Cerebrospinal fluid leak

613: 82: 528:, either from a spinal disc herniation, osteophyte or microspur on the disc or vertebral body. "Recent radiological and microsurgical investigations revealed that a calcified, degenerative bony microspur is often the culprit lesion in cases of intractable CSF leaks. Arising from the level of the intervertebrate disk space, these microspurs pierce the ventral dura and produce a slit-like defect a few millimeters in length. These microspurs and the associated CSF leak have to be localized exactly, and then they are amenable to surgical treatment." 1011: 54: 40: 932: 775:, and assays are the most common types of CSF leak instrumental tests. Many CSF leaks do not show up on imaging and chemical assays, thus such diagnostic tools are not definitive to rule out CSF leaks. A clinician may often depend upon patient history and exam to diagnose, for example: discharge of excessive amount of clear fluid from the nose upon bending over, the increase in headache following a 393:. This headache is usually made worse by standing and typically becomes prominent throughout the day, with the pain becoming less severe when lying down. Orthostatic headaches can become chronic and disabling to the point of incapacitation. Some people will develop headaches that begin in the afternoon. This is known as 188:, which worsen when standing, and improve when lying down. Other symptoms can include neck pain or stiffness, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, fatigue, and a metallic taste in the mouth. A CT myelography scan can identify the site of a cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Once identified, the leak can often be repaired by an 1134:

Spontaneous CSF leaks have been described by notable physicians and reported in medical journals dating back to the early 1900s. German neurologist Georg Schaltenbrand reported in 1938 and 1953 what he termed "aliquorrhea", a condition marked by very low, unobtainable, or even negative CSF pressures.

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has been used. This procedure is believed to decrease spinal CSF volume while increasing intracranial CSF pressure and volume. This procedure restores normal intracranial CSF volume and pressure while promoting the healing of dural tears by lowering the pressure and volume in the dura. This procedure

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A clinical exam is often used as a means to diagnose CSF leaks. Improved patient response to conservative treatment may further define a positive diagnosis. The lack of clinician awareness of the signs -symptoms and ailments- of a CSF leak is the greatest challenge to proper diagnosis and treatment,

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Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is an important cause of longstanding headaches. Other symptoms can include nausea, blurred vision, coma, and dementia. SIH is typically secondary to a spontaneous spinal CSF leak. Cranial CSF leaks do not cause SIH. While this symptom can be referred to as

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In three small studies of 1-2 patients with recurrent CSF leaks where repeated blood patches failed to form clots and relieve symptoms, the patients received temporary but complete resolution of symptoms with an epidural saline infusion. The saline infusion temporarily restores the volume necessary

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wrote about "headaches associated with decreased intracranial pressure". The full clinical manifestations of intracranial hypotension and CSF leaks were described in several publications reported between the 1960s and early 1990s. Modern reports of spontaneous CSF leak have been reported to medical

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The treatment of choice for this condition is the surgical application of epidural blood patches, which has a higher success rate than conservative treatments of bed rest and hydration. Through the injection of a person's own blood into the area of the hole in the dura, an epidural blood patch uses

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Some studies have proposed that issues with the spinal venous drainage system may cause a CSF leak. According to this theory, dural holes and intracranial hypotension are symptoms caused by low venous pressure in the epidural space. When leg muscles pump blood towards the heart, and pressure in the

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People with cranial CSF leaks, the rarer form, have a 10% risk of developing meningitis per year. If cranial leaks last more than seven days, the chances of developing meningitis are significantly higher. Spinal CSF leaks cannot result in meningitis due to the sterile conditions of the leak site.

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and number of patch attempts for patients is highly variable. One-quarter to one-third of those with a sCSFL patients do not have relief of symptoms from epidural blood patching. Finding the location of a cerebrospinal fluid leak is not required prior to using an epidural blood patch as initial

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For patients with recalcitrant spontaneous intracranial hypotension and no leak found on conventional spinal imaging, digital subtraction myelography, CT myelography and dynamic myelography (a modified conventional myelography technique) should be considered to rule out a CSF-venous fistula. In

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of the brain and contained by the dura and arachnoid layers of the meninges. The brain floats in CSF, which also transports nutrients to the brain and spinal cord. As holes form in the spinal dura mater, CSF leaks out into the surrounding space. The CSF is then absorbed into the spinal epidural

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A spontaneous CSF leak is a rare condition, affecting at least one in 20,000 people and many more who go undiagnosed every year. On average, the condition develops at age 42, and women are twice as likely to be affected. Some people with a sCSF leak have a chronic leak despite repeated patching

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Long-term outcomes for people with sCSFLS remain poorly studied. Symptoms may resolve in as little as two weeks, or persist for months. Less commonly, patients may have unremitting symptoms for many years. People with chronic sCSFLS may be disabled and unable to work. Recurrent CSF leak at an

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Studies have shown that sCSF leaks runs in families. It is suspected that genetic similarity in families includes weakness in the dura mater which leads to a sCSFL. Large scale population-based studies have not yet been conducted. While a majority of sCSF leaks continue to be undiagnosed or

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vein becomes negative, the network of epidural veins is overdrained, causing CSF to be aspirated into the epidural space. True leaks can form at weak points in the spinal meninges. Therefore, the observed CSF hypotension is a result of CSF hypovolemia and reduced epidural venous pressure.

869:, and other abnormalities. For 20% of patients, MRIs present as completely normal. MRIs performed with the patient seated upright (vs. laying supine) are not better for diagnosing CSF leaks, but are more than twice as effective at diagnosing cerebellar tonsillar ectopia, also known as 884:. This has been effective in identifying the sites of a CSF leak without the need for a CT scan, lumbar puncture, and contrast and at locating fluid collections such as CSF pooling. Another highly successful method of locating a CSF leak is intrathecal contrast and MR Myelography. 1135:

The symptoms included orthostatic headaches and other features that are now recognized as spontaneous intracranial hypotension. A few decades earlier, the same syndrome had been described in French literature as "hypotension of spinal fluid" and "ventricular collapse". In 1940,

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Franzini, A.; Messina, G.; Nazzi, V.; Mea, E.; Leone, M.; Chiapparini, L.; Broggi, G.; Bussone, G. (2009). "Spontaneous intracranial hypotension syndrome: a novel speculative physiopathological hypothesis and a novel patch method in a series of 28 consecutive patients".

597:, where the root sleeve is absent, are at increased risk for developing recurrent CSF leaks. Lumbar disc herniation has been reported to cause CSF leaks in at least one case. Degenerative spinal disc diseases cause a disc to pierce the dura mater, leading to a CSF leak. 4810:

Wang, Timothy Y.; Karikari, Isaac O.; Amrhein, Timothy J.; Gray, Linda; Kranz, Peter G. (2020-03-01). "Clinical Outcomes Following Surgical Ligation of Cerebrospinal Fluid-Venous Fistula in Patients With Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension: A Prospective Case Series".

397:. This may be an initial presentation of a spontaneous CSF leak or appear after treatment such as an epidural patch, and likely indicates a slow spinal CSF leak. While high CSF pressure can make lying down unbearable, low CSF pressure due to a leak can be relieved by 627:

Several complications can occur as a result of sCSFLS including decreased cranial pressure, brain herniation, infection, blood pressure problems, transient paralysis, and coma. The primary and most serious complication of a spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak is

1122:-based study indicated five per 100,000. sCSF leaks generally affect the young and middle aged; the average age for onset is 42.3 years, but onset can range from ages 22 to 61. In an 11-year study, women were found to be twice as likely to be affected as men. 223:

Cerebrospinal fluid leaks are classified into two distinct disorders: cranial leaks, and spinal leaks. Where there has been no preceding surgery or medical procedure that may have caused a CSF leak it is called a spontaneous CSF leak (sCSF leak).

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Kranz, Peter G.; Luetmer, Patrick H.; Diehn, Felix E.; Amrhein, Timothy J.; Tanpitukpongse, Teerath Peter; Gray, Linda (2015-12-23). "Myelographic Techniques for the Detection of Spinal CSF Leaks in Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension".

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Freeman, MD; Rosa, S; Harshfield, D; Smith, F; Bennett, R; Centeno, C. J.; Kornel, E; Nystrom, A; Heffez, D; Kohles, S. S. (2010). "A case-control study of cerebellar tonsillar ectopia (Chiari) and head/neck trauma (whiplash)".

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A spontaneous spinal CSF leak refers to any CSF leak that has not been preceded by a surgical or other medical procedure. Later evidence suggests that these leaks result from either a discogenic pathology, such as microspur,

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in particular: the loss of the orthostatic characteristic of headache and that every chronic CSF leaker will have a unique symptom set that as a whole contributes to the underlying condition, and diagnosis of, a CSF leak.

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Ferrante, E.; Arpino, I.; Citterio, A.; Savino, A. (2009). "Coma resulting from spontaneous intracranial hypotension treated with the epidural blood patch in the Trendelenburg position pre-medicated with acetazolamide".

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Syre, P; Bohman, LE; Baltuch, G; Le Roux, P; Welch, WC (15 July 2014). "Cerebrospinal fluid leaks and their management after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a report of 13 cases and a review of the literature".

