247:, with the end goal of producing sphingosine. In the case of glycosphingolipids, exohydrolases acting at acidic pH optima cause the stepwise release of monosaccharide units from the end of the oligosaccharide chains, leaving just the sphingosine portion of the molecule, which may then contribute to the generation of ceramides. Ceramide can be further hydrolyzed by acid ceramidase to form sphingosine and a free fatty acid, both of which are able to leave the lysosome, unlike ceramide. The long-chain sphingoid bases released from the lysosome may then re-enter pathways for synthesis of ceramide and/or
28:
2520:
20:
398:. This suggests a role for ceramide in the biological responses of all these agents. Because of its apoptosis-inducing effects in cancer cells, ceramide has been termed the "tumor suppressor lipid". Several studies have attempted to define further the specific role of ceramide in the events of cell death and some evidence suggests ceramide functions upstream of the
1756:
Merleev, Alexander A.; Le, Stephanie T.; Alexanian, Claire; Toussi, Atrin; Xie, Yixuan; Marusina, Alina I.; Watkins, Steven M.; Patel, Forum; Billi, Allison C.; Wiedemann, Julie; Izumiya, Yoshihiro; Kumar, Ashish; Uppala, Ranjitha; Kahlenberg, J. Michelle; Liu, Fu-Tong; Adamopoulos, Iannis E.; Wang,
1516:
Merleev, AA; Le, ST; Alexanian, C; Toussi, A; Xie, Y; Marusina, AI; Watkins, SM; Patel, F; Billi, AC; Wiedemann, J; Izumiya, Y; Kumar, A; Uppala, R; Kahlenberg, JM; Liu, FT; Adamopoulos, IE; Wang, EA; Ma, C; Cheng, MY; Xiong, H; Kirane, A; Luxardi, G; Andersen, B; Tsoi, LC; Lebrilla, CB; Gudjonsson,
606:, allowing them to serve as platforms for signalling molecules. Moreover, as rafts on one leaflet of the membrane can induce localized changes in the other leaflet of the bilayer, they can potentially serve as the link between signals from outside the cell to signals to be generated within the cell.
422:
and free fatty acids, ceramides form the lipid mortar, a water-impermeable barrier that prevents evaporative water loss. As a general rule of thumb, the epidermal lipid matrix is composed of an equimolar mixture of ceramides (~50% by weight), cholesterol (~ 25% by weight), and free fatty acids (~15%
438:
The diversity of ceramide structures undoubtedly plays an important role in the unique attributes of the stratum corneum across different body sites. For example, the stratum corneum of the face is thin and flexible to accommodate different facial expressions. In contrast, the stratum corneum
458:
patients, other investigators have reported that rather than focusing on ceramide classes, ceramide sphingoid base length and fatty acid chain length have the strongest influence on the likelihood of a particular ceramide structure being upregulated or downregulated in inflamed skin.
386:, is essential for the maintenance of normal cellular homeostasis and is an important physiological response to many forms of cellular stress. Ceramide accumulation has been found following treatment of cells with a number of apoptotic agents, including ionizing radiation,
439:
covering the heel of the foot is thick and rigid to protect against trauma. Matching these structural changes, there are body-site specific alterations in the epidermal lipidome, including changes in the relative abundance of the different epidermal ceramide structures.
307:(MACE), namely C16:0, C18:0, and C24:1, although C24:0 has an inverse relationship. C16-C18 are harmful in the liver. Ceramide levels are positively correlated with inflammation and oxidative stress in the liver, and the onset and progression of
426:
Epidermal ceramides have a diversity of structures and can be broadly classified as AS and NS ceramides; ADS and NDS dihydroceramides; AH, EOH, and NH 6-hydroxyceramides; AP and NP phytoceramides; and EOH and EOS acylceramides, see figure.
174:
of cells, the implications of this method of generating ceramide is that the cellular membrane is the target of extracellular signals leading to programmed cell death. There has been research suggesting that when ionizing
450:, investigators have reported an increase in AS and NS ceramides and a decrease in EOS, AP, and NP ceramides, which may contribute to a defect in the skin's water impermeability barrier. Studying ceramide expression in
1757:
Elizabeth A.; Ma, Chelsea; Cheng, Michelle Y.; Xiong, Halani; Kirane, Amanda; Luxardi, Guillaume; Andersen, Bogi; Tsoi, Lam C.; Lebrilla, Carlito B.; Gudjonsson, Johann E.; Maverakis, Emanual (22 August 2022).
1971:
1612:
Garidel P, Fölting B, Schaller I, Kerth A (2010). "The microstructure of the stratum corneum lipid barrier: mid-infrared spectroscopic studies of hydrated ceramide:palmitic acid:cholesterol model systems".
1198:
402:
in inducing apoptosis. However, owing to the conflicting and variable nature of studies into the role of ceramide in apoptosis, the mechanism by which this lipid regulates apoptosis remains elusive.
645:. They are also used in cosmetic products such as some soaps, shampoos, skin creams, and sunscreens. Additionally, ceramides are being explored as a potential therapeutic in treating cancer.
442:
Similar to body site-specific alterations in ceramide abundance, there are also well-characterized changes in epidermal ceramide expression in patients with inflammatory skin diseases. In the
133:
There are three major pathways of ceramide generation. First, the sphingomyelinase pathway uses an enzyme to break down sphingomyelin in the cell membrane and release ceramide. Second, the
1196:
Li Z, Basterr MJ, Hailemariam TK, Hojjati MR, Lu S, Liu J, Liu R, Zhou H, Jiang XC (2005). "The effect of dietary sphingolipids on plasma sphingomyelin metabolism and atherosclerosis".
