3166:(in their own kind), or those considered by the censure to be perfect and complete. There must be a proportionate relationship between the crime and the penalty. As medicinal remedies, censures do not deprive individuals of spiritual goods but only their use, and this only temporarily, until the person repents—until they recover from their spiritual illness. Excommunication, the gravest of censures, is never imposed for a specific period. In contrast, suspension and interdict may, under certain conditions, be applied for a set time. The actual punishment of ecclesiastical censures lies in the deprivation of access to certain spiritual goods or benefits within the Church’s control, such as the sacraments, public prayers, indulgences, sacred functions, jurisdiction, ecclesiastical benefices, and offices. However, censures do not deprive individuals of grace or of the private prayers and good works of the faithful, as the eternal communion of saints remains intact due to the indelible character of baptism.
3620:, only the person who imposed the censure, or their successor, superior, or delegate, can grant absolution. Therefore, a vicar capitular can absolve censures imposed by the ordinary power of a late bishop, having succeeded to the power held by the deceased prelate. In terms of the power of a superior, the pope, as the universal superior, can always remove censures imposed by his inferiors, such as bishops. An archbishop, however, is not the absolute superior of his suffragans and can only remove censures imposed by them during visitation or in the case of an appeal. When a superior absolves a censure imposed by an inferior, they must always notify the inferior and require the delinquent to offer full satisfaction. The extent of the power of a delegated judge to grant absolution must be explicitly stated in their letters.
3392:
accessory to the law. Therefore, a substantial defect in the law, such as injustice or unreasonableness, which modifies the law, also nullifies the censure attached to it. This sufficient cause for a censure may be lacking in the law either because the legal order was not observed during its formulation or because the offence addressed by the law was not grave enough to justify ecclesiastical censure. The penalty must be proportional to the crime. If the legal order was observed in the legislative act but the punishment was disproportionate to the crime, i.e., if the offence did not warrant the extreme penalty attached to the law, then, as the law consists of two parts, the precept is sustained, but the penalty or censure is not. In cases of doubt, both the law and the penalty are presumed to be valid.
3452:
vindictive punishment. However, suspension and interdict may be imposed, albeit rarely and for a short time, as vindictive penalties under positive law. The reason for this is that suspension and interdict do not, like excommunication, expel the offender from the communion of the faithful, nor do they deprive them entirely of all spiritual goods. Therefore, for serious reasons, these censures may take on the nature of vindictive penalties. This is particularly the case when their effect is the deprivation of some temporal right, such as when a cleric is suspended from their office or benefice. In such cases, the censures are more akin to punishments properly so called, rather than censures, whose primary nature is the deprivation of the use of spiritual goods.
3448:. However, these laws pertain to an earlier discipline of censures, when the term was used to refer to punishments in general, without a specific meaning. Thus, the solution must now be found in positive law. The law of the Decretals does not provide an explicit answer to the question, although the different types of penalties are more clearly distinguished therein. In later law, the Council of Trent (Sess. XXV, c. iii, De ref.) wisely advised bishops that the sword of censures should be used sparingly and with great caution. Censures, being essentially a deprivation of the use of spiritual goods or benefits, are to be imposed medicinally and should be lifted as soon as the offender abandons their contumacy.
64:
25:
3653:, or the domain of conscience. If censures are specially reserved to the Roman Pontiff, a bishop cannot grant absolution by his ordinary power, except in cases of necessity. Special concessions for these cases are granted to bishops by the Holy See for a certain period, for the life of the bishop, or for a specified number of cases. Censures reserved by pontifical law to bishops or ordinaries may be absolved by all bishops, abbots, vicars capitular, and vicars-general in any forum, even in notorious cases. At the point of death (
3138:, "The salvation of souls is the supreme law"). Therefore, in dealing with delinquent members, the Church primarily seeks their correction and reformation, aiming for the sinner’s return to God and the salvation of their soul. While this is the primary objective of Church penalties, other outcomes often follow, such as setting an example for the rest of the faithful and preserving Christian society. According to divine principles, God does not desire the death of the sinner but rather that they turn from their ways and live (
3292:
This kind of penalty is particularly effective in the Church, where the faithful are morally bound to obey its laws. If the crime is secret, the censure remains secret but is binding before God and in conscience. If the crime is public, the censure is also public. However, if a secret censure is to be made public, a judicial investigation of the crime must take place, followed by a formal declaration (declaratory sentence) confirming that the delinquent has incurred the censure.
2941:(relating to matters of sin and conscience) and the external forum (pertaining to the governance and discipline of the Church). The various types and nature of punishments were more clearly defined by commentators, judges, and legal scholars. By the beginning of the thirteenth century, although not explicitly stated in the Decretals, the term 'censure' had come to refer to a specific category of ecclesiastical penalties: interdict, suspension, and excommunication.
2985:). A censure, being a penal restriction on one's right to participate in certain spiritual goods of the Christian community, affected not only the individual under censure but also those who interacted with them in these spiritual matters. For instance, a suspended cleric was not permitted to participate in the sacraments or other religious services. However, Martin V's constitution specified that only those individuals who were explicitly and personally declared
2900:, and Christian burial, were common to all members, while others were specific to various clerical grades. Deprivation of these rights resulted in excommunication, meaning exclusion from the communion appropriate to one's Church grade, either wholly or partially. In earlier ecclesiastical documents, terms like excommunication were not always synonymous with censure or a specific type of censure; they could also refer to penance or punishment in a broader sense.
3577:, absolution can only be granted by those with the required judicial power, such as the person who imposed the censure, their successor, delegate, or superior (e.g., the pope). The formula used may be either the solemn or shorter version, depending on the situation; both are found in the Roman Ritual. Absolution can be given either unconditionally or conditionally, depending on the fulfillment of a condition for its validity. It is also given
3935:
3923:
2631:
3036:
2733:
3554:, such as suspension contingent upon completing a certain act. When suspension or interdict are imposed as vindictive punishments, they may expire not through absolution, but by the passage of the time for which they were inflicted. Censures themselves, if not yet incurred, may cease by the abrogation of the law to which they were attached, by revocation, or (typically) by the death of the superior if the censure was imposed
2953:), while not excluding the possibility of reforming the delinquent, were primarily intended to restore justice or societal order by imposing positive suffering. Examples of vindictive punishments include corporal or monetary penalties, imprisonment, life seclusion in a monastery, deprivation of Christian burial, and the deposition, degradation, or temporary suspension of clerics (e.g., suspension
3210:(by the law) are those imposed by a permanent edict of the lawgiver, meaning they are attached to a crime by the law itself. Here, it is important to distinguish between a law, which is an enactment with permanent and perpetual binding force, and a mere command or precept, which is usually temporary in obligation and lapses with the death of the superior who issued it. Censures
3129:. It also asserts the right to establish disciplinary laws governing its members, a right that would be meaningless without the ability to enforce the observance of canonical laws. From its inception, the Church has exercised this authority to enforce its laws, as demonstrated by St. Paul’s actions against the incestuous Corinthian and against Hymeneus and Alexander.
