxism–Leninism
3819:
3818:
3708:
3707:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3472:
3462:
3435:
3433:
3406:29 (4), 603–606.
3369:
3353:
3352:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3162:
3151:
3150:
3118:
3112:
3111:29 (4), 603-606.
3095:
3089:
3082:
3076:
3066:
3060:
3053:
3047:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3018:. Archived from
3008:
3002:
2995:
2989:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2963:
2956:
2950:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2917:Thompson, Ewa M.
2913:
2907:
2900:
2894:
2887:
2878:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2803:
2757:First Department
2740:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2724:Communism portal
2721:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2616:Olympic Panorama
2545:Andrei Sinyavsky
2533:copying machines
2483:satellite states
2301:de-Stalinization
2262:Second Red Scare
2186:collectivization
2089:First Department
2031:
2024:
2017:
1900:
1832:
1814:
1791:
1697:
1679:
1651:
1638:
1605:
1602:Federal Republic
1584:
1526:
1424:
1417:
1407:
1397:
1390:
1389:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1109:
1101:
1085:
1084:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1038:
1037:
1036:
973:Collectivization
833:
832:
797:De-Stalinization
771:Marxism–Leninism
766:Soviet democracy
760:
759:
663:State Committees
606:
605:
512:
511:
444:
443:
376:
362:
361:
352:
345:
338:
141:Collectivization
118:
117:
95:
89:
62:Google Translate
47:
43:
26:
25:
18:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5131:
5031:
4990:Self-censorship
4965:Prior restraint
4955:Newspaper theft
4940:Internet police
4873:Chilling effect
4863:Broadcast delay
4841:
4735:
4730:
4700:
4695:
4674:
4672:
4659:
4607:
4581:
4501:
4415:
4360:
4332:
4306:Internet domain
4301:Five-year plans
4263:
4230:
4170:
4073:
4035:
3967:Communist Party
3955:
3914:Passport system
3804:
3780:European Russia
3758:
3697:
3638:Khrushchev Thaw
3617:(World War II)
3595:Creation treaty
3549:
3543:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3288:
3284:
3241:
3237:
3202:
3198:
3183:
3163:
3154:
3139:
3119:
3115:
3096:
3092:
3083:
3079:
3067:
3063:
3054:
3050:
3041:
3037:
3025:
3023:
3010:
3009:
3005:
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2992:
2983:
2979:
2970:
2966:
2957:
2953:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2914:
2910:
2901:
2897:
2888:
2881:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2677:The Diamond Arm
2635:
2614:in Moscow, the
2582:
2526:Leonid Brezhnev
2513:state ownership
2509:
2497:Main articles:
2495:
2471:
2422:The Law of Life
2359:
2351:
2345:
2335:'s 1962 novel,
2293:Khrushchev Thaw
2245:regularly read
2238:The Young Guard
2166:
2158:George Berkeley
2154:Lavrentiy Beria
2144:Lavrentiy Beria
2104:
2064:Communist Party
2035:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1894:
1893:
1823:
1821:
1809:
1808:
1786:
1785:
1694:Empire of Japan
1691:
1690:
1673:
1672:
1645:
1644:
1632:
1631:
1591:
1590:
1578:
1577:
1516:
1515:
1432:
1422:
1405:
1395:
1384:
1346:
1344:
1337:
1336:
1329:National anthem
1314:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1277:
1276:
1247:
1246:
1221:
1220:
1206:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1139:
1138:
1124:
1123:
1107:
1097:
1079:
1050:
1046:Other countries
1034:
1032:
1027:
1026:
938:
830:
822:
821:
793:
757:
747:
746:
715:
707:
706:
641:
603:
595:
594:
509:
501:
500:
495:
441:
439:Communist Party
431:
430:
389:
356:
122:
121:Mass repression
112:
111:
110:
93:
87:
50:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
5209:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5027:Word filtering
5024:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4935:Heckler's veto
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4827:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
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4779:
4778:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4729:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4706:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4683:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4511:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4472:
4467:
4462:
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4455:
4450:
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4417:
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4411:
4401:
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4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4349:Rail transport
4346:
4344:Railway system
4336:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4123:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4064:Deputy Premier
4061:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4047:Heads of state
4043:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4021:
4015:
4012:Supreme Soviet
4009:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3979:
3974:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3929:State ideology
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3848:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3825:
3823:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3795:Ural Mountains
3792:
3787:
3785:North Caucasus
3782:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3716:
3714:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3486:(1): 143–151.