431:
2814:
609:
Ceramide has also been shown to form organized large channels traversing the mitochondrial outer membrane. This leads to the egress of proteins from the intermembrane space.
3061:
2991:
483:
expression. An elevated level of ceramide can cause insulin resistance by inhibiting the ability of insulin to activate the
1959:
3001:
2556:
3269:
2807:
1094:
Holland WL, Bikman BT, Wang LP, Yuguang G, Sargent KM, Bulchand S, Knotts TA, Shui G, Clegg DJ, Wenk MR, Pagliassotti MJ, Scherer PE, Summers SA (2011).
599:
280:, cell migration and adhesion. Roles for ceramide and its downstream metabolites have also been suggested in a number of pathological states including
3279:
2875:
259:
or in endoplasmic reticulum-associated membranes. The salvage pathway has been estimated to contribute from 50% to 90% of sphingolipid biosynthesis.
208:
1096:"Lipid-induced insulin resistance mediated by the proinflammatory receptor TLR4 requires saturated fatty acid-induced ceramide biosynthesis in mice"
418:. It is composed of terminally differentiated and enucleated corneocytes that reside within a lipid matrix, like "bricks and mortar." Together with
323:. Although initial studies showed increased insulin resistance in muscle, subsequent studies also showed increased insulin resistance in liver and
223:
by either vesicular trafficking or the ceramide transfer protein CERT. Once in the Golgi apparatus, ceramide can be further metabolized to other
327:. Interventions that limit ceramide synthesis or increase ceramide degradation lead to improved health (reduced insulin resistance and reduced
243:
Constitutive degradation of sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids takes place in the acidic subcellular compartments, the late endosomes and the
2870:
2800:
2057:
Velasco, G; Galve-Roperh, I; Sánchez, C; Blázquez, C; Haro, A; Guzmán, M (2005). "Cannabinoids and ceramide: Two lipids acting hand-by-hand".
2000:
423:
by weight), with smaller quantities of other lipids also being present. The lipid barrier also protects against the entry of microorganisms.
2956:
2905:
2900:
2348:
1233:
Mehra VC, Jackson E, Zhang XM, Jiang XC, Dobrucki LW, Yu J, Bernatchez P, Sinusas AJ, Shulman GI, Sessa WC, Yarovinsky TO, Bender JR (2014).
3011:
2946:
2880:
1046:
3188:
3111:
3096:
3066:
3021:
2986:
2981:
2920:
2915:
2377:
618:
2474:
Minamino, Miki; Sakaguchi, Ikuyo; Naka, Takashi; Ikeda, Norikazu; Kato, Yoshiko; Tomiyasu, Ikuko; Yano, Ikuya; Kobayashi, Kazuo (2003).
3106:
3071:
3046:
3041:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2910:
183:
in some cells, the radiation leads to the activation of sphingomyelinase in the cell membrane and ultimately, to ceramide generation.
3101:
3091:
3081:
3006:
2961:
2238:
Wehbe, Zeinab; Behringer, Sidney; Alatibi, Khaled; Watkins, David; Rosenblatt, David; Spiekerkoetter, Ute; Tucci, Sara (2019-11-01).
1721:
Motta, S; Monti, M; Sesana, S; Caputo, R; Carelli, S; Ghidoni, R (8 September 1993). "Ceramide composition of the psoriatic scale".
3226:
3036:
3031:
3116:
3076:
2578:
641:
Ceramides may be found as ingredients of some topical skin medications used to complement treatment for skin conditions such as
139:
pathway creates ceramide from less complex molecules. Third, in the "salvage" pathway, sphingolipids that are broken down into
2890:
2586:
1759:"Biogeographic and disease-specific alterations in epidermal lipid composition and single-cell analysis of acral keratinocytes"
1519:"Biogeographic and disease-specific alterations in epidermal lipid composition and single-cell analysis of acral keratinocytes"
251:. The salvage pathway re-utilizes long-chain sphingoid bases to form ceramide through the action of ceramide synthase. Thus,
2535:
2143:
Stiban J, Fistere D, Colombini M (2006). "Dihydroceramide hinders ceramide channel formation: Implications on apoptosis".
484:
304:
1042:"Insights into the roles and pathomechanisms of ceramide and sphigosine-1-phosphate in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease"
1659:
1411:
Dbaibo GS, El-Assaad W, Krikorian A, Liu B, Diab K, Idriss NZ, El-Sabban M, Driscoll TA, Perry DK, Hannun YA (2001).
1239:
1100:
308:
80:
found in cell membrane were purely supporting structural elements, ceramide can participate in a variety of cellular
2930:
1235:"Ceramide-activated phosphatase mediates fatty acid-induced endothelial VEGF resistance and impaired angiogenesis"
2022:
Hallahan DE (1996). "Radiation-mediated gene expression in the pathogenesis of the clinical radiation response".
1680:"Thematic review series: skin lipids. The role of epidermal lipids in cutaneous permeability barrier homeostasis"
1808:"Central role of ceramide biosynthesis in body weight regulation, energy metabolism, and the metabolic syndrome"
334:
Ceramides induce skeletal muscle insulin resistance when synthesized as a result of saturated fat activation of
2854:
1812:
3157:
2240:"The emerging role of the mitochondrial fatty-acid synthase (mtFASII) in the regulation of energy metabolism"
3304:
200:
809:
Hannun, Y.A.; Obeid, L.M. (2008). "Principles of bioactive lipid signalling: lessons from sphingolipids".
