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way through and so they retreated. Not far from the church, however, there was a traditional
Crucifix standing at a crossroads, and the policemen in frustration fired at the crucifix. One of the bullets hit the crucifix in Christ's side and suddenly blood gushed out of the hole reportedly. One of the policemen lost control of himself and fell off his horse, while the others took off. The crowd went on its knees and prayed in front of the bleeding crucifix. The news spread and thousands of people came to see it. The blood reportedly kept running out for several days. Soon after more police came with orders to hack down the crucifix but each time they returned in failure under the claim that some force was preventing them from approaching it. The local communist press tried to explain the phenomena by claiming that there had been an accumulation of water in the wooden cross behind the metallic figure, and that once the bullet hit the metal, the water, which had turned red from the metal's rust, must have seeped through. The crowds brought crosses with them that they set up beside it, prayed before it and dipped cloths in the miraculous blood. For days and nights they sang hymns as well as burned candles. Priests were absent in fear. Many atheists reportedly converted after seeing this. At the very first opportunity the Soviets destroyed the bleeding Crucifix and all adjacent crosses. It was later claimed that a commission of experts had reported that the fluid coming out of the bullet hole was not blood. The people who had gathered there that day were later depicted as drunkards, fools and scum, and it was claimed that the kissing of the Crucifix had resulted in an outbreak of syphilis as well as mass robberies.
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from the Polish government. After the papal protest against the persecution of the
Orthodox church, the regime retaliated by arresting Archbishop de Ropp of the Roman Catholic diocese of Mogilev in April 1919, but he was later released to Poland in exchange for a Polish communist named Radek who had been arrested in Poland. Despite the fact that non-Orthodox religions had been persecuted under Tsarist Russia, leaders of other faith communities (Christians, Muslims and Jews) gave messages of sympathy to the Orthodox church during this time. Many of these sects that had been persecuted by the Orthodox state found themselves better prepared for the situation post-1917 than the Orthodox church.
675:, a priest in Petrograd, was arrested in the spring of 1918 after giving a public requiem for victims of the Bolsheviks. He and thirty-two others were driven to a cliff overlooking the Gulf of Finland, where the priest was allowed to perform a brief funeral service and bless the victims, before they were all shot and dropped into the sea. Archpriest John Vostorgov in Moscow, a famous Orthodox missionary and church activist, preached against the Bolsheviks and as a result he was black-mailed by the Bolsheviks, arrested and executed. He was executed along with Roman Catholic priest Lutoslawski and his brother, two tsarist ministers (N. Maklakov and
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gathered to see it with an atmosphere of religious euphoria. The light reportedly moved in patches around the dome for three days as they were progressively "renovated". The local communist newspaper then printed two articles, one of them signed by members of the
Academy of Sciences, which stated that the phenomenon was caused by a rare air wave containing a peculiar electric discharge. A witness claimed it later became known that the GPU had forced the Academy to say this, and that there were other gold-plated things in the area that were not similarly renovated. Several months later the church was blown up.
728:) of Belgorod, condemned acts of violence, plunder and murder in his sermons and he was arrested by the local Cheka commandant, Saenko, at Christmas 1918. Resistance from the population in protest to his arrest, caused Saenko to release him and ordered him not to preach those things again. The bishop continued to preach these things, however, and he was arrested again. A priest's wife who went to plead on the bishop's behalf was executed on the spot. The bishop was killed soon after, but they disguised his corpse to make it look like a soldier and threw it into the common graveyard.
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cripple the church and allow for its collapse. All theological schools were closed as well as all monasteries and convents eventually. With the eradication of the church's legal status, the laity of the
Russian Orthodox Church increasingly gained control over their parishes, which led to some conflicts between the laity and clergy. The new government for the next few years launched a campaign to seize church property. Churches were closed, and could be converted to other uses, such as government departments, collective farm community centers, and warehouses.
1018:. People would line up for hours in order to get seats to see them. The authorities sometimes tried to limit the speaking time of the Christians to ten minutes, and on other occasions the debates would be called off at last minute. Professor V.S. Martsinkovsky, raised as orthodox but who had become an evangelical Protestant was one of the best on the religious side, and Lunacharsky reportedly canceled one of his debates with him after having lost in a previous debate. On one occasion in 1921 a large crowd of
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parishioners in order to continue. The Te Deum service was banned, but in some places such services in defiance. Some places, such as the city of
Iuzovka (Donetsk) the miners and industrial workers threatened the Bolsheviks with rebellion if they harmed the clergy or the Church, and the Bolsheviks took no action as a result. In other places, the people were so afraid of the terror tactics that they remained passive and even clergymen would give in to obedience to Bolshevik demands.
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569:(Vassily I. Bellavin) as patriarch. Tikhon refused to take sides in the civil war, although the official Bolshevik propaganda presented him, as well as the Church, as supporting the whites. The Bolsheviks used the alleged support of the Russian Orthodox Church for the Whites as their justification for killing clergy in massive numbers. Following the Bolshevik seizure of power, one issue they faced was the removal of the privileged position of the ROC. The
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unusual situation in which the local residents gave the Cheka popular support for these actions, they followed up
Adronik's murder with mass killings of Perm's clergy including vicar-bishop Feofan of Solikamsk. A delegation from the All-Russian Church Sobor in Moscow went to Perm to investigate what had happened. While returning, however, their train was boarded and they were all shot by Red soldiers.
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dead on the spot. Fr Alexei
Miliutinsky was tortured, scalped and killed for preaching to Red army soldiers that they were leading Russia to disaster and for offering prayers for the Cossacks. Even left-wing priests could be killed, such as Ivan Prigorsky who was taken out of church on Holy Saturday into the street, where Red soldiers cursed him, mutilated his face and then killed him.
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promised to release him for 10,000 roubles, and later 100,000 roubles. When the ransom was collected and submitted, the delegation of notables and clergy that had delivered it were arrested as well (and later executed). Germogen was reportedly taken on a river steamer, rocks were attached to his head and he was thrown into the water.
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this they fell on their knees in prayer, while the
Bolshevik commander was pulled off his horse and beaten by the crowd. A similar event occurred in the city of Vladimir when the relics of two saints were exposed and the doctor who had acted as medical state witness reconfirmed his faith according to his own testimony.
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soldier chopped off his right arm. An old priest who tried to stop the execution of a peasant was beaten and cut to pieces with swords. In the Holy
Saviour Monastery, Red soldiers arrested and killed the 75-year-old abbot by scalping him and beheading him. In the Kherson province a priest was crucified. In a
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and huge crowds of laity came to defend it. The troops opened fire on the crowd, but the laity kept their ground and would not be dispersed. Shortly afterward a religious procession in
Petrograd with Metropolitan Veniamin at its head marched through the city with several hundred thousand participants.