947:. However, patients with confirmed CSF leaks may also demonstrate completely normal opening pressures. In 18–46% of cases, the CSF pressure is measured within the normal range. Analysis of spinal fluid may demonstrate 4548:

Grimaldi, D.; Mea, E.; Chiapparini, L.; Ciceri, E.; Nappini, S.; Savoiardo, M.; Castelli, M.; Cortelli, P.; Carriero, M. R.; Leone, M.; Bussone, G. (2004). "Spontaneous low cerebrospinal pressure: a mini review".

996:, which increases intracranial pressure by compressing the abdomen, can temporarily relieve symptoms for some people. Sometimes a CSF leak will heal on its own. Otherwise, symptoms may last months or even years. 244:

The vast majority of CSF leaks are spinal. Spinal leaks occur when one or more holes form in the dura along the spinal cord. There are three types of spontaneous spinal CSF leaks. A spinal leak typically causes

5477: 5458: 5435: 667:; however when the CSF leak is repaired the tonsil position often returns to normal (as seen in upright MRI) in this "pseudo-Chiari" condition. A further, albeit rare, complication of CSF leak is transient 454:

Aural symptoms are also present in many cases of intracranial hypotension due to CSF leak; including muffled hearing, pulsatile tinnitus, hearing loss. Less common symptoms include double vision (due to

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Schrijver, I.; Schievink, W. I.; Godfrey, M.; Meyer, F. B.; Francke, U. (2002). "Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks and minor skeletal features of Marfan syndrome: a microfibrillopathy".

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Mea, E.; Chiapparini, L.; Savoiardo, M.; Franzini, A.; Bussone, G.; Leone, M. (2009). "Clinical features and outcomes in spontaneous intracranial hypotension: a survey of 90 consecutive patients".

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Binder, DK; Dillon, WP; Fishman, RA; Schmidt, MH (2002). "Intrathecal saline infusion in the treatment of obtundation associated with spontaneous intracranial hypotension: technical case report".

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Clark, Michael S.; Diehn, Felix E.; Verdoorn, Jared T.; Lehman, Vance T.; Liebo, Greta B.; Morris, Jonathan M.; Thielen, Kent R.; Wald, John T.; Kumar, Neeraj; Luetmer, Patrick H. (January 2018).

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Schievink, W.; Palestrant, D.; Maya, M.; Rappard, G. (2009). "Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak as a cause of coma after craniotomy for clipping of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm".

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are the three most common connective tissue disorders associated with sCSFLs. Roughly 20% of patients with a sCSFL exhibit features of Marfan syndrome, including tall stature, hollowed chest (

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Some cases of chronic intracranial hypotension due to CSF leak may present as personality changes, altered behaviors and impairment of executive functions, similar to behavioral-variant

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Kranz, Peter G.; Amrhein, Timothy J.; Gray, Linda (December 2017). "CSF Venous Fistulas in Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension: Imaging Characteristics on Dynamic and CT Myelography".

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attempts, leading to long-term disability due to pain and being unable to be upright, and surgery is often needed. The symptoms of a spontaneous CSF leak were first described by German

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is less effective than CT at directly imaging sites of CSF leak. MRI studies may show pachymeningeal enhancement (when the dura mater looks thick and inflamed), sagging of the brain,

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Schievink, W. I.; Morreale, V. M.; Atkinson, J. L. D.; Meyer, F. B.; Piepgras, D. G.; Ebersold, M. J. (1998). "Surgical treatment of spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks".

516:. One study suggested a CSF leak to follow from 0.5% of operations. Another study suggests a CSF leak to follow from 1% of operations. In most of these cases repair is successful. 1182:. A study of people with a sCSF leak demonstrated no mutations in this gene. Minor features of Marfan syndrome have been found in 20% of CSF leak patients. Abnormal findings of 5020:

Schievink, W.; Maya, M.; Pikul, B.; Louy, C. (2009). "Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks as the cause of subdural hematomas in elderly patients on anticoagulation".

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Rouaud, T.; Lallement, F.; Choui, R.; Madigand, M. (2009). "Traitement de l'hypotension spontanée du liquide cérébrospinal par perfusion épidurale de sérum salé isotonique".

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and fibrin glue. Primary suturing is rarely able to repair a CSF leak, and in some patients exploration of the dura may be required to properly locate all sites of CSF leak.

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Wang, Y. -F.; Lirng, J. -F.; Fuh, J. -L.; Hseu, S. -S.; Wang, S. -J. (2009). "Heavily T2-weighted MR myelography vs CT myelography in spontaneous intracranial hypotension".

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for a patient to avoid SIH until the leak can be repaired properly. Intrathecal saline infusion is used in urgent cases such as intractable pain or decreased consciousness.

6389: 6384: 802:. The average time from onset of symptoms until definitive diagnosis is 13 months. A 2007 study found a 0% success rate for proper diagnosis in the emergency department. 6401: 6379: 786:

The primary place of first complaint to a physician is a hospital emergency room. Up to 94% of those with sCSFLS are initially misdiagnosed. Incorrect diagnoses include

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Kranz, Peter G.; Gray, Linda; Malinzak, Michael D.; Amrhein, Timothy J. (2019-11-01). "Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment".

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in the vast majority of cases. The increased pressure causes a rupture of the cranial dura mater, leading to a CSF leak and intracranial hypotension. Patients with a

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complexes, thereby causing a variety of sensory symptoms. Nerves that can be affected and their related symptoms are detailed in the table at right. A rare form of

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Schievink, W. I.; Maya, M. M.; Riedinger, M. (2003). "Recurrent spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks and intracranial hypotension: a prospective study".

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Alonso Cánovas, A; Martínez San Millán, J; Novillo López, ME; Masjuán Vallejo, J (2008). "Third cranial nerve palsy due to intracranial hypotension syndrome".

1724:"Clinical Presentation, Investigation Findings, and Treatment Outcomes of Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 1155:

is a corticosteroid that causes the brain to produce additional spinal fluid to replace the volume of the lost CSF and alleviate symptoms, and has been given

3472: 955:. This is hypothesized to be due to increased permeability of dilated meningeal blood vessels and a decrease of CSF flow in the lumbar subarachnoid space. 4723:

Kitchel, SH; Eismont, FJ; Green, BA (1989). "Closed subarachnoid drainage for management of cerebrospinal fluid leakage after an operation on the spine".

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Schievink, W. I.; Maya, M. M.; Moser, F. M. (2004). "Treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension with percutaneous placement of a fibrin sealant".

4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4409:"Prevalence of hyperdense paraspinal vein sign in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension without dural CSF leak on standard CT myelography" 492:. Symptoms often include a watery discharge including CSF from one side of the nose, or from the ear. There may also be a metallic taste in the mouth. 835:

is injected into the spinal fluid. The contrast then diffuses out through the dura sac before leaking through dural holes. This allows for a CTM with

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Mokri, B. (1999). "Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks: from intracranial hypotension to cerebrospinal fluid hypovolemia--evolution of a concept".

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Schievink, WI; Jacques, L (2003). "Recurrent spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak associated with "nude nerve root" syndrome: case report".

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A cerebrospinal fluid leak can be either cranial or spinal, and these are two different disorders. A spinal CSF leak can be caused by one or more

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Schievink, W. I. (2009). "A Novel Technique for Treatment of Intractable Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension: Lumbar Dural Reduction Surgery".

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Stenzel, M.; Preuss, S.; Orloff, L.; Jecker, P.; Mann, W. (2005). "Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks of Temporal Bone Origin: Etiology and Management".

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Surgery to treat a CSF-venous fistula in CSF leak patients is highly effective. Neurosurgery is available to directly repair leaking meningeal

4718: 4716: 265:, the intracranial pressure may be normal, with the underlying issue instead being low CSF volume, in this case a sCSFL may be referred to as 509:

that pierces the dura like a knife, connective tissue disorder (which can often lead to discogenic pathology), or spinal drainage problems.

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Ferrante, E.; Wetzl, R.; Savino, A.; Citterio, A.; Protti, A. (2004). "Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak syndrome: report of 18 cases".

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Movement disorders are uncommon in spontaneous CSF leaks but occasionally can be one of the major components of the clinical presentation.

873:. Cerebellar tonsillar ectopia shares many of the same symptoms as CSF leak, but originates either congenitally or from trauma, including 2010: 1186:

have been documented in these CSF leak patients, but only one patient demonstrated a fibrillin-1 defect consistent with Marfan syndrome.

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addition, presence of a hyperdense paraspinal vein should be investigated in imaging as it is highly suggestive of a CSF venous fistula.

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Schlosser, RJ; Wilensky, EM; Grady, MS; Bolger, WE (2003). "Elevated intracranial pressures in spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks".

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or soft tissues around the spine. Due to the sterile conditions of the soft tissues around the spine, there is no risk of meningitis.

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Chan, SM; Chodakiewitz, YG; Maya, MM; Schievink, WI; Moser, FG (May 2019). "Intracranial Hypotension and Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak".

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Dobrocky, T; Nicholson, P; Häni, L; et al. (April 2022). "Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: searching for the CSF leak".

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Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) refers to lower than normal CSF volume due to a leak of CSF at the level of the spine.

6361: 5538: 3358: 848: 513: 3444: 6341: 6014: 694:. Coma due to a CSF leak has been successfully treated by using blood patches and/or fibrin glue and placing the person in the 123:), or nonspontaneous (secondary) where it is attributed to an underlying condition. Causes of a primary CSF leak are those of 6366: 5998: 4335: 4231: 3881: 2477: 2054: 2020: 827:(CTM) scan of the spinal column for fluid leaks. The opening fluid pressure in the spinal canal is obtained by performing a 6204: 6192: 5654: 246: 2800:

Schievink, W. I.; Louy, C. (2007). "Precipitating Factors of Spontaneous Spinal Csf Leaks and Intracranial Hypotension".