2571:
212:
2239:
2837:
2188:"Ceramide forms channels in mitochondrial outer membranes at physiologically relevant concentrations"
1913:
1684:
434:
Epidermal
Ceramides. (Merleev et. al., JCI Insight 2022, Supplemental Data p.14- Supplemental Fig. 1)
343:
272:
As a bioactive lipid, ceramide has been implicated in a variety of physiological functions including
2409:
2550:
2094:"Ceramide Channels Increase the Permeability of the Mitochondrial Outer Membrane to Small Proteins"
1992:
545:
488:
363:
2344:
3252:
3216:
3056:
2781:
555:
367:
355:
347:
248:
1413:"Ceramide generation by two distinct pathways in tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced cell death"
342:
does not have this effect. Ceramides induce insulin resistance in many tissues by inhibition of
2607:
2564:
625:, a massive altered composition of complex lipids occurs as a result of impaired mitochondrial
378:
One of the most studied roles of ceramide pertains to its function as a proapoptotic molecule.
255:
family members probably trap free sphingosine released from the lysosome at the surface of the
203:
and is the rate-limiting step of the pathway. In turn, 3-keto-dihydrosphingosine is reduced to
2370:
1566:
Hill JR, Wertz PW (2009). "Structures of the ceramides from porcine palatal stratum corneum".
1462:"A house divided: ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate in programmed cell death"
2885:
2843:
2704:
2396:
1857:
Febbraio, Mark (2014). "Role of interleukins in obesity:implications for metabolic disease".
1615:
383:
359:
256:
216:
93:
2287:"Brain metabolism and neurological symptoms in combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria"
759:"Ionizing radiation acts on cellular membranes to generate ceramide and initiate apoptosis"
626:
565:
125:, the waxy or cheese-like white substance found coating the skin of newborn human infants.
85:
1926:
207:, which is then followed by acylation by the enzyme (dihydro)ceramide synthase to produce
8:
673:
head group. CPE is the major sphingolipid class in some invertebrates such as members of
670:
328:
2792:
2525:
2476:"Bacterial ceramides and sphingophospholipids induce apoptosis of human leukaemic cells"
3329:
3274:
3203:
3193:
2829:
2742:
2628:
2451:
2424:
2321:
2286:
2212:
2187:
2168:
2120:
2093:
1935:
1908:
1882:
1834:
1807:
1783:
1758:
1591:
1543:
1518:
1486:
1461:
1442:
1261:
1234:
1173:
1146:
1122:
1095:
1068:
1041:
1012:
985:
901:
Zeidan, Y.H.; Hannun, Y.A. (2007). "Translational aspects of sphingolipid metabolism".
878:
853:
834:
783:
758:
729:
696:
540:
476:
320:
232:
204:
89:
2035:
1429:
1412:
1347:
1322:
2675:
2603:
2546:
2497:
2456:
2326:
2308:
2267:
2259:
2217:
2160:
2125:
2074:
2039:
1940:
1874:
1839:
1788:
1738:
1734:
1703:
1655:
1632:
1583:
1548:
1491:
1434:
1393:
1352:
1303:
1266:
1215:
1178:
1127:
1073:
1017:
990:
959:
918:
883:
826:
788:
734:
716:
654:
633:
is noticeably increased, the concentration of ceramides is proportionally decreased.
451:
285:
252:
134:
2172:
1886:
1446:
1321:
Dbaibo GS, Pushkareva MY, Rachid RA, Alter N, Smyth MJ, Obeid LM, Hannun YA (1998).
3146:
2823:
2723:
2640:
2633:
2487:
2446:
2436:
2316:
2298:
2251:
2207:
2199:
2152:
2115:
2105:
2066:
2031:
1930:
1922:
1866:
1829:
1821:
1778:
1770:
1730:
1693:
1624:
1595:
1575:
1538:
1530:
1481:
1473:
1424:
1383:
1342:
1334:
1295:
1284:
Kogot-Levin A, Saada A (2014). "Ceramide and the mitochondrial respiratory chain".
1256:
1248:
1207:
1168:
1158:
1117:
1109:
1063:
1055:
1007:
999:
949:
910:
873:
865:
838:
818:
778:
770:
724:
708:
591:
Currently, the means by which ceramide acts as a signaling molecule are not clear.
415:
163:
27:
1372:"Caspase-dependent and -independent activation of acid sphingomyelinase signaling"
1147:"Ceramides and glucosylceramides are independent antagonists of insulin signaling"
869:
3324:
2255:
1477:
1299:
1252:
1211:
938:"Aging up-regulates expression of inflammatory mediators in mouse adipose tissue"
914:
595:
411:
351:
339:
220:
171:
81:
1960:"The Importance of Photoprotection and Moisturization in Treating Acne Vulgaris"
954:
937:
712:
2826:
2587:
2203:
1825:
1774:
1698:
1679:
1534:
1003:
324:
122:
97:
2303:
2156:
2070:
1870:
1628:
1579:
3318:
3259:
2715:
2312:
2263:
720:
630:
316:
228:
224:
159:
73:
69:
61:
1163:
199:
to form 3-keto-dihydrosphingosine. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme
2599:
2501:
2460:
2330:
2271:
2221:
2164:
2129:
2110:
2078:
2043:
1944:
1878:
1843:
1792:
1707:
1636:
1587:
1552:
1495:
1438:
1397:
1388:
1371:
1307:
1270:
1219:
1182:
1131:
1077:
1021:
963:
922:
887:
830:
756:
738:
666:
569:
524:
509:
399:
395:
297:
167:
77:
32:
2492:
2475:
2441:
2244:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids
1742:
1356:
1199:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids
792:
774:
3289:
2753:
2662:
2650:
2623:
1806:
Yang G, Badeanlou L, Bielawski J, Roberts AJ, Hannun YA, Samad F (2009).
1145:
Chavez JA, Siddique MM, Wang ST, Ching J, Shayman JA, Summers SA (2014).
