705:
722:
436:
649:
883:
61:
678:
665:
5085:
761:(or Nabothian follicles) form in the transformation zone where the lining of metaplastic epithelium has replaced mucous epithelium and caused a strangulation of the outlet of some of the mucous glands. A buildup of mucus in the glands forms Nabothian cysts, usually less than about 5 mm (0.20 in) in diameter, which are considered physiological rather than pathological. Both gland openings and Nabothian cysts are helpful to identify the transformation zone.
49:
6228:
373:
6252:
852:—a period of high estrogen levels— the mucus is thin and serous to allow sperm to enter the uterus and is more alkaline and hence more hospitable to sperm. It is also higher in electrolytes, which results in the "ferning" pattern that can be observed in drying mucus under low magnification; as the mucus dries, the salts crystallize, resembling the leaves of a fern. The mucus has a stretchy character described as
874:, called the operculum, forms inside the cervical canal during pregnancy. This provides a protective seal for the uterus against the entry of pathogens and against leakage of uterine fluids. The mucus plug is also known to have antibacterial properties. This plug is released as the cervix dilates, either during the first stage of childbirth or shortly before. It is visible as a blood-tinged mucous discharge.
6240:
3995:
452:
704:
840:; mucus is composed of around 93% water, reaching 98% at midcycle. These changes allow it to function either as a barrier or a transport medium to spermatozoa. It contains electrolytes such as calcium, sodium, and potassium; organic components such as glucose, amino acids, and soluble proteins; trace elements including zinc, copper, iron, manganese, and selenium; free fatty acids; enzymes such as
934:. Generally, the active first stage of labour, when the uterine contractions become strong and regular, begins when the cervical dilation is more than 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in). The second phase of labor begins when the cervix has dilated to 10 cm (4 in), which is regarded as its fullest dilation, and is when active pushing and contractions push the baby along the
396:. Around 2–3 centimetres (0.8–1.2 in) in length, it is the lower narrower part of the uterus continuous above with the broader upper part—or body—of the uterus. The lower end of the cervix bulges through the anterior wall of the vagina, and is referred to as the vaginal portion of cervix (or ectocervix) while the rest of the cervix above the vagina is called the
1096:(VIA). Instituting and sustaining cytology-based programs in these regions can be difficult, due to the need for trained personnel, equipment and facilities and difficulties in follow-up. With VIA, results and treatment can be available on the same day. As a screening test, VIA is comparable to cervical cytology in accurately identifying precancerous lesions.
222:, over 2,000 years ago. The cervix is approximately 4 cm long with a diameter of approximately 3 cm and tends to be described as a cylindrical shape, although the front and back walls of the cervix are contiguous. The size of the cervix changes throughout a woman's life cycle. For example, during the fertile years of a woman's
721:
1029:
In 2008, cervical cancer was the third-most common cancer in women worldwide, with rates varying geographically from less than one to more than 50 cases per 100,000 women. It is a leading cause of cancer-related death in poor countries, where delayed diagnosis leading to poor outcomes is common. The
747:
and change to tougher metaplastic squamous epithelium in days or weeks, which is very similar to the original squamous epithelium when mature. The new squamocolumnar junction is therefore internal to the original squamocolumnar junction, and the zone of unstable epithelium between the two junctions
742:
girls, the functional squamocolumnar junction is present just within the cervical canal. Upon entering puberty, due to hormonal influence, and during pregnancy, the columnar epithelium extends outward over the ectocervix as the cervix everts. Hence, this also causes the squamocolumnar junction to
1033:
Cervical cancer nearly always involves human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. HPV is a virus with numerous strains, several of which predispose to precancerous changes in the cervical epithelium, particularly in the transformation zone, which is the most common area for cervical cancer to start.
689:
The endocervical mucosa is about 3 mm (0.12 in) thick and lined with a single layer of columnar mucous cells. It contains numerous tubular mucous glands, which empty viscous alkaline mucus into the lumen. In contrast, the ectocervix is covered with nonkeratinized stratified squamous
1111:
is a possible result of the biopsy and represents dysplastic changes that may eventually progress to invasive cancer. Most cases of cervical cancer are detected in this way, without having caused any symptoms. When symptoms occur, they may include vaginal bleeding, discharge, or discomfort.
984:
are reusable, firm-rimmed plastic devices inserted by a woman prior to intercourse that cover the cervix. Pressure against the walls of the vagina maintain the position of the diaphragm, and it acts as a physical barrier to prevent the entry of sperm into the uterus, preventing
1001:
are effective as a contraceptive because they thicken cervical mucus, making it difficult for sperm to pass along the cervical canal. In addition, they may also sometimes prevent ovulation. In contrast, contraceptive pills that contain both oestrogen and progesterone, the
2622:
910:, rests on and is supported by the cervix. As labour progresses, the cervix becomes softer and shorter, begins to dilate, and withdraws to face the anterior of the body. The support the cervix provides to the fetal head starts to give way when the uterus begins its
502:
has taken place. In women who have not had a vaginal delivery, the external opening is small and circular, and in women who have had a vaginal delivery, it is slit-like. On average, the ectocervix is 3 cm (1.2 in) long and 2.5 cm (1 in) wide.
1030:
introduction of routine screening has resulted in fewer cases of (and deaths from) cervical cancer, however this has mainly taken place in developed countries. Most developing countries have limited or no screening, and 85% of the global burden occurring there.
997:. In one year, 12% of women using the diaphragm will undergo an unintended pregnancy, and with optimal use this falls to 6%. Efficacy rates are lower for the cap, with 18% of women undergoing an unintended pregnancy, and 10–13% with optimal use. Most types of
628:
and the original columnar epithelium is derived from the paramesonephric duct. The point at which these two original epithelia meet is called the original squamocolumnar junction. New studies show, however, that all the cervical as well as large part of the
1218:
is a rare congenital condition in which the cervix completely fails to develop, often associated with the concurrent failure of the vagina to develop. Other congenital cervical abnormalities exist, often associated with abnormalities of the vagina and
1154:, which may appear whiteish due to exudate, and by taking a Pap smear and examining for causal bacteria. Special tests may be used to identify particular bacteria. If the inflammation is due to a bacterium, then antibiotics may be given as treatment.
710:
The squamocolumnar junction of the cervix, with abrupt transition: The ectocervix, with its stratified squamous epithelium, is visible on the left. Simple columnar epithelium, typical of the endocervix, is visible on the right. A layer of
786:. Some sperm remains in cervical crypts, infoldings of the endocervix, which act as a reservoir, releasing sperm over several hours and maximising the chances of fertilisation. A theory states the cervical and uterine contractions during
624:, twice as large during childhood, and decreasing to its adult size, smaller than the uterus, after puberty. Previously, it was thought that during fetal development, the original squamous epithelium of the cervix is derived from the
1173:, used from 1938 to 1971 to prevent preterm labour and miscarriage, is also strongly associated with the development of cervical stenosis and other abnormalities in the daughters of the exposed women. Other abnormalities include:
2633:
805:
involve estimating a woman's periods of fertility and infertility by observing physiological changes in her body. Among these changes are several involving the quality of her cervical mucus: the sensation it causes at the
690:
epithelium, which resembles the squamous epithelium lining the vagina. The junction between these two types of epithelia is called the squamocolumnar junction. Underlying both types of epithelium is a tough layer of
2658:
Su M, Hannah WJ, Willan A, Ross S, Hannah ME (October 2004). "Planned caesarean section decreases the risk of adverse perinatal outcome due to both labour and delivery complications in the Term Breech Trial".
918:
to a diameter of more than 10 cm (3.9 in) to accommodate the head of the fetus as it descends from the uterus to the vagina. In becoming wider, the cervix also becomes shorter, a phenomenon known as
482:
adults. It is wider in the middle and narrower at each end. The anterior and posterior walls of the canal each have a vertical fold, from which ridges run diagonally upwards and laterally. These are known as
6094:
252:. The lower part of the cervix, known as the vaginal portion of the cervix (or ectocervix), bulges into the top of the vagina. The endocervix borders the uterus. The cervical canal has at least two types of
573:. However, there are variations as lymphatic drainage from the cervix travels to different sets of pelvic nodes in some people. This has implications in scanning nodes for involvement in cervical cancer.
487:, due to their resemblance to a palm leaf. The anterior and posterior ridges are arranged in such a way that they interlock with each other and close the canal. They are often effaced after pregnancy.
859:
At other times in the cycle, the mucus is thick and more acidic due to the effects of progesterone. This "infertile" mucus acts as a barrier to keep sperm from entering the uterus. Women taking an
620:. The cervix grows in size at a smaller rate than the body of the uterus, so the relative size of the cervix over time decreases, decreasing from being much larger than the body of the uterus in
467:, which also extends over the sides of the cervix. To the rear, the supravaginal cervix is covered by peritoneum, which runs onto the back of the vaginal wall and then turns upwards and onto the
1212:
abnormality; its presence, however is usually indicative of DES exposure, and as such women who experience these abnormalities should be aware of their increased risk of associated pathologies.
790:
draw semen into the uterus. Although the "upsuck theory" has been generally accepted for some years, it has been disputed due to lack of evidence, small sample size, and methodological errors.
3630:
Herbst AL, Poskanzer DC, Robboy SJ, Friedlander L, Scully RE (February 1975). "Prenatal exposure to stilbestrol. A prospective comparison of exposed female offspring with unexposed controls".