3155:) may come from the law itself or from an ecclesiastical superior or judge. Contumacy can thus occur in two ways: first, when a person ignores the warning from their ecclesiastical superior or judge, addressed personally; second, when an individual knowingly violates a Church law and the censure attached, with the law itself serving as a standing warning (
2838:) of all Roman citizens and their classification, such as senators or knights. They also had disciplinary authority over manners and morals, with the power to impose penalties, including the degradation of citizens from their social class for reasons affecting the state's moral or material welfare. This form of punishment was known as censure (
2945:, who in 1200 had used the term 'censure' for punishment in general, later, in 1214, clarified its meaning in a response concerning ecclesiastical censure in pontifical documents. He formally distinguished censure from other ecclesiastical penalties, declaring that censure specifically referred to interdict, suspension, and excommunication.
3636:, meaning it is already in litigation before a court; in this case, absolution in the internal forum would not be valid in the external forum. A priest who is not approved or does not have jurisdiction to hear confessions cannot absolve from censures, even if they are not reserved, except in danger of death. When censures are reserved
3399:. However, the censure remains valid if there is any objective proportionality between the severity of the penalty and the severity of the offence, even if the sentence has some accidental defect, such as a censure imposed out of personal animosity towards a guilty individual or if another incidental procedural rule is not observed.
3640:, only the person to whom they are reserved, or their superior, successor, or delegate, can grant absolution. Censures reserved to the pope are either reserved or reserved in a special manner. For the former, the Council of Trent (Sess. XXIV, c. vi, De ref.) established that a bishop, or someone delegated by him, may absolve
3550:
and it must be lawfully granted when there is true amendment. Even the death of the censured person, if excommunicated or interdicted, does not remove the censure, as some effects, such as the denial of
Christian burial, may still remain. Formal absolution is not required only when a censure is imposed with a
3645:
vicars-general based on their general commission or regular prelates. The subjects who may receive these faculties are those who live in the bishop's diocese or outsiders who come to confession there, as they are considered subjects for the purpose of absolution. However, such absolution cannot be granted
3540:
Kings and sovereigns cannot be censured by bishops, nor can they excommunicate communities or chapters. However, a community may be subjected to interdict and suspension. In such cases, this would not be a censure in the proper sense but rather a penal deprivation; once a person ceases to be a member
2948:
Following this clarification, canonists began to differentiate between two types of punishments: medicinal or remedial (censures) and vindictive punishments. Censures were primarily aimed at correcting or reforming the offender and would cease once this objective was achieved. Vindictive punishments
3514:
Censures, being spiritual punishments, can only be imposed on
Christians, i.e., baptized persons. Additionally, since they are punishments, they can only be inflicted on subjects of the superior imposing the censure. Such subjection may arise from domicile, quasi-domicile, or by reason of the crime
2961:
considered a censure in certain cases). Confession penances are also considered vindictive punishments, as their primary purpose is to offer reparation for sins rather than reform the individual. Importantly, the irregularity arising from a crime is neither a censure nor a vindictive punishment; it
2907:
terminology (Codex Theod. I tit. I, 7 de off. rector. provinc.), the term "censure" came to denote punishment in a general sense. The Church adopted this terminology in its early years to describe various forms of punishment, including public penances, excommunications, and, for clerics, suspension
3671:
These conditions apply to both the priest granting absolution and the person being absolved. The absolution given by a priest is invalid if it is obtained through coercion or if it is extorted by grave, unjust fear. Moreover, absolution would be invalid if it is granted based on a false, principal
3549:
All canonists agree that a censure, once incurred, can only be lifted through absolution. Although censures are medicinal punishments intended to overcome obstinacy, they do not cease immediately upon repentance. Since the imposition of a censure is a judicial act, judicial absolution is required,
3291:
by the mere commission of the crime. In other words, the delinquent automatically incurs the penalty upon breaking the law, and the censure binds the conscience immediately, without the need for a trial or judicial sentence. The law itself enforces the penalty the moment the violation is complete.
3169:
To distinguish between the effects of the three censures: Excommunication, which can be inflicted on clerics and laypersons, excludes individuals from the communion of the faithful and prohibits the use of all spiritual goods shared by members of the visible Church, whose visible head is the Roman
3150:
of the threatened punishment or grave fear would usually excuse someone from incurring a censure, as, under such circumstances, genuine contumacy cannot exist. Since contumacy implies persistent wrongdoing, an individual must not only commit a crime but continue in their wrongdoing after receiving
2702:
Censures in the
Catholic Church have their roots in ancient ecclesiastical practices and have evolved over centuries. They originated from the early Church's efforts to maintain order and discipline among its members. Throughout history, censures have been used to uphold the Church's teachings and
3451:
As mentioned earlier, St. Alphonsus and subsequent authors argue that censures may, secondarily, have a punitive and deterrent purpose, and from this perspective, they may be imposed for a specific period. This is true generally, though it is certain that excommunication can never be imposed as a
3391:
or external governance of the Church, it naturally follows that jurisdiction, or the power to act in this forum, is necessary for their imposition, either by law or by a judge. Moreover, there must be a sufficient cause for the infliction of a censure. A censure, as a sanction of the law, is an
3221:(by man) are those imposed by the sentence, command, or specific precept of a judge, such as a bishop, in contrast to the law mentioned above. These censures are generally due to particular and temporary circumstances and are meant to last only as long as those circumstances persist. A censure
3644:
and in his diocese his subjects from these censures when the crime is hidden and not notorious or when it has not been brought before a judicial tribunal. By bishops, this also refers to abbots with ecclesiastical territory, vicars capitular, and others with episcopal jurisdiction, but not to
3145:
The primary and immediate goal of censures is to overcome contumacy or wilful stubbornness, guiding the offender to a better understanding of their spiritual condition. The secondary, more distant goal is to serve as a deterrent to other wrongdoers. Contumacy involves stubborn and defiant
2908:
or degradation. Like the Roman State, the Church viewed punishment not merely as inflicting suffering but as the deprivation of certain goods, rights, or privileges. In the Church's context, these were spiritual goods and graces, such as participation in prayer, the Holy
Sacrifice, the
3434:, they would retain jurisdiction, and if there were no scandal, they could act as though uncensured, without incurring the penalty for violating the censure, such as irregularity. A censure can also be imposed conditionally; if the condition is fulfilled, the censure is valid.