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By 1921 the number of liquidated monasteries and convents rose to 573. They were liquidated on the basis that they were parasitic communities. The Patriarch in response turned monasteries into working communes on the model of voluntary Orthodox Christian agrarian communes (in existence pre-1917). The
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The state took a particular hard-line against monasticism in the Orthodox church, which it saw as being a critical institution for the spiritual life of the church especially through their function as centres of pilgrimage. The prestige they had, as well as the possibility of their use to co-ordinate
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It was originally believed in the ideology that religion would disappear quickly with the coming of the revolution and that its replacement with atheism would be inevitable. The leadership of the new state did not take much time, however, to come to the conclusion that religion would not disappear on
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It was ideologically important for the government to suppress and disprove accounts of miracles that contradicted Marxist atheism. To this effect the government issued a decree on March 1, 1919, regarding "the complete liquidation of the cult of corpses and mummies", which ordered the public exposure
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who cut out his cheeks and eyes, and then paraded him through the streets before he was buried alive. Adronik, the archbishop of Perm, was arrested immediately after the rite of anathema was performed in his cathedral. He was probably executed some time shortly after December 1919. As a result of the
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Archbishop Joachim of Nizhni Novgorod was murdered by red forces who hanged him head down on the iconostasis above the central 'Royal Doors'. The clergy in the Crimea suffered terribly: one priest named Ugliansky was killed by Red forces on grounds that he used green ribbons instead of red ribbons on
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excommunicated the Soviet leadership on January 19, 1918 (Julian calendar) for conducting this campaign. In retaliation the regime arrested and killed dozens of bishops, thousands of the lower clergy and monastics, and multitudes of laity. The seizing of church property over the next few years would
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In the major cities, large crowds of laity cooperated and acted critically to save the churches there. In Petrograd in January 1918 Alexandra Kollontai, the Bolshevik commissar for social welfare sent troops to the Alexander-Nevski Monastery to confiscate it (officially) for social welfare purposes,
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The orthodox church must have thought that the Bolsheviks would lose power, because after Tikhon's election it declared that the Russian Orthodox Church was the national church of Russia, that the state needed church approval to legislate on church matters, that blasphemy should remain illegal, that
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The pretexts for these killings was usually alleged support for the enemy, criticism of the Bolsheviks and/or their ideology, or for liberal and/or bourgeois sympathies. Telling people to follow God's laws above what the state directed was also used as a pretext for their killing. The uncertainty of
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in the village of Gorokhova a monk named Izrail was murdered for refusing to hand over the keys to the skete cellars. In the same area, a religious procession was attacked on its way as it rested the night, and two priests, a deacon, the owner of the cottage where they were staying at as well as his
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The article would be very important in anti-religious policy in the USSR in later years, and its last sentence, which would be both ignored and recalled back at different point in Soviet history, would play an important role in later rivalries in the power struggles of later years between different
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This order to seize property was carried out with ruthless violence by Red soldiers. They often opened fire on crowds that surrounded churches in an attempt to defend them and on religious processions in protest against Church persecution. Thousands were killed in this way, especially in the spring
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Much of the population were relatively indifferent to the fate of the Church. However, some portion of the population stood up in the Church's defence, and ensured its continued survival in the face of the onslaught. The power of the Church had been declining since the February revolution. When the
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Christians outside of orthodoxy would actually have some benefit of increasing membership in the succeeding years even while the Orthodox church declined in membership. In 1900 about 11 percent of the population were Christians belonging to non-Orthodox groupings (not including Roman Catholics) and
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As far as religion is concerned, the RCP will not be satisfied by the decreed separation of Church and State... The Party aims at the complete destruction of links between the exploiting classes and... religious propaganda, while assisting the actual liberation of the working masses from religious
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One of the most famous of these supposed miracles occurred in the village of Kalinovka near Vinnitsa in the Ukraine. A detachment of mounted police had come to the village in order to close the local church, but they were met by hostile crowds. The crowds were too big for the police to force their
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The Sretenskaia church at the Sennoi marketplace in Kiev had two gold-plated domes that had for been completely tarnished after many years. These domes experienced a similar renovations one day when light shone so brightly from the domes that it was at first thought to be on fire, and a huge crowd
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and some Novgorodian saints were examples of this. The anti-religious press after such instances would declare that the church had been deceiving the nation. Bishop Alexii of Novgorod later declared, however, that the church did not teach that the saints must necessarily be immune to decay or that
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From the St Sergius-Trinity Monastery where these relics came from, an entirely different story was circulated that when the relics were exposed it was found that the saint's body was in excellent condition (he had lived in the 14th century), and when the crowd of believers that had come there saw
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Leagues of laymen began to form in many cities for the Church's defence. In Moscow and Petrograd 6-10% of their population joined these leagues. These leagues took action in preventing the state from taking over monasteries. Between February and May 1918, 687 persons were killed in clashes between
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To all toiling Moslems of Russia and the East, whose mosques and prayer-houses have been destroyed, whose beliefs have been trampled on by the czars and the oppressors of Russia. Your beliefs and customs, your national and cultural institutions are declared henceforth free and inviolable. Organize
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diocese in 1918, the Bolsheviks killed at least 52 Orthodox priests, four deacons and four lectors. Priest Alexander Podolsky was tortured and killed for giving a Te Deum service for a Cossack regiment before it attacked the Bolsheviks. When a peasant came to collect his body, the peasant was shot
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In the Don region in February 1918 the Reds were killing every priest they could find. An 80-year-old monk-priest named Amvrosi was beaten with rifle butts before being killed. A priest named Dimitri was brought to a cemetery and undressed, but when he tried to cross himself before being killed, a
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Despite their hard anti-religious stance, the Bolsheviks in the years following the revolution and during the civil war, were in a very poor position to fight against Islam in Central Asia. Therefore, the Bolsheviks appealed to them as allies and promised them political independence and religious
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The Orthodox were the primary target due to their association with the old regime, although other religions were attacked as well. A Polish priest named Krapiwnicki in 1918 was arrested on the feast of Corpus Christi and scheduled for execution, but the execution was called off after intervention
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In Kharkov, a priest named Mokovsky was executed for criticizing the Bolsheviks in his sermons. When his wife came to get his body, the Cheka chopped off her limbs, pierced her breasts and killed her. In the village of Popasnaia in the Donets Coal Basin, the priest Dragozhinsky was executed for a
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Between June 1918 and January 1919, in Russia (but not including the Volga, Kama and several other regions) there were killed 1 metropolitan, 18 bishops, 102 priests, 154 deacons, 94 monks and nuns, and there were imprisoned four bishops, and 211 priests. The state sequestered 718 parishes and 15
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instigated from the top, but were done on the initiative of local units of soldiers. In later years, the church would declare that the excommunication was a misunderstanding based on the belief that these killings were officially instigated (however, they were never officially repudiated either).