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Schievink, W. I.; Maya, M. M. (2006). "Quadriplegia and cerebellar hemorrhage in spontaneous intracranial hypotension".

683:, where the ability to move one's eyes becomes difficult and interrupted due to compression of the third cranial nerve. 540:

affecting the spinal dura. It may also run in families and be associated with aortic aneurysms and joint hypermobility.

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Tam, EK; Gilbert, AL (November 2019). "Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak and idiopathic intracranial hypertension".

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Mokri, B. (2007). "Familial Occurrence of Spontaneous Spinal CSF Leaks: Underlying Connective Tissue Disorder (CME)".

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Cranial leaks occur in the head, and in some of these cases, CSF can leak from one side of the nose, or from the ear.

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Canas, N; Medeiros, E; Fonseca, AT; Palma-Mira, F (2004). "CSF volume loss in spontaneous intracranial hypotension".

1508:"Connective tissue spectrum abnormalities associated with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks: a prospective study" 4238:

Kelley, G (2004). "CSF hypovolemia vs intracranial hypotension in "spontaneous intracranial hypotension syndrome"".

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Lloyd, K. M.; Delgaudio, J. M.; Hudgins, P. A. (2008). "Imaging of Skull Base Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Adults".

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and then a metal clip can be placed in order to hold the ligation closed. Alternatively, a small compress called a

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Rupp, S. M.; Wilson, C. B. (1989). "Treatment of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak with epidural blood patch".

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lumbar epidural blood patches often provide relief of symptoms and resolve the leak without further intervention.

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and causes major compression of the upper cervical spinal cord. The quadriplegia dissipates once the patient lies

6245: 5239:"Use of intravenous tetracosactin in the treatment of postdural puncture headache: our experience in forty cases" 916: 811: 1722:

D'Antona, L; Jaime Merchan, MA; Vassiliou, A; Watkins, LD; Davagnanam, I; Toma, AK; Matharu, MS (1 March 2021).

5760: 5736: 5566: 5189: 2884:"Intradural non-calcified thoracic disc herniation causing spontaneous intracranial hypotension: a case report" 1044:

can be used in place of blood patching, raising the effectiveness of forming a clot and arresting CSF leakage.

632:, where pressure in the brain is severely decreased. This complication leads to the hallmark symptom of severe 616: 6439: 6324: 6240: 6182: 5952: 5731: 5279: 6408: 5782: 4756: 4754: 469:

as the frontal and temporal lobes are affected by downward sagging due to reduced intra-cranial pressures.

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Mokri, Bahram (December 2014). "Movement disorders associated with spontaneous CSF leaks: a case series".

177:. A loss of CSF greater than its rate of production leads to a decreased volume inside the skull known as 5918: 174: 165:. A spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak may occur sometimes in those with predisposing heritable 4751: 2370:"Repeated large-volume epidural blood patches for the treatment of spontaneous intracranial hypotension" 739:, at the base of the skull. The lower portion of the brain is believed to stretch or impact one or more 6396: 5946: 5618: 4585: 854: 548: 537: 166: 5082:

Schaltenbrand, G (1953). "Normal and pathological physiology of the cerebrospinal fluid circulation".

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Larrosa, D; Vázquez, J; Mateo, I; Infante, J (2009). "Familial spontaneous intracranial hypotension".

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Schievink, W. I. (2006). "Spontaneous Spinal Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks and Intracranial Hypotension".

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A 1994 community-based study indicated that two out of every 100,000 people with a sCSF, while a 2004

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to locate and image any sites of dura rupture via contrast seen outside the dura sac in the imagery.

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Up to two thirds of those affected demonstrate some type of generalized connective tissue disorder.

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Schievink, W. I.; Moser, F. G.; Pikul, B. K. (2007). "Reversal of coma with an injection of glue".

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Patients with CSF leaks have been noted to have very low or even negative opening pressures during

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when blood pressure drops significantly. The autonomic dysfunction is caused by compression of the

4360:"Digital subtraction myelography for the identification of spontaneous spinal CSF-venous fistulas" 3405:"Caffeine, is it effective for prevention of postdural puncture headache in young adult patients?" 6418: 6351: 6107: 5925: 5777: 5767: 5611: 4974: 948: 687: 645: 564: 466: 354: 5530: 536:

Various scientists and physicians have suggested that sCSFLs may be the result of an underlying

6283: 6275: 6230: 5906: 5878: 5726: 2044: 1098: 695: 680: 560: 506: 373: 136: 5518: 5444: 4325: 779:

or the reduction of headache when the patient takes a prone position are positive indicators.

6298: 6172: 5990: 5968: 5883: 5806: 5716: 5703: 5628: 5448: 3870:

Michael Schuenke; Udo Schumacher; Erik Schulte; Edward D. Lamperti; Lawrence M. Ross (2007).

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Liu, F. -C.; Fuh, J. -L.; Wang, Y. -F.; Wang, S. -J. (2011). "Connective tissue disorders in

2848:"Diagnostic challenges and therapeutic possibilities in spontaneous intracranial hypotension" 1094: 649: 456: 236:

is often associated with a spontaneous cranial CSF leak, rarely reported with a spinal leak.

3869: 2461: 1239:"Treatment, Outcome, and Relapse of Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak" 1040:

If blood patches alone do not succeed in closing the dural tears, placement of percutaneous

6470: 6235: 6052: 5941: 4856:"Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing meningitis in patients with basilar skull fractures" 1005: 866: 799: 764: 699: 633: 390: 189: 185: 4464:

Schievink, W. I.; Deline, C. R. (2014). "Headache secondary to intracranial hypotension".

4036:"Upright MRI in Spontaneous Spinal Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks and Intracranial Hypotension" 923:

which would be highly accurate in identifying CS fluid and diagnosing a cranial CSF leak.

8: 6164: 5811: 5666: 5606: 5481: 4216: 2935:"Complications of anterior cervical spine surgery: a systematic review of the literature" 2462: 1288: 1175: 1156: 1070: 874: 870: 832: 821: 795: 664: 204: 104: 4880: 4855: 4358:

Schievink, Wouter I.; Moser, Franklin G.; Maya, M. Marcel; Prasad, Ravi S. (June 2016).

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O'Cearbhaill, Roisin M.; Kavanagh, Eoin C. (March 2018). "Beta-2 Transferrin and IR".

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Leakage of fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord through tears in the dura mater

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or death as late stage findings as the brainstem herniates through the skull base or

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Hofmann, E.; Behr, R.; Schwager, K. (2009). "Imaging of cerebrospinal fluid leaks".

2613: 2526: 2441: 2262: 1995: 1806: 1630: 6220: 6091: 6086: 5871: 5866: 5373: 5350: 5330: 5295: 5250: 5209: 5170: 5133: 5091: 5029: 4986: 4967: 4947: 4912: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4820: 4796: 4774: 4732: 4686: 4642: 4605: 4578: 4558: 4520: 4473: 4436: 4420: 4371: 4290: 4247: 4182: 4139: 4116: 4096: 4047: 4006: 3965: 3957: 3913: 3856: 3836: 3813: 3797: 3793: 3755: 3681: 3621: 3573: 3498: 3416: 3375: 3367: 3318: 3275: 3232: 3186: 3139: 3096: 3054: 2994: 2956: 2946: 2905: 2895: 2859: 2809: 2762: 2734: 2691: 2639: 2593: 2506: 2460:

Victor, Maurice; Ropper, Allan H.; Adams, Raymond Delacy; Brown, Robert F. (2005).

2421: 2381: 2337: 2300: 2292: 2242: 2144: 2086: 1975: 1932: 1895: 1887: 1841: 1833: 1822:"Spontaneous Spinal CSF Leaks Stratified by Age, Body Mass Index, and Spinal Level" 1784: 1743: 1735: 1685: 1608: 1564: 1527: 1519: 1464: 1416: 1390: 1362: 1260: 1250: 1024: 993: 887:

Contrast-enhanced brain MRI with sagittal reformats can assess for the following:

862: 731:

Lack of CSF pressure and volume can allow the brain to sag and descend through the

702:, a bony structure that surround the pituitary gland, occurs in CSF leak patients. 672: 556: 432: 5122:"Cerebrospinal fluid volume depletion and its emerging clinical/imaging syndromes" 1225: 1078: 6142: 5833: 5494: 5299: 4143: 4100: 3917: 3904:

Inamasu, J.; Guiot, B. (2006). "Intracranial hypotension with spinal pathology".

3871: 3537:

Abuabara, A (2007). "Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea: diagnosis and management".

3236: 3223:

Woodworth, B. A.; Palmer, J. N. (2009). "Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks".

2998: 1739: 1689: 1171: 1053: 944: 936: 828: 751:

may be caused by a sagging brain, a characteristic of intracranial hypotension.

676: 601: 544: 398: 170: 140: 5198:"Use of intravenous cosyntropin in the treatment of postdural puncture headache" 4646: 4011: 3994: 2682:

Schievink, Wouter I. (2 December 2021). "Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension".

2493:

Leep Hunderfund, A. N.; Mokri, B. (2011). "Second-half-of-the-day headache as a

853:

There is disagreement over whether MRI should be the diagnostic tool of choice.