3356:
Censures are also divided into reserved and non-reserved. Just as sins can be reserved, so too can censures. In this case, reservation refers to the restriction or denial of an inferior’s jurisdiction to absolve the censure, with the power to absolve retained by a superior.
3437:
Can censures be imposed as vindictive penalties, that is, not primarily as remedial measures but rather to avenge a crime? This is a more serious question, and canonists have sought to answer it through the interpretation of certain legal texts, particularly from the
3631:
by a general sentence, if they are not reserved, any approved confessor with jurisdiction to absolve from sin may absolve from them in both the external and internal forums. The absolution granted in one forum is valid in the other, except when the censure is in the
3503:, or those imposed by an ecclesiastical judge, whether the judge's jurisdiction is ordinary or delegated, can be inflicted to enforce a specific law or to prevent certain evils. Vicars-general and delegated judges, lacking legislative power, can only impose censures
3301:(of sentence awaiting pronouncement) are connected to the law or precept in such a way that the delinquent does not incur the penalty until it is formally imposed following a legal process, by means of a judicial or condemnatory sentence. Whether a censure is
3214:, therefore, are attached either to the common law of the Church, such as decrees of popes and general councils, or are imposed by general law, for example, by bishops for their specific diocese or territory, usually in provincial or diocesan synods.
2865:
Initially, excommunication was the general term for all disciplinary measures used against delinquent Church members, with various forms corresponding to different levels of communion within
Christian society. For example, grades among the
3174:) and strips them of some or all clerical rights, such as jurisdiction, hearing confessions, and holding office. Interdict prevents clerics or laypersons from passively accessing certain ecclesiastical goods related to sacred matters (
877:
3460:
As regards the active subject of censures, i.e., who can impose them, censures belong to the external governance of the Church. Therefore, they can only be inflicted by those who possess proper jurisdiction in the Church's
3146:
disobedience to laws, reflecting a contempt for authority, as it must not only violate the law but generally express disdain for the punishment or censure attached to it (Lehmkuhl, Cas. Consc., Freiburg, 1903, no. 984).
3142:, xviii, 23). Consequently, the Church prefers censures, which are medicinal or remedial in nature, over vindictive punishments, which are reserved for cases where little or no hope remains for the sinner’s reformation.
3231:), or it may be issued through a specific command or precept for an individual case, such as during a trial when the offender is found guilty and censured, or as a particular directive to prevent a specific offense.
2691:. This punishment deprives the person, either wholly or partially, of certain spiritual goods until they resolve their contumacy. These spiritual goods may include access to the sacraments, participation in specific
2529:
3672:
cause, for instance, if the judge absolves because it is falsely claimed that satisfaction has been made when it has not. The conditions for absolution are generally outlined in the formula
2997:
due to sacrilegious violence against clerics. Martin V's declaration was intended to benefit the broader community of the faithful, allowing them to interact with tolerated excommunicates (
1630:
3198:
In addition to the specific division of censures into excommunication, suspension, and interdict, there are several general classifications of censures. First, there are censures
3593:, the same kind of censure from which they were just absolved if they fail to do something prescribed within a certain time. The person who removes the censure may impose the
3569:, i.e., for sin and hidden censure. This can be given by any priest with the necessary jurisdiction, either in confession or outside of confession in the forum of conscience (
3324:
3170:
Pontiff. Suspension, applied only to clerics, leaves them within the communion of the faithful but directly prohibits them from performing sacred functions as ministers (
2342:
3469:, i.e., those incorporated into laws binding on Christian society, either in whole or in part, can be imposed by those with the power to legislate. For instance, the
3395:
As for the correct procedure, a censure sentence may be void if any substantial procedural rule is not followed, such as the warnings required for censures inflicted
3657:), any priest, even one who is not approved, can absolve from all censures, and all absolutions from them are governed by the provisions of the papal Constitution
2041:
3612:), meaning that only those with the necessary jurisdiction can grant absolution. This jurisdiction may be either ordinary or delegated. In the case of censures
2031:
3422:
that carries a censure, but in their conscience, they know themselves to be innocent, what are the effects of the censure? Since they have been found guilty
2036:
3022:. These changes significantly reduced the number of such censures and adjusted the Church's disciplinary measures in response to evolving circumstances.
3426:, the censure has valid effects in that forum and must be observed externally to avoid scandal and maintain good discipline. All acts of jurisdiction
3700:
Apart from the penance imposed in confession, the absolved person must undertake and complete another salutary penance as satisfaction for the fault.
1215:
1167:
1064:
170:
3162:
Censures, being the deprivation of grave spiritual benefits, are imposed on
Christians only for sins that are both internally and externally grave,
2962:
is a canonical impediment that prevents individuals from fulfilling the sacred ministry, thus prohibiting the reception or exercise of holy orders.
3566:
3462:
3407:
3388:
2938:
1727:
872:
3585:, and Apostolic privileges to ensure that the effects of the concession are not impeded by some hidden censure. Additionally, there is absolution
3813:(23 June 1886) and later interpretations, see Tanquery, Synop. Th. Mor., III (II), 1907, pp. 321-24, and Gury-Ferrères, Th. Mor., II, nn. 575-76.
3353:) are required, or one peremptory warning, except when both the crime and the contumacy of the delinquent are notorious and sufficiently proven.
867:
3499:, and chapters of regulars over their own subjects. However, parish priests, abbesses, and secular judges do not have such authority. Censures
2240:
1573:
994:
2659:
643:
3104:
2801:
2265:
3608:
Regarding the minister of absolution, i.e., who can absolve from censures, the general principle is: "only he can loose who can bind" (
3076:
2773:
2512:
2123:
614:
72:
3683:
The delinquent must repair the scandal according to the prudent judgment of the bishop or confessor and remove any occasion of sin;
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2055:
1789:
1784:
1769:
1554:
1529:
1493:
812:
3083:
2780:
3046:
2743:
1208:
650:
3810:
2924:
1612:
778:
588:
124:
2209:
1828:
1504:
1451:
594:
3561:
Absolution, which involves the removal or relaxation of the penalty by a competent authority, is an act of justice and is a
3090:
2787:
2712:
238:
1549:
1474:
3519:). Pilgrims who violate a particular law are not subject to censure, but if they transgress a common law with a censure
3072:
2769:
1486:
1093:
790:
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3530:
3147:
2026:
1774:
1583:
1515:
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750:
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For serious changes in the method of absolution (in cases of necessity) from papal censures, owing to the decree of
3250:
Another important and unique division of censures within the Church’s penal legislation is the distinction between
2677:
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2185:
1344:
910:
841:
294:
80:
3565:
in censures; hence, it cannot be denied to a penitent censured person. It may be granted in two ways: (1) In the
2157:
2103:
1779:
1539:
1442:
1245:
1083:
1021:
915:
795:
301:
3659:
2912:, and the general communion of the Church, or, for clerics, the rights and honors associated with their office.