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to confiscate all the ROC's monasteries and educational establishments. When the Bolsheviks seized the Holy Synod's printing house, relations between them and the ROC became further strained. One issue was removing Orthodox Christian symbolism from state buildings. However, the Bolsheviks did not
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After the registration of marriage was secularized, local governments began to force the clergy to remarry those who had had their marriages annulled by civil divorce. The church was only willing to remarry those who conformed to church canons (from Jesus' sermon on the mount when He declares it
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was established, which a month later created the All-Russian Union of Teachers-Internationalists for the purpose of removing religious instruction from school curricula. In order to intensify the anti-religious propaganda in the school system, the Chief Administration for Political Enlightenment
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A priest named Shangin was murdered and his body was cut in pieces. Arch-priest Surtsov was beaten for several days before he was shot and his body was thrown into the Pechora river. In the town of Pechora an old priest named Rasputin was tied to a telegraph pole, then shot and then his body was
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of Tobolsk, was killed along with other detainees on 16 June 1918 by drowning. He had organized a religious procession the day after the Tsar had come through Tobolsk on their way to Ekaterinburg (April 28), in which he blessed the royal family. He was arrested the following week and the Soviets
850:
Lenin's decree on the separation of church and state on January 23, 1918 (Julian calendar) deprived the formerly official church of its status of legal person, the right to own property or to teach religion in both state and private schools or to any group of minors. This measure was meant to
902:
Stories of supernatural manifestations in the families of fanatical communists where some members were practicing Christian were allegedly common in the early post-1917 years. The most common of such miracles reported were sudden renovations of family icons that had gone dark over years would
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of saints' relics in order to show them to be frauds (to counter the belief that the saints' bodies were miraculously preserved). In 1918 there were even calls to outlaw the sacrament of the Eucharist on account of its miraculous transformation as believed by Orthodox and Catholic Christians.
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The populations of some areas protected their churches and clergy, and even to pay for church costs after the state deprived it of any funding; after the elimination of all state support for religion, congregations had to rely entirely upon voluntary donations and voluntary support from their
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of Vyazma, who was beloved by the local population, was arrested as a result of his popularity in the summer of 1918. He was executed along with fourteen others in a field near Smolensk, whom he ministered and attempted to comfort with blessings before their execution. One of the soldiers who
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The state initially showed a friendly attitude towards Protestant evangelicals and Muslims, while maintaining some pretense that they were only fighting against the Orthodox hierarchy for its relationship with the Tsar and not against religion generally. The leader of Russia's Protestant
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monasteries, it closed 94 churches and 26 monasteries, it desecrated 14 churches and 9 chapels, it forbade 18 religious processions, it dispersed by force 41 religious processions, and it interrupted church services with insults to religious feelings in 22 cities and 96 villages.
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hecklers arrived at one of Martsinkovsky's debates and occupied the two front rows. When the leader tried to heckle, he found himself unsupported by his boys, and afterwards they told the Komsomol leader that he hadn't said what they were told he was going to say.
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For this purpose atheistic work was centrally consolidated underneath the Agitation and Propaganda Department of the CP Central Committee (Agitprop) in 1920 using the guidelines of article 13 of the Russian Communist Party (RCP) adopted by the 8th party congress.
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Atheistic propaganda was considered to be of essential importance to Lenin's party from its early pre-revolutionary days and the regime was quick to create atheist journals to attack religion shortly after its coming to power. The first operated under the name
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who were believers received some tolerance in exceptional cases initially. Yaroslavsky in later years recalled an episode wherein an old party member wrote on the top of a questionnaire: 'In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen.
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In Kharkov it was forbidden for the clergy to baptize, wed or bury anyone without the permission of the local Soviet Executive Committee. This meant that infants died unbaptized and corpses decayed until relatives could get permission to bury them in church.
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was murdered along with most of the diocesan clergy in 1919 after he made a sermon that quoted Jesus' words "I was naked and you have clothed me, I was ill and you looked after me" and this quotation was interpreted as an attack against the Bolsheviks.
865:
High ranking Orthodox bishops issued reports that called for the church to focus more on combatting atheism among the Russian populace in 1918–1919. They also issued statements of concern over liturgical changes that were being carried out by priests.
1034:, an Orthodox bishop described the Bolshevik actions in regard to the Orthodox church as demonstrating the "utmost cruelty" and claimed that Orthodox Christians were persecuted for their belief, rather than because the Boilsheviks saw the church as a
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prejudices and organizing the broadest possible education-enlightening and anti-religious propaganda. At the same time it is necessary carefully to avoid any insult to the believers' feelings, which would lead to the hardening of religious fanaticism.
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had accepted believers into the ranks of the Bolshevik party, so long as they worked towards the party goals. This was because the initial conquest of power was a higher priority than the dissemination of atheism. After the Bolsheviks took power,
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and Senator S. Beletsky. Fr Vostorgov conducted a short funeral service and preached to his victims to face death as a sacrifice of atonement, after which each victim came forward to be blessed by Fr Vostorgov and the Bishop; then they were shot.
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from the earliest days after the revolution in 1917. The initial anti-religious campaign after the revolution focused on Christianity (particularly the Eastern Orthodox Church), which was characterized by the killing of thousands, along with
886:
wrote: "Believers no longer weep, don't fall into fits of hysteria, and don't hold a grudge against the Soviet government anymore. They see there has been no blasphemy… Only an age-old fraud has been made naked in the eyes of the nation."
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these leagues and the government. These leagues were effective in saving the Church, partly because the state found it harder to ignore the working masses who constituted these leagues than they did in ignoring the disenfranchised clergy.
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February revolution had made attendance for soldiers at services and acceptance of the sacraments voluntary, both declined from 100% to 10%. Church attendance began to raise itself again after Bolshevik atrocities became more widespread.
1010:. This publication in its earliest editions attacked the Orthodox church as a fraud and tried to sow division by singling out the Orthodox for attack, while presenting Protestants and Muslims as supportive of the state.
706:("president" of Soviet Russia) ordered in June 1918 to take hostages from the ranks of industrial entrepreneurs, members of the Liberal and Menshevik parties as well as the clergy. Few of these hostages would survive.
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Public debates were held between Christians and atheists after the revolution up until they were suspended in 1929. Among famous participants of these debates included on the atheist side, Commissar for Enlightenment
780:
There were 1.6 million Roman Catholics on the territory of the new state in 1917. There had been over 15 million prior to the war, but after Poland and the western territories were lost, this number shrunk greatly.
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your national life freely and without hindrance. This is your right. Know that your rights ... are protected by the entire might of the revolution and its organs.... Support this revolution and its government!
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a synagogue was turned into a public bath. Such attacks on other religions were not as widespread, however, and were more likely given at the command of local authorities then from the central government.
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wrong to divorce and remarry except on grounds of unchastity). This situation was solved in May 1920 when the Patriarch relegated all formal marriage and divorce proceedings to the civil authorities.
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In the town of Chorny Yar on the Volga, a lay missionary named Lev Z. Kunsevich, proclaimed the Patriarch's encyclical to a crowd of people. Kunsevich was arrested and publicly shot in July 1918.