588:
approaches, the cervix becomes softer and rises to open in response to the higher levels of estrogen present. These changes are also accompanied by changes in cervical mucus, described below.
2982:
Vaccarella S, Lortet-Tieulent J, Plummer M, Franceschi S, Bray F (October 2013). "Worldwide trends in cervical cancer incidence: impact of screening against changes in disease risk factors".
942:
is a strong factor in influencing how rapidly the cervix is able to dilate in labour. The time taken for the cervix to dilate and efface is one factor used in reporting systems such as the
283:
tests can detect cervical cancer and its precursors, and enable early successful treatment. Ways to avoid HPV include avoiding heterosexual sex, utilising penile condoms, and receiving the
3700:
Patton PE, Novy MJ, Lee DM, Hickok LR (June 2004). "The diagnosis and reproductive outcome after surgical treatment of the complete septate uterus, duplicated cervix and vaginal septum".
1442:
among early writers, who used the term to refer to both the cervix and the internal uterine orifice. The first attested use of the word to refer to the cervix of the uterus was in 1702.
478:
The cervical canal varies greatly in length and width between women or over the course of a woman's life, and it can measure 8 mm (0.3 inch) at its widest diameter in
752:
of the cervix. Histologically, the transformation zone is generally defined as surface squamous epithelium with surface columnar epithelium or stromal glands/crypts, or both.
584:, the cervix undergoes a series of changes in position and texture. During most of the menstrual cycle, the cervix remains firm, and is positioned low and closed. However, as
1261:, rodents, aardvarks and hyraxes have a duplex uterus and two cervices. Lagomorphs and rodents share many morphological characteristics and are grouped together in the clade
1269:
are unusual in that they lack a defined cervix; they are thought to have lost the characteristic rather than other mammals developing a cervix on more than one lineage. In
498:, connecting the cervix with the vagina. The size and shape of the ectocervix and the external opening (external os) can vary according to age, hormonal state, and whether
287:. HPV vaccines, developed in the early 21st century, reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer by preventing infections from the main cancer-causing strains of HPV.
743:
move outwards onto the vaginal portion of the cervix, where it is exposed to the acidic vaginal environment. The exposed columnar epithelium can undergo physiological
6099:
654:
Transformation zone mucosa, when the squamocolumnar junction has a gradual transition. It consists of a mix of stratified squamous epithelium and mucinous glands.
964:
is a condition in which shortening of the cervix due to dilation and thinning occurs, before term pregnancy. Short cervical length is the strongest predictor of
490:
The ectocervix (also known as the vaginal portion of the cervix) has a convex, elliptical shape and projects into the cervix between the anterior and posterior
329:, preventing the passage of sperm through the cervix. Other approaches aiming to prevent contraception include methods that observe cervical mucus, such as the
162:
3859:
443:. The functional squamocolumnar junction surrounds the external os and is visible as the irregular demarcation between the lighter and darker shades of pink
2841:
4027:
2618:
2055:
2888:
2071:"European guidelines for quality assurance in cervical cancer screening: recommendations for clinical management of abnormal cervical cytology, part 1"
1930:
Reich O, Fritsch H (October 2014). "The developmental origin of cervical and vaginal epithelium and their clinical consequences: a systematic review".
1181:; cervical ridges and hoods; and development of a cockscomb cervix appearance, which is the condition wherein, as the name suggests, the cervix of the
3357:
1130:. This inflammation may be of the endocervix or ectocervix. When associated with the endocervix, it is associated with a mucous vaginal discharge and
1644:. Illustrations by Frank H. Netter, contributing illustrators, Joe Chovan, et al. (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. p. 416.
1237:, which are benign overgrowths of endocervical tissue, if present, may cause bleeding, or a benign overgrowth may be present in the cervical canal.
1165:
is an abnormally narrow cervical canal, typically associated with trauma caused by removal of tissue for investigation or treatment of cancer, or
1903:
McLean JM (November 2006). "Morphogenesis and
Differentiation of the cervicovaginal epithelium". In Jordan J, Singer A, Jones H, Shafi M (eds.).
3665:
Fujimoto VY, Miller JH, Klein NA, Soules MR (December 1997). "Congenital cervical atresia: report of seven cases and review of the literature".
1328:
but also to an analogous narrowed part of an object. The cervix uteri (neck of the uterus) is thus the uterine cervix, but in
English the word
3595:
Mittendorf R (June 1995). "Teratogen update: carcinogenesis and teratogenesis associated with exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero".
1838:
Sharif K, Olufowobi O (2006). "The structure chemistry and physics of human cervical mucus". In Jordan J, Singer A, Jones H, Shafi M (eds.).
138:
3971:
993:
are a similar method, although they are smaller and adhere to the cervix by suction. Diaphragms and caps are often used in conjunction with
2060:
5074:
1142:. As many as half of pregnant women having a gonorrheal infection of the cervix are asymptomatic. Other causes include overgrowth of the
384:. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus situated between the external os (external orifice) and internal os (internal orifice). The
1093:
6278:
6150:
302:, which releases when a woman's uterus dislodges from her womb every month of her fertile years, unless the mechanics through which an
6283:
1807:
Taking charge of your fertility : the definitive guide to natural birth control, pregnancy achievement, and reproductive health
6209:
4020:
3177:
Diamantis A, Magiorkinis E, Androutsos G (November 2010). "Different strokes: Pap-test and Babes method are not one and the same".
3018:
6256:
6132:
886:
When the head of the fetus pushes against the cervix, a signal (2) is sent to the brain. This causes a signal to be sent to the
6170:
2776:
Trussell J, Strickler J, Vaughan B (May–Jun 1993). "Contraceptive efficacy of the diaphragm, the sponge and the cervical cap".
1208:
lining the cervix are usually considered or grouped into the same overarching description. It is in and of itself considered a
3952:
3773:
3746:
3399:
3340:
3123:
3060:
2882:
2835:
2711:
2486:
2171:
2036:
1914:
1880:
1855:
1819:
1713:
1649:
1624:
1541:
2217:
420:, and the mucosa covering the ectocervix is known as the exocervix. The cervix has an inner mucosal layer, a thick layer of
4833:
3816:
Novacek MJ, Wyss AR (September 1986). "Higher-Level
Relationships of the Recent Eutherian Orders: Morphological Evidence".
1273:, the cervix contains a series of five interdigitating pads that hold the boar's corkscrew-shaped penis during copulation.
848:. Its consistency is determined by the influence of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. At midcycle around the time of
798:
755:
After menopause, the uterine structures involute and the functional squamocolumnar junction moves into the cervical canal.
694:. The mucosa of the endocervix is not shed during menstruation. The cervix has more fibrous tissue, including collagen and
2428:
Becher N, Adams
Waldorf K, Hein M, Uldbjerg N (May 2009). "The cervical mucus plug: structured review of the literature".
6104:
4013:
890:
to release oxytocin (4). Oxytocin is carried in the bloodstream to the uterus, causing contractions to induce childbirth.
832:
a day, increasing to 600 mg around the time of ovulation. It is viscous because it contains large proteins known as
6244:
6214:
4339:
1241:
refers to the horizontal overgrowth of the endocervical columnar lining in a one-cell-thick layer over the ectocervix.
1108:
1074:
6109:
5257:
3800:
3424:
3231:
3085:
3028:
2520:
2371:
2003:
1783:
1596:
260:; while the ectocervical part of the conduit contains squamous epithelium. Squamous epithelium line the conduit with
1766:
Mould TA, Chow C (2005). "The
Vascular, Neural and Lymphatic Anatomy of the Cervix". In Jordan JA, Singer A (eds.).
1046:, reduce the incidence of cervical cancer, by inoculating against the viral strains involved in cancer development.
5442:
3867:
2243:
Levin RJ (November 2011). "The human female orgasm: a critical evaluation of its proposed reproductive functions".
1003:
405:
1619:. Illustrations by Richardson P, Tibbitts R. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. pp. 415, 423.
5811:
5634:
5408:
5067:
4745:
2822:
1069:, an instrument used to see a magnified view of the cervix, was invented in 1925. The Pap smear was developed by
5097:
4417:
1131:
495:
413:
397:
6192:
6160:
6058:
4762:
3999:
3221:
2869:
280:
157:
6137:
6053:
5391:
4899:
4838:
4492:
4304:
4266:
4161:
3363:
3142:
Gasparini R, Panatto D (May 2009). "Cervical cancer: from
Hippocrates through Rigoni-Stern to zur Hausen".
17:
5666:
5609:
5173:
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4130:
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6288:
6232:
6197:
6187:
5227:
5109:
5060:
4593:
4166:
4036:
3918:
1499:
1162:
779:
562:
554:
393:
4321:
1871:
Schoenwolf GC, Bleyl SB, Brauer PR, Francis-West PH (2009). ""Development of the
Urogenital system"".
1085:
in 1927. In some parts of the developed world including the UK, the Pap test has been superseded with
5990:
5860:
5818:
5679:
4963:
4843:
4808:
4702:
3247:
Sherris J, Wittet S, Kleine A, Sellors J, Luciani S, Sankaranarayanan R, Barone MA (September 2009).
2957:
2187:
1178:
1010:. They also thicken cervical mucus and thin the lining of the uterus, enhancing their effectiveness.
981:
903:
802:
633:
are derived from Müllerian duct tissue and that phenotypic differences might be due to other causes.