603:
560:
550:
443:
419:
140:
49:
3180:
2996:
2595:
1059:
854:"The sphingolipid salvage pathway in ceramide metabolism and signaling"
675:
535:
514:
501:
312:
277:
155:
57:
53:
3126:
3051:
3026:
2951:
2734:
2696:
1286:
1113:
579:
574:
519:
455:
447:
430:
391:
379:
273:
244:
192:
180:
176:
144:
65:
1338:
822:
3221:
3170:
3016:
1370:
Rotolo JA, Zhang J, Donepudi M, Lee H, Fuks Z, Kolesnick R (2005).
695:
Davis, Deanna; Kannan, Muthukumar; Wattenberg, Binks (2018-12-01).
468:
289:
2056:
986:"Cholesterol - the devil you know; ceramide - the devil you don't"
679:. In contrast, mammalian cells contain only small amounts of CPE.
936:
Wu D, Ren Z, Pae M, Guo W, Cui X, Merrill AH, Meydani SN (2007).
494:
293:
1723:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease
3264:
3140:
642:
586:
480:
472:
350:
by ceramide causes LDL retention in arterial walls, leading to
281:
196:
757:
Haimovitz-Friedman A, Kan CC, Ehleiter D, et al. (1994).
191:
De novo synthesis of ceramide begins with the condensation of
2591:
1957:
1805:
851:
622:
117:
76:. Contrary to previous assumptions that ceramides and other
45:
2237:
1611:
1410:
1320:
1195:
335:
2473:
697:"Orm/ORMDL proteins: Gate guardians and master regulators"
19:
2822:
2685:
2680:
2670:
2185:
2091:
653:
Ceramide is rarely found in bacteria. Bacteria of family
211:. The final reaction to produce ceramide is catalyzed by
112:
60:. Ceramides are found in high concentrations within the
42:
23:
Ceramide. R represents the alkyl portion of a fatty acid.
2931:
1755:
1515:
1093:
900:
1144:
808:
387:
319:
has been shown to increase serum ceramide and increase
2855:
2142:
1720:
1369:
1232:
983:
487:
and/or via the activation of
3158:
2371:"Safety Assessment of Ceramides as Used in Cosmetics"
1993:"Hydroxypalmitoyl Sphinganine (Explained + Products)"
1323:"p53-dependent ceramide response to genotoxic stress"
694:
2345:"Ceramides - Skin Lipids That Keep Skin Moisturized"
1040:
Zhu C, Huai Q, Zhang X, Dai H, Li X, Wang H (2023).
68:
cells, since they are component lipids that make up
2425:"Apoptotic Sphingolipid Ceramide in Cancer Therapy"
1466:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes
485:insulin signal transduction pathway
166:. Because sphingomyelin is one of the four common
128:
1909:"Ceramide: a common pathway for atherosclerosis?"
1906:
852:Kitatani K, Idkowiak-Baldys J, Hannun YA (2008).
629:(mtFAS). For example, while the concentration of
594:One hypothesis is that ceramide generated in the
362:(PP2A). In mitochondria, ceramide suppresses the
3316:
2467:
1283:
602:and stabilizes smaller lipid platforms known as
311:(NAFLD) is associated with elevated ceramide in
2422:
1958:Whitney P. Bowe; Leon H. Kircik (August 2014).
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1673:
1671:
1607:
1605:
1459:
1039:
660:
215:. De novo synthesis of ceramide occurs in the
2423:Huang, WC; Chen, CL; Lin, YS; Lin, CF (2011).
2186:Siskind LJ, Kolesnick RN, Colombini M (2006).
2092:Siskind LJ, Kolesnick RN, Colombini M (2002).
1856:
1089:
1087:
1035:
1033:
1031:
979:
977:
975:
973:
804:
802:
495:Substances known to induce ceramide generation
219:. Ceramide is subsequently transported to the
2808:
2572:
752:
750:
748:
703:. Sphingolipid Signaling in Chronic Disease.
2376:. Cosmetic Ingredient Review. May 16, 2014.
1893:
1799:
1668:
1602:
1559:
1453:
1404:
1363:
1277:
1226:
1189:
1138:
1047:International Journal of Biological Sciences
984:Tippetts TS, Holland WL, Summers SA (2021).
587:Mechanism by which ceramide signaling occurs
303:Several distinct ceramides potently predict
276:, cell growth arrest, differentiation, cell
2021:
1314:
1084:
1028:
970:
935:
894:
845:
799:
619:combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria
150:
3204:
2815:
2801:
2579:
2565:
745:
2549:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2491:
2450:
2440:
2320:
2302:
2211:
2119:
2109:
1934:
1833:
1782:
1697:
1565:
1542:
1485:
1428:
1387:
1346:
1260:
1172:
1162:
1121:
1067:
1011:
953:
877:
782:
728:
2936:Tooltip Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor
1907:Bismuth J, Lin P, Yao Q, Chen C (2008).
1677:
665:Ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) is a
471:in obese mice may lead to both improved
429:
26:
18:
2050:
648:
3317:
3270:3-Ketosphinganine (dehydrosphingosine)
2860:Tooltip Lysophosphatidic acid receptor
1859:Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism
467:Inhibition of ceramide synthesis with
262:
3163:Tooltip Serine C-palmitoyltransferase
2992:Dihydro-S1P (sphinganine 1-phosphate)
2796:
2560:
2383:from the original on January 13, 2021
2284:
2233:
2231:
1927:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.09.018
1649:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1460:Taha TA, Mullen TD, Obeid LM (2006).
811:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
48:molecules. A ceramide is composed of
1517:JE; Maverakis, E (22 August 2022).