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of Kiev was the first bishop killed by the Bolsheviks on January 25, 1918. He had consistently opposed the revolution, and he was severely beaten as well as tortured before being shot outside the
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of 1918. Shooting down of religious processions are well documented in Voronezh, Shatsk (Tambov province), and Tula (where thirteen were killed and many wounded, including Bishop Kornilii).
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then took the initiative to try to reform Islam for the modern era and they were accepted by the state as a buffer between itself and the native population of the central Asian republics.
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resistance, also provoked the state. A widespread campaign to liquidate monasteries was undertaken with much brutality and many monks and monastic believers were killed.
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became more critical of the Tsarist regime, this was often accompanied by a rejection of the ROC, and sometimes by a rejection of religion in general. Others, such as
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Olga, Tchepournaya (2003). "The Hidden Sphere of Religious Searches in the Soviet Union: Independent Religious Communities in Leningrad from the 1960s to the 1970s".
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suddenly shine with fresh colours as though newly painted before the eyes of the communist. Some of the communists converted back to the Church after such events.
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Many Muslims in the Russian Empire were attracted to the Bolsheviks' anti-imperialist stance, due to the imperialism of Western powers over Muslim nations. The
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for his popularity. They executed him along with wife and one of his sons (he had two sons, but they killed a different child in place of that son by mistake).
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freedom. Lenin even voiced admiration of Muslims who had fought against imperialism and saw Muslim folk heroes as emblems of the struggle against imperialism.
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church schools should be recognized and that the head of the state as well as the top appointees in education as well as religious affairs should be Orthodox.
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village an eighty-year-old priest was forced to wear women's clothing, brought to the village square and ordered to dance; when he refused, he was hanged.
1221:"Diplomats and Missionaries: The Role Played by the German Embassies in Moscow and Rome in the Relations between Russia and the Vatican from 1921 to 1929"
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A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Antireligious Policies: Volume 1 of A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory and Practice, and the Believer
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the revolution's success in the early years may also have triggered some paranoia among the Bolsheviks towards groups that they considered threatening.
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a council of the Russian Orthodox church reestablished the patriarchate (it had been abolished under Peter the Great in 1721) and elected Metropolitan
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The Bolsheviks closed churches and used them for other purposes. There were accounts of drunken orgies taking place in the desecrated churches.
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the church icon lamps. Churches in Simferopol, Feodosia and other parts of the Crimea were desecrated and their clergy were brutally murdered.
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Many Muslims embraced this call and saw this revolution as a means of empowering Islam. An influential group of Central Asian Marxists led by
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On January 14, 1919, in the Estonian University town of Tartu, retreating Red soldiers killed twenty clerics. Among those killed was Bishop
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was exposed as fraudulent and the Soviet media eagerly spread this news that there was nothing but rotten bones and dust in his shrine.
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regime responded to this move by accusing the Church of trying to create its own state and economy, and forbade it from doing this.
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massacred large numbers of clergy and believers often on grounds of alleged support for the Whites; much of these killings were not
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given to dogs to eat. In Seletsk Afanasii Smirnov, a psalmist was executed for giving a funeral litany over a dead French soldier.
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prioritise anti-religious campaigning, because they were concerned about how this would affect the popularity of the new regime.
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Soviet Antireligious Campaigns and Persecutions: Volume 2 of a History of Soviet Atheism in Theory and Practice and the Believer
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The Mennonite community numbered 110,000 in 1917, and it would emigrate from Russia in massive numbers in the following decade.
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to the ROC. This meant that while the ROC enjoyed substantial privileges, it was nevertheless subordinated to the state. As the
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The Soviet propaganda countered these claims by claiming that they were tricks created by priests and kulaks to dupe people.
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605:(who was a participant in these killings) who justified the campaign by claiming that the church was fighting against them.
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retained a strong Christian belief but rejected the autocracy. He was excommunicated by the ROC. Some Bolsheviks, such as
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In the South-Eastern Ukraine the local authorities forced the Jews to perform communal work on Saturdays. In the city of
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575:(November 2/15, 1917) removed special privileges based on faith or nationality. This was soon followed by a decision by
1857:(Report). Vol. Special Report, no.159. United States Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs. January 1987.
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became involved with the religious minorities collectively called the "sectarians". Bonch-Bruyevich joined Tolstoy and
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Paul Dixon, Religion in the Soviet Union, first published 1945 in Workers International News, and can be found at:
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A similar event occurred at the church of the Holy Jordan, also in Kiev, which was also blown up soon afterward.
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There were a number of instances, however, where nothing but cloth and rotten bones was found. The exposure of
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In the diocese of Perm, during 1918, at least 42 churchmen were murdered. A priest in Perm was killed by the
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Holtrop, Pieter; Slechte, Henk, eds. (2007). "Foreign Churches Along the Nevski Prospekt: An Introduction".
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In Voronezh, seven nuns who had prayed for a White victory were reportedly boiled in a cauldron of tar.
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evangelicals, Ivan Prokhanov, joined the Bolsheviks in denouncing the Orthodox church as reactionary.
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1851:
355:
173:
3059:
2643:
2618:
2560:
2440:
2409:
632:
514:
494:
3336:
2840:
2762:
1626:
743:
490:
3289:
3265:
2981:
2565:
2538:
2509:
2504:
2430:
2076:
1704:"Counter-Reformation in Russian Orthodoxy: Popular Response to Religious Innovation, 1922-1925"
658:
636:
2168:
Church and State in Soviet Russia: Russian Orthodoxy from World War II to the Khrushchev Years
1133:
601:
However, later Soviet authors would claim central responsibility for these actions, including
3259:
2918:
2703:
2668:
2638:
2487:
2405:
2225:
1035:
3241:
3177:
2987:
2798:
2683:
2588:
2519:
2482:
2374:
2357:
2330:
602:
8:
3429:
3153:
3133:
2888:
2774:
2718:
2688:
2653:
2543:
1836:
1015:
879:
798:
3247:
3171:
3165:
2723:
2693:
2678:
2555:
1801:
1738:
1730:
1638:
1528:
1318:
1247:
680:
3301:
3029:
2931:
2804:
2648:
2598:
2593:
2361:
2334:
2307:
2282:
2272:
2250:
2229:
2202:
2198:
2179:
1858:
1742:
1580:
1314:
1306:
1251:
1173:
1163:
895:
797:(MSK; Russian: Мусульманский социалистический комитет) was established following the
736:
589:
530:
518:
405:
1570:
3319:
3235:
3215:
3035:
2698:
2623:
2450:
2246:
2171:
1793:
1722:
1630:
1310:
1239:
1159:
1027:
858:
566:
389:
3355:
3277:
3183:
3107:
3101:
2834:
2768:
2633:
2628:
2514:
676:
650:
In the Kuban Cossack village of Plotavy, Fr Yakov Vladimirov was targeted by the
613:
498:
3023:
2912:
2900:
2713:
2492:
2465:
2264:
2072:
1612:""I Am an Atheist and a Muslim": Islam, Communism, and Ideological Competition"
950:
703:
644:
506:
247:
1862:
1820:
http://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/government/constitution/1918/article2.htm
3368:
3203:
3189:
2999:
2728:
2708:
2603:
2269:
The Party of Unbelief: The Religious Policy of the Bolshevik Party, 1917-1929
2233:
2221:
1709:
1584:
1576:
1177:
955:
818:
717:
executed him afterward confessed on his deathbed that he had killed a saint.