3061:
2758:
2556:
2522:
1744:
315:
308:
3010:
2535:
1937:
1749:
1689:
1544:
1387:
1088:
511:
288:
2372:
1461:
1045:
963:
3008:
made substantial modifications to ecclesiastical discipline concerning censures through his constitution
2688:
2645:
2507:
1957:
1915:
1888:
1813:
1739:
1734:
1722:
1561:
1498:
1381:
165:
3511:, in order to uphold and protect their authority, such as enforcing the execution of a judicial decree.
3097:
2794:
3913:
3478:
2551:
2427:
2071:
1427:
1392:
1320:
580:
452:
333:
63:
3125:
The
Catholic Church believes that it receives the authority to enforce these conditions directly from
3057:
2754:
2850:, members in good standing were listed in a register read at public gatherings, while those who were
2609:
2300:
1235:
1126:
978:
496:
3960:
2254:
2142:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1120:
900:
3883:
3053:
2750:
3605:, meaning that it must be applied by the person absolving (Lega, lib II, vol. III, nos. 130–31).
3525:
attached, the local bishop may impose it on them. Cardinals and bishops are exempt from censures
3415:
2352:
2214:
2180:
2006:
1308:
950:
350:
338:
273:
203:
145:
609:
3762:
3686:
In cases where absolution is granted for censures specially reserved, the person must promise (
3521:
3269:
2993:
clarified in 1884 that this formality was not required in the case of notorious excommunicates
2600:
2546:
2307:
2118:
2018:
1900:
1850:
1313:
1133:
1052:
1008:
884:
859:
817:
737:
684:
663:
638:
542:
527:
438:
280:
225:
217:
176:
99:
3889:
2973:. Before this constitution, all censured persons who were publicly known were to be avoided (
2293:
2081:
2076:
1893:
1641:
698:
691:
396:
260:
210:
152:
2137:
2722:
2417:
2378:
2203:
2152:
2012:
1972:
1617:
1481:
1370:
1364:
1351:
1203:
1197:
1078:
894:
848:
726:
562:
370:
328:
878:
Note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the
Sacramental Seal
8:
3939:
3261:
2541:
2422:
2389:
2362:
2357:
2219:
2194:
2108:
1799:
1677:
1302:
1288:
1263:
1258:
1098:
836:
831:
712:
3329:, etc. On the other hand, if the wording implies future judicial action, the censure is
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may take the form of a general order, command, or precept that applies to all subjects (
42:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3927:
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3343:, as in penal matters, the more lenient interpretation is favored. Furthermore, before
3178:) or communal participation, such as receiving certain sacraments or Christian burial.
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censures of common law, altered others, and created a new list of common law censures
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parallels the Church's concern for the purity and sanctity of its membership. In the
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115:
3573:). In both cases, the sacramental formula referring to censures is used. (2) In the
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The issue of censures underwent a significant change in 1418 with the
Constitution
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within their respective spheres, the bishop within his diocese, the chapter or
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Congregation for
Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life
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36:. The reason given is: The article is a copy-paste from the early-20th-century
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can be determined from the wording of the law. The most common terms used for
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245:
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1942:
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For more serious crimes, an oath may be required to prevent reoffending;
3690:, under oath) to follow the Church's further directions on the matter (
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3316:
3286:
3001:) as if they were not censured, due to the changing social conditions.
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or canons, included the names of both living and deceased members. The
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1990:
1947:
1925:
1873:
1866:
1578:
1510:
1410:
944:
422:
3320:
3132:
The Church's ultimate goal is the eternal salvation of the faithful (
2930:
2904:
2718:
2685:
2680:, is a medicinal and spiritual punishment imposed by the Church on a
2050:
1910:
1422:
1224:
1039:
920:
800:
757:
599:
409:
3616:, imposed by particular sentence or by precept, or reserved censure
3589:, which takes immediate effect but results in the person incurring,
3035:
2732:
3922:
3496:
2896:. Some Church goods, such as prayer, sacraments, attendance at the
2855:
2681:
2630:
1920:
1699:
925:
732:
3541:
of the community, they would no longer be subject to the penalty.
3430:
by such a censured individual could be declared invalid. However,
1631:
Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law
3934:
2834:) was established. Their duties included maintaining a register (
2692:
2234:
1567:
1339:
1325:
1108:
1070:
1032:
604:
504:
266:
3234:
1534:
2989:
by judicial sentence would henceforth be treated as such. The
3906:, 1983 Code of Canon Law (Intratext), accessed 16 April 2016.
3482:
2867:
2822:
The term "censure" and its general concept trace back to the
2842:). The Romans' strong emphasis on preserving the dignity of
2703:
values, promote repentance, and encourage spiritual growth.
3716:(Bernardi, Com. in Jus Eccl., II, pt. II, diss. 3, cap. 5.)
3534:
3470:
1180:
3676:, meaning enjoining what the law requires. These include:
3455:
2977:) and could not engage in religious or civil interaction (
2854:
were removed from this list. These registers, known as
2042:
List of cardinals excommunicated by the Catholic Church
3402:
A question arises regarding censures that are invalid
2915:
2032:
List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church
3911:
3339:). In cases of doubt, the censure is presumed to be
2037:
List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church
3418:. For example, if a person is convicted of a crime
16:
Spiritual punishment imposed by the Catholic Church
3477:can impose such censures on the entire world, the
3387:As for jurisdiction, since censures belong to the
2929:Several centuries later, during the period of the
3537:alone has the authority to judge heads of state.