612:
305:major adverse cardiovascular events
13:
2228:
1654:. New York: Taylor & Francis.
1502:
991:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
238:
14:
3341:
2511:
2351:from the original on 6 April 2016
2291:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
2003:from the original on 12 July 2021
1240:The American Journal of Pathology
1101:Journal of Clinical Investigation
701:Advances in Biological Regulation
309:non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
72:, one of the major lipids in the
3275:Dihydrosphingosine (sphinganine)
2518:
2416:
2363:
2337:
2278:
2179:
2136:
2085:
2015:
1985:
1974:from the original on 2022-01-02
1964:Journal of Drugs in Dermatology
1951:
1850:
1749:
1714:
1643:
1151:Journal of Biological Chemistry
129:Pathways for ceramide synthesis
1813:American Journal of Physiology
929:
688:
669:consisted of a ceramide and a
414:is the outermost layer of the
84:: examples include regulating
16:Family of waxy lipid molecules
1:
3305:Receptor/signaling modulators
2036:10.1016/S1053-4296(96)80021-X
1430:10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02625-4
870:10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.12.006
682:
121:. Ceramide is a component of
2256:10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.07.012
1735:10.1016/0925-4439(93)90135-n
1478:10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.10.018
1300:10.1016/j.biochi.2013.07.027
1253:10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.01.009
1212:10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.05.004
915:10.1016/j.molmed.2007.06.002
661:Ceramide phosphoethanolamine
532:Hydroxypalmitoyl Sphinganine
373:
267:
201:serine palmitoyl transferase
7:
955:10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4829
713:10.1016/j.jbior.2018.08.002
462:
162:is catalyzed by the enzyme
10:
3346:
3209:Tooltip Sphingosine kinase
2285:Tucci, Sara (2020-01-22).
2204:10.1016/j.mito.2006.03.002
1826:10.1152/ajpendo.91014.2008
1775:10.1172/jci.insight.159762
1699:10.1194/jlr.R700013-JLR200
1535:10.1172/jci.insight.159762
1004:10.1016/j.tips.2021.10.001
366:and induces production of
292:, microbial pathogenesis,
213:dihydroceramide desaturase
186:
3298:
3239:
3202:
3179:
3156:
3139:
2929:
2853:
2836:
2774:
2751:
2732:
2713:
2694:
2660:
2649:
2614:
2304:10.1186/s13023-020-1299-7
2157:10.1007/s10495-006-5882-8
2071:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.05.015
1871:10.1016/j.tem.2014.02.004
1685:Journal of Lipid Research
1629:10.1016/j.bpc.2010.03.008
1580:10.1007/s11745-009-3283-9
942:The Journal of Immunology
617:In the metabolic disease
546:Matrix metalloproteinases
2551:Medical Subject Headings
580:1,25 Dihydroxy vitamin D
475:signaling and decreased
364:electron transport chain
151:Sphingomyelin hydrolysis
2782:Sphingosine-1-phosphate
2608:metabolic intermediates
1164:10.1074/jbc.M113.522847
657:, however, contain it.
636:
556:Reactive oxygen species
510:Chemotherapeutic agents
405:
396:chemotherapeutic agents
368:reactive oxygen species
356:endothelial dysfunction
249:sphingosine-1-phosphate
2404:Cite journal requires
2111:10.1074/jbc.M200754200
1389:10.1074/jbc.M414569200
435:
35:
31:General structures of
24:
2705:Globotriaosylceramide
2493:10.1099/mic.0.25922-0
1650:Elias, Peter (2006).
1616:Biophysical Chemistry
775:10.1084/jem.180.2.525
506:Ceramidase inhibitors
433:
384:programmed cell death
360:protein phosphatase 2
257:endoplasmic reticulum
217:endoplasmic reticulum
107:comes from the Latin
94:programmed cell death
30:
22:
3002:Fingolimod phosphate
1678:Feingold KR (2007).
649:Ceramide in bacteria
627:fatty acid synthesis
566:Tetrahydrocannabinol
315:. Dietary intake of
2442:10.1155/2011/565316
671:phosphoethanolamine
329:fatty liver disease
263:Physiological roles
2743:Galactocerebroside
2629:Galactocerebroside
2604:glycosphingolipids
2024:Sem. Radiat. Oncol
1060:10.7150/ijbs.78525
541:Ionizing radiation
477:insulin resistance
436:
354:. Ceramides cause
321:insulin resistance
233:glycosphingolipids
205:dihydrosphingosine
147:to form ceramide.
36:
25:
3312:
3311:
3235:
3234:
3150:
3135:
3134:
2847:
2790:
2789:
2770:
2769:
2429:Journal of Lipids
2250:(11): 1629–1643.
2104:(30): 26796–803.
1692:(12): 2531–2546.
998:(12): 1082–1095.
655:Sphingomonadaceae
600:membrane rigidity
452:atopic dermatitis
346:. Aggregation of
344:Akt/PKB signaling
286:neurodegeneration
253:ceramide synthase
3337:
3210:
3206:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3144:
2937:
2933:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2841:
2824:Lysophospholipid
2817:
2810:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2724:Glucocerebroside
2658:
2657:
2641:Lactosylceramide
2634:Glucocerebroside
2581:
2574:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2522:
2521:
2506:
2505:
2495:
2486:(8): 2071–2081.
2471:
2465:
2464:
2454:
2444:
2435:(2011): 565316.
2420:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2375:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2306:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2215:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2113:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1904:
1891:
1890:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1820:(1): E211–E224.
1803:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1701:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1623:(1–3): 144–156.
1609:
1600:
1599:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1513:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1432:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1382:(28): 26425–34.