389:

The most common symptom of a spinal CSF leak is a fast-onset, extremely painful

119:. A CSF leak is classed as either spontaneous (primary), having no known cause ( 6199: 6148: 5976: 5685: 5562: 5377: 5174: 4951: 4916: 4376: 4359: 4186: 3944:"Frequency of spontaneous intracranial hypotension in the emergency department" 3658: 3421: 3404: 3279: 1891: 1200: 1152: 1119: 989: 736: 732: 711: 644:, surgery becomes necessary in order to prevent infection and repair the leak. 477: 320: 162: 5471: 5467: 4990: 4562: 4525: 4508: 4477: 3961: 3760: 3744:"Intracranial hypotension causing reversible frontotemporal dementia and coma" 3743: 3625: 3502: 3371: 2900: 2643: 2597: 2510: 2425: 2386: 2369: 1979: 1568: 1468: 1237:

Tai, YC; Tai, YS; Ou, CH; Lui, CC; Wang, HK; Kuo, HC; Hsu, SP (2 March 2022).

1057:

has led to positive results leading to relief of symptoms for up to one year.

907:

For suspected spinal CSF leaks, spine imaging can be used to guide treatment.

816:

Diagnosis of a cerebrospinal fluid leak is performed through a combination of

6464: 6225: 6177: 6047: 5816: 5772: 5623: 5048: 5033: 4832: 4432: 4385: 4194: 3100: 3058: 2864: 2847: 2746: 2738: 1506:

Reinstein, E; Pariani, M; Bannykh, S; Rimoin, D; Schievink, WI (April 2013).

1476: 1428: 1374: 1255: 1136: 1018:

and injected in the epidural space in order to close holes in the dura mater.

952: 759:

Diagnosis of CSF leakage can be done by various imaging techniques, chemical

740: 720: 641: 623:

have descended, and should be considered in differential diagnosis of sCSFLS.

208: 3190: 2951: 2777:"Headache Secondary to Intracranial Hypotension, Schievink, W and Deline, C" 2341: 2296: 5721: 5591: 5574: 5385: 5342: 5307: 5264: 5223: 5147: 5138: 5121: 5103: 5068: 5041: 4998: 4924: 4889: 4840: 4788: 4698: 4654: 4619: 4570: 4534: 4509:"Spontaneous C1-2 CSF leak treated with high cervical epidural blood patch" 4485: 4450: 4424: 4393: 4302: 4259: 4202: 4151: 4108: 4061: 4020: 3979: 3925: 3848: 3805: 3769: 3728: 3693: 3633: 3585: 3550: 3510: 3389: 3330: 3287: 3244: 3198: 3151: 3108: 3066: 3006: 2970: 2919: 2821: 2754: 2703: 2651: 2605: 2518: 2433: 2395: 2349: 2314: 2254: 2158: 2149: 2132: 2098: 1987: 1944: 1909: 1855: 1798: 1773:"Spontaneous low pressure, low CSF volume headaches: spontaneous CSF leaks" 1757: 1697: 1622: 1576: 1541: 1484: 1436: 1382: 1314: 1274: 1066: 668: 337: 154: 139:

as a cause can give the sign of CSF leakage from the ear, nose or mouth. A

124: 5182: 4959: 4744: 4251: 3942:

Schievink, W. I.; Maya, M. M.; Moser, F.; Tourje, J.; Torbati, S. (2007).

3354:"Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension Secondary to Lumbar Disc Herniation" 2695: 1523: 1074: 976:

for both cranial and spinal CSF leaks. Initial measures can include rest,

5680: 5641: 5583: 5513: 4824: 4763:"The paradox of intracranial hypotension responding well to CSF drainage" 2233:

Schievink, W. I. (2008). "Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks".

1721: 1420: 1366: 1220: 1183: 1140: 1090: 1041: 985: 881: 836: 420: 301: 212: 201: 193: 112: 53: 5427: 4594:"Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension Treated by Epidural Blood Patches" 3612:

Schwedt, TJ; Dodick, DW (2007). "Spontaneous intracranial hypotension".

2281:"Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: a cause of severe acute headache" 919:) or ears (CSF otorrhea) should be collected and tested for the protein 5791: 5661: 2090: 1837: 1789: 1772: 1010: 973: 791: 525: 502: 132: 131:

or intentional injury, or arising from a medical intervention known as

116: 3577: 5901: 5852: 5840: 5823: 5755: 5412: 1293: 1170:

has been implicated in several connective tissue disorders including

858: 824: 653: 448: 444: 424: 405: 330: 192:, an injection of the patient's own blood at the site of the leak, a 75: 6376:

Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)

6081: 6073: 6039: 5893: 5796: 4854:

Ratilal, BO; Costa, J; Pappamikail, L; Sampaio, C (28 April 2015).

2042: 977: 787: 744: 436: 413: 151: 128: 62: 3566:

ORL; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties

1069:. The areas of dura leak can be tied together in a process called 671:

due to a sudden and significant loss of CSF. This loss results in

39: 5560: 2584:

Spears, R. C. (2014). "Low-pressure/spinal fluid leak headache".

931: 880:

An alternate method of locating the site of a CSF leak is to use

768: 158: 2278: 6120: 5861: 5828: 5462: 5439: 4761:

Roosendaal, C. M.; Coppes, M. H.; Vroomen, P. C. A. J. (2009).

2411: 2279:

Vaidhyanath, R.; Kenningham, R.; Khan, A.; Messios, N. (2007).

1167: 981: 831:, also known as a spinal tap. Once the pressure is measured, a 440: 409: 5363: 5237:

Cánovas, L; Barros, C; Gómez, A; Castro, M; Castro, A (2002).

4937: 4853: 4280: 3742:

Sayao, AL; Heran, MK; Chapman, K; Redekop, G; Foti, D (2009).

2327: 4463: 3225:

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery

1965: 1505: 760: 567:. However, no other Marfan syndrome presentations are shown. 489: 108: 5407: 5285: 4547: 3782: 3265: 1126:

misdiagnosed, an actual increase in occurrence is unlikely.

512:

A cerebrospinal fluid leak can be a rare complication of an

4980: 4217:"CSF Otorrhea: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Etiology" 3445:"Iatrogenic CSF Leaks from Lumbar Punctures – a commentary" 1652:"CSF leak (Cerebrospinal fluid leak) - Symptoms and causes" 691: 473: 5320: 5054: 4085: 3459:"Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Leak: Symptoms & Treatment" 3659:"Spontaneous Spinal Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks: Diagnosis" 3563: 3489:

Mokri, B (2001). "Spontaneous intracranial hypotension".

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Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (Ankara, Turkey)

4406: 4357: 4172: 3941: 3741: 2983: 2468:. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Pub. Division. pp. 2133:"Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks: a review" 2015:. New York, NY: Thieme Medical Publishers. p. 178. 1454: 1351: 5357: 4809: 4760: 3175: 1820:

Mamlouk, MD; Shen, PY; Jun, P; Sedrak, MF (July 2022).

1459:. Minimally Invasive Image-Guided Spine Interventions. 252: 5019: 4902: 4725:

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume

3995:"Misdiagnosis of Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension" 3863: 3218: 3216: 2455: 2453: 2451: 1077:

can be placed over the dura leak and then sealed with

2049:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1303–. 1922: 1554: 1052:

In extreme cases of intractable CSF leak, a surgical

524:

The most common cause of an intractable sCSF leak is

5417: 3302: 2492: 1819: 4722: 3826: 3213: 2629: 2448: 992:may provide transient relief for some patients. An 763:of bodily fluid discharged from a head orifice, or 4632: 3820: 404:About 50% of people with a spinal CSFL experience 65:of the central nervous system impacted by CSF leak 4896: 4591: 4323: 3937: 3935: 3665: 2793: 2727:Cephalalgia: An International Journal of Headache 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2235:Cephalalgia: An International Journal of Headache 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 818:non-invasive measurement of intracranial pressure 451:, fatigue, fluid dripping from the nose or ears, 6462: 5195: 4592:Wang, S.; Lirng, J.; Hseu, S.; Chan, K. (2008). 4175:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 4129: 3308: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 2877: 2875: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 1873: 1406: 4033: 3653: 3651: 3222: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1717: 1715: 663:position to descend, which can be mistaken for 115:leaks out of one or more holes or tears in the 4027: 3932: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3403:Ragab, Ashraf; Facharzt, Khalid Noman (2014). 3082: 2666: 2625: 2623: 2486: 2274: 2272: 2043:Neil R. Miller; William Fletcher Hoyt (2005). 2036: 1110:alternate site after recent repair is common. 5546: 5081: 4931: 4626: 4513:The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 4457: 4317: 3986: 3748:The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 3735: 3671: 3611: 3539:Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal 3402: 3259: 3021: 2872: 2799: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2321: 2165: 2105: 2046:Walsh and Hoyt's clinical neuro-ophthalmology 1097:meningitis in those with a CSF leak due to a 679:. An extremely rare complication of sCSFL is 5115: 5113: 3903: 3776: 3648: 3484: 3482: 2932: 2841: 2839: 2367: 1862: 1712: 1601:Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 656:, which controls breathing and circulation. 553:autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease 184:Any CSF leak is most often characterized by 6265: 4860:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4679:Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 4040:Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 3600: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3171: 3169: 3132:Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 3047:Journal of the American Medical Association 2881: 2620: 2269: 1777:Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1304: 1236: 1047: 939:and introduction of contrast into the spine 648:is another complication that occurs due to 531: 5553: 5539: 5314: 5160: 4081: 4079: 3078: 3076: 2562: 2464:Adams and Victor's principles of neurology 2070: 1916: 1880:Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 1874:Lashkarivand, A; Eide, PK (October 2023). 1675: 1027:to clot the sites of holes. The volume of 80: 52: 38: 5254: 5213: 5137: 5110: 4879: 4778: 4676: 4609: 4524: 4440: 4375: 4209: 4051: 4010: 3992: 3969: 3759: 3479: 3473:"Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak (CSF Leak) FAQ" 3420: 3379: 3123: 3044: 2960: 2950: 2933:Yee, TJ; Swong, K; Park, P (March 2020). 2909: 2899: 2863: 2836: 2681: 2385: 2304: 2232: 2148: 2130: 2008: 2002: 1899: 1845: 1788: 1770: 1764: 1747: 1612: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1531: 1264: 1254: 686:There are documented cases of reversible 570: 4813:Operative Neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) 4506: 4500: 4123: 3536: 3525: 3166: 2363: 2361: 2359: 1959: 1826:AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology 1637: 1009: 930: 611: 4076: 3897: 3708: 3557: 3359:Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society 3345: 3087:spontaneous intracranial hypotension". 3073: 2852:Clinical and Translational Neuroscience 2541:"CSF Leak: A Curable Cause of Headache" 1813: 1326: 1324: 1060: 999: 972:Symptomatic treatment usually involves 849:Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain 710:Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the 514:anterior cervical discectomy and fusion 6463: 6342:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies 6015:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS 4237: 3351: 2407: 2405: 1597:"Spontaneous intracranial hypotension" 1594: 1583: 1409:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology 1305:Simon, LV; Newton, EJ (January 2023). 1035: 5534: 5119: 4034:Schievink, W. I.; Tourje, J. (2007). 3488: 3129: 2724: 2356: 2076: 1968:Neuroimaging Clinics of North America 1548: 1457:Neuroimaging Clinics of North America 419:Other symptoms of a CSF leak include 272: 6193:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension 5582: 2977: 2845: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1402: 1400: 1347: 1345: 1321: 1298: 1014:The epidural syringe is filled with 630:spontaneous intracranial hypotension 519: 483: 472:An untreated CSF leak can result in 447:or difficulties with concentration, 284:Symptoms resulting from nerve impact 253:Spontaneous intracranial hypotension 247:spontaneous intracranial hypotension 207:in 1938 and by American neurologist 5196:Carter, B.; Pasupuleti, R. (2000). 3786:Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 2926: 2402: 1669: 1084: 820:methods of the CSF pressure, and a 277: 103:) is a medical condition where the 13: 6424:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy 4295:10.1212/01.wnl.0000132964.07982.cc 3686:10.1212/01.wnl.0000218210.83855.40 3323:10.1227/01.NEU.0000089483.30857.11 2846:Beck, Jürgen; et al. (2018). 2814:10.1212/01.wnl.0000267324.68013.8e 2533: 1512:European Journal of Human Genetics 1230: 882:heavily T2-weighted MR myelography 705: 14: 6492: 6127:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases 5930:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration 5396: 4466:Current Pain and Headache Reports 3614:Current Pain and Headache Reports 3491:Current Pain and Headache Reports 2586:Current Pain and Headache Reports 1443: 1397: 1355:American Journal of Roentgenology 1342: 218: 6481:Central nervous system disorders 6147:For more detailed coverage, see 6125:For more detailed coverage, see 6096:For more detailed coverage, see 6062:For more detailed coverage, see 6013:For more detailed coverage, see 5335:10.1097/00006123-200209000-00045 5256:10.1097/00000539-200205000-00069 5215:10.1097/00000542-200001000-00043 4780:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02803.x 4737:10.2106/00004623-198971070-00004 4691:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2009.01450.x 4598:Acta Anaesthesiologica Taiwanica 4053:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.00934.x 3949:The Journal of Headache and Pain 3317:(5): 1216–8, discussion 1218–9. 3144:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.00979.x 2247:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01776.x 1678:Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 1614:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03514.x 1289:Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Imaging 951:and elevated protein content or 897:Engorgement of venous structures 726: 607: 5075: 5013: 4985:. 25. Suppl 3 (S3): S293–S295. 4847: 4803: 4400: 4351: 4166: 3465: 3451: 3437: 3409:Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 3396: 3352:Kim, K. T.; Kim, Y. B. (2010). 2769: 2718: 2684:New England Journal of Medicine 2368:Mehta, B.; Tarshis, J. (2009). 1144:journals since the late 1980s. 1113: 926: 812:Computed tomography of the head 584: 439:, facial numbness or weakness, 395:second-half-of-the-day headache 227: 5329:(3): 830–6, discussion 836–7. 4872:10.1002/14651858.CD004884.pub4 4364:Journal of Neurosurgery. Spine 3798:10.1016/j.clineuro.2009.06.001 2374:Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 1499: 1281: 1213: 958: 915:Fluid dripping from the nose ( 640:When a CSF leak occurs at the 589:Cranial CSF leaks result from 239: 1: 6440:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 6325:Hereditary spastic paraplegia 6183:Normal pressure hydrocephalus 5096:10.1016/S0140-6736(53)91948-5 5057:Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain) 4767:European Journal of Neurology 4611:10.1016/S1875-4597(08)60007-7 3841:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60636-9 3717:Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain) 3268:American Journal of Rhinology 1937:10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00423-3 1206: 659:Low CSF volume can cause the 6409:Progressive muscular atrophy 5485:: 339.8, 348.4, 349.0, 792.0 5300:10.1016/j.neurol.2008.05.006 4144:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c3fd99 4101:10.3109/02699052.2010.490512 3918:10.1016/j.spinee.2005.12.026 3237:10.1097/MOO.0b013e3283200017 2999:10.1097/BRS.0000000000000404 1740:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.4799 1690:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000603 1332:"Are all CSF leaks similar?" 1104: 967: 754: 600:CSF leaks can result from a 145:post-dural-puncture headache 7: 5919:Primary progressive aphasia 4647:10.3171/jns.2004.100.6.1098 4012:10.1001/archneur.60.12.1713 1189: 1147: 894:Enhancement of the meninges 488:Cranial leaks occur in the 167:connective tissue disorders 10: 6497: 6241:Hashimoto's encephalopathy 5947:Posterior cortical atrophy 5768:Striatonigral degeneration 5619:Cavernous sinus thrombosis 5378:10.3171/jns.2002.96.3.0483 5175:10.3171/jns.1989.70.5.0808 4952:10.3171/jns.1998.88.2.0243 4917:10.3171/jns.2003.99.5.0840 4377:10.3171/2015.10.SPINE15855 4324:Mark S. Greenberg (2006). 4187:10.1016/j.jvir.2017.10.002 3422:10.1016/j.egja.2013.11.005 3280:10.1177/194589240301700403 2285:Emergency Medicine Journal 1892:10.1007/s11910-023-01297-9 1336:Spinal CSF Leak Foundation 1129: 1003: 988:infusion), and hydration. 