502:
469:
237:
2286:
2524:
2499:
2175:
1634:
1255:
473:
1294:"Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed"
1243:
963:
its own and greater efforts should be given to anti-religious propaganda.
160:
2792:
2608:
1134:"Leo Tolstoy's questions to a Doukhobor" (ВОПРОСЫ Л.Н. ТОЛСТОГО ДУХОБОРУ)
510:
472:
and persecution of the religious that accompanied the rise of the former
292:
1642:
1611:
739:
of Tallinn, two orthodox priests, a Lutheran pastor and sixteen laymen.
2663:
2658:
1805:
1734:
1703:
1322:
1293:
282:
1220:
808:
In 1917, the Bolsheviks made this pronouncement to Muslims in Russia:
3139:
2852:
2299:
2141:
2135:
2081:
688:
639:. Before being shot he prayed to God for his killers to be forgiven.
576:
546:
522:
257:
1797:
1726:
484:
65:
3350:
2876:
2613:
1019:
593:
2195:
A Long Walk To Church: A Contemporary History Of Russian Orthodoxy
1031:
942:
620:
583:
550:
493:(ROC) had been the established church of the Russian Empire. The
1151:
Foreign Churches in St. Petersburg and Their Archives, 1703-1917
2673:
2353:
2326:
1155:
542:
538:
534:
526:
2925:
2118:
2116:
2103:
2101:
2033:
2023:
2021:
1979:
1967:
1945:
1943:
1893:
1891:
1753:
1746:
1646:
1545:
1505:
1391:
1389:
1374:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1326:
696:
651:
624:
619:
Many monasteries were attacked. Holy Mountain Monastery near
297:
2404:
2243:
Christian Religion in the Soviet Union: A Sociological Study
1495:
1493:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1362:
2271:. Studia Historica. Helsinki: Suomen Historiallinen Seura.
1454:
1425:
1401:
679:), an Orthodox bishop Efren, former State Council Chairman
556:
2113:
2098:
2018:
1991:
1955:
1940:
1928:
1903:
1888:
1765:
1653:
1572:
Letters from Moscow: Religion and Human Rights in the USSR
1386:
1345:
920:
525:, even sailing with a group of them when they migrated to
1925:(Crestwood NY.: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1984) ch 2.
1529:
Letters of Metropolitan Sergius (Voskresensky) of Vilnius
1490:
1478:
1466:
1437:
1413:
481:
meant to deprive the Church of its capacity to function.
1876:
1569:
Yakunin, Gleb; Regelson, Lev (1978). Ellis, Jane (ed.).
1333:
1196:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
623:
was plundered very early in the civil war. In a nearby
3078:
Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
2052:
2050:
2048:
1837:
http://www.marxist.com/religion-soviet-union170406.htm
925:
In November 1917, within weeks of the revolution, the
751:
sermon that was interpreted as an attack on the Reds.
103:"Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War"
3006:
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
2859:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
2008:
2006:
1923:
The Russian Church Under the Soviet Regime, 1917-1983
930:(Glavpolitprosvet) was established in November 1920.
845:
1533:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1107:
466:
anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War
2045:
1677:
1665:
899:non-corruption of the body was proof of sainthood.
2003:
1852:Soviet Repression of the Ukrainian Catholic Church
1702:
1610:
1292:
1219:
1154:. Brill's Series in Church History. Vol. 29.
1058:Persecution of Christians in Warsaw Pact countries
862:be marked by a brutal campaign of violent terror.
572:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia
1262:
1184:
1004:Revolution and the Church (Revolustiia i tserkov)
553:with a total of 95,259 monks and nuns in Russia.
485:Religious situation before the October Revolution
3366:
2077:"The Attitude of the Workers' Party to Religion"
1524:
1522:
1520:
1213:
1211:
16:Religious repression in Russia from 1917 to 1922
1568:
2757:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
2751:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
1147:
584:Persecution of the Church during the Civil War
3405:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc
2938:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc
2745:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
2390:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1517:
1208:
1053:Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union
529:. In 1914 there were 55,173 Russian Orthodox
445:
3060:Violence against Hindus in independent India
2347:
2320:
2122:
2107:
2039:
2027:
1997:
1985:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1934:
1909:
1897:
1771:
1759:
1659:
1551:
1511:
1499:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1339:
1299:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
1286:
1284:
1282:
1038:focal point for opposition to their regime.
996:
92:introducing citations to additional sources
3385:Anti-religious campaign in the Soviet Union
3272:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh
2787:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
2165:
1882:
1202:
824:
785:by 1970 this number had become 31 percent.
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3425:Soviet war crimes in the Russian Civil War
3410:Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians
2397:
2383:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1591:
452:
438:
2907:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
2263:
2137:Letters of Metropolitan Sergii of Vilnius
1564:
1562:
1560:
1279:
1126:
1120:
1102:Letters of Metropolitan Sergii of Vilnius
1083:USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1990)
983:
208:Learn how and when to remove this message
1078:USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)
1073:USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)
1068:USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)
869:
607:
557:Following the Bolshevik seizure of power
82:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2871:French Revolutionary dechristianisation
1824:
1689:
927:People's Commissariat for Enlightenment
921:Other legislation and official measures
3367:
2817:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain
2249:: State University of New York Press.
2215:
2056:
1700:
1608:
1557:
1290:
1217:
3066:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
2378:
2293:
2192:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2012:
1846:
1844:
1539:
1273:
1190:
2296:Religious Policy in the Soviet Union
2240:
1783:
1683:
1671:
154:
59:
18:
3415:Religious persecution by communists
3210:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War
3160:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh
3072:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
2865:Christianization of the Sámi people
795:Muslim Socialist Committee of Kazan
13:
3420:Massacres of the Russian Civil War
3390:Anti-Christian sentiment in Russia
2294:Ramet, Sabrina Petra, ed. (1992).
2170:. Translated by Roslof, Edward E.
2062:
1841:
1236:The Catholic University of America
846:Nationalization of church property
14:
3441:
3054:Violence against Muslims in India
3048:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan
2994:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
2348:Pospielovsky, Dimitry V. (1988).
2321:Pospielovsky, Dimitry V. (1987).
1218:Becker, Winfried (January 2006).
1063:Soviet anti-religious legislation
1008:People's Commissariat for Justice
34:This article has multiple issues.
3395:Christianity in the Soviet Union
3380:1923 disestablishments in Russia
3349:
2166:Chumachenko, Tatiana A. (2002).