597:
326:
3441:
Valle RF, Sankpal R, Marlow JL, Cohen L (2002). "Cervical
Stenosis: A Challenging Clinical Entity".
2069:
Jordan J, Arbyn M, Martin-Hirsch P, Schenck U, Baldauf JJ, Da Silva D, et al. (December 2008).
1430:; cervical cancer was first described more than 2,000 years ago, with descriptions provided by both
6202:
5726:
5542:
5509:
5401:
4858:
4823:
4695:
4487:
4271:
1375:, referring to a "structure that projects". Thus, the word cervix is linguistically related to the
515:
435:
121:
4668:
2051:
International
Federation for Cervical Pathology and Colposcopy (IFCPC) classification. References:
256:(lining): the endocervical lining is glandular epithelium that lines the endocervix with a single
6155:
6009:
5801:
5494:
4848:
4813:
4673:
4261:
4256:
3979:
2961:
860:
783:
265:
31:
2389:"Electrolytes in vaginal fluid during the menstrual cycle of coitally active and inactive women"
1250:
6068:
5936:
5926:
5791:
5514:
5447:
5422:
5358:
5232:
4785:
4780:
4770:
4707:
4678:
4281:
4276:
3391:
3332:
3331:. Illustrated by Britton R (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.
3115:
2028:
1197:
566:
440:
169:
145:
133:
2478:
2472:
1847:
1257:(placental) mammal species have a single cervix and a single, bipartite or bicornuate uterus.
670:
Histology of endocervix, with mucinous columnar epithelium and mucinous glands. H&E stain.
475:. The cervix is more tightly connected to surrounding structures than the rest of the uterus.
6048:
5850:
5654:
5329:
4998:
4993:
4750:
4507:
2913:
Arbyn M, Castellsagué X, de Sanjosé S, Bruni L, Saraiya M, Bray F, Ferlay J (December 2011).
1811:
1805:
1775:
1588:
1086:
1070:
998:
961:
907:
558:
526:, transmit the sensation of pain from the cervix to the brain. These nerves travel along the
523:
519:
3520:
3383:
3382:
Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. (2008).
3362:. Seattle STD/HIV Prevention Training Center. pp. Chapter 7: Cervicitis. Archived from
3324:
3107:
3106:
Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. (2008).
2020:
1839:
1767:
774:
The cervical canal is a pathway through which sperm enter the uterus after being induced by
6063:
6014:
5334:
5324:
5252:
5247:
5222:
5207:
5202:
4548:
4528:
4502:
4084:
3249:"Evidence-based, alternative cervical cancer screening approaches in low-resource settings"
1344:
601:
527:
276:
272:
81:
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1150:
virus. Inflammation is often investigated through directly visualising the cervix using a
648:
8:
6293:
5567:
5524:
5489:
5396:
5376:
5041:
5036:
4904:
4145:
1368:
1324:, where it means "neck", and like its Germanic counterpart, it can refer not only to the
1135:
920:
911:
871:
794:
605:
472:
401:
311:
261:
240:
In relation to the vagina, the part of the cervix that opens to the uterus is called the
207:
2744:
685:, visible as the darker red mucosa surrounding the cervical os. Viewed on speculum exam.
6165:
5894:
5748:
5519:
5504:
5031:
4663:
4658:
4598:
4469:
4309:
4140:
4053:
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3572:
3547:
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3472:
3202:
2793:
2753:
2728:
2684:
2565:
2540:
2515:(22nd ed.). New York; Toronto: McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 157–60, 537–39.
2453:
2339:
2322:
2303:
2260:
2136:
2119:
2100:
1955:
1338:
1238:
1190:
1177:, in which the squamous epithelium of the ectocervix becomes columnar; cancers such as
1170:
1151:
1050:
682:
630:
257:
223:
60:
3678:
2556:
1146:
of the vagina. When associated with the ectocervix, inflammation may be caused by the
218:. The human female cervix has been documented anatomically since at least the time of
5985:
5904:
5828:
5806:
5319:
5237:
5088:
4740:
4653:
4497:
4329:
4118:
4101:
3948:
3833:
3796:
3769:
3742:
3717:
3682:
3647:
3612:
3577:
3502:
3420:
3395:
3384:
3336:
3325:
3305:
3270:
3227:
3194:
3159:
3119:
3108:
3081:
3056:
3024:
2999:
2936:
2878:
2831:
2801:
2758:
2707:
2676:
2672:
2570:
2516:
2482:
2445:
2410:
2367:
2344:
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2264:
2167:
2141:
2092:
2087:
2070:
2032:
2021:
1999:
1947:
1910:
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1851:
1815:
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1620:
1592:
1582:
1537:
1228:
1224:
1215:
955:
927:
915:
712:
546:
416:(or external os), respectively. The mucosa lining the cervical canal is known as the
361:
353:
3845:
2688:
2457:
2307:
2278:
Borrow AP, Cameron NM (March 2012). "The role of oxytocin in mating and pregnancy".
2104:
1840:
1768:
882:
677:
290:
The conduit of the cervix is the organ that allows for blood to flow from a woman's
5547:
5314:
5309:
4891:
4757:
4735:
4553:
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4188:
4176:
4123:
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3709:
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3639:
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3484:
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3297:
3260:
3186:
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2991:
2926:
2785:
2748:
2740:
2668:
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2552:
2437:
2400:
2334:
2287:
2252:
2225:
2131:
2082:
2027:(5th ed.). Edinburgh, United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.
1959:
1939:
1743:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1288:
1205:
1174:
947:
939:
625:
538:
338:
3206:
3155:
863:
also have thick mucus from the effects of progesterone. Thick mucus also prevents
6043:
5899:
5763:
5721:
5582:
5557:
5481:
5371:
5353:
5299:
5183:
5026:
5021:
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4181:
4094:
3790:
3763:
3736:
2256:
1993:
1943:
1904:
1356:
1266:
1166:
1143:
1024:
951:
931:
887:
837:
460:
444:
334:
330:
126:
5052:
3643:
3301:
3080:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA; Toronto, ON: Elsevier Mosby. pp. 350–51.
2291:
1747:
1475:
1092:
An inexpensive, cost-effective and practical alternative in poorer countries is
569:, and the posterior section of the cervix drains to the obturator and presacral
6086:
5913:
5889:
5833:
5711:
5706:
5696:
5684:
5562:
5346:
5217:
5163:
4968:
4958:
4953:
4924:
4863:
4683:
4586:
4479:
4402:
4380:
4248:
4135:
3713:
3454:
3359:
The
Practitioner's Handbook for the Management of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
2995:
1412:
1399:
1234:
1186:
1147:
845:
758:
739:
550:
507:
491:
385:
249:
230:
215:
97:
93:
6095:
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
3563:
2441:
608:. During development, the outer parts of the two ducts fuse, forming a single
360:
to progress along the birth canal. Midwives and doctors use the extent of the
6272:
6124:
6038:
5999:
5975:
5884:
5768:
5701:
5572:
5476:
5437:
5294:
5129:
4973:
4870:
4576:
4571:
4523:
4424:
4224:
4111:
4106:
4089:
4005:
1062:
986:
977:
965:
421:
318:
268:(SCJ). This junction changes location dynamically throughout a woman's life.
150:
4798:
4581:
3972:"Intrapartum care: Care of healthy women and their babies during childbirth"
3608:
2931:
2914:
2704:
Contraception : healthy choices : a contraceptive clinic in a book
561:. The posterior and lateral cervix drains along the uterine arteries to the
5953:
5948:
5689:
5589:
5534:
5262:
5141:
5136:
4988:
4983:
4690:
4643:
4442:
3837:
3721:
3506:
3274:
3198:
3163:
3003:
2940:
2762:
2680:
2574:
2449:
2348:
2299:
2145:
2096:
1951:
1426:
The cervix was documented in anatomical literature in at least the time of
1350:
1270:
1035:
990:
943:
828:
Several hundred glands in the endocervix produce 20–60 mg of cervical
812:
733:
Type 3: Endocervical component, not fully visible (common after menopause).
655:
577:
511:
479:
322:
299:
284:
203:
3686:
3651:
3616:
3581:
3488:
3309:
2981:
2805:
2414:
2405:
2388:
664:
248:, while between is the conduit of the cervix, commonly referred to as the
5943:
5879:
5716:
5659:
5599:
5594:
5432:
5381:
5242:
4790:
4464:
4457:
4447:
4412:
4407:
4385:
4375:
4346:
4193:
2511:
Cunningham F, Leveno K, Bloom S, Hauth J, Gilstrap L, Wenstrom K (2005).
1431:
1427:
1104:
1082:
935:
731:
Type 2: Endocervical component but fully visible (common before puberty).
464:
409:
388:
connects the interior of the vagina and the cavity of the body of uterus.
237:
have a larger sized cervix than females who have not produced offspring.
219:
5084:
4730:
2229:
5341:
5281:
5212:
4712:
4638:
4452:
4334:
3789:
Feldhamer GA, Drickamer LC, Vessey SH, Merritt JF, Krajewski C (2007).
2797:
1774:(2nd ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. pp.
1578:
1439:
1201:
1139:
1127:
1121:
1066:
1058:
994:
895:
744:
609:
570:
542:
499:
429:
417:
349:
253:
76:
4434:
3288:
Cannistra SA, Niloff JM (April 1996). "Cancer of the uterine cervix".
2120:"Audit of the histological definition of cervical transformation zone"
1193:-treated mothers (i.e. in-utero exposure) develop a cockscomb cervix.