1065:Matrimonial Nullity Trial Reforms of Pope Francis
171:Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis
3947:
3491:), regular prelates with external jurisdiction,
3258:censures, which may be classified as either (1)
3186:
1728:Formal act of defection from the Catholic Church
3533:) unless the law explicitly mentions them. The
2241:Beatification and canonization process in 1914
3377:Jurisdiction in the legislature or the judge;
2653:
3800:(Suarez, op. cit., disp. IV, sect. V, 29-30)
3666:
3360:
3062:introducing citations to additional sources
2937:. A distinction was established between the
2759:introducing citations to additional sources
644:Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite
3544:
3348:
3334:
3314:
3296:
3284:
3278:
3267:
3259:
3242:
3236:
3226:
3133:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2862:retains elements of this ancient practice.
2109:Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura
3151:due warning and admonition. This warning (
3025:
2706:
2660:
2646:
2513:Canonical erection of a house of religious
2124:Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
3347:censures can be imposed, three warnings (
615:Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful
3365:For the infliction of censures, whether
3052:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2933:, significant advancements were made in
2749:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1555:Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts
3485:capitular during the vacancy of a see (
3456:Subject of censures, active and passive
651:General Instruction of the Roman Missal
3948:
3283:(of sentence pronounced) are incurred
2925:Excommunication in the Catholic Church
2826:. In 311 A.U.C., the office of public
589:Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
125:Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3866:
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3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
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3852:
3850:
3848:
2210:Congregation for the Causes of Saints
1505:Delegata potestas non potest delegari
1452:Association of the Christian faithful
595:Eastern Canonical Reforms of Pius XII
3880:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3029:
2726:
2713:Legal history of the Catholic Church
2368:Journals and Professional Societies
2100:(tribunals & ministers/parties)
18:
3774:(Suarez Disp. IV, sect. VI, no. 10)
3734:(cap. 20, X De verb, signif. V, 40)
3680:Satisfaction to the offended party;
3610:illius est solvere cujus est ligare
3410:") or according to truth but valid
13:
2957:for a specified period, which St.
2885:consistentes, substrati, audientes
1192:Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures
14:
3977:
3825:
3073:"Censure" Catholic canon law
2770:"Censure" Catholic canon law
3933:
3921:
3791:, Caus. XXVII, Q. 1, c. 6, etc.)
3045:relies largely or entirely on a
3034:
2742:relies largely or entirely on a
2731:
2678:canon law of the Catholic Church
2629:
1589:Resignation of the Roman Pontiff
842:Approbation (Catholic canon law)
295:Collectiones canonum Dionysianae
62:
23:
3897:
3884:"Ecclesiastical Censures"
3803:
3794:
3725:(cap. 13 X De judicious, II, 1)
3581:(for safety) in all rescripts,
3014:. This document abrogated many
2695:activities, and involvement in
1780:Incardination and excardination
1443:Types of membership of Opus Dei
1176:Supreme authority of the Church
796:Impediment (Catholic canon law)
302:Collectio canonum quadripartita
3787:— Caus. XXXVI, Q. 2, c. 1, 2,
3777:
3768:
3755:
3746:
3737:
3728:
3719:
3710:
3373:, the following are required:
2337:Legal practice and scholarship
2246:Election of the Roman Pontiff
2072:Lifetime of prayer and penance
1028:Canonical form (Latin Church)
316:Collectio canonum Wigorniensis
309:Collectio canonum Quesnelliana
1:
3819:
3674:injunctis de more injungendis
3011:Apostolicae Sedis moderationi
2536:Institute of consecrated life
512:Apostolicae Sedis moderationi
481:
385:
289:Collections of ancient canons
251:
3660:Apostolicæ Sedis Moderationi
3383:Correct method of procedure.
3217:On the other hand, censures
2373:Canon Law Society of America
2266:Reforms of Pope Benedict XVI
2001:Censure (Catholic canon law)
1829:Associations of the faithful
1814:Juridic and physical persons
1462:Quinquennial visit ad limina
818:Nullity of Sacred Ordination
7:
3336:excommunicetur, suspenditur
3181:
2508:Manifestation of Conscience
2343:List of legal abbreviations
1723:Person (Catholic canon law)
873:Internal and external forum
351:Lay investiture controversy
274:The Apostolic Constitutions
10:
3982:
3785:Eos qui rapiunt, Raptores.
3623:When censures are imposed
3325:eo ipso sit excommunicatus
3157:Lex interpellat pro homine
3135:salus animarum lex suprema
2922:
2916:Legal developments of the
2716:
2710:
2451:Modern & Contemporary
2114:Tribunal of the Roman Rota
1785:Laicization (dispensation)
1574:Obreption & subreption
1487:Canonically crowned images
1172:, and canonical structures
334:Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals
3667:Conditions for absolution
3558:as a particular precept.
3361:Requirements for censures
2610:Society of apostolic life
2301:Romano Pontifici eligendo
1775:Clerics and public office
1672:Temporal goods (property)
1242:Local particular churches
1236:Eastern Catholic Churches
1127:Ratum sed non consummatum
32:This article needs to be
3956:Catholic penal canon law
3704:
3545:Absolution from censures
3228:per sententiam generalum
2882:, and subdivisions like
2255:Universi Dominici gregis
1271:Apostolic administration
1121:Matrimonial dispensation
995:Fast days and abstinence
901:Sacramentum Poenitentiae
868:Seal of the Confessional
3692:stare mandatis ecclesiæ
3649:, being limited to the
3026:Nature of the penalties
2707:History and development
2385:Faculties of canon law
2353:Licentiate of Canon Law
2215:Maiorem hac dilectionem
2181:Appeal as from an abuse
2007:De delictis gravioribus
1276:Apostolic administrator
1084:Impediments to Marriage
951:Indulgentiarum doctrina
439:Decretals of Gregory IX
339:Donation of Constantine
204:Orientalium ecclesiarum
146:Indulgentiarum Doctrina
3763:1983 Code of Canon Law
3349:
3335:
3315:
3297:
3285:
3279:
3268:
3260:
3243:
3237:
3227:
3134:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2636:Catholicism portal
2601:Provida Mater Ecclesia
2308:Ingravescentem aetatem
2119:Apostolic Penitentiary
2019:Crimen sollicitationis
1901:Apostolic constitution
1851:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
1770:Obligation of celibacy
1314:Moderator of the Curia
1246:Appointment of bishops
1053:Declaration of Nullity
1009:Holy day of obligation
916:Eucharistic discipline
885:Apostolic Penitentiary
860:Paenitentiale Theodori
837:Episcopal consecrators
813:Obligation of celibacy
759:Communicatio in sacris
738:Holy day of obligation
685:Scripturarum thesaurus
664:Sacrosanctum Concilium
639:General Roman Calendar
281:Canons of the Apostles
226:Precepts of the Church
218:Sacrosanctum concilium
177:Second Vatican Council
3890:Catholic Encyclopedia
2923:Further information:
2294:Aeterni Patris Filius
2130:Ministers of Justice
2082:Ecclesiastical prison
2077:Canonical admonitions
1894:Protonotary apostolic
1371:Anglicanorum Coetibus
1204:Conference of bishops
699:Quattuor abhinc annos
692:Liturgiam authenticam
397:Corpus Juris Canonici
261:Ancient Church Orders
211:Presbyterorum ordinis
153:Praedicate evangelium
38:Catholic Encyclopedia
3414:or according to the
3058:improve this article
2755:improve this article
2723:Corpus Juris Civilis
2418:Raymond of Penyafort
2177:(matrimonial causes)
2153:Defender of the Bond
2013:Complicit absolution
1973:Ecclesiastical Latin
1613:Validity and liceity
1482:Canonical coronation
1365:Personal ordinariate
1352:Military ordinariate
1198:College of Cardinals
1079:Defender of the Bond
895:Complicit absolution
779:Validity and liceity
727:Traditionis custodes
563:Papal judge-delegate
371:Plenitudo potestatis
329:Symmachian forgeries
3642:in foro conscientiæ
3552:conditio resolutiva
3479:Roman congregations
2542:Religious institute
2428:Johannes Teutonicus
2390:School of Canon Law
2363:Doctor of both laws
2358:Doctor of Canon Law
2195:Vos estis lux mundi
2066:ferendae sententiae
2056:Laicization (penal)
1844:Canonical documents
1800:Canonical provision
1790:Canonical faculties
1494:Computation of time
1303:In persona episcopi
1289:Aeque principaliter
1283:Diocese/Archdiocese
1259:Apostolic vicariate
1216:Particular churches
1166:Supreme authority,
1099:Impediment of crime
832:Dimissorial letters
713:Summorum Pontificum
3881:Gans, Leo (1908).