3473:
3453:(4): 211–212.
3436:
3407:
3403:Soviet Studies
3390:
3385:
3375:
3361:
3360:External links
3358:
3355:
3354:
3336:
3329:
3309:
3302:
3282:
3261:10.2307/126074
3235:
3196:
3181:
3152:
3137:
3113:
3108:Soviet Studies
3090:
3077:
3061:
3048:
3035:
3003:
2990:
2977:
2964:
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2919:(1991-01-01).
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2846:(7): 570–575.
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2436:Father and Son
2405:The Party Card
2401:The Party Card
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4451:
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4296:Energy policy
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4024:Supreme Court
4022:
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3627:
3626:The Holocaust
3624:
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3069:Zorkaya, Neya
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3022:on 2017-07-11
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2828:(The Newseum)
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2682:Leonid Gaidai
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2668:Western Front
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2654:roentgenizdat
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2620:Fili District
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2453:secret speech
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2243:Joseph Stalin
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2108:revolutionary
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2054:
2053:State secrets
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2025:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
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1989:
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1959:United States
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33:You can help
29:
20:
19:
16:
5022:Whitewashing
5005:Surveillance
4985:Sanitization
4960:Pixelization
4858:Book burning
4764:banned films
4752:books banned
4671:
4443:Demographics
4433:Antisemitism
4286:Central Bank
4253:
4204:Forced labor
4152:Spetsnaz GRU
3972:organisation
3880:Human rights
3829:Constitution
3712:Subdivisions
3590:Russian SFSR
3546:Soviet Union
3483:
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3424:(4): 61–62.
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3020:the original
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2875:Book History
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2469:Translations
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2319:Solzhenitsyn
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2219:World War II
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2141:
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2082:Gosteleradio
2047:
2043:Soviet Union
2040:
1871:South Africa
1846:Saudi Arabia
1829:Soviet Union
1828:
1324:Coat of arms
1266:
1211:Architecture
978:Human rights
968:Gulag system
952:
943:
914:Demographics
901:
836:
808:
801:
676:
646:
611:Constitution
609:
565:
535:
515:
468:
275:
249:Christianity
80:edit summary
71:
44:(April 2022)
42:
34:
15:
5087:LGBT issues
5082:Ideological
5070:Hate speech
4995:Speech code
4980:Revisionism
4945:Memory hole
4915:Expurgation
4908:Minced oath
4868:Censor bars
4830:Video games
4813:Televisions
4547:Phraseology
4492:Prohibition
4480:Linguistics
4465:Drug policy
4458:1989 census
4379:Cybernetics
4281:Agriculture
4194:Great Purge
4156:Soviet Navy
4148:Soviet Army
4020:(1989–1991)
4014:(1938–1991)
4008:(1922–1936)
3992:Secretariat
3863:Gun control
3770:Caspian Sea
3754:Closed city
3683:Dissolution
3668:Perestroika
3610:Great Purge
2660:magnitizdat
2627:wavelengths
2434:. Her film
2393:Ivan Pyryev
2126:perestroika
2070:Goskomizdat
1886:South Sudan
1881:South Korea
1778:Philippines
1758:North Korea
1743:New Zealand
1676:World War I
1560:El Salvador
963:Great Purge
929:Phraseology
848:Agriculture
803:Perestroika
678:Premiership
508:Legislature
486:Secretariat
264:Legislation
191:Great Purge
5180:Categories
5143:Censorship
5136:By country
5092:Media bias
4970:Propaganda
4733:Censorship
4587:Opposition
4577:Television
4557:Propaganda
4530:Literature
4404:Naukograds
4399:Sharashkas
4333:(currency)
4311:Inventions
4254:Censorship
4184:Red Terror
3868:Government
3742:Autonomous
3725:Autonomous
3658:Stagnation
3621:Evacuation
3182:0886876540
3173:200, 308–9
3138:0670843539
3026:2024-04-13
2813:References
2487:Lend-Lease
2441:gulag camp
2315:Sevastopol
2274:Sevastopol
2253:s advice.