604:(also called Müllerian ducts), which develop around the sixth week of
175:
48:
5731:
5604:
5464:
5454:
5289:
5267:
5194:
4612:
4203:
4044:
3947:. Translated by Johnston I. Cambridge University Press. p. 247.
3190:
2706:(2nd ed.). Sydney, New South Wales: UNSW Press. pp. 27–37.
1258:
1100:
1054:
1007:
849:
817:
775:
585:
342:
234:
3265:
3248:
2789:
1998:(7th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 408–11.
1380:
6114:
5931:
5845:
5823:
5743:
5644:
5552:
5459:
5386:
5304:
5124:
4722:
4291:
4211:
3023:. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 72.
2477:(7th ed.). Edinburgh, United Kingdom: Elsevier Mosby. p.
2364:
The Billings Method: Controlling Fertility Without Drugs or Devices
1536:(4th ed.). New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 185–201.
1435:
1254:
1078:
1043:
1039:
864:
691:
581:
303:
1875:(4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
1049:
Potentially precancerous changes in the cervix can be detected by
729:
Type 1: Completely ectocervical (common under hormonal influence).
6033:
6004:
5980:
5962:
5758:
5738:
4919:
1870:
1672:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders. pp. 495–98.
926:
Along with other factors, midwives and doctors use the extent of
841:
695:
425:
321:
aim to prevent fertilization by blocking this conduit, including
3629:
2912:
2166:(11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders. p. 1027.
506:
Blood is supplied to the cervix by the descending branch of the
5871:
5753:
5577:
5499:
5158:
5148:
5016:
4875:
4563:
4360:
4219:
3994:
3788:
2427:
2068:
1992:
Beckmann CR, Herbert W, Laube D, Ling F, Smith R (March 2013).
1262:
1220:
1209:
1182:
787:
617:
613:
531:
468:
451:
381:
377:
357:
295:
291:
211:
88:
3176:
2323:"Are vaginal symptoms ever normal? a review of the literature"
494:. On the rounded part of the ectocervix is a small, depressed
5633:
5168:
5119:
4909:
4630:
4621:
4229:
4062:
3051:
Mitchell RS, Kumar V, Robbins SL, Abbas AK, Fausto N (2007).
2877:. Family Planning Association (UK). January 2014. p. 4.
2539:
Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, Romero R (January 2008).
2023:
Wheater's functional histology : a text and colour atlas
1640:
Ovalle WK, Nahirney PC (2013). "Female Reproductive System".
1403:
1318:
899:
833:
829:
807:
621:
307:
275:(HPV) can cause changes in the epithelium, which can lead to
109:
3419:(5th ed.). New York: Springer Publishing Company, LLC.
3253:
International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health
2623:"Obstetric Data Definitions Issues and Rationale for Change"
1297:
408:
with the lumen of the vagina. The openings are known as the
337:. Cervical mucus changes in consistency throughout women's
5838:
4234:
3975:
2538:
1846:(2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp.
1476:"Anatomy of the uterine cervix and the transformation zone"
1473:
1325:
541:
from the cervix. The anterior and lateral cervix drains to
463:, separated from it by cellular connective tissue known as
372:
3473:"Abnormal cervical appearance: what to do, when to worry?"
3390:(17th ed.). New York : McGraw-Hill Medical. pp.
3381:
3246:
3114:(17th ed.). New York : McGraw-Hill Medical. pp.
3105:
2510:
2117:
1474:
Prendiville, Walter; Sankaranarayanan, Rengaswamy (2017),
439:
A normal cervix of an adult viewed through vagina using a
244:
and the opening of the cervix in the vagina is called the
27:
Lower part of the uterus in the female reproductive system
5649:
3755:
3664:
3050:
2956:
1303:
902:
descends within the uterus in preparation for birth, the
6100:
Declaration on the elimination of violence against women
2775:
1991:
1667:
3440:
2320:
428:
covering consisting of connective tissue and overlying
2056:"Transformation zone (TZ) and cervical excision types"
1081:
to excise a patch of cervical tissue was developed by
5790:
3761:
3322:
1309:
1306:
1294:
1223:. The cervix may be duplicated in situations such as
1103:
is usually further investigated, such as by taking a
1061:
cells are scraped from the surface of the cervix and
3055:(8th ed.). Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 716–21.
1810:(Revised ed.). New York, NY: Collins. pp.
1332:
used alone usually refers to it. Thus the adjective
1300:
1204:
constitute a cockscomb cervix. Similarly, cockscomb
946:, used to recommend whether interventions such as a
836:. The viscosity and water content varies during the
455:
Cervix before (left) and after vaginal birth (right)
3699:
3623:
2701:
2321:Anderson M, Karasz A, Friedland S (November 2004).
1291:
3728:
2830:. Family Planning Association (UK). pp. 3–4.
2657:
2215:
2118:Mukonoweshuro P, Oriowolo A, Smith M (June 2005).
459:In front of the upper part of the cervix lies the
5082:
3323:Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston SH, eds. (2010).
3101:
3099:
3097:
2952:
2950:
2534:
2532:
2361:
2157:
2155:
1703:
1688:Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract
1614:
1534:Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract
545:along the uterine arteries, travelling along the
424:, and posteriorly the supravaginal portion has a
6270:
3886:
3884:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3431:Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh.
3377:
3375:
3373:
3141:
3137:
3135:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
1411:), and the Welsh and Romanian words for "deer" (
3762:Tyndale-Biscoe H, Renfree M (30 January 1987).
3471:Casey PM, Long ME, Marnach ML (February 2011).
3287:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2470:
1837:
1681:
1679:
262:multiple layers of cells topped with flat cells
4035:
3734:
3588:
3327:Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine
3094:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
2947:
2586:
2584:
2529:
2152:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1639:
1480:Colposcopy and Treatment of Cervical Precancer
1276:
1107:, which may also remove the cancerous lesion.
65:Diagram of the female human reproductive tract
5068:
4021:
3881:
3702:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
3667:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
3539:
3461:
3370:
3316:
3132:
2915:"Worldwide burden of cervical cancer in 2008"
2430:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
2366:. Toronto, ON: Life Cycle Books. p. 37.
2277:
2202:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1833:
1831:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1699:
1697:
1482:, International Agency for Research on Cancer
1126:Inflammation of the cervix is referred to as
856:most prominent around the time of ovulation.
530:, which pass from the uterus to the anterior
364:to assist decision-making during childbirth.
233:females; likewise, females who have produced
2975:
2729:"Contraceptive failure in the United States"
2601:
2599:
2495:
2314:
2111:
2061:Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia
2012:
1929:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1676:
1670:Anatomy: A Regional Study of Human Structure
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
3815:
3075:
3037:
2581:
2386:
2380:
1966:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1663:
1661:
1610:
1608:
1157:
867:from interfering with a nascent pregnancy.
6151:International Center for Research on Women
5075:
5061:
4028:
4014:
3594:
3408:
3386:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
3219:
3110:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
2864:
2862:
2817:
2815:
2541:"Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth"
2161:
1889:
1828:
1754:
1694:
715:is visible under both types of epithelium.
59:
47:
3795:. Baltimore, MD: JHU Press. p. 198.
3792:Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology
3782:
3571:
3545:
3496:
3349:
3264:
2930:
2906:
2752:
2596:
2564:
2404:
2338:
2135:
2086:
1923:
1765:
1736:Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine
1734:Ellis H (2011). "Anatomy of the uterus".
1722:
1668:Gardner E, Gray DJ, O'Rahilly R (1969) .
1573:
1518:
1057:(also called a cervical smear), in which
816:), its transparency, and the presence of
681:A nulliparous woman's ectocervix showing
404:, runs along its length and connects the
3281:
3069:
3010:
2726:
1803:
1792:
1658:
1605:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1013:
881:
676:
450:
434:
371:
3809:
3240:
2859:
2824:Your Guide to the progesterone-one pill
2812:
1438:. However, there was some variation in
226:, females tend to have a larger cervix
14:
6271:
3414:
3226:. Churchill Livingstone. p. 613.
2222:The Global Library of Women's Medicine
1932:Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease
1902:
1690:(5th ed.). Springer. p. 207.
1685:
1615:Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell AW (2005).
1531:
1492:
5870:
5056:
4009:
3942:
3765:Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials
3355:
2393:Journal of Reproduction and Fertility
2387:Wagner G, Levin RJ (September 1980).
2242:
2018:
1733:
1550:
1500:"Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines"
1196:Enlarged folds or ridges of cervical
940:The number of past vaginal deliveries
600:, the cervix is derived from the two
6239:
6133:Office of Research on Women's Health
4771:Infra-corporeal residual spongy part
4620:
3708:(6): 1669–75, discussion p.1675–78.
3016:
2617:
2190:. Seattle Sperm Bank. 4 January 2014
2188:"Demystifying IUI, ICI, IVI and IVF"
1577:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1336:may refer either to the neck (as in
580:and directly under the influence of
264:. These two linings converge at the
6251:
6171:Society for Women's Health Research
6105:International Day of the Girl Child
3632:The New England Journal of Medicine
3513:
3417:Comprehensive neonatal nursing care
3290:The New England Journal of Medicine
2745:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.01.021
2216:Brannigan RE, Lipshultz LI (2008).
1392:
1189:. About one third of women born to
191:
24:
6215:Birth control in the United States
3916:
3890:
3830:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1986.tb00463.x
2218:"Sperm Transport and Capacitation"
1348:) or to the uterine cervix (as in
1109:Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
1094:visual inspection with acetic acid
938:leading to the birth of the baby.