1315:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2004.00216.x
1132:O.A. Golinenko (О.А. ГОЛИНЕНКО)
159:
75:relies largely or entirely on a
64:
23:
3326:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
3296:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
2128:
1915:
1812:
1777:
42:or discuss these issues on the
3314:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings
3284:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
3018:Communist Romanian persecution
1818:Russian Constitution of 1918,
1227:The Catholic Historical Review
1141:
1094:
426:Ukrainian language suppression
1:
3375:1917 establishments in Russia
3332:2024 Istanbul church shooting
3308:Christchurch mosque shootings
3096:Religious violence in Nigeria
3090:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria
1088:
687:During the Red occupation of
563:storming of the Winter Palace
288:Purges of the Communist Party
3222:War crimes in the Kosovo War
3012:Communist Polish persecution
2883:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
2811:Crusades against schismatics
2218:Religion in the Soviet Union
7:
1701:Freeze, Gregory L. (1995).
1618:Journal of Church and State
1291:Froese, Paul (March 2004).
1041:
612:Clergy on forced labor, by
468:describes the promotion of
172:to comply with Knowledge's
10:
3446:
2304:Cambridge University Press
2159:
1719:Cambridge University Press
788:
628:daughter were all killed.
561:Eleven days following the
253:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
3346:
3254:South Thailand insurgency
3230:Walisongo school massacre
3198:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
2847:Expulsion of the Moriscos
2823:European wars of religion
2737:
2581:
2416:
2193:Davis, Nathaniel (1995).
2095:(date is Julian Calendar)
2093:– via Marxists.org.
1921:Dimitry V. Pospielovsky.
997:Anti-religious propaganda
949:Prior to the revolution,
884:Revolution and the Church
479:antireligious legislation
3400:Discrimination in Russia
2644:Extrajudicial punishment
1048:Marxist–Leninist atheism
825:Reaction of the populace
633:Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky)
515:Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich
185:may contain suggestions.
170:may need to be rewritten
3337:Crocus City Hall attack
3084:Persecution of Tibetans
2841:French Wars of Religion
2763:Yellow Turban Rebellion
2241:Lane, Christel (1978).
2216:Kolarz, Walter (1966).
1627:Oxford University Press
1030:Metropolitan Sergii of
744:Leontius (von Wimpffen)
501:introduced a period of
491:Russian Orthodox Church
3290:Iraqi Turkmen genocide
3266:Maspero demonstrations
3114:Huế Phật Đản shootings
2073:Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich
1579:: H.S. Dakin Company.
984:Anti-monastic campaign
977:
880:St Sergius of Radonezh
815:
659:Hermogenes (Dolganyov)
637:Monastery of the Caves
616:
312:Ideological repression
3260:Boko Haram insurgency
2919:Pontic Greek genocide
2829:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
2639:Extrajudicial killing
2406:Religious persecution
1786:Sociology of Religion
1609:Froese, Paul (2005).
1244:10.1353/cat.2006.0082
1036:counter-revolutionary
972:
870:Rejection of miracles
810:
611:
3242:September 11 attacks
3178:1984 anti-Sikh riots
3042:Rawalpindi massacres
2988:White Terror (Spain)
2799:Massacre at Ayyadieh
2684:Population cleansing
1635:10.1093/jcs/47.3.473
714:Macarius (Gnevushev)
603:Yemelyan Yaroslavsky
421:Repressions of Poles
416:Population transfers
274:Political repression
88:improve this article
3154:Bangladesh genocide
3134:Cultural Revolution
3126:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
2889:Circassian genocide
2775:Rhineland massacres
2689:Population transfer
2654:Forced displacement
2461:Jehovah's Witnesses
1016:Anatoly Lunacharsky
799:February Revolution
411:National operations
303:Punitive psychiatry
230:Economic repression
225:in the Soviet Union
3248:2002 Gujarat riots
3172:Cambodian genocide
3166:Lebanese Civil War
2944:Soviet persecution
2781:Jerusalem massacre
2694:Sectarian violence
2679:Political violence
2226:St. Martin's Press
2201:: Westview Press.
970:Article 13 stated
681:Ivan Shcheglovitov
617:
521:in supporting the
3362:
3361:
3302:Rohingya genocide
3030:Direct Action Day
2982:Šahovići massacre
2932:Armenian genocide
2926:Assyrian genocide
2813:(13th–15th cent.)
2807:(12th–16th cent.)
2805:Northern Crusades
2649:Forced conversion
2599:Cultural genocide
2594:Communal violence
2471:post–Cold War era
2456:Eastern Orthodoxy
2367:978-0-312-00904-5
2340:978-0-333-43440-6
2313:978-0-521-41643-6
2278:978-951-710-008-3
2256:978-0-87395-327-6
2208:978-0-8133-2276-6
2185:978-0-7656-0748-5
2123:Pospielovsky 1987
2108:Pospielovsky 1987
2040:Pospielovsky 1988
2028:Pospielovsky 1987
1998:Pospielovsky 1988
1986:Pospielovsky 1988
1974:Pospielovsky 1988
1962:Pospielovsky 1988
1950:Pospielovsky 1988
1935:Pospielovsky 1988
1910:Pospielovsky 1988
1898:Pospielovsky 1987
1772:Pospielovsky 1988
1760:Pospielovsky 1988
1660:Pospielovsky 1988
1552:Pospielovsky 1988
1512:Pospielovsky 1988
1500:Pospielovsky 1988
1485:Pospielovsky 1988
1473:Pospielovsky 1988
1461:Pospielovsky 1988
1449:Pospielovsky 1988
1432:Pospielovsky 1988
1420:Pospielovsky 1988
1408:Pospielovsky 1988
1396:Pospielovsky 1988
1381:Pospielovsky 1988
1369:Pospielovsky 1988
1357:Pospielovsky 1988
1340:Pospielovsky 1988
1169:978-90-04-16260-0
1006:published by the
956:old party members
896:Tikhon of Zadonsk
737:Platon (Kulbusch)
722:Nikodim (Kononov)
590:Russian Civil War
519:Vladimir Chertkov
462:
461:
406:De-Cossackization
398:Ethnic repression
218:
217:
210:
200:
199:
174:quality standards
153:
152:
138:
57:
3437:
3354:
3353:
3320:2020 Delhi riots
3236:Kosheh massacres
3216:Bosnian genocide
3036:1946 Bihar riots
2699:Social cleansing
2624:Ethnic cleansing
2399:
2392:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2344:
2317:
2290:
2260:
2237:
2212:
2189:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2111:
2105:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2075:(May 13, 1909).
2069:
2060:
2054:
2043:
2042:, p. 12–13.
2037:
2031:
2025:
2016:
2010:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1988:, p. 22–23.
1983:
1977:
1976:, p. 21–22.
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1883:Chumachenko 2002
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1856:
1848:
1839:
1833:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1762:, p. 16–17.
1757:
1751:
1750:
1706:
1698:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1614:
1606:
1589:
1588:
1566:
1555:
1554:, p. 13–14.