1367:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1247:(5): 1562–1576.
1230:
1224:
1223:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1166:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1114:10.1172/JCI43378
1108:(5): 1858–1870.
1091:
1082:
1081:
1071:
1037:
1026:
1025:
1015:
981:
968:
967:
957:
933:
927:
926:
898:
892:
891:
881:
864:(6): 1010–1018.
849:
843:
842:
806:
797:
796:
786:
754:
743:
742:
732:
692:
621:(CMAMMA) due to
613:Related diseases
536:Gamma interferon
331:, for example).
231:and the complex
164:sphingomyelinase
41:are a family of
3345:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3294:
3280:Dihydroceramide
3231:
3208:
3198:
3175:
3162:
3143:
3131:
2935:
2925:
2876:1-Palmitoyl-LPA
2859:
2840:
2832:
2821:
2791:
2786:
2766:
2747:
2728:
2709:
2690:
2653:
2645:
2610:
2588:Glycoconjugates
2585:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2472:
2468:
2421:
2417:
2405:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2283:
2279:
2236:
2229:
2184:
2180:
2141:
2137:
2090:
2086:
2065:(14): 1723–31.
2055:
2051:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1997:incidecoder.com
1991:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1975:
1956:
1952:
1914:Atherosclerosis
1905:
1894:
1855:
1851:
1804:
1800:
1754:
1750:
1719:
1715:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1648:
1644:
1610:
1603:
1564:
1560:
1514:
1503:
1472:(12): 2027–36.
1458:
1454:
1409:
1405:
1368:
1364:
1339:10.1172/JCI1180
1327:J. Clin. Invest
1319:
1315:
1282:
1278:
1231:
1227:
1194:
1190:
1143:
1139:
1092:
1085:
1038:
1029:
982:
971:
934:
930:
903:Trends Mol. Med
899:
895:
850:
846:
823:10.1038/nrm2329
807:
800:
755:
746:
693:
689:
685:
663:
651:
639:
615:
596:plasma membrane
589:
584:
497:
465:
412:stratum corneum
408:
376:
352:atherosclerosis
348:LDL cholesterol
340:Unsaturated fat
270:
265:
241:
239:Salvage pathway
221:Golgi apparatus
209:dihydroceramide
189:
172:plasma membrane
153:
131:
86:differentiation
17:
12:
11:
5:
3343:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3310:
3309:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3151:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2940:
2938:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2864:
2862:
2848:
2834:
2833:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2797:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2655:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2530:chemical-class
2524:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:External links
2510:
2508:
2507:
2466:
2415:
2406:|journal=
2362:
2336:
2277:
2227:
2178:
2135:
2084:
2049:
2030:(4): 250–267.
2014:
1984:
1950:
1921:(2): 497–504.
1892:
1865:(6): 312–319.
1849:
1798:
1748:
1713:
1667:
1660:
1642:
1601:
1574:(3): 291–295.
1558:
1501:
1452:
1403:
1362:
1333:(2): 329–339.
1313:
1276:
1225:
1206:(2): 130–134.
1188:
1157:(2): 723–734.
1137:
1083:
1054:(1): 311–330.
1027:
969:
948:(7): 4829–39.
928:
909:(8): 327–336.
893:
858:Cell Signaling
844:
817:(2): 139–150.
798:
744:
686:
684:
681:
662:
659:
650:
647:
638:
635:
614:
611:
588:
585:
583:
582:
577:
572:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
530:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
504:
498:
496:
493:
479:by decreasing
464:
461:
407:
404:
375:
372:
358:by activating
325:adipose tissue
269:
266:
264:
261:
240:
237:
188:
185:
152:
149:
143:are reused by
130:
127:
123:vernix caseosa
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3342:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:Palmitoyl-CoA
3258:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2716:sphingomyelin
2712:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:sphingolipids
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2527:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2411:
2398:
2379:
2372:
2366:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2198:(3): 118–25.
2197:
2193:
2192:Mitochondrion
2189:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2151:(5): 773–80.
2150:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2098:J. Biol. Chem
2095:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:Life Sciences
2053:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1729:(2): 147–51.
1728:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1661:9780824758158
1657:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:J. Biol. Chem
1373:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
992:
987:
980:
978:
976:
974:
965:
961:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
889:
885:
880:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
848:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
803:
794:
790:
785:
780:
776:
772:
769:(2): 525–35.
768:
764:
760:
753:
751:
749:
740:
736:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
687:
680:
678:
677:
672:
668:
658:
656:
646:
644:
634:
632:
631:sphingomyelin
628:
624:
620:
610:
607:
605:
601:
597:
592:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
460:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
432:
428:
424:
421:
417:
413:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:saturated fat
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
236:
234:
230:
229:sphingomyelin
226:
225:sphingolipids
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
184:
182:
178:
173:
170:found in the
169:
168:phospholipids
165:
161:
160:sphingomyelin
157:
148:
146:
142:
138:
137:
126:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
90:proliferation
87:
83:
79:
78:sphingolipids
75:
74:lipid bilayer
71:
70:sphingomyelin
67:
63:
62:cell membrane
59:
56:joined by an
55:
51:
47:
44:
40:
34:
33:sphingolipids
29:
21:
3301:
3300:
3284:
3256:
3249:
3246:
3123:
3089:Antagonists:
3088:
2943:
2898:Antagonists:
2897:
2871:1-Oleoyl-LPA
2867:
2761:
2615:
2534:
2533:
2532:profile for
2529:
2483:
2480:Microbiology
2479:
2469:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2397:cite journal
2385:. Retrieved
2365:
2353:. Retrieved
2339:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2247:
2243:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2005:. Retrieved
1996:
1987:
1976:. Retrieved
1967:
1963:
1953:
1918:
1912:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1817:
1811:
1801:
1766:
1762:
1751:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1689:
1683:
1652:Skin barrier
1651:
1645:
1620:
1614:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1526:
1522:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1420:
1417:FEBS Letters
1416:
1406:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1244:
1238:
1228:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1105:
1099:
1051:
1045:
995:
989:
945:
941:
931:
906:
902:
896:
861:
857:
847:
814:
810:
766:
762:
704:
700:
690:
674:
667:sphingolipid
664:
652:
640:
616:
608:
593:
590:
570:cannabinoids
525:Homocysteine
466:
444:hyperplastic
441:
437:
425:
409:
400:mitochondria
382:, or Type I
377:
333:
302:
298:inflammation
271:
242:
190:
154:
135:
132:
116:
108:
104:
102:
38:
37:
3290:Sphingosine
3247:Precursors:
2957:Ceralifimod
2906:H2L-5765834
2901:H2L-5186303
2754:sphingosine
2663:ganglioside
2651:Ganglioside
2624:Cerebroside
2596:glycolipids
1763:JCI Insight
1523:JCI Insight
1423:(1): 7–12.