891:Subdural fluid collections 855:Magnetic resonance imaging 846: 809: 617:Arnold–Chiari malformation 538:connective tissue disorder 143:can give the symptom of a 6347:Spinal muscular atrophies 6315:Primary lateral sclerosis 6297: 6274: 6258: 6213: 6173:Intracranial hypertension 6163: 6135: 6106: 6072: 6034: 6023: 5989: 5967: 5953:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 5892: 5702: 5693: 5679: 5639: 5573: 5504: 5421: 4991:10.1007/s10072-004-0315-3 4563:10.1007/s10072-004-0272-x 4526:10.1017/s0317167100007654 4478:10.1007/s11916-014-0457-9 4330:. Thieme. pp. 178–. 3993:Schievink, W. I. (2003). 3962:10.1007/s10194-007-0421-8 3761:10.1017/s0317167100006636 3626:10.1007/s11916-007-0023-9 3503:10.1007/s11916-001-0045-7 3372:10.3340/jkns.2010.47.1.48 2901:10.1186/s12893-019-0527-3 2644:10.1007/s00062-009-9008-x 2632:Klinische Neuroradiologie 2598:10.1007/s11916-014-0425-4 2511:10.1007/s00415-011-6181-z 2426:10.1007/s10072-009-0060-8 2387:10.1007/s12630-009-9121-y 1980:10.1016/j.nic.2019.01.002 1569:10.1148/radiol.2483070362 1469:10.1016/j.nic.2019.07.006 619:is a condition where the 591:intracranial hypertension 495: 234:Intracranial hypertension 107:(CSF) that surrounds the 69: 60: 51: 46: 37: 29: 24: 6414:Progressive bulbar palsy 6205:Intracranial hypotension 6188:Choroid plexus papilloma 5602:Herpesviral encephalitis 5243:Anesthesia and Analgesia 5034:10.3171/2008.10.JNS08428 4327:Handbook of neurosurgery 3101:10.1177/0333102410394676 3059:10.1001/jama.295.19.2286 2939:Journal of Spine Surgery 2865:10.1177/2514183X18787371 2739:10.1177/0333102414531154 2012:Handbook of neurosurgery 2009:Greenberg, Mark (2006). 1876:"Brain Sagging Dementia" 1256:10.3390/brainsci12030340 1221:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 1180:thoracic aortic aneurysm 1048:Surgical drain technique 910: 532:Connective tissue theory 263:intracranial hypotension 179:intracranial hypotension 93:cerebrospinal fluid leak 25:Cerebrospinal fluid leak 5926:Frontotemporal dementia 5612:Encephalitis lethargica 5366:Journal of Neurosurgery 5163:Journal of Neurosurgery 5022:Journal of Neurosurgery 4940:Journal of Neurosurgery 4905:Journal of Neurosurgery 4635:Journal of Neurosurgery 4507:Peng, PW; Farb (2008). 3191:10.3171/2009.6.JNS09415 3179:Journal of Neurosurgery 2952:10.21037/jss.2020.01.14 2497:spontaneous CSF leak". 2342:10.3171/2008.9.JNS08670 2330:Journal of Neurosurgery 2297:10.1136/emj.2007.048694 2079:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1307:Basilar Skull Fractures 1101:is of unclear benefit. 949:lymphocytic pleocytosis 935:Spinal needles used in 867:cerebral venous sinuses 735:(large opening) of the 688:frontotemporal dementia 646:Orthostatic hypotension 467:frontotemporal dementia 196:injection, or surgery. 175:Ehlers–Danlos syndromes 161:not associated with an 6231:Hepatic encephalopathy 5413:Spinal CSF leak Canada 5139:10.3171/foc.2000.9.1.6 4425:10.5152/dir.2017.17220 2858:(2): 2514183X1878737. 2150:10.3171/foc.2000.9.1.8 2131:Schievink, WI (2000). 1099:basilar skull fracture 1019: 940: 842: 749:brain sagging dementia 696:Trendelenburg position 624: 571:Spinal drainage theory 549:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome 507:spinal disc herniation 399:lying flat on the back 137:basilar skull fracture 6289:Ataxia–telangiectasia 6246:Static encephalopathy 5969:Mitochondrial disease 5807:Spasmodic torticollis 5717:Basal ganglia disease 4983:Neurological Sciences 4551:Neurological Sciences 4252:10.1212/wnl.62.8.1453 3999:Archives of Neurology 3873:Head and neuroanatomy 2696:10.1056/NEJMra2101561 2414:Neurological Sciences 1925:The Lancet. Neurology 1524:10.1038/ejhg.2012.191 1013: 934: 805: 800:psychiatric disorders 650:autonomic dysfunction 634:orthostatic headaches 615: 457:cranial nerve 6 palsy 186:orthostatic headaches 6236:Toxic encephalopathy 5942:Lewy bodies dementia 2882:Feichter I. (2019). 2781:www.researchgate.net 2545:www.cedars-sinai.edu 2499:Journal of Neurology 1421:10.2214/AJR.17.18351 1367:10.2214/AJR.15.14884 1159:to treat CSF leaks. 1061:Neurosurgical repair 1006:Epidural blood patch 1000:Epidural blood patch 903:Sagging of the brain 765:clinical examination 700:Empty sella syndrome 673:hindbrain herniation 391:orthostatic headache 190:epidural blood patch 6284:Friedreich's ataxia 5667:Meningoencephalitis 5607:Limbic encephalitis 5126:Neurosurgical Focus 3447:. 20 February 2015. 2137:Neurosurgical Focus 1595:Gordon, N. (2009). 1176:arterial tortuosity 1036:Fibrin glue sealant 871:Chiari malformation 833:radiocontrast agent 822:computed tomography 796:Chiari malformation 665:Chiari malformation 561:joint hypermobility 286: 205:Georg Schaltenbrand 105:cerebrospinal fluid 6320:Pseudobulbar palsy 6058:Status epilepticus 6009:Multiple sclerosis 5846:Myoclonic epilepsy 5709:movement disorders 5655:Acute disseminated 5597:Viral encephalitis 5505:External resources 5288:Revue Neurologique 4825:10.1093/ons/opz134 4246:(8): 1453.1–1453. 4219:. 28 November 2023 2091:10.4065/74.11.1113 1838:10.3174/ajnr.A7548 1790:10.1111/head.12149 1771:Mokri, B. (2013). 1020: 941: 921:beta-2 transferrin 900:Pituitary swelling 625: 621:cerebellar tonsils 578:inferior vena cava 282: 273:Signs and symptoms 127:including from an 47:Circulation of CSF 6458: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6254: 6253: 6159: 6158: 6098:Template:Headache 6064:Template:Epilepsy 5985: 5984: 5959:Vascular dementia 5802:Status dystonicus 5675: 5674: 5650:Encephalomyelitis 5528: 5527: 5120:Mokri, B (2000). 4557:(S3): S135–S137. 4337:978-3-13-110886-9 3906:The Spine Journal 3883:978-3-13-142101-2 3578:10.1159/000084306 2733:(14): 1134–1141. 2690:(23): 2173–2178. 2479:978-0-07-141620-7 2241:(12): 1345–1356. 2085:(11): 1113–1123. 2056:978-0-7817-4811-7 2022:978-0-86577-909-9 1196:Subdural effusion 865:, engorgement of 863:subdural hygromas 777:Valsalva maneuver 681:third nerve palsy 661:cerebellar tonsil 520:Discogenic causes 484:Cranial CSF leaks 433:gait disturbances 387: 386: 383:taste distortion 368:balance problems 355:vestibulocochlear 89: 88: 19:Medical condition 6488: 6272: 6271: 6263: 6262: 6221:Brain herniation 6032: 6031: 5872:Intention tremor 5867:Essential tremor 5732:Postencephalitic 5700: 5699: 5691: 5690: 5580: 5579: 5561:Diseases of the 5555: 5548: 5541: 5532: 5531: 5419: 5418: 5390: 5389: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5258: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5217: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5141: 5117: 5108: 5107: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5017: 5011: 5010: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4883: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4782: 4758: 4749: 4748: 4720: 4711: 4710: 4685:(7): 1047–1051. 4674: 4659: 4658: 4641:(6): 1098–1100. 4630: 4624: 4623: 4613: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4528: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4444: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4379: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4083: 4074: 4073: 4055: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4014: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3973: 3939: 3930: 3929: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3763: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3655: 3646: 3645: 3609: 3598: 3597: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3534: 3523: 3522: 3486: 3477: 3476: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3424: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3383: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3220: 3211: 3210: 3173: 3164: 3163: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3080: 3071: 3070: 3042: 3019: 3018: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2964: 2954: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2913: 2903: 2879: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2843: 2834: 2833: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2787: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2679: 2664: 2663: 2627: 2618: 2617: 2581: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2556: 2547:. Archived from 2537: 2531: 2530: 2495:manifestation of 2490: 2484: 2483: 2467: 2457: 2446: 2445: 2409: 2400: 2399: 2389: 2365: 2354: 2353: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2308: 2276: 2267: 2266: 2230: 2163: 2162: 2152: 2128: 2103: 2102: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1903: 1871: 1860: 1859: 1849: 1832:(7): 1068–1072. 1817: 1811: 1810: 1792: 1783:(7): 1034–1053. 1768: 1762: 1761: 1751: 1719: 1710: 1709: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1648: 1635: 1634: 1616: 1592: 1581: 1580: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1535: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1452: 1441: 1440: 1415:(6): 1360–1366. 1404: 1395: 1394: 1349: 1340: 1339: 1338:. 29 April 2018. 1328: 1319: 1318: 1302: 1296: 1285: 1279: 1278: 1268: 1258: 1234: 1228: 1217: 1085:Adjunct measures 1029:autologous blood 1025:clotting factors 1016:autologous blood 994:abdominal binder 557:pectus excavatum 374:glossopharyngeal 331:taste distortion 287: 281: 278:Spinal SCF leaks 85: 84: 56: 42: 22: 21: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6485: 6476:Brain disorders 6461: 6460: 6459: 6446: 6372:Congenital DSMA 6293: 6250: 6209: 6155: 6143:Sleep disorders 6131: 6108:Cerebrovascular 6102: 6068: 6025: 6019: 5981: 5963: 5888: 5834:Choreoathetosis 5707: 5684: 5671: 5635: 5569: 5559: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5500: 5499: 5430: 5408:Spinal CSF leak 5399: 5394: 5393: 5362: 5358: 5319: 5315: 5284: 5280: 5235: 5231: 5194: 5190: 5159: 5155: 5118: 5111: 5090:(6765): 805–8. 5080: 5076: 5053: 5049: 5018: 5014: 4979: 4975: 4936: 4932: 4901: 4897: 4866:(4): CD004884. 