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1526:
1515:
1514:, p. 14–15.
1509:
1503:
1497:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1384:
1383:, p. 10–11.
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1296:
1288:
1277:
1271:
1260:
1259:
1223:
1215:
1206:
1203:Chumachenko 2002
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1105:
1098:
1028:Second World War
980:Soviet leaders.
859:Patriarch Tikhon
673:Filosof Ornatsky
567:Tikhon of Moscow
454:
447:
440:
243:Collectivization
220:
219:
213:
206:
195:
192:
186:
163:
155:
148:
145:
139:
137:
96:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3348:
3342:
3278:Yazidi genocide
3184:Revival Process
3120:Thích Quảng Đức
3108:Buddhist crisis
3102:Istanbul pogrom
2970:1970–1987
2965:1958–1964
2960:1928–1941
2955:1921–1928
2950:1917–1921
2835:Goa Inquisition
2769:Battle of Tours
2759:(c.550–c. 1200)
2753:(c. 324–c. 491)
2733:
2634:Ethnic violence
2629:Ethnic conflict
2577:
2576:
2575:
2530:minority Muslim
2412:
2403:
2368:
2341:
2314:
2279:
2265:Luukkanen, Arto
2257:
2209:
2186:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2099:
2088:
2086:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1798:10.2307/3712491
1782:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1727:10.2307/2501624
1699:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1607:
1592:
1567:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1371:, p. 9-10.
1367:
1363:
1355:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1289:
1280:
1272:
1263:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1170:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1108:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1044:
999:
986:
923:
872:
848:
827:
791:
677:Alexei Khvostov
614:Ivan Vladimirov
586:
559:
489:Since 1721 the
487:
458:
224:
223:Mass repression
214:
203:
202:
201:
196:
190:
187:
177:
164:
149:
143:
140:
97:
95:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3443:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3360:
3359:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3304:(2016–ongoing)
3299:
3298:(2014–ongoing)
3293:
3287:
3286:(2014–ongoing)
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3262:(2009–ongoing)
3257:
3256:(2004–ongoing)
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3162:(1971–ongoing)
3157:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3143:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3105:
3099:
3098:(1953–ongoing)
3093:
3087:
3086:(1950–ongoing)
3081:
3080:(1949–ongoing)
3075:
3069:
3063:
3062:(1947–ongoing)
3057:
3056:(1947–ongoing)
3051:
3050:(1947–ongoing)
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3024:Noakhali riots
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2913:Greek genocide
2910:
2904:
2901:Adana massacre
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2765:(c.184–c. 205)
2760:
2754:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2714:State religion
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2619:Discrimination
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2571:Zoroastrianism
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2493:Untouchability
2490:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2410:discrimination
2402:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2345:
2339:
2318:
2312:
2291:
2277:
2261:
2255:
2238:
2213:
2207:
2190:
2184:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2127:
2112:
2097:
2061:
2044:
2032:
2017:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1939:
1927:
1914:
1902:
1887:
1875:
1840:
1823:
1811:
1792:(3): 377–388.
1776:
1764:
1752:
1688:
1686:, p. 240.
1676:
1674:, p. 201.
1664:
1652:
1590:
1556:
1544:
1542:, p. 5–6.
1532:
1516:
1504:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1463:, p. 6–7.
1453:
1436:
1434:, p. 3–4.
1424:
1412:
1410:, p. 2–3.
1400:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1344:
1332:
1278:
1261:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1168:
1140:
1125:
1121:Luukkanen 1994
1106:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1040:
998:
995:
985:
982:
922:
919:
871:
868:
847:
844:
826:
823:
790:
787:
704:Yakov Sverdlov
585:
582:
558:
555:
507:intelligentsia
497:introduced by
495:church reforms
486:
483:
460:
459:
457:
456:
449:
442:
434:
431:
430:
429:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
400:
399:
395:
394:
393:
392:
387:
386:
385:
375:
370:
369:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
315:
314:
308:
307:
306:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
277:
276:
270:
269:
268:
267:
266:
265:
260:
250:
248:Dekulakization
245:
240:
232:
231:
227:
226:
216:
215:
198:
197:
167:
165:
158:
151:
150:
86:. Please help
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3442:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3357:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:Yugoslav Wars
3202:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3190:Big Excursion
3188:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
3000:The Holocaust
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2895:Dungan Revolt
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2709:State atheism
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:Deprogramming
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2556:Protestantism
2554:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:LDS or Mormon
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2125:, p. 39.
2124:
2119:
2117:
2110:, p. 28.
2109:
2104:
2102:
2085:. No. 45
2084:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2041:
2036:
2030:, p. 29.
2029:
2024:
2022:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2000:, p. 23.
1999:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1964:, p. 21.
1963:
1958:
1952:, p. 20.
1951:
1946:
1944:
1937:, p. 19.
1936:
1931:
1924:
1918:
1912:, p. 12.
1911:
1906:
1900:, p. 27.
1899:
1894:
1892:
1884:
1879:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1821:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1774:, p. 17.
1773:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1710:Slavic Review
1705:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1685:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1662:, p. 18.
1661:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:San Francisco
1574:
1573:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1553:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1513:
1508:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1398:, p. 11.
1397:
1392:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1359:, p. 10.
1358:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1341:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1214:
1212:
1205:, p. 16.
1204:
1199:
1192:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1162:. p. 2.
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1005:
994:
990:
981:
976:
971:
968:
964:
960:
957:
952:
947:
944:
939:
935:
931:
928:
918:
914:
911:
907:
904:
900:
897:
892:
888:
885:
881:
876:
867:
863:
860:
856:
852:
843:
839:
835:
831:
822:
820:
819:Sultan Galiev
814:
809:
806:
802:
800:
796:
786:
782:
778:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
756:
752:
748:
745:
740:
738:
733:
729:
727:
723:
718:
715:
710:
707:
705:
701:
698:
693:
690:
685:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
663:
660:
655:
653:
648:
646:
645:Kuban Cossack
640:
638:
634:
631:Metropolitan
629:
626:
622:
615:
610:
606:
604:
599:
595:
591:
581:
578:
574:
573:
568:
564:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:Caesaropapism
500:
496:
492:
482:
480:
475:
471:
470:state atheism
467:
455:
450:
448:
443:
441:
436:
435:
433:
432:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
402:
401:
397:
396:
391:
388:
384:
381:
380:
379:
376:
374:
371:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
323:
322:
319:
318:
317:
316:
313:
310:
309:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
279:
278:
275:
272:
271:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
238:War communism
236:
235:
234:
233:
229:
228:
222:
221:
212:
209:
194:
191:November 2013
184:
180:
175:
171:
168:This article
166:
162:
157:
156:
147:
144:November 2013
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105: –
104:
100:
99:Find sources:
93:
89:
85:
79:
78:
77:single source
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3206:(1991–2001)
3186:(1984–1989)
3146:Famen Temple
3136:(1966–1976)
2949:
2946:(1922–1991)
2915:(1913–1922)
2446:Christianity
2436:Baháʼí Faith
2349:
2322:
2295:
2268:
2242:
2217:
2194:
2176:M. E. Sharpe
2167:
2146:. Retrieved
2144:. 2012-02-20
2136:
2130:
2087:. Retrieved
2080:
2059:, p. 4.