763:J. Exp. Med
604:lipid rafts
561:Sphingosine
551:Niacinamide
420:cholesterol
338:receptors.
313:hepatocytes
145:reacylation
141:sphingosine
50:sphingosine
3319:Categories
3181:Ceramidase
3147:inhibitors
3012:Mocravimod
2997:Fingolimod
2947:Amiselimod
2881:GRI-977143
2830:modulators
2387:August 26,
2355:29 January
1978:2022-01-02
683:References
676:Drosophila
568:and other
515:Fas ligand
502:Anandamide
278:senescence
227:, such as
156:Hydrolysis
66:eukaryotic
58:amide bond
54:fatty acid
3330:Ceramides
3302:See also:
3189:Ceranib 1
3127:Etrasimod
3124:Unsorted:
3112:VPC-23019
3097:CYM-50358
3067:TC-G 1006
3052:Siponimod
3027:Ponesimod
3022:Phyto-S1P
2987:CYM-50308
2982:CYM-50260
2952:Cenerimod
2944:Agonists:
2921:VPC-32183
2916:TC-LPA5 4
2868:Agonists:
2827:signaling
2735:sulfatide
2697:globoside
2547:Ceramides
2313:1750-1172
2297:(1): 27.
2264:1388-1981
2145:Apoptosis
1970:(8): 89.
1294:: 88–94.
1287:Biochimie
721:2212-4926
598:enhances
575:TNF-alpha
520:Endotoxin
456:psoriasis
448:psoriasis
446:disorder
416:epidermis
392:TNF-alpha
380:Apoptosis
374:Apoptosis
274:apoptosis
268:Pathology
245:lysosomes
193:palmitate
181:apoptosis
177:radiation
103:The word
96:(PCD) of
82:signaling
39:Ceramides
3285:Ceramide
3222:Safingol
3171:Myriocin
3107:TY-52156
3072:TC-SP 14
3047:SEW-2871
3042:RPC-1063
3017:Ozanimod
2977:CYM 5541
2972:CYM-5520
2967:CYM-5442
2911:Ki-16425
2838:Receptor
2762:Ceramide
2616:Ceramide
2536:Ceramide
2502:12904547
2461:21490804
2378:Archived
2349:Archived
2331:31969167
2272:31376476
2222:16713754
2173:12633095
2165:16532372
2130:12006562
2079:15958274
2044:10717183
2001:Archived
1972:Archived
1945:17963772
1887:27123917
1879:24698032
1844:19435851
1793:35900871
1708:17872588
1637:20457485
1588:19184160
1553:35900871
1496:17161984
1447:85367540
1439:11513845
1398:15849201
1308:23933096
1271:24606881
1220:15967715
1183:24214972
1132:21490391
1078:36594091
1022:34750017
964:17878382
923:17588815
888:18191382
831:18216770
739:30193828
707:: 3–18.
469:myriocin
463:Hormonal
290:diabetes
105:ceramide
3217:N,N-DMS
3102:JTE-013
3092:CS-0777
3082:XAX-162
3007:KRP-203
2962:CS-2100
2844:ligands
2654:pathway
2526:Scholia
2452:3066853
2322:6977288
2213:2246045
2121:2246046
2007:12 July
1936:2924671
1835:2711669
1784:9462509
1743:8357845
1596:4005575
1544:9462509
1487:1766198
1357:9664074
1262:4005977
1174:3887200
1123:3083776
1069:9760443
1013:8595778
879:2422835
839:8692993
793:8046331
784:2191598
730:6251742
390:light,
294:obesity
187:De novo
179:causes
136:de novo
3325:Lipids
3265:Serine
3240:Others
3227:SKI II
3141:Enzyme
3037:RP-002
3032:RP-001
2606:, and
2594:, and
2592:lipids
2553:(MeSH)
2528:has a
2500:
2459:
2449:
2329:
2319:
2311:
2270:
2262:
2220:
2210:
2171:
2163:
2128:
2118:
2077:
2042:
1943:
1933:
1885:
1877:
1842:
1832:
1791:
1781:
1769:(16).
1741:
1706:
1658:
1635:
1594:
1586:
1568:Lipids
1551:
1541:
1529:(16).