2113:spetskhran
2093:Goskomstat
1876:South Asia
1473:Bangladesh
1463:Azerbaijan
1272:Propaganda
1267:Censorship
1257:Television
1227:Literature
1159:Traditions
1013:Red Terror
1003:Propaganda
953:Censorship
944:Repression
658:Ministries
648:Government
602:Governance
388:Leadership
276:Censorship
181:Red Terror
161:Kazakhstan
39:in Russian
5117:Religious
5048:Corporate
4925:Gag order
4903:Euphemism
4883:Concision
4648:Republics
4636:Republics
4624:Republics
4475:Languages
4339:Transport
4221:Holodomor
4114:Militsiya
4052:President
3944:Stalinism
3846:Elections
3720:Republics
3703:Geography
3693:Nostalgia
3605:Stalinism
3508:142374023
3469:146850909
3269:0036-0341
3230:0954-6545
2371:socialism
2194:Bolshevik
1964:Venezuela
1904:Sri Lanka
1897:Francoist
1856:Singapore
1812:Communist
1789:Communist
1748:Nicaragua
1629:Indonesia
1614:Guatemala
1519:Hong Kong
1453:Australia
1423:Countries
1292:Monuments
1173:Festivals
1152:Languages
919:Education
888:Transport
784:Stalinism
714:Judiciary
557:Presidium
481:Politburo
399:President
244:1975–1987
239:1958–1964
234:1928–1941
229:1921–1928
224:1917–1921
98:talk page
5107:Politics
5058:Facebook
5043:Criminal
5036:Contexts
4930:Heckling
4853:Bleeping
4771:Internet
4691:Category
4244:Religion
4131:Chairmen
3977:Congress
3939:Leninism
3919:Propiska
3814:Politics
3673:Glasnost
3633:Cold War
3573:February
3500:25548897
3384:web site
3191:24668923
3147:24318763
3071:(1989).
2852:25631256
2696:See also
2638:Samizdat
2605:Cold War
2537:samizdat
2427:Komsomol
2258:Cold War
2223:Red Army
1990:See also
1979:Zimbabwe
1924:Thailand
1796:Portugal
1768:Paraguay
1763:Pakistan
1718:Maldives
1713:Malaysia
1619:Honduras
1523:overseas
1498:Cambodia
1396:a series
1393:Part of
1183:Religion
1090:a series
1088:Part of
934:Religion
810:Glasnost
779:Leninism
755:Ideology
668:Cabinets
450:Congress
219:Religion
74:provide
4920:Fogging
4846:Methods
4825:Thought
4612:Symbols
4525:Fashion
4507:Culture
4421:Society
4366:Science
4331:Rouble
4273:Economy
4249:Science
4059:Premier
4040:Offices
3902:Leaders
3822:General
3790:Siberia
3763:Regions
3737:Oblasts
3578:October
3555:History
3380:- from
3349:Театрал
2686:Goskino
2601:jamming
2594:Belarus
2570:minutes
2539:, i.e.