25:
6305:
6279:Mammal female reproductive system
6110:Commission on the Status of Women
5120:External female genitalia (vulva)
3987:
3860:"The Female - Swine Reproduction"
3525:National Cancer Institute Visuals
3521:"Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Cervix"
1909:(2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
1704:Daftary SN, Chakravari S (2011).
1456:
1004:combined oral contraceptive pills
930:to assist decision making during
894:The cervix plays a major role in
823:
6284:Human female reproductive system
6250:
6238:
6227:
6226:
5443:Assisted reproductive technology
5083:
3993:
3978:. September 2007. Archived from
2673:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00266.x
2471:Lowdermilk DL, Perry SE (2006).
2362:Westinore A, Billings E (1998).
2088:10.1111/j.1365-2303.2008.00623.x
1506:. Bethesda, MD. 29 December 2011
1287:
1244:
971:
720:
703:
663:
647:
406:cavity of the body of the uterus
400:. A central canal, known as the
5409:Breastfeeding and mental health
4767:Trabeculae of corpora cavernosa
3945:Galen: On Diseases and Symptoms
3936:
3910:
3852:
3693:
3658:
3548:"The daughters of stilboestrol"
3434:
3220:Gray W, Kocjan G, eds. (2010).
3213:
3170:
2894:from the original on 2013-11-02
2871:Your Guide to the combined pill
2847:from the original on 2014-03-27
2769:
2720:
2695:
2651:
2611:
2464:
2421:
2355:
2271:
2245:Sexual and Relationship Therapy
2236:
2180:
2045:
1864:
1132:sexually transmitted infections
1115:
698:, than the rest of the uterus.
3964:
3768:. Cambridge University Press.
3443:Journal of Gynecologic Surgery
2164:Textbook of Medical Physiology
1633:
1398:), the Greek word for "head" (
958:should be used in childbirth.
591:
414:external orifice of the uterus
398:supravaginal portion of cervix
352:, the cervix must flatten and
13:
1:
6059:Social determinants of health
3679:10.1016/S0002-9378(97)70085-1
3156:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.069
2557:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60074-4
2124:Journal of Clinical Pathology
1445:
877:
596:As a component of the female
271:Cervical infections with the
6054:Gender disparities in health
5392:Mother-to-child transmission
2962:"Fact sheet No. 297: Cancer"
2778:Family Planning Perspectives
2702:NSW Family Planning (2009).
2257:10.1080/14681994.2011.649692
1944:10.1097/LGT.0000000000000023
1642:Netter's Essential Histology
1450:
1053:, using methods including a
1006:, work mainly by preventing
769:
636:
367:
258:layer of column-shaped cells
7:
5667:Pelvic inflammatory disease
5610:Hormone replacement therapy
5174:Reproductive system disease
3864:livestocktrail.illinois.edu
3644:10.1056/NEJM197502132920704
3527:. National Cancer Institute
3302:10.1056/NEJM199604183341606
3076:Lowe A, Stevens JS (2005).
2607:Normal labour: second stage
2292:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.11.001
2162:Guyton AC, Hall JE (2005).
1748:10.1016/j.mpaic.2010.11.005
1708:. Elsevier. pp. 1–16.
1617:Gray's Anatomy for Students
1581:(1995). Williams PL (ed.).
1317:) came to English from the
1277:Etymology and pronunciation
1063:examined under a microscope
764:
612:canal that will become the
202:is a dynamic fibromuscular
10:
6310:
6161:Black Women's Health Study
5228:Complications of pregnancy
4037:Female reproductive system
3735:Tyndale-Biscoe CH (2005).
3714:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.02.046
3455:10.1089/104240602762555939
2996:10.1016/j.ejca.2013.04.024
2984:European Journal of Cancer
2605:NICE (2007). Section 1.7,
2592:Normal labour: first stage
2590:NICE (2007). Section 1.6,
1404:
1265:. Anteaters of the family
1179:clear cell adenocarcinomas
1119:
1022:
780:penile-vaginal intercourse
727:Transformation zone types:
563:internal iliac lymph nodes
555:external iliac lymph nodes
537:Three channels facilitate
394:female reproductive system
392:The cervix is part of the
29:
6222:
6179:
6138:Women's Health Initiative
6123:
6085:
6076:
6025:
5991:Major depressive disorder
5859:
5819:Intimate partner violence
5781:
5680:Female genital mutilation
5675:
5624:
5533:
5475:
5421:
5367:
5280:
5193:
5182:
5108:
5095:
5009:
4943:
4925:External urethral orifice
4916:Vestibular gland openings
4890:
4721:
4703:Posterior labial arteries
4629:
4611:
4562:
4541:
4516:
4478:
4433:
4368:
4359:
4320:
4290:
4247:
4202:
4154:
4070:
4061:
4052:
4043:
3564:10.1136/bmj.302.6790.1414
3546:Wingfield M (June 1991).
2958:World Health Organization
2442:10.1080/00016340902852898
1995:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1873:Larsen's human embryology
1706:Manual of Obstretics, 3/e
1504:National Cancer Institute
1251:paired uteri and cervices
1018:
914:. During childbirth, the
441:bivalved vaginal speculum
168:
156:
144:
132:
120:
108:
103:
87:
75:
70:
58:
46:
41:
5727:Gynaecological disorders
5543:Culture and menstruation
5510:Contraceptive prevalence
5402:Compulsory sterilization
4834:Superficial dorsal veins
4824:Internal pudendal artery
3223:Diagnostic Cytopathology
3179:Diagnostic Cytopathology
1158:Anatomical abnormalities
516:pelvic splanchnic nerves
6010:Urinary tract infection
5802:Abuse during childbirth
4994:Uterine venous plexuses
4849:Internal pudendal veins
4674:Posterior labial nerves
3609:10.1002/tera.1420510609
3483:(2): 147–50, quiz 151.
3477:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
3053:Robbins basic pathology
2727:Trussell J (May 2011).
1686:Kurman RJ, ed. (2002).
1532:Kurman RJ, ed. (1994).
1249:Female marsupials have
1077:using a heated loop of
861:oral contraceptive pill
784:artificial insemination
266:squamocolumnar junction
32:Cervix (disambiguation)
5927:Cardiovascular disease
5515:Contraceptive security
5448:In vitro fertilization
5359:Postpartum confinement
5233:Hyperemesis gravidarum
4708:Posterior labial veins
4679:Anterior labial nerves
4508:Pubocervical ligaments
3943:Galen IJ, ed. (2011).
1416:
1200:(fibrous tissues) and
999:progestogen-only pills
891:
686:
567:paraaortic lymph nodes
559:paraaortic lymph nodes
456:
448:
389:
362:dilation of the cervix
170:Anatomical terminology
6049:Healthcare inequality
5851:Gender discrimination
5655:Human papilloma virus
5330:Vesicovaginal fistula
4999:Vaginal venous plexus
4503:Uterosacral ligaments
3489:10.4065/mcp.2010.0512
2932:10.1093/annonc/mdr015
2406:10.1530/jrf.0.0600017
2280:Hormones and Behavior
1589:Churchill Livingstone
1087:liquid-based cytology
1071:Georgios Papanikolaou
1014:Clinical significance
962:Cervical incompetence
885:
680:
602:paramesonephric ducts
528:uterosacral ligaments
454:
438:
375:
82:Paramesonephric ducts
6156:Nurses' Health Study
6064:Reproductive justice
6015:Urinary incontinence
5635:Sexually transmitted
5490:Intrauterine devices
5335:Rectovaginal fistula
5325:Obstetrical fistulae
5253:Gestational diabetes
5248:Obstetrical bleeding
5223:Adolescent pregnancy
5208:Gravidity and parity
5203:Unintended pregnancy
5042:Uterotubal junctions
4664:Posterior commissure
4529:Urogenital diaphragm
4418:Supravaginal portion
4340:Vesicular appendages
4305:Suspensory ligaments
4249:Fallopian tubes
4002:at Wikimedia Commons
3741:. Csiro Publishing.
1591:. pp. 1870–73.
1345:cervical lymph nodes
980:involve the cervix.
782:, and some forms of
510:and drains into the
294:and out through her
277:cancer of the cervix
273:human papillomavirus
30:For other uses, see
6069:Women's empowerment
5937:Alzheimer's disease
5568:Cloth menstrual pad
5525:Fertility awareness
5495:Oral contraceptives
5377:Perinatal mortality
5037:Vesicouterine pouch
4781:Commissure of bulbs
4746:Suspensory ligament
4659:Anterior commissure
4282:Intramural segments
4162:Germinal epithelium
4146:Perivitelline space
3558:(6790): 1414–1415.
2513:Williams obstetrics
2230:10.3843/GLOWM.10316
1804:Weschler T (2006).
1369:Proto-Indo-European
982:Cervical diaphragms
976:Several methods of
872:cervical mucus plug
795:fertility awareness
750:transformation zone
598:reproductive system
565:and ultimately the
557:and ultimately the
549:at the base of the
473:recto-uterine pouch
341:, which may signal
327:cervical diaphragms
317:Several methods of
208:reproductive system
6166:Cartwright Inquiry
6077:Politics, research
5895:Endometrial cancer
5749:Sexual intercourse
5520:Planned parenthood
5505:Male contraceptive
5032:Rectouterine pouch
4751:Fundiform ligament
4594:Support structures
4549:Bartholin's glands
4498:Cardinal ligaments
4310:Pampiniform plexus
4141:Membrana granulosa
3738:Life of Marsupials
3150:(Suppl 1): A4–A5.