3743:(I Cor. v, i sqq.)
3655:in articulo mortis
3634:forum contentiosum
3416:presumption of law
3313:censures include:
2684:, delinquent, and
2261:Papal renunciation
2168:(trial procedure)
1858:Acta Sanctae Sedis
1805:Canonical election
1438:Personal prelature
1433:Pontifical council
1186:College of Bishops
890:Canon penitentiary
854:Penitential canons
671:Mysterii Paschalis
557:Contractum trinius
364:Libertas ecclesiae
139:Ex corde Ecclesiae
3789:Si quis episcopus
3663:(Pius IX, 1869).
3651:forum conscientiæ
3571:forum conscientiæ
3522:ferendæ sententiæ
3380:Sufficient cause;
3345:ferendæ sententiæ
3341:ferendæ sententiæ
3331:ferendæ sententiæ
3307:ferendæ sententiæ
3298:ferendæ sententiæ
3270:ferendæ sententiæ
3244:ferendæ sententiæ
3123:
3122:
3108:
2991:Roman Inquisition
2959:Alphonsus Liguori
2951:poenæ vindicativæ
2943:Pope Innocent III
2860:Canon of the Mass
2820:
2819:
2805:
2670:
2669:
2581:Secular institute
2438:Burchard of Worms
2433:Geoffrey of Trani
2348:Academic degrees
2288:Papal appointment
2221:Advocatus Diaboli
2174:Dignitas connubii
1623:Apostolic visitor
1522:Taxa Innocentiana
1401:Collegiate church
1152:Petrine privilege
1147:Pauline privilege
1134:Sanatio in radice
1104:Disparity of cult
1059:Dignitas connubii
1046:Banns of marriage
824:Apostolicae curae
720:Magnum principium
545:Code of Canon Law
537:Ecclesiae Sanctae
530:Code of Canon Law
404:Decretum Gratiani
175:Documents of the
160:Veritatis gaudium
116:Magnum principium
102:Code of Canon Law
57:
56:
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3937:
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3925:
3917:
3907:
3904:Canon 1405 §1 1°
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3878:
3814:
3811:S. Cong. Inquis.
3807:
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3775:
3772:
3766:
3761:Cf. Canon 1752,
3759:
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3750:
3744:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3587:ad reincidentiam
3352:
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3328:
3300:
3290:
3282:
3273:
3265:
3246:
3240:
3230:
3153:monitio canonica
3137:
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2587:Cum Sanctissimus
2567:Mendicant orders
2518:Pontifical right
2491:consecrated life
2475:Edward N. Peters
2190:Penal procedure
2062:Latae sententiae
1834:Consecrated life
1393:Team of priests
1209:Synod of Bishops
1142:Natural marriage
1114:Public propriety
773:Omnium in mentem
766:Ex opere operato
492:Council of Trent
486:
483:
390:
387:
346:Gregorian Reform
256:
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183:Christus Dominus
132:Ad tuendam fidem
109:Omnium in mentem
81:Canon law of the
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49:
43:
27:
26:
19:
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3961:Excommunication
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3729:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3688:in foro externo
3669:
3647:in foro externo
3563:res favorabilis
3547:
3531:excommunication
3517:ratione delicti
3475:general council
3458:
3432:in foro interno
3428:in foro externo
3424:in foro externo
3420:in foro externo
3412:in foro externo
3404:in foro interno
3363:
3248:
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2623:
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2617:Decretum laudis
2594:Primo Feliciter
2572:Clerics regular
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2482:
2481:
2465:Pietro Gasparri
2455:Eugenio Corecco
2338:
2330:
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2095:
2087:
2086:
2027:Excommunication
1986:
1978:
1977:
1968:Parish register
1867:Censor librorum
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1650:Treatise on Law
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1406:Parish register
1382:Juridic persons
1264:Apostolic vicar
1200:
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1024:
1022:Matrimonial law
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1013:
806:Defect of birth
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751:Sacramental law
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656:Code of Rubrics
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624:
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568:Right of option
523:(1918-present)
498:Benedictus Deus
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324:Gelasian Decree
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83:Catholic Church
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3893:. Vol. 3.