2455:to the
2270:Glavlit
2251:Pravda'
2170:Glavlit
2076:Goskino
1969:Vietnam
1944:Ukraine
1929:Tunisia
1861:Somalia
1806:Romania
1753:Nigeria
1733:Myanmar
1728:Morocco
1683:Jamaica
1660:Ireland
1648:Islamic
1588:Germany
1570:Finland
1565:Eritrea
1550:Ecuador
1545:Denmark
1530:Croatia
1488:Bolivia
1478:Belarus
1468:Bahrain
1458:Austria
1448:Armenia
1443:Algeria
1438:Albania
1312:Symbols
1166:Cuisine
1121:History
903:Culture
838:Economy
829:Society
579:Speaker
491:Orgburo
460:History
394:Leaders
271:Science
259:Judaism
156:Ukraine
96:to the
78:in the
41:.
5075:Online
5063:Google
4788:Postal
4631:Emblem
4619:Anthem
4567:Sports
4520:Cinema
4515:Ballet
4497:Racism
4470:Family
3960:Bodies
3548:topics
3506:
3498:
3467:
3327:
3300:
3277:126074
3275:
3267:
3228:
3189:
3179:
3145:
3135:
3016:Чапаев
2929:
2850:
2801:
2505:, and
2278:London
2247:Pravda
2228:Pravda
2207:Cement
2198:Moscow
1939:Uganda
1934:Turkey
1919:Taiwan
1909:Sweden
1851:Serbia
1836:Rwanda
1819:Russia
1783:Poland
1723:Mexico
1708:Malawi
1706:
1700:
1665:Israel
1609:Greece
1575:France
1503:Canada
1493:Brazil
1483:Bhutan
1262:Cinema
1145:People
1092:on the
924:Family
381:
281:Images
5053:Apple
4975:Purge
4798:Radio
4793:Press
4783:Music
4759:Films
4747:Books
4562:Radio
4540:Opera
4535:Music
4438:Crime
4209:Gulag
4087:Cheka
3732:Krais
3504:S2CID
3496:JSTOR
3465:S2CID
3273:JSTOR
2848:JSTOR
2590:Minsk
2410:kulak
2329:gulag
2311:Party
2291:The "
2212:Lenin
1974:Yemen
1914:Syria
1891:Spain
1866:Sudan
1841:Samoa
1801:Qatar
1738:Nepal
1702:Kenya
1688:Japan
1670:Italy
1624:India
1555:Egypt
1513:China
1283:Sport
1252:Radio
1244:Media
1234:Music
1191:Islam
254:Islam
196:Gulag
58:DeepL
5015:mass
4643:Flag
4601:List
4409:List
4321:OGAS
4214:List
4097:NKVD
3885:LGBT
3873:List
3839:1977
3834:1936
3325:ISBN
3298:ISBN
3265:ISSN
3226:ISSN
3187:OCLC
3177:ISBN
3143:OCLC
3133:ISBN
3129:46–7
2927:ISBN
2657:and
2397:Anka
2192:, a
2180:and
2087:The
1773:Peru
1655:Iraq
1642:Iran
1594:Nazi
1535:Cuba
1508:Chad
1431:List
1319:Flag
637:1977
632:1936
627:1924
404:list
72:must
70:You
4126:KGB
4121:MGB
4109:MVD
4092:GPU
3892:Law
3488:doi
3455:doi
3426:doi
3257:doi
3218:doi
2477:'s
2399:to
2321:'s
2214:."
2118:KGB
1216:Art
1204:Art
720:Law
288:Art
60:or
5182::
4158:•
4154:•
3502:.
3494:.
3484:36
3482:.
3463:.
3451:30
3449:.
3443:.
3420:.
3414:.
3400:.
3271:.
3263:.
3253:14
3251:.
3247:.
3224:.
3214:35
3212:.
3208:.
3185:.
3175:.
3155:^
3141:.
3131:.
3105:.
3029:.
3014:.
2882:^
2844:19
2842:.
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2501:,
2443:.
2412:.
2160:.
2139:.
1827:/
1600:/
1596:/
1521:/
1399:on
4725:e
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3333:.
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