4852: 4848: 4808: 4804: 4759: 4752: 4721: 4714: 4675: 4662: 4631: 4627: 4590: 4586: 4546: 4542: 4505: 4501: 4462: 4458: 4405: 4401: 4356: 4352: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4322: 4318: 4279: 4275: 4236: 4232: 4222: 4220: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4171: 4167: 4128: 4124: 4095:(7–8): 988–94. 4084: 4077: 4032: 4028: 3991: 3987: 3940: 3933: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3868: 3864: 3825: 3821: 3781: 3777: 3740: 3736: 3713: 3709: 3670: 3666: 3657: 3656: 3649: 3610: 3601: 3562: 3558: 3545:(5): E397–400. 3535: 3526: 3487: 3480: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3401: 3397: 3350: 3346: 3307: 3303: 3264: 3260: 3221: 3214: 3174: 3167: 3128: 3124: 3081: 3074: 3053:(19): 2286–96. 3043: 3022: 2993:(16): E936-43. 2982: 2978: 2931: 2927: 2880: 2873: 2844: 2837: 2798: 2794: 2785: 2783: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2723: 2719: 2680: 2667: 2628: 2621: 2582: 2563: 2554: 2552: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2491: 2487: 2480: 2458: 2449: 2420:(S1): S11–S13. 2410: 2403: 2366: 2357: 2326: 2322: 2291:(10): 739–741. 2277: 2270: 2231: 2166: 2129: 2106: 2075: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2041: 2037: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2007: 2003: 1964: 1960: 1921: 1917: 1886:(10): 593–605. 1872: 1863: 1818: 1814: 1769: 1765: 1720: 1713: 1674: 1670: 1660: 1658: 1650: 1649: 1638: 1607:(12): 932–935. 1593: 1584: 1553: 1549: 1504: 1500: 1453: 1444: 1405: 1398: 1350: 1343: 1330: 1329: 1322: 1303: 1299: 1286: 1282: 1235: 1231: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1192: 1172:Marfan syndrome 1150: 1132: 1116: 1107: 1087: 1063: 1050: 1038: 1008: 1002: 990:Corticosteroids 970: 961: 945:lumbar puncture 937:lumbar puncture 929: 917:CSF rhinorrhoea 913: 875:whiplash strain 851: 845: 829:lumbar puncture 814: 808: 757: 729: 708: 706:Pathophysiology 610: 602:lumbar puncture 595:nude nerve root 587: 573: 545:Marfan syndrome 534: 522: 498: 486: 376: 367: 362: 357: 348: 347:facial weakness 340: 323: 314: 309: 304: 280: 275: 267:CSF hypovolemia 255: 242: 230: 221: 171:Marfan syndrome 141:lumbar puncture 79: 20: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6494: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6456: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6411: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6344: 6330: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6303: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6280: 6278: 6269: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6200:Cerebral edema 6197: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6169: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6149:Template:Sleep 6139: 6137: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6123: 6118: 6112: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6078: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6044: 6042: 6029: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5995: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5977:Leigh syndrome 5973: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5961: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5898: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5869: 5858: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5826: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5713: 5711: 5704:Extrapyramidal 5697: 5688: 5686:encephalopathy 5677: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5646: 5644: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5621: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5588: 5586: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5563:nervous system 5558: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5535: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5486: 5474: 5455: 5431: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422:Classification 5416: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5398: 5397:External links 5395: 5392: 5391: 5356: 5313: 5278: 5229: 5208:(1): 272–274. 5202:Anesthesiology 5188: 5153: 5109: 5074: 5047: 5028:(2): 295–299. 5012: 4973: 4946:(2): 243–246. 4930: 4911:(5): 840–842. 4895: 4846: 4819:(3): 239–245. 4802: 4773:(12): e178–9. 4750: 4712: 4660: 4625: 4604:(3): 129–133. 4584: 4540: 4499: 4456: 4399: 4370:(6): 960–964. 4350: 4336: 4316: 4273: 4230: 4208: 4165: 4138:(22): 1892–8. 4122: 4075: 4026: 4005:(12): 1713–8. 3985: 3956:(6): 325–328. 3931: 3896: 3882: 3862: 3835:(9570): 1402. 3819: 3792:(8): 699–702. 3775: 3734: 3707: 3680:(11): 1777–8. 3664: 3647: 3599: 3556: 3524: 3478: 3464: 3450: 3436: 3415:(2): 181–186. 3395: 3344: 3301: 3258: 3212: 3165: 3138:(1): 146–149. 3122: 3095:(6): 691–695. 3072: 3020: 2976: 2945:(1): 302–322. 2925: 2871: 2835: 2808:(7): 700–702. 2792: 2768: 2717: 2665: 2638:(2): 111–121. 2619: 2561: 2532: 2485: 2478: 2447: 2401: 2355: 2336:(3): 521–524. 2320: 2268: 2164: 2104: 2069: 2055: 2035: 2021: 2001: 1974:(2): 213–226. 1958: 1931:(4): 369–380. 1915: 1861: 1812: 1763: 1734:(3): 329–337. 1728:JAMA Neurology 1711: 1684:(6): 467–471. 1668: 1636: 1582: 1547: 1518:(4): 386–390. 1498: 1463:(4): 581–594. 1442: 1396: 1341: 1320: 1297: 1280: 1243:Brain Sciences 1229: 1211: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1201:Cerebral shunt 1198: 1191: 1188: 1153:Tetracosactide 1149: 1146: 1131: 1128: 1120:emergency room 1115: 1112: 1106: 1103: 1086: 1083: 1062: 1059: 1049: 1046: 1037: 1034: 1004:Main article: 1001: 998: 969: 966: 960: 957: 928: 925: 912: 909: 905: 904: 901: 898: 895: 892: 847:Main article: 844: 841: 810:Main article: 807: 804: 756: 753: 737:occipital bone 733:foramen magnum 728: 725: 712:choroid plexus 707: 704: 609: 606: 586: 583: 572: 569: 533: 530: 521: 518: 497: 494: 485: 482: 478:foramen magnum 443:disturbances, 408:or stiffness, 385: 384: 381: 378: 370: 369: 364: 359: 351: 350: 345: 342: 334: 333: 328: 325: 321:chorda tympani 317: 316: 315:double vision 313:blurred and or 311: 306: 298: 297: 294: 291: 279: 276: 274: 271: 254: 251: 241: 238: 229: 226: 220: 219:Classification 217: 215:in the 1950s. 157:or CSF-venous 87: 86: 73: 67: 66: 58: 57: 49: 48: 44: 43: 35: 34: 31: 27: 26: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6493: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6226:Reye syndrome 6224: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6178:Hydrocephalus 6176: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6162: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6065: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5991:Demyelinating 5988: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5879:Restless legs 5877: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5854: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5817:Blepharospasm 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5773:Hemiballismus 5771: 5769: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5682: 5678: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5638: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5624:Brain abscess 5622: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5556: 5551: 5549: 5544: 5542: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5429: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5403:CSF leak info 5401: 5400: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5317: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5169:(5): 808–10. 5168: 5164: 5157: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5114: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5016: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4755: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4719: 4717: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4544: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4339: 4333: 4329: 4328: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4218: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4082: 4080: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4046:(9): 1345–6. 4045: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3938: 3936: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3885: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3660: 3654: 3652: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3497:(3): 284–91. 3496: 3492: 3485: 3483: 3474: 3468: 3460: 3454: 3446: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3217: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3172: 3170: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3085:patients with 3079: 3077: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2876: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2840: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2796: 2782: 2778: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2626: 2624: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2551:on 2018-08-01 2550: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2505:(2): 306–10. 2504: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2481: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2465: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2408: 2406: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2380:(8): 609–13. 2379: 2375: 2371: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2275: 2273: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2058: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2039: 2024: 2018: 2014: 2013: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1816: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1718: 1716: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1563:(3): 725–36. 