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3703:
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3681:
3668:
3665:
3625:a jure communi
3575:forum externum
3567:internal forum
3546:
3543:
3463:external forum
3457:
3454:
3408:internal forum
3389:external forum
3385:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3362:
3359:
3311:latæ sententiæ
3303:latæ sententiæ
3280:latæ sententiæ
3262:latæ sententiæ
3247:
3238:latæ sententiæ
3233:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3121:
3120:
3056:. Please help
3042:
3040:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3020:latæ sententiæ
3016:latæ sententiæ
2955:latæ sententiæ
2939:internal forum
2920:
2914:
2898:Holy Sacrifice
2852:excommunicated
2824:Roman Republic
2818:
2817:
2753:. Please help
2739:
2737:
2730:
2711:Main article:
2708:
2705:
2697:ecclesiastical
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2562:Canons regular
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2523:Diocesan right
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2503:Exclaustration
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1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1411:Lay trusteeism
1408:
1403:
1398:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1345:Eparchal curia
1337:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1309:Diocesan Curia
1306:
1299:
1292:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1062:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1004:
992:
983:
982:
976:
974:Minor basilica
971:
969:Major basilica
966:
959:Sacred places
957:
956:
955:
954:
936:
935:
934:
933:
928:
923:
918:
908:
907:
906:
905:
904:
892:
887:
882:
881:
880:
870:
865:
864:
863:
846:
845:
844:
839:
834:
829:
828:
827:
815:
810:
809:
808:
803:
782:
781:
776:
769:
762:
754:
749:
748:
745:
744:
741:
740:
735:
730:
723:
716:
709:
702:
695:
688:
681:
678:Musicam sacram
674:
667:
660:
659:
658:
648:
647:
646:
634:
632:Liturgical law
631:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
620:Protosyncellus
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
584:
579:
578:
575:
574:
571:
570:
565:
560:
549:
548:
540:
533:
516:
515:
508:
501:
494:
477:Jus novissimum
473:
472:
471:
470:
467:Liber Septimus
463:
456:
449:
448:
447:
435:
428:
427:
426:
419:
416:Canon Episcopi
412:
377:
376:
375:
374:
367:
360:
357:Dictatus papae
353:
343:
342:
341:
331:
326:
321:
320:
319:
312:
305:
298:
286:
285:
284:
277:
270:
242:
237:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
223:
222:
221:
214:
207:
200:
197:Optatam totius
193:
186:
173:
168:
163:
156:
149:
142:
135:
128:
121:
120:
119:
112:
96:
90:
89:
86:
85:
77:
76:
68:
67:
55:
54:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3978:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3905:
3900:
3892:
3891:
3885:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3824:
3812:
3806:
3797:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3771:
3764:
3758:
3752:(I Tim. i 20)
3749:
3740:
3731:
3722:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3398:
3393:
3390:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3295:(2) Censures
3293:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3277:(1) Censures
3275:
3272:
3271:
3264:
3263:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3239:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3190:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3164:in genere suo
3160:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3117:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075: –
3074:
3070:
3069:Find sources:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3047:single source
3043:This section
3041:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2971:Pope Martin V
2968:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2935:legal science
2932:
2926:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2814:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772: –
2771:
2767:
2766:Find sources:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2744:single source
2740:This section
2738:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2663:
2658:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2470:Ladislas Orsy
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:John D. Faris
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2315:Ubi periculum
2312:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2228:Oblatio vitae
2225:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:Pars dynamica
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:Canon 1397 §2
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1735:Canonical age
1733:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1705:Temporalities
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1684:Cathedraticum
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1607:Vacatio legis
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:Jurisprudence
1471:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1457:Vicar general
1455:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1296:Cathedraticum
1293:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1181:Roman Pontiff
1179:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1094:Clandestinity
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1002:
998:
997:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
986:
985:Sacred times
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
960:
953:
952:
948:
947:
946:
943:
942:
941:
940:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
912:
909:
903:
902:
898:
897:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
879:
876:
875:
874:
871:
869:
866:
862:
861:
857:
856:
855:
852:
851:
850:
847:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
826:
825:
821:
820:
819:
816:
814:
811:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
797:
794:
793:
792:
789:
788:
787:
786:
780:
777:
775:
774:
770:
768:
767:
763:
761:
760:
756:
755:
752:
747:
746:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
728:
724:
722:
721:
717:
715:
714:
710:
708:
707:
703:
701:
700:
696:
694:
693:
689:
687:
686:
682:
680:
679:
675:
673:
672:
668:
666:
665:
661:
657:
654:
653:
652:
649:
645:
642:
641:
640:
637:
636:
635:Latin Church
629:
628:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
590:
586:
585:
582:
577:
576:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
558:
554:
553:
552:
547:
546:
541:
539:
538:
534:
532:
531:
526:
525:
524:
522:
521:
514:
513:
509:
507:
506:
502:
500:
499:
495:
493:
490:
489:
488:
479:
478:
469:
468:
464:
462:
461:
460:Extravagantes
457:
455:
454:
450:
446:
443:
442:
441:
440:
436:
434:
433:
429:
425:
424:
420:
418:
417:
413:
411:
408:
407:
406:
405:
401:
400:
399:
398:
394:
393:
392:
383:
382:
373:
372:
368:
366:
365:
361:
359:
358:
354:
352:
349:
348:
347:
344:
340:
337:
336:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
318:
317:
313:
311:
310:
306:
304:
303:
299:
297:
296:
292:
291:
290:
287:
283:
282:
278:
276:
275:
271:
269:
268:
264:
263:
262:
259:
258:
249:
248:
247:
240:
239:Legal history
235:
234:
227:
224:
220:
219:
215:
213:
212:
208:
206:
205:
201:
199:
198:
194:
192:
191:
190:Lumen gentium
187:
185:
184:
180:
179:
178:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
161:
157:
155:
154:
150:
148:
147:
143:
141:
140:
136:
134:
133:
129:
127:
126:
122:
118:
117:
113:
111:
110:
106:
105:
104:
103:
98:
97:
94:(current law)
93:
88:
87:
84:
79:
78:
74:
70:
69:
65:
61:
60:
51:
39:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3940:Christianity
3899:
3888:
3805:
3796:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3770:
3757:
3748:
3739:
3730:
3721:
3712:
3691:
3687:
3673:
3670:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3602:
3599:reincidentia
3598:
3595:reincidentia
3594:
3590:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3562:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3539:
3526:
3520:
3516:
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3508:
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3488:sede vacante
3486:
3466:
3459:
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3439:
3436:
3431:
3427:
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3411:
3403:
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3192:
3188:
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3172:qua ministri
3171:
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3131:
3127:Jesus Christ
3124:
3111:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3068:
3044:
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3015:
3009:
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2998:
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2986:
2982:
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2974:
2966:
2964:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2928:
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2902:
2893:
2889:
2864:
2848:early Church
2839:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2808:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2765:
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2686:contumacious
2673:
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2547:Congregation
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2413:Jean Lemoine
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2322:Quia propter
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2250:Current law
2245:
2233:
2226:
2220:
2204:Canonization
2202:
2193:
2172:
2165:
2164:
2098:Pars statica
2097:
2065:
2061:
2017:
2005:
2000:
1958:Positive law
1932:Motu proprio
1930:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1856:
1849:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1794:
1754:
1740:Emancipation
1695:Mass stipend
1690:Contract law
1682:
1657:Determinatio
1655:
1648:
1642:Ecclesiology
1629:
1605:
1595:Sede vacante
1593:
1584:Promulgation
1566:
1562:Jurisdiction
1520:
1516:Dispensation
1503:
1428:Congregation
1394:
1380:
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1331:Vicar forane
1301:
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1287:
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1231:Latin Church
1223:
1214:
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1191:
1190:
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1057:
1038:
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999:
984:
958:
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939:Sacramentals
937:
931:Mass stipend
899:
858:
822:
783:
771:
764:
758:
725:
718:
711:
706:Ecclesia Dei
704:
697:
690:
683:
676:
669:
662:
587:
555:
550:
544:
535:
529:
519:
518:
517:
510:
503:
497:
476:
475:
474:
465:
458:
453:Regulæ Juris
451:
437:
430:
421:
414:
402:
395:
380:
379:
378:
369:
362:
355:
314:
307:
300:
293:
279:
272:
265:
246:Jus antiquum
244:
243:
216:
209:
202:
195:
188:
181:
158:
151:
144:
137:
130:
123:
114:
107:
101:
91:
45:
37:
33:
3928:Catholicism
3579:ad cautelam
3515:committed (
3465:. Censures
3206:. Censures
3006:Pope Pius X
2905:Roman legal
2844:citizenship
2699:functions.