3020:Hardcore pathology
2919:Annals of Oncology
2639:on 6 November 2013
1339:cervical vertebrae
1239:Cervical ectropion
1191:diethylstilbestrol
1171:Diethylstilbestrol
1051:cervical screening
916:cervix must dilate
892:
810:, its elasticity (
687:
683:cervical ectropion
631:vaginal epithelium
547:cardinal ligaments
539:lymphatic drainage
457:
449:
390:
224:reproductive cycle
210:that connects the
6266:
6265:
6146:
6145:
5971:
5970:
5922:
5921:
5905:Papanicolaou test
5861:Non-communicable
5829:Sexual harassment
5807:Domestic violence
5777:
5776:
5620:
5619:
5417:
5416:
5320:Retained placenta
5238:Ectopic pregnancy
5050:
5049:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4839:Deep dorsal veins
4819:Arteries of bulbs
4763:Corpora cavernosa
4713:Interlabial sulci
4654:Labiocrural folds
4607:
4606:
4542:Vestibular glands
4537:
4536:
4355:
4354:
4322:Wolffian vestiges
4300:Ovarian ligaments
4243:
4242:
4119:Follicular antrum
3998:Media related to
3954:978-1-139-46084-2
3775:978-0-521-33792-2
3748:978-0-643-06257-3
3415:Kenner C (2014).
3401:978-0-07-147692-8
3342:978-0-7020-3084-0
3296:(16): 1030–1038.
3125:978-0-07-147692-8
3062:978-1-4160-2973-1
2990:(15): 3262–3273.
2960:(February 2014).
2925:(12): 2675–2686.
2884:978-1-908249-50-0
2837:978-1-908249-53-1
2784:(3): 100–5, 135.
2713:978-1-74223-136-5
2667:(10): 1065–1074.
2488:978-0-323-03366-4
2474:Maternity Nursing
2173:978-0-7216-0240-0
2038:978-0-443-06850-8
1916:978-1-4051-3137-7
1882:978-0-443-06811-9
1857:978-1-4051-3137-7
1821:978-0-06-088190-0
1715:978-81-312-2556-1
1651:978-1-4557-0631-0
1626:978-0-8089-2306-0
1587:(38th ed.).
1543:978-1-4757-3889-6
1387:word for "head" (
1229:uterine didelphys
1225:bicornuate uterus
1216:Cervical agenesis
1185:is shaped like a
1163:Cervical stenosis
956:Caesarean section
928:cervical dilation
713:connective tissue
339:menstrual periods
281:Cervical cytology
184:
183:
179:
16:(Redirected from
6301:
6254:
6253:
6242:
6241:
6230:
6229:
6083:
6082:
5868:
5867:
5788:
5787:
5782:Non-reproductive
5631:
5630:
5548:Feminine hygiene
5315:Cesarian section
5310:Obstructed labor
5191:
5190:
5106:
5105:
5087:
5077:
5070:
5063:
5054:
5053:
4954:Ovarian arteries
4880:Tunica albuginea
4669:Dartos muliebris
4627:
4626:
4618:
4617:
4366:
4365:
4177:Cumulus oophorus
4167:Tunica albuginea
4124:Follicular fluid
4068:
4067:
4059:
4058:
4050:
4049:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4007:
4006:
3997:
3983:
3959:
3958:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3923:Etymology Online
3914:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3897:Etymology Online
3888:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3866:. Archived from
3856:
3850:
3849:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3673:(6): 1419–1425.
3662:
3656:
3655:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3575:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3500:
3468:
3459:
3458:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3389:
3379:
3368:
3367:
3356:Stamm W (2013).
3353:
3347:
3346:
3330:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3268:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3191:10.1002/dc.21347
3174:
3168:
3167:
3139:
3130:
3129:
3113:
3103:
3092:
3091:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3048:
3035:
3034:
3017:Wahl CE (2007).
3014:
3008:
3007:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2954:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2876:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2829:
2819:
2810:
2809:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2632:. Archived from
2627:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2594:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2508:
2493:
2492:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2213:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2090:
2065:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2026:
2019:Young B (2006).
2016:
2010:
2009:
1989:
1964:
1963:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1900:
1887:
1886:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1845:
1835:
1826:
1825:
1801:
1790:
1789:
1773:
1763:
1752:
1751:
1731:
1720:
1719:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1612:
1603:
1602:
1575:
1548:
1547:
1529:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1471:
1407:
1406:
1394:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1175:vaginal adenosis
948:forceps delivery
793:Some methods of
724:
707:
667:
651:
626:urogenital sinus
496:external opening
492:vaginal fornices
380:and part of the
193:
176:edit on Wikidata
173:
63:
51:
39:
38:
21:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6298:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6218:
6203:Family planning
6181:
6175:
6142:
6119:
6078:
6072:
6044:Gender equality
6027:
6021:
5967:
5918:
5900:Cervical cancer
5862:
5855:
5793:
5783:
5773:
5764:Sex differences
5722:Forced marriage
5671:
5636:
5626:
5616:
5558:Menstrual cycle
5529:
5482:Family planning
5480:
5471:
5424:
5413:
5372:Maternal deaths
5363:
5354:Postpartum care
5300:Multiple births
5276:
5185:
5178:
5111:
5102:
5099:
5091:
5081:
5051:
5046:
5027:Perineal sponge
5022:Urethral sponge
5005:
4974:Spiral arteries
4931:
4905:Vaginal orifice
4886:
4809:Dorsal arteries
4786:Pars intermedia
4717:
4603:
4558:
4533:
4512:
4493:Broad ligaments
4488:Round ligaments
4474:
4429:
4351:
4330:Gartner's ducts
4316:
4286:
4239:
4198:
4150:
4039:
4034:
3990:
3970:
3967:
3962:
3955:
3941:
3937:
3927:
3925:
3915:
3911:
3901:
3899:
3889:
3882:
3873:
3871:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3733:
3729:
3698:
3694:
3663:
3659:
3628:
3624:
3593:
3589:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3469:
3462:
3439:
3435:
3427:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3380:
3371:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3321:
3317:
3286:
3282:
3266:10.1363/3514709
3245:
3241:
3234:
3218:
3214:
3185:(11): 857–859.
3175:
3171:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3104:
3095:
3088:
3078:Human histology
3074:
3070:
3063:
3049:
3038:
3031:
3015:
3011:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2955:
2948:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2790:10.2307/2136156
2774:
2770:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2700:
2696:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2625:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2597:
2589:
2582:
2551:(9606): 75–84.
2537:
2530:
2523:
2509:
2496:
2489:
2469:
2465:
2426:
2422:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2360:
2356:
2319:
2315:
2276:
2272:
2241:
2237:
2214:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2160:
2153:
2116:
2112:
2066:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1990:
1967:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1901:
1890:
1883:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1802:
1793:
1786:
1764:
1755:
1732:
1723:
1716:
1702:
1695:
1684:
1677:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1576:
1551:
1544:
1530:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1483:
1472:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1357:cervical cancer
1290:
1286:
1279:
1267:Myrmecophagidae
1247:
1235:Cervical polyps
1167:cervical cancer
1160:
1144:commensal flora
1124:
1118:
1027:
1025:Cervical cancer
1021:
1016:
974:
904:presenting part
888:pituitary gland
880:
838:menstrual cycle
826:
803:Billings method
799:Creighton model
772:
767:
759:Nabothian cysts
734:
732:
730:
728:
725:
716:
708:
675:
674:
673:
672:
671:
668:
660:
659:
652:
639:
594:
376:Diagram of the
370:
348:During vaginal
335:Billings method
331:Creighton Model
285:HPV vaccination
180:
66:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6307:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6289:Women's health
6286:
6281:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6248:
6236:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6183:
6180:Women's health
6177:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6129:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6091:
6089:
6087:United Nations
6080:
6079:& advocacy
6074:
6073:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6029:
6026:Sociocultural
6023:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6007:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5983:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5929:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5914:Ovarian cancer
5911:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5897:
5890:Uterine cancer
5887:
5882:
5876:
5874:
5865:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5834:Sexual assault
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5804:
5798:
5796:
5785:
5779:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5712:Child marriage
5709:
5707:Breast ironing
5704:
5699:
5697:Breast binding
5694:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5685:Clitoridectomy
5676:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5652:
5647:
5641:
5639:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5563:Menstrual aids
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5539:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5484:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5429:
5427:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5347:Husband stitch
5339:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5286:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5225:
5220:
5218:Antenatal care
5215:
5210:
5205:
5199:
5197:
5188:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5164:Fallopian tube
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5116:
5114:
5110:Reproductive
5103:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5089:Women's health
5080:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5057:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4969:Vaginal artery
4966:
4964:Arcuate artery
4961:
4959:Uterine artery
4956:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4864:Pudendal nerve
4861:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4844:Veins of bulbs
4841:
4836:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4768:
4765:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4727:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4684:Perineal nerve
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4649:Pudendal cleft
4641:
4635:
4633:
4624:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4568:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4554:Skene's glands
4551:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4439:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4372:
4370:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4136:Zona pellucida
4133:
4131:Corona radiata
4128:
4127:
4126:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4076:
4074:
4065:
4056:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4033:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4010:
4004:
4003:
3989:
3988:External links
3986:
3985:
3984:
3982:on 2014-04-26.