1562: 1558: 1551: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1502: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1403: 1401: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1348: 1346: 1337: 1333: 1327: 1325: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1301: 1295: 1291: 1290: 1284: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1233: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1216: 1212: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1158: 1157:intravenously 1154: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1137:Henry Woltman 1127: 1123: 1121: 1111: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1058: 1055: 1045: 1043: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1017: 1012: 1007: 997: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 965: 956: 954: 953:xanthochromia 950: 946: 938: 933: 924: 922: 918: 908: 902: 899: 896: 893: 890: 889: 888: 885: 883: 878: 877:to the dura. 876: 872: 868: 864: 861:enlargement, 860: 856: 850: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 823: 819: 813: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 784: 780: 778: 774: 770: 767:. The use of 766: 762: 752: 750: 746: 742: 741:cranial nerve 738: 734: 727:Brain sagging 724: 722: 721:venous plexus 717: 713: 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 684: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 657: 655: 651: 647: 643: 642:temporal bone 637: 635: 631: 622: 618: 614: 608:Complications 605: 603: 598: 596: 592: 582: 579: 568: 566: 565:arched palate 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 541: 539: 529: 527: 517: 515: 510: 508: 504: 493: 491: 481: 479: 475: 470: 468: 463: 460: 459:) or tremor. 458: 452: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 417: 415: 411: 407: 402: 400: 396: 392: 382: 379: 375: 372: 371: 365: 360: 356: 353: 352: 349:and numbness 346: 343: 339: 336: 335: 332: 329: 326: 324:(Branch of 7) 322: 319: 318: 312: 307: 303: 300: 299: 295: 292: 289: 288: 285: 270: 268: 264: 258: 250: 248: 237: 235: 225: 216: 214: 210: 209:Henry Woltman 206: 203: 197: 195: 191: 187: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 163:epidural leak 160: 156: 153: 148: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 83: 77: 74: 72: 68: 64: 59: 55: 50: 45: 41: 36: 32: 28: 23: 6434: 6333: 6306: 6267:Degenerative 6004:Inflammatory 5951: 5884:Stiff-person 5722:Parkinsonism 5695:Degenerative 5592:Encephalitis 5575:Inflammation 5565:, primarily 5512: 5488: 5476: 5457: 5434: 5372:(3): 483–9. 5369: 5365: 5359: 5326: 5323:Neurosurgery 5322: 5316: 5294:(2): 201–5. 5291: 5287: 5281: 5246: 5242: 5232: 5205: 5201: 5191: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5129: 5125: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5063:(7): 485–7. 5060: 5056: 5050: 5025: 5021: 5015: 4982: 4976: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4863: 4859: 4849: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4770: 4766: 4731:(7): 984–7. 4728: 4724: 4682: 4678: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4601: 4597: 4587: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4519:(1): 102–5. 4516: 4512: 4502: 4472:(457): 1–9. 4469: 4465: 4459: 4419:(1): 54–59. 4416: 4412: 4402: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4341:. Retrieved 4326: 4319: 4289:(1): 186–7. 4286: 4282: 4276: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4221:. Retrieved 4211: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4092: 4089:Brain Injury 4088: 4043: 4039: 4029: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3953: 3947: 3912:(5): 591–9. 3909: 3905: 3899: 3887:. Retrieved 3872: 3865: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3754:(2): 252–6. 3751: 3747: 3737: 3723:(7): 462–5. 3720: 3716: 3710: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3620:(1): 56–61. 3617: 3613: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3542: 3538: 3494: 3490: 3467: 3453: 3439: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3366:(1): 48–50. 3363: 3357: 3347: 3314: 3311:Neurosurgery 3310: 3304: 3274:(4): 191–5. 3271: 3267: 3261: 3231:(1): 59–65. 3228: 3224: 3185:(2): 300–6. 3182: 3178: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3050: 3046: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2942: 2938: 2928: 2891: 2887: 2855: 2851: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2784:. Retrieved 2780: 2771: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2687: 2683: 2635: 2631: 2589: 2585: 2553:. Retrieved 2549:the original 2544: 2535: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2463: 2417: 2413: 2377: 2373: 2333: 2329: 2323: 2288: 2284: 2238: 2234: 2140: 2136: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2060:. Retrieved 2045: 2038: 2026:. Retrieved 2011: 2004: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1928: 1924: 1918: 1883: 1879: 1829: 1825: 1815: 1780: 1776: 1766: 1731: 1727: 1681: 1677: 1671: 1659:. Retrieved 1655: 1604: 1600: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1515: 1511: 1501: 1460: 1456: 1412: 1408: 1358: 1354: 1335: 1306: 1300: 1287: 1283: 1246: 1242: 1232: 1219: 1215: 1165: 1161: 1151: 1133: 1124: 1117: 1114:Epidemiology 1108: 1088: 1064: 1054:lumbar drain 1051: 1039: 1021: 980:intake (via 971: 962: 942: 927:CSF analysis 914: 906: 886: 879: 852: 815: 785: 781: 758: 748: 730: 709: 685: 669:quadriplegia 658: 638: 626: 599: 594: 588: 585:Other causes 574: 542: 535: 523: 511: 499: 487: 471: 464: 461: 453: 418: 403: 394: 388: 344:facial nerve 283: 266: 262: 259: 256: 243: 231: 228:Cranial leak 222: 198: 183: 149: 120: 100: 96: 92: 90: 6471:Spinal cord 6419:Fazio–Londe 6259:Both/either 6053:Generalised 5912:Early-onset 5907:Alzheimer's 5642:spinal cord 5514:MedlinePlus 5249:(5): 1369. 3572:(1): 51–5. 3089:Cephalalgia 2028:18 December 1656:Mayo Clinic 1361:(1): 8–19. 1184:fibrillin-1 1141:Mayo Clinic 1091:antibiotics 1089:The use of 1067:diverticula 1042:fibrin glue 986:intravenous 959:Myelography 837:fluoroscopy 604:procedure. 421:photophobia 366:hearing and 308:optic nerve 240:Spinal leak 213:Mayo Clinic 202:neurologist 194:fibrin glue 155:diverticula 113:spinal cord 30:Other names 6465:Categories 6027:paroxysmal 5999:Autoimmune 5792:Dyskinesia 5662:Meningitis 5640:Brain and 5132:(1): 1–7. 4343:8 November 4223:13 January 4181:(3): 439. 3889:8 November 3876:. Thieme. 3829:The Lancet 2894:(66): 66. 2786:2018-09-22 2592:(6): 1–6. 2555:2018-08-01 2143:(1): 1–9. 2062:8 November 1661:16 January 1249:(3): 340. 1207:References 974:analgesics 792:meningitis 716:ventricles 526:discogenic 503:osteophyte 169:including 133:iatrogenic 117:dura mater 6024:Episodic/ 5902:Tauopathy 5853:Akathisia 5841:Myoclonus 5824:Athetosis 5756:Tauopathy 4833:2332-4260 4433:1305-3612 4386:1547-5646 4283:Neurology 4240:Neurology 4195:1535-7732 4132:Neurology 3674:Neurology 3207:207609670 2802:Neurology 2747:1468-2982 2712:244829127 1953:247111571 1706:201748704 1557:Radiology 1493:202812955 1477:1052-5149 1429:1546-3141 1375:0361-803X 1294:eMedicine 1166:The gene 1105:Prognosis 968:Treatment 859:pituitary 825:myelogram 788:migraines 755:Diagnosis 747:known as 654:brainstem 449:neuralgia 445:brain fog 425:dizziness 406:neck pain 361:hearing, 296:Symptoms 152:meningeal 121:sCSF leak 76:Neurology 71:Specialty 6390:SMALED2B 6385:SMALED2A 6082:Migraine 6074:Headache 6040:epilepsy 6036:Seizures 5894:Dementia 5797:Dystonia 5386:11883832 5343:12188967 5308:19010507 5273:43200053 5265:11973227 5224:10638928 5148:16859267 5104:13036182 5069:19921558 5042:19199465 5007:19720469 4999:15549566 4925:14609162 4890:25918919 4881:10554555 4841:31134267 4789:19863649 4707:25817793 4699:19473279 4655:15200130 4620:18809524 4571:15549523 4535:18380287 4494:19577501 4486:25255993 4451:29217497 4394:26849709 4311:43332925 4303:15249640 4268:35100816 4260:15111706 4203:29455884 4160:22189395 4152:19949036 4109:20545453 4070:19223351 4062:17927653 4021:14676045 3980:18071632 3926:16934734 3849:17448827 3806:19577356 3770:19378725 3729:18726726 3702:42704428 3694:16769965 3642:36869290 3634:17214923 3594:24434779 3586:15753623 3551:17767107 3519:30963142 3511:11309218 3431:71403201 3390:20157378 3339:10793428 3331:14580290 3296:39030096 3288:12962187 3253:35820893 3245:19225307 3199:19591547 3160:32994607 3152:18184297 3117:21554078 3109:21220378 3067:16705110 3015:20105020 3007:25010015 2971:32309668 2920:31226967 2888:BMC Surg 2830:43132714 2822:17698794 2755:24728303 2704:34874632 2660:13544316 2652:19636501 2614:22162918 2606:24760494 2527:43308694 2519:21811806 2442:33678574 2434:19415418 2396:19495908 2350:19012477 2315:17901290 2263:40813766 2255:19037970 2159:16859269 2099:10560599 1996:86400418 1988:30926112 1945:35227413 1910:37676440 1901:10590313 1856:35738670 1807:44300449 1799:23808630 1758:33393980 1698:31449087 1631:39157001 1623:19909307 1577:18710972 1542:22929030 1485:31677732 1437:29023155 1383:26700332 1315:29261908 1275:35326296 1226:CSF leak 1190:See also 1148:Research 1079:gel foam 1071:ligation 1023:blood's 978:caffeine 745:dementia 437:tinnitus 414:vomiting 310:crossing 293:Function 159:fistulas 129:accident 97:CSF leak 63:meninges 33:CSF leak 6402:SMA-PME 6397:SMA-PCH 6380:SMALED1 6092:Tension 6087:Cluster 5812:Meige's 5629:Amoebic 5495:D065634 5351:9552160 5183:2709124 4968:9548722 4960:9452231 4797:6165146 4745:2760094 4579:8388459 4442:5765931 4117:9553904 3971:3476164 3857:5350377 3814:2457796 3381:2817515 2962:7154369 2911:6588915 2763:3100453 2306:2658456 1847:9262061 1749:7783594 1533:3598315 1391:5430158 1266:8945904 1139:of the 1130:History 1095:prevent 1075:pledget 714:in the 429:vertigo 363:balance 211:of the 6121:Stroke 5935:Pick's 5862:Tremor 5829:Chorea 5519:001068 5384: 5349: 5341: 5306: 5271: 5263: 5222: 5181: 5146: 5102: 5084:Lancet 5067: 5040: 5005: 4997: 4966: 4958: 4923: 4888: 4878: 4839: 4831: 4795: 4787: 4743: 4705: 4697: 4653: 4618: 4577: 4569: 4533: 4492: 4484: 4449: 4439: 4431: 4392: 4384: 4334: 4309: 4301: 4266: 4258: 4201: 4193: 4158: 4150: 4115: 4107: 4068: 4060: 4019: 3978: 3968: 3924: 3880: 3855: 3847: 3812: 3804: 3768: 3727: 3700: 3692: 3640: 3632: 3592: 3584: 3549: 3517: 3509: 3429: 3388: 3378: 3337: 3329: 3294: 3286: 3251: 3243: 3205: 3197: 3158: 3150: 3115: 3107: 3065: 3013: 3005: 2969: 2959: 2918: 2908: 2828: 2820: 2761: 2753: 2745: 2710: 2702: 2658: 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