2557:Monasticism
2276:Cum proxime
2272:Historical
2186:Presumption
1953:Penitential
1943:Papal brief
1418:Roman Curia
1001:Paenitemini
791:Holy Orders
581:Eastern law
520:Jus codicis
485: 1563
445:Decretalist
432:Jus commune
389: 1140
3950:Categories
3820:References
3591:ipso facto
3350:monitiones
3317:ipso facto
3287:ipso facto
3114:April 2024
3084:newspapers
2983:in humanis
2979:in divinis
2969:issued by
2967:Ad vitanda
2910:sacraments
2879:pænitentes
2873:expiatores
2811:April 2024
2781:newspapers
2717:See also:
2693:liturgical
2689:individual
2498:Solemn vow
2408:Hostiensis
2395:Canonists
2379:The Jurist
2158:Procurator
2138:Officialis
1991:Canon 1324
1948:Papal bull
1926:Encyclical
1874:Imprimatur
1618:Visitation
1579:Obrogation
1540:Impediment
1511:Derogation
1395:in solidum
1168:particular
990:Feast days
945:Indulgence
849:Confession
785:Sacraments
423:Margaritae
92:Ius vigens
3629:ab homine
3614:ab homine
3603:ab homine
3597:. Today,
3556:ab homine
3505:ab homine
3501:ab homine
3406:("in the
3397:ab homine
3371:ab homine
3321:ipso jure
3256:ab homine
3235:Censures
3223:ab homine
3219:ab homine
3204:ab homine
3193:ab homine
3187:Censures
3176:res sacræ
3148:Ignorance
3054:talk page
3004:In 1869,
2931:Decretals
2918:Jus novum
2903:In later
2870:included
2751:talk page
2719:Roman law
2676:, in the
2399:Medieval
2104:Tribunals
2051:Interdict
1985:Penal law
1938:Ordinance
1911:Concordat
1745:Exemption
1700:Stole fee
1423:Dicastery
1359:sui juris
1225:sui juris
1222:Churches
1040:Ne Temere
921:Canon 915
911:Eucharist
801:Abstemius
610:Exarchate
600:Nomocanon
410:Decretist
381:Jus novum
255: 33
48:June 2023
3601:is only
3529:(except
3497:Holy See
3441:Decretum
3182:Division
3140:Ezechiel
2999:tolerati
2894:lugentes
2856:diptychs
2832:censores
2682:baptized
2149:Parties
1963:Rescript
1921:Decretal
1755:Clerics
1678:Benefice
1637:Theology
1545:Donation
1357:Mission
1321:Chancery
1170:churches
1089:Affinity
981:(chapel)
926:Celebret
733:Red Mass
73:a series
71:Part of
3966:Censure
3914:Portals
3495:of the
3493:legates
3446:Gratian
3333:(e.g.,
3266:or (2)
3098:scholar
2995:vitandi
2987:vitandi
2975:vitandi
2890:flentes
2840:censura
2795:scholar
2674:censure
2489:Law of
2443:Brocard
2423:Rufinus
2403:Gratian
2235:Positio
2143:Auditor
1795:Office
1568:Peritus
1530:Faculty
1340:Eparchy
1326:Deanery
1253:nullius
1251:Abbacy
1109:Ligamen
1071:Vetitum
1033:Tametsi
979:Oratory
605:Eparchy
505:Tametsi
487:-1918)
391:-1563)
267:Didache
257:-1140)
34:updated
3638:a jure
3618:a jure
3527:a jure
3509:a jure
3507:, not
3467:a jure
3367:a jure
3252:a jure
3212:a jure
3208:a jure
3200:a jure
3189:a jure
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2888:, and
2836:census
2828:censor
2797:
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2783:
2776:
2768:
1916:Decree
1889:Notary
1750:Heresy
1601:Simony
1535:Indult
1499:Custom
1388:Parish
964:Altars
551:Other
166:Custom
75:on the
3705:Notes
3583:Bulls
3483:vicar
3473:or a
3105:JSTOR
3091:books
2868:laity
2802:JSTOR
2788:books
2552:Order
1906:Canon
543:1983
528:1917
100:1983
3535:pope
3471:pope
3254:and
3241:and
3202:and
3191:and
3077:news
2774:news
2721:and
2064:and
3627:or
3444:of
3369:or
3305:or
3159:).
3060:by
2981:or
2892:or
2757:by
3952::
3887:.
3827:^
3694:);
3323:,
3319:,
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2876:,
2672:A
482:c.
386:c.
252:c.
3916::
3783:(
3765:.
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3112:(
3102:·
3095:·
3088:·
3081:·
3064:.
3050:.
2949:(
2830:(
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2809:(
2799:·
2792:·
2785:·
2778:·
2761:.
2747:.
2661:e
2654:t
2647:v
2136:/
480:(
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250:(
50:)
46:(
40:.
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