3966:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3953:
3935:
3909:
3880:
3851:
3824:(4): 257–287.
3808:
3801:
3781:
3774:
3754:
3747:
3727:
3692:
3657:
3638:(7): 334–339.
3622:
3603:(6): 435–445.
3587:
3538:
3512:
3460:
3433:
3425:
3407:
3400:
3369:
3366:on 2013-06-22.
3348:
3341:
3315:
3280:
3259:(3): 147–154.
3239:
3232:
3212:
3169:
3131:
3124:
3093:
3086:
3068:
3061:
3036:
3029:
3009:
2974:
2946:
2905:
2883:
2858:
2836:
2811:
2768:
2739:(5): 397–404.
2719:
2712:
2694:
2650:
2610:
2595:
2580:
2528:
2521:
2494:
2487:
2463:
2436:(5): 502–513.
2420:
2379:
2372:
2354:
2313:
2286:(3): 266–276.
2270:
2235:
2201:
2179:
2172:
2151:
2110:
2081:(6): 342–354.
2044:
2037:
2011:
2004:
1965:
1938:(4): 358–360.
1922:
1915:
1888:
1881:
1863:
1856:
1827:
1820:
1791:
1784:
1753:
1721:
1714:
1693:
1675:
1657:
1650:
1632:
1625:
1604:
1597:
1584:Gray's Anatomy
1549:
1542:
1517:
1491:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1367:came from the
1278:
1275:
1246:
1243:
1159:
1156:
1148:herpes simplex
1120:Main article:
1117:
1114:
1075:LEEP procedure
1023:Main article:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
973:
970:
879:
876:
846:prostaglandins
825:
824:Cervical mucus
822:
797:, such as the
771:
768:
766:
763:
748:is called the
736:
735:
726:
719:
717:
709:
702:
669:
662:
661:
653:
646:
645:
644:
643:
642:
638:
635:
593:
590:
551:broad ligament
518:, emerging as
508:uterine artery
471:, forming the
402:cervical canal
386:cervical canal
369:
366:
250:cervical canal
231:postmenopausal
216:uterine cavity
206:of the female
182:
181:
172:
166:
165:
160:
154:
153:
148:
142:
141:
136:
130:
129:
124:
118:
117:
112:
106:
105:
101:
100:
98:uterine artery
94:Vaginal artery
91:
85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6306:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6259:
6258:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6225:
6224:
6221:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6178:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6125:United States
6122:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6084:
6081:
6075:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6039:Disadvantaged
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6024:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6001:
6000:Urinary tract
5998:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5976:Mental health
5974:
5973:
5964:
5961:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5945:
5942:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5915:
5912:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5885:Breast cancer
5883:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5858:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5794:against women
5789:
5786:
5780:
5770:
5769:Sex education
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5702:Breast health
5700:
5698:
5695:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5668:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5632:
5629:
5623:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5573:Menstrual cup
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5478:
5477:Contraception
5474:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5438:Childlessness
5436:
5435:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5423:Reproductive
5420:
5410:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5397:Sterilization
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5295:Preterm birth
5293:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5181:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5130:Clitoral hood
5128:
5127:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5098:Reproductive
5094:
5090:
5086:
5078:
5073:
5071:
5066:
5064:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4984:Ovarian veins
4982:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4871:Clitoral hood
4869:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4859:Dorsal nerves
4857:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4814:Deep arteries
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4225:Ootidogenesis
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:Oocytogenesis
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:Hemorrhagicum
4083:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4017:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3956:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3885:
3870:on 2022-02-10
3869:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3804:
3802:9780801886959
3798:
3794:
3793:
3785:
3777:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3465:
3456:
3452:
3449:(4): 129–43.
3448:
3444:
3437:
3428:
3426:9780826109750
3422:
3418:
3411:
3403:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3243:
3235:
3233:9780702048951
3229:
3225:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3136:
3127:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3089:
3087:0-323-03663-5
3083:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3032:
3030:9781405104982
3026:
3022:
3021:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2873:
2872:
2865:
2863:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2816:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2733:Contraception
2730:
2723:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2533:
2524:
2522:0-07-141315-4
2518:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2375:
2373:0-919225-17-9
2369:
2365:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2251:(4): 301–14.
2250:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2189:
2183:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2156:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2106:
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2098:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:Cytopathology
2072:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2048:
2040:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2015:
2007:
2005:9781451144314
2001:
1997:
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1961:
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1785:9781405131377
1781:
1777:
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1758:
1749:
1745:
1742:(3): 99–101.
1741:
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1598:0-443-04560-7
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1353:
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1347:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1271:domestic pigs
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1245:Other animals
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
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1047:
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1037:
1031:
1026:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
991:Cervical caps
988:
987:fertilisation
983:
979:
978:contraception
972:Contraception
969:
967:
966:preterm birth
963:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
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723:
718:
714:
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701:
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697:
693:
684:
679:
666:
657:
656:H&E stain
650:
641:
634:
632:
627:
623:
619:
616:, cervix and
615:
611:
607:
606:embryogenesis
603:
599:
589:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
485:palmate folds
481:
480:premenopausal
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
453:
446:
442:
437:
433:
431:
427:
423:
422:smooth muscle
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
387:
383:
379:
374:
365:
363:
359:
356:to allow the
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:cervical caps
320:
319:contraception
315:
313:
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69:
62:
57:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6255:
6243:
6231:
5954:Hip fracture
5949:Osteoporosis
5690:Infibulation
5590:Dysmenorrhea
5583:Sanitary pad
5535:Menstruation
5263:Preeclampsia
5258:Hypertension
5153:
5142:Labia majora
5137:Labia minora
4989:Uterine vein
4944:Blood supply
4691:Labia minora
4644:Labia majora
4397:
4194:Retia ovarii
4171:
4079:
4000:Cervix uteri
3980:the original
3944:
3938:
3926:. Retrieved
3922:
3912:
3900:. Retrieved
3896:
3872:. Retrieved
3868:the original
3863:
3854:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3791:
3784:
3764:
3757:
3737:
3730:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3555:
3551:
3541:
3529:. Retrieved
3524:
3515:
3480:
3476:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3416:
3410:
3385:
3364:the original
3358:
3351:
3326:
3318:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3222:
3215:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3147:
3143:
3109:
3077:
3071:
3052:
3019:
3012:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2965:. Retrieved
2922:
2918:
2908:
2896:. Retrieved
2870:
2849:. Retrieved
2823:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2703:
2697:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2634:the original
2629:
2613:
2606:
2591:
2548:
2544:
2512:
2473:
2466:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2399:(1): 17–27.
2396:
2392:
2382:
2363:
2357:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2221:
2192:. Retrieved
2182:
2163:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2078:
2074:
2059:
2047:
2022:
2014:
1994:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1905:
1872:
1866:
1841:
1806:
1769:
1739:
1735:
1705:
1687:
1669:
1641:
1635:
1616:
1583:
1533:
1508:. Retrieved
1503:
1494:
1484:, retrieved
1479:
1425:
1420:
1419:, Romanian:
1408:
1395:
1372:
1364:
1362:
1355:
1351:cervical cap
1349:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1282:
1280:
1248:
1233:
1214:
1195:
1161:
1125:
1116:Inflammation
1099:A result of
1098:
1091:
1048:
1036:HPV vaccines
1032:
1028:
975:
960:
944:Bishop score
925:
912:contractions
893:
869:
858:
854:Spinnbarkeit
853:
827:
813:Spinnbarkeit
811:
792:
773:
757:
754:
749:
737:
688:
640:
595:
578:menstruation
575:
536:
512:uterine vein
505:
489:
484:
477:
458:
391:
347:
316:
300:menstruation
289:
270:
245:
241:
239:
227:
204:sexual organ
200:cervix uteri
199:
195:
187:
185:
139:A09.1.03.010
115:cervix uteri
114:
53:Human cervix
36:
18:Cervix uteri
6257:WikiProject
5944:Bone health
5880:Lung cancer
5717:Dyspareunia
5660:HPV vaccine
5600:Amenorrhoea
5595:Menorrhagia
5433:Infertility
5382:Stillbirths
5243:Miscarriage
4465:Parametrium
4458:Perimetrium
4448:Endometrium
4413:External os
4408:Internal os
4267:Infundibula
3965:Cited texts
1432:Hippocrates
1428:Hippocrates
1105:cone biopsy
1083:Aurel Babes
1073:in 1928. A
995:spermicides
936:birth canal
740:prepubertal
592:Development
571:lymph nodes
465:parametrium
410:internal os
308:sperm cells
246:external os
242:internal os
220:Hippocrates
104:Identifiers
6294:Sex organs
6273:Categories
6182:by country
5986:Depression
5637:infections
5342:Episiotomy
5282:Childbirth
5213:Obstetrics
4639:Mons pubis
4599:Epithelium
4470:Epithelium
4453:Myometrium
4347:Paroophora
3917:Harper D.
3891:Harper D.
3874:2017-03-07
3818:Cladistics
3597:Teratology
2898:9 November
2851:9 November
2643:4 November
2630:Revitalize
2194:9 November
2130:(6): 671.