1494:
1484:
1445:
1437:
1396:
1355:
1348:508891
1345:
1306:
1269:
1259:
1218:
1181:
1171:
1130:
1120:
1076:
1066:
1020:
1010:
962:
921:
886:
876:
837:
829:
791:
781:
737:
727:
719:
643:eczema
481:SOCS-3
473:leptin
394:, and
296:, and
282:cancer
197:serine
115:) and
92:, and
52:and a
3117:W-146
3077:W-061
2775:Other
2733:From
2714:From
2695:From
2661:From
2381:(PDF)
2374:(PDF)
2169:S2CID
1883:S2CID
1592:S2CID
1443:S2CID
835:S2CID
623:ACSF3
118:amide
98:cells
46:lipid
3257:S1P:
3250:LPA:
3205:SphK
2932:S1PR
2891:OMPT
2856:LPAR
2602:and
2498:PMID
2457:PMID
2433:2011
2410:help
2389:2015
2357:2015
2327:PMID
2309:ISSN
2268:PMID
2260:ISSN
2248:1864
2218:PMID
2161:PMID
2126:PMID
2075:PMID
2040:PMID
2009:2021
1941:PMID
1875:PMID
1840:PMID
1789:PMID
1739:PMID
1727:1182
1704:PMID
1656:ISBN
1633:PMID
1584:PMID
1549:PMID
1492:PMID
1470:1758
1435:PMID
1394:PMID
1353:PMID
1304:PMID
1267:PMID
1216:PMID
1204:1735
1179:PMID
1128:PMID
1074:PMID
1018:PMID
960:PMID
919:PMID
884:PMID
827:PMID
789:PMID
735:PMID
717:ISSN
637:Uses
529:Heat
454:and
410:The
406:Skin
336:TLR4
195:and
109:cera
43:waxy
3253:LPC
3194:OEA
3159:SPT
3062:SPC
3057:S1P
2886:LPA
2752:To
2686:GD2
2681:GM3
2676:GM2
2671:GM1
2488:doi
2484:149
2447:PMC
2437:doi
2317:PMC
2299:doi
2252:doi
2208:PMC
2200:doi
2153:doi
2116:PMC
2106:doi
2102:277
2067:doi
2032:doi
1931:PMC
1923:doi
1919:196
1867:doi
1830:PMC
1822:doi
1818:297
1779:PMC
1771:doi
1731:doi
1694:doi
1625:doi
1621:150
1576:doi
1539:PMC
1531:doi
1482:PMC
1474:doi
1425:doi
1421:503
1384:doi
1380:280
1343:PMC
1335:doi
1331:102
1296:doi
1292:100
1257:PMC
1249:doi
1245:184
1208:doi
1169:PMC
1159:doi
1155:289
1118:PMC
1110:doi
1106:121
1064:PMC
1056:doi
1008:PMC
1000:doi
950:doi
946:179
911:doi
874:PMC
866:doi
819:doi
779:PMC
771:doi
767:180
725:PMC
709:doi
489:JNK
158:of
113:wax
64:of
3321::
3255:;
2598::
2590:,
2496:.
2482:.
2478:.
2455:.
2445:.
2431:.
2427:.
2401::
2399:}}
2395:{{
2347:.
2325:.
2315:.
2307:.
2295:15
2293:.
2289:.
2266:.
2258:.
2246:.
2242:.
2230:^
2216:.
2206:.
2194:.
2190:.
2167:.
2159:.
2149:11
2147:.
2124:.
2114:.
2100:.
2096:.
2073:.
2063:77
2061:.
2038:.
2026:.
1999:.
1995:.
1968:13
1966:.
1962:.
1939:.
1929:.
1917:.
1911:.
1895:^
1881:.
1873:.
1863:25
1861:.
1838:.
1828:.
1816:.
1810:.
1787:.
1777:.
1765:.
1761:.
1737:.
1725:.
1702:.
1690:48
1688:.
1682:.
1670:^
1631:.
1619:.
1604:^
1590:.
1582:.
1572:44
1570:.
1547:.
1537:.
1525:.
1521:.
1504:^
1490:.
1480:.
1468:.
1464:.
1441:.
1433:.
1419:.
1415:.
1392:.
1378:.
1374:.
1351:.
1341:.
1329:.
1325:.
1302:.
1290:.
1265:.
1255:.
1243:.
1237:.
1214:.
1202:.
1177:.
1167:.
1153:.
1149:.
1126:.
1116:.
1104:.
1098:.
1086:^
1072:.
1062:.
1052:19
1050:.
1044:.
1030:^
1016:.
1006:.
996:42
994:.
988:.
972:^
958:.
944:.
940:.
917:.
907:13
905:.
882:.
872:.
862:20
860:.
856:.
833:.
825:.
813:.
801:^
787:.
777:.
765:.
761:.
747:^
733:.
723:.
715:.
705:70
699:.
491:.
388:UV
370:.
300:.
288:,
284:,
235:.
100:.
88:,
3149:)
3145:(
2846:)
2842:(
2816:e
2809:t
2802:v
2580:e
2573:t
2566:v
2540:.
2504:.
2490::
2463:.
2439::
2412:)
2408:(
2391:.
2359:.
2333:.
2301::
2274:.
2254::
2224:.
2202::
2196:6
2175:.
2155::
2132:.
2108::
2081:.
2069::
2046:.
2034::
2028:6
2011:.
1981:.
1947:.
1925::
1889:.
1869::
1846:.
1824::
1795:.
1773::
1767:7
1745:.
1733::
1710:.
1696::
1664:.
1639:.
1627::
1598:.
1578::
1555:.
1533::
1527:7
1498:.
1476::
1449:.
1427::
1400:.
1386::
1359:.
1337::
1310:.
1298::
1273:.
1251::
1222:.
1210::
1185:.
1161::
1134:.
1112::
1080:.
1058::
1024:.
1002::
966:.
952::
925:.
913::
890:.
868::
841:.
821::
815:9
795:.
773::
741:.
711::
111:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