2035:
2015:, p. 4.
1993:
1981:
1969:
1957:
1930:
1922:
1917:
1905:
1885:, p. 3.
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1814:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1745:– via
1714:
1708:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1645:– via
1622:
1616:
1571:
1547:
1535:
1507:
1502:, p. 8.
1487:, p. 7.
1480:
1475:, p. 6.
1468:
1456:
1451:, p. 5.
1427:
1422:, p. 3.
1415:
1403:
1376:
1364:
1335:
1325:– via
1302:
1298:
1276:, p. 2.
1254:– via
1231:
1225:
1198:
1193:, p. 1.
1186:
1150:
1143:
1137:(in Russian)
1128:
1100:
1096:
1025:
1012:
1003:
1000:
991:
987:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
948:
940:
936:
932:
924:
915:
912:
908:
905:
901:
893:
889:
883:
878:The body of
877:
873:
864:
857:
853:
849:
840:
836:
832:
828:
816:
811:
807:
803:
792:
783:
779:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
757:
753:
749:
741:
734:
730:
719:
711:
708:
702:
694:
686:
671:
667:
664:
656:
649:
641:
630:
618:
597:
587:
570:
560:
488:
474:Soviet Union
465:
463:
351:Christianity
325:
204:
188:
179:You can help
169:
141:
131:
124:
117:
110:
98:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
3292:(2014–2017)
3280:(2014–2017)
3274:(2013–2016)
3212:(1992–1996)
3174:(1975–1979)
3168:(1975–1990)
3074:(1948–1980)
3020:(1945–1989)
3014:(1945–1989)
3008:(1941–1945)
3002:(1939–1945)
2990:(1936–1975)
2975:legislation
2940:(1917–1990)
2934:(1915–1923)
2928:(1914–1924)
2909:(1912–1913)
2897:(1862–1877)
2879:(1857–1858)
2873:(1789–1801)
2861:(1683–1922)
2855:(1673–1829)
2849:(1609–1614)
2843:(1562–1598)
2837:(1561–1812)
2831:(1526–1791)
2825:(1522–1712)
2819:(1500–1526)
2795:(1184–1908)
2793:Inquisition
2704:Segregation
2669:Intolerance
2609:Desecration
2551:Neopaganism
2544:Persecution
2505:Persecution
2488:Persecution
2451:Catholicism
2431:Exclusivism
2057:Kolarz 1966
1721:: 305–339.
1629:: 473–501.
1026:During the
588:During the
547:monasteries
533:and 29,593
511:Leo Tolstoy
366:Legislation
293:Great Purge
3430:Red Terror
3369:Categories
2789:(643–1526)
2664:Iconoclasm
2659:Hate crime
2589:Censorship
2478:Falun Gong
2013:Ramet 1992
1863:1084489147
1540:Ramet 1992
1274:Davis 1995
1191:Davis 1995
1089:References
598:officially
537:, 112,629
378:Censorship
283:Red Terror
263:Kazakhstan
114:newspapers
39:improve it
3140:Four Olds
2853:Test Acts
2719:Terrorism
2561:Rastafari
2510:Ahmadiyya
2358:Macmillan
2331:Macmillan
2300:Cambridge
2234:831005445
2142:Gloria.tv
2089:March 10,
2082:Proletary
1868:March 10,
1743:163969927
1684:Lane 1978
1672:Lane 1978
1585:490993097
1309:: 35–50.
1252:154494334
1238:: 25–45.
1178:1572-4107
689:Stavropol
577:Sovnarkom
523:Dukhobors
346:1975–1987
341:1958–1964
336:1928–1941
331:1921–1928
326:1917–1921
183:talk page
84:talk page
45:talk page
3356:Religion
2877:Utah War
2747:(64–313)
2724:Violence
2614:Domicide
2566:Yazidism
2483:Hinduism
2441:Buddhism
2417:By group
2287:32328411
2267:(1994).
2222:New York
1643:23920605
1042:See also
1020:Komsomol
594:Red Army
551:convents
549:and 475
531:churches
321:Religion
3110:(1963)
2867:(1700s)
2582:Methods
2539:Judaism
2525:Sunnism
2515:Shi'ism
2426:Atheism
2199:Boulder
2160:Sources
2148:8 March
1806:3712491
1735:2501624
1323:1387772
1032:Vilnius
943:Lugansk
789:Muslims
742:Bishop
720:Bishop
712:Bishop
657:Bishop
621:Kharkov
543:deacons
539:priests
535:chapels
499:Peter I
373:Science
361:Judaism
258:Ukraine
128:scholar
3339:(2024)
3328:(2023)
3322:(2020)
3316:(2019)
3310:(2019)
3268:(2011)
3250:(2002)
3244:(2001)
3238:(2000)
3232:(2000)
3224:(1999)
3218:(1995)
3200:(1990)
3192:(1989)
3180:(1984)
3156:(1971)
3148:(1966)
3142:(1966)
3128:(1963)
3122:(1963)
3116:(1963)
3104:(1955)
3092:(1950)
3068:(1948)
3044:(1947)
3038:(1946)
3032:(1946)
3026:(1946)
2996:(1933)
2984:(1924)
2903:(1909)
2891:(1864)
2885:(1860)
2801:(1191)
2783:(1099)
2777:(1096)
2738:Events
2674:Pogrom
2520:Sufism
2364:
2354:London
2337:
2327:London
2310:
2285:
2275:
2253:
2247:Albany
2232:
2205:
2182:
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1861:
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1156:Leiden
592:, the
545:, 550
527:Canada
383:Images
181:. The
130:
123:
116:
109:
101:
2771:(732)
2500:Islam
1855:(PDF)
1802:JSTOR
1747:JSTOR
1739:S2CID
1731:JSTOR
1717:(2).
1647:JSTOR
1639:JSTOR
1625:(3).
1327:JSTOR
1319:JSTOR
1307:Wiley
1305:(1).
1248:S2CID
1234:(1).
1160:Brill
951:Lenin
697:Cheka
652:Cheka
625:skete
356:Islam
298:Gulag
135:JSTOR
121:books
2408:and
2362:ISBN
2335:ISBN
2308:ISBN
2283:OCLC
2273:ISBN
2251:ISBN
2230:OCLC
2203:ISBN
2180:ISBN
2150:2014
2091:2021
1870:2021
1859:OCLC
1581:OCLC
1256:MUSE
1174:ISSN
1164:ISBN
541:and
464:The
107:news
2729:War
1794:doi
1723:doi
1631:doi
1311:doi
1240:doi
390:Art
90:by
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