1906:The Cervix
1842:The Cervix
1770:The Cervix
1486:2024-03-29
1446:References
1440:word sense
1259:Lagomorphs
1202:epithelium
1140:gonorrhoea
1128:cervicitis
1122:Cervicitis
1067:colposcope
1059:epithelial
1038:, such as
932:childbirth
921:effacement
906:, usually
896:childbirth
878:Childbirth
745:metaplasia
622:fetal life
610:urogenital
500:childbirth
430:peritoneum
418:endocervix
350:childbirth
5812:Pregnancy
5792:Violence
5732:Vaginitis
5605:Menopause
5465:Fostering
5455:Parenting
5425:life plan
5290:Midwifery
5268:Eclampsia
5195:Pregnancy
5184:Maternal
4950:Arteries
4892:Vestibule
4805:Arteries
4480:Ligaments
4335:Epoophora
4292:Ligaments
4204:Oogenesis
4072:Follicles
2333:(4): 49.
2327:MedGenMed
2265:143550619
1451:Citations
1281:The word
1255:eutherian
1187:cockscomb
1136:chlamydia
1101:dysplasia
1055:Pap smear
1008:ovulation
952:induction
898:. As the
865:pathogens
850:ovulation
776:estradiol
770:Fertility
637:Histology
586:ovulation
368:Structure
343:ovulation
312:fertilize
254:epithelia
235:offspring
228:vis á vis
214:with the
77:Precursor
6233:Category
6193:Ethiopia
6115:UN Women
5932:Dementia
5863:diseases
5846:Femicide
5824:Misogyny
5744:Polygamy
5645:Safe sex
5553:Menarche
5460:Adoption
5387:Abortion
5305:Oxytocin
5125:Clitoris
4799:Frenulum
4723:Clitoris
4696:Frenulum
4613:External
4587:Fornices
4272:Fimbriae
4262:Ampullae
4212:Oogonium
4095:Albicans
4045:Internal
3928:19 March
3902:19 March
3893:"Cervix"
3846:85140444
3838:34949071
3722:15284765
3507:21270291
3275:19805020
3199:20973044
3164:19480961
3004:23751569
2941:21471563
2889:Archived
2842:Archived
2763:21477680
2689:10086313
2681:15383108
2621:(2012).
2575:18177778
2458:23738950
2450:19330570
2349:15775876
2308:45783934
2300:22107910
2146:15917428
2105:16462929
2097:19040546
1952:24977630
1436:Aretaeus
1334:cervical
1169:itself.
1152:speculum
1134:such as
1079:platinum
1044:Cervarix
1040:Gardasil
908:the head
801:and the
765:Function
692:collagen
582:estrogen
306:permits
304:egg cell
196:cervices
6245:Commons
6034:Poverty
6028:factors
6005:Urethra
5981:Anxiety
5963:Anaemia
5759:Puberty
5739:Leblouh
5625:Sexual
5500:Condoms
4920:Urethra
4855:Nerves
4517:General
4393:Isthmus
4369:Regions
4189:Medulla
4112:Interna
4107:Externa
4063:Ovaries
3687:9423745
3652:1117962
3617:7502243
3582:2070103
3573:1670127
3498:3031439
3310:8598842
3144:Vaccine
2967:23 July
2806:8354373
2798:2136156
2754:3638209
2566:7134569
2415:7431318
2340:1480553
2137:1770692
1960:3060493
1510:18 June
1409:koruphe
1389:Persian
1385:Persian
1383:", the
1377:English
1253:. Most
842:amylase
818:ferning
696:elastin
553:to the
461:bladder
426:serosal
127:D002584
71:Details
6210:Russia
5872:Cancer
5784:health
5754:Orgasm
5627:health
5578:Tampon
5186:health
5159:Uterus
5154:Cervix
5149:Vagina
5100:health
5017:G-spot
4980:Veins
4883:Septum
4876:Fascia
4830:Veins
4795:Corona
4564:Vagina
4524:Glands
4435:Layers
4398:Cervix
4386:Fundus
4381:Cavity
4361:Uterus
4257:Isthmi
4220:Oocyte
4182:Stroma
4172:Cortex
4102:Thecae
4090:Luteum
4080:Corpus
4054:Adnexa
3951:
3919:"Horn"
3844:
3836:
3799:
3772:
3745:
3720:
3685:
3650:
3615:
3580:
3570:
3531:14 May
3505:
3495:
3423:
3398:
3339:
3308:
3273:
3230:
3207:823546
3205:
3197:
3162:
3122:
3084:
3059:
3027:
3002:
2939:
2881:
2834:
2804:
2796:
2761:
2751:
2710:
2687:
2679:
2573:
2563:
2545:Lancet
2519:
2485:
2456:
2448:
2413:
2370:
2347:
2337:
2306:
2298:
2263:
2170:
2144:
2134:
2103:
2095:
2035:
2002:
1958:
1950:
1913:
1879:
1854:
1818:
1812:59, 64
1782:
1712:
1648:
1623:
1595:
1579:Gray H
1540:
1405:κορυφή
1379:word "
1365:cervix
1363:Latin
1330:cervix
1322:cervīx
1283:cervix
1263:Glires
1221:uterus
1210:benign
1206:polyps
1198:stroma
1183:uterus
1065:. The
1019:Cancer
844:; and
834:mucins
788:orgasm
778:after
618:uterus
614:vagina
576:After
532:sacrum
514:. The
469:rectum
445:mucosa
382:vagina
378:uterus
358:foetus
354:dilate
296:vagina
292:uterus
212:vagina
188:cervix
89:Artery
42:Cervix
6198:India
6188:China
5479:&
5169:Ovary
5112:tract
5010:Other
4910:Hymen
4900:Fossa
4791:Glans
4775:Angle
4741:Bulbs
4736:Crura
4631:Labia
4622:Vulva
4582:Walls
4577:Rugae
4572:Canal
4425:Horns
4403:Canal
4277:Ostia
4230:Ootid
4155:Other
3842:S2CID
3394:–29.
3203:S2CID
3118:–09.
2892:(PDF)
2875:(PDF)
2845:(PDF)
2828:(PDF)
2794:JSTOR
2685:S2CID
2637:(PDF)
2626:(PDF)
2454:S2CID
2304:S2CID
2261:S2CID
2101:S2CID
1956:S2CID
1850:–68.
1778:–47.
1413:Welsh
1400:Greek
1371:root
1319:Latin
954:, or
900:fetus
830:mucus
808:vulva
543:nodes
314:it.
198:) or
174:[
163:17740
110:Latin
5839:Rape
4758:Body
4731:Root
4443:Wall
4376:Body
4235:Ovum
3976:NICE
3949:ISBN
3930:2014
3904:2014
3834:PMID
3797:ISBN
3770:ISBN
3743:ISBN
3718:PMID
3683:PMID
3648:PMID
3613:PMID
3578:PMID
3533:2015
3503:PMID
3421:ISBN
3396:ISBN
3337:ISBN
3306:PMID
3271:PMID
3228:ISBN
3195:PMID
3160:PMID
3120:ISBN
3082:ISBN
3057:ISBN
3025:ISBN
3000:PMID
2969:2014
2937:PMID
2900:2014
2879:ISBN
2853:2014
2832:ISBN
2802:PMID
2759:PMID
2708:ISBN
2677:PMID
2661:BJOG
2645:2014
2619:ACOG
2571:PMID
2517:ISBN
2483:ISBN
2446:PMID
2411:PMID
2368:ISBN
2345:PMID
2296:PMID
2196:2014
2168:ISBN
2142:PMID
2093:PMID
2033:ISBN
2000:ISBN
1948:PMID
1911:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1852:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1780:ISBN
1710:ISBN
1646:ISBN
1621:ISBN
1593:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1512:2014
1434:and
1421:cerb
1417:carw
1381:horn
1373:ker-
1326:neck
1227:and
1138:and
1042:and
412:and
333:and
325:and
186:The
151:3508
134:TA98
122:MeSH
96:and
5650:HIV
3826:doi
3710:doi
3706:190
3675:doi
3671:177
3640:doi
3636:292
3605:doi
3568:PMC
3560:doi
3556:302
3552:BMJ
3493:PMC
3485:doi
3451:doi
3392:828
3333:276
3298:doi
3294:334
3261:doi
3187:doi
3152:doi
3116:608
2992:doi
2927:doi
2786:doi
2749:PMC
2741:doi
2669:doi
2665:111
2561:PMC
2553:doi
2549:371
2479:394
2438:doi
2401:doi
2335:PMC
2288:doi
2253:doi
2226:doi
2132:PMC
2083:doi
2029:376
1940:doi
1848:157
1744:doi
1423:).
1396:sar
1360:).
1354:or
1342:or
1298:ɜːr
738:In
310:to
298:at
192:pl.
158:FMA
146:TA2
6275::
3974:.
3921:.
3895:.
3883:^
3862:.
3840:.
3832:.
3820:.
3716:.
3704:.
3681:.
3669:.
3646:.
3634:.
3611:.
3601:51
3599:.
3576:.
3566:.
3554:.
3550:.
3523:.
3501:.
3491:.
3481:86
3479:.
3475:.
3463:^
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3372:^
3335:.
3304:.
3292:.
3269:.
3257:35
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3251:.
3201:.
3193:.
3183:38
3181:.
3158:.
3148:27
3146:.
3134:^
3096:^
3039:^
2998:.
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2949:^
2935:.
2923:22
2921:.
2917:.
2887:.
2861:^
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2792:.
2782:25
2780:.
2757:.
2747:.
2737:83
2735:.
2731:.
2683:.
2675:.
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