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1219:) also have complex interplays between morphological adaptation and environmental factors in their sexual reproduction. The breeding system, or how the sperm from one plant fertilizes the ovum of another, depends on the reproductive morphology, and is the single most important determinant of the genetic structure of nonclonal plant populations.
671:
In regards to males, the mammalian penis has a similar structure in reptiles and a small percentage of birds while the scrotum is only present in mammals. Regarding females, the vulva is unique to mammals with no homologue in birds, reptiles, amphibians, or fish. The clitoris, however, can be found
1255:
Fungal reproduction is complex, reflecting the differences in lifestyles and genetic makeup within this diverse kingdom of organisms. It is estimated that a third of all fungi reproduce using more than one method of propagation; for example, reproduction may occur in two well-differentiated stages
869:
while others are ovoviviparous (animals that deliver live young). Reproductive organs are found within the cloaca of reptiles. Most male reptiles have copulatory organs, which are usually retracted or inverted and stored inside the body. In turtles and crocodilians, the male has a single median
630:
like human females do either. Like humans, most groups of mammals have descended testicles found within a scrotum, however, others have descended testicles that rest on the ventral body wall, and a few groups of mammals, such as elephants, have undescended testicles found deep within their body
724:
The mare's reproductive system is responsible for controlling gestation, birth, and lactation, as well as her estrous cycle and mating behavior. The stallion's reproductive system is responsible for his sexual behavior and secondary sex characteristics (such as a large crest).
344:
The female reproductive system has two functions: The first is to produce egg cells, and the second is to protect and nourish the offspring until birth. The male reproductive system has one function, and it is to produce and deposit sperm. Humans have a high level of
1268:. Environmental conditions trigger genetically determined developmental states that lead to the creation of specialized structures for sexual or asexual reproduction. These structures aid reproduction by efficiently dispersing spores or spore-containing
542:
that stimulates some of the ova to develop and grow. One ovum is released and it passes through the fallopian tube into the uterus. Hormones produced by the ovaries prepare the uterus to receive the ovum. The ovum will move through her
1058:. That in turn is used to transfer the spermatophores to the female. In species where the hectocotylus is missing, the "penis" is long and able to extend beyond the mantle cavity and transfer the spermatophores directly to the female.
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into the water and one or more males release "milt", a white fluid containing many sperm over the unfertilized eggs. Other species of fish are oviparous and have internal fertilization aided by pelvic or anal
1741:
710:
In domestic canines, sexual maturity (puberty) occurs between the ages of 6 and 12 months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years of age for some large breeds.
1144:, which are located in the abdomen. The genital opening is usually located on the underside of the second abdominal segment. In most species, the male transfers sperm to the female in a package, or
448:
The testes release a hormone that controls the development of sperm. This hormone is also responsible for the development of physical characteristics in men such as facial hair and a deep voice.
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is unique in that the female has two vaginae, both of which open externally through one orifice but lead to different compartments within the uterus; males usually have a
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eggs in which the young fetus continues to develop after it leaves the female's body. Unlike most vertebrates, female birds typically have only one functional ovary and
371:
that contribute towards the reproduction process. The primary direct function of the male reproductive system is to provide the male sperm for fertilization of the ovum.
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often have significant differences. These differences allow for a combination of genetic material between two individuals, which allows for the possibility of greater
374:
The major reproductive organs of the male can be grouped into three categories. The first category is sperm production and storage. Production takes place in the
1379:
824:, an opening through which eggs, sperm, and wastes pass. Intercourse is performed by pressing the lips of the cloacae together, which is sometimes known as an
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reproductive systems are similar, however, there are some notable differences between the non-human mammals and humans. For instance, most male mammals have
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are involved during the parenting stage of reproduction, but in most classifications they are not considered to be part of the female reproductive system.
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696:), a group of egg-laying mammals, also lack a uterus, vagina, and vulva, and in that respect have a reproductive system resembling that of a reptile.
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668: in) long newborn joey instinctively crawls and wriggles the 15 cm (6 in), while clinging to fur, on the way to its mother's pouch.
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and awaits the sperm for fertilization to occur. When this does not occur, i.e. no sperm for fertilization, the lining of the uterus, called the
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3358:
1822:
1191:, are the most varied physically and show a correspondingly great diversity in methods of reproduction. Plants that are not flowering plants (
325:, and the baby passing out the vagina (the female genital organ). Human's babies and children are nearly helpless and require high levels of
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and exhibit external fertilization. In this process, females use their cloaca to release large quantities of their gametes, called
19:
This article is about the reproductive system of all types of organisms, including humans. For information specific to humans, see
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2400:
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1027:. Most cephalopods have semi-internal fertilization, in which the male places his gametes inside the female's mantle cavity or
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Werdelin L, Nilsonne A (January 1999). "The evolution of the scrotum and testicular descent in mammals: a phylogenetic view".
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have an extremely diverse array of reproductive systems, the only commonality may be that they all lay eggs. Also, aside from
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2004:
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have similar reproductive systems consisting of gonads, ducts, and openings. However, there is a great diversity of physical
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urinary and sexual apparatus, urogenital
Apparatus. In: F.-V. Salomon and others (eds.): Anatomy for veterinary medicine
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Fish gonads are typically pairs of either ovaries or testicles. Most fish are sexually dimorphic but some species are
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658:) attach themselves for post uterine development. Also, marsupials have a unique prepenial scrotum. The 15 mm (
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1148:. Complex courtship rituals have evolved in many arachnids to ensure the safe delivery of the sperm to the female.
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The male reproductive system is a series of organs located outside of the body and around the pelvic region of a
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The penises of even-toed ungulates have an S-shape at rest and lie in a pocket under the skin on the belly. The
187:(testicles and ovaries). Diseases of the human reproductive system are very common and widespread, particularly
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The human female reproductive system is a series of organs primarily located inside of the body and around the
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555:. If the ovum is fertilized by sperm, it will attach to the endometrium and embryonic development will begin.
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646:, which corresponds to the females' two vaginae. Marsupials typically develop their offspring in an external
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for development and storage. The second category is the ejaculatory fluid-producing glands which include the
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768:. Cetaceans have similar penises. In some even-toed ungulates, the penis contains a structure called the
349:. In addition to differences in nearly every reproductive organ, numerous differences typically occur in
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to an opening to the outside of the body, typically the cloaca, but sometimes to a unique pore such as a
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1054:) is a long and muscular end of the gonoduct used to transfer spermatophores to a modified arm called a
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1223:(1793) studied the reproduction of flowering plants and for the first time it was understood that the
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exhibit external fertilization of eggs, typically within the water, though some amphibians such as
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National
Prevention Network, Center for Disease Control, United States Government, retrieving 2007
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mainly causes this curvature to extend, which leads to an extension, but not a thickening, of the
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to be fertilized by the sperm and are then expelled from the body ("laid"), in most cases via an
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have internal fertilization. All have paired, internal gonads, connected by ducts to the cloaca.
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share key elements of their reproductive systems. They all have gamete-producing organs known as
156:
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Science, Biology, and
Terminology of Fish reproduction: Reproductive modes and strategies-part 1
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then occurs within the female's uterus for approximately nine months, this process is known as
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of many females descend—as the testicles descend of many male mammals—and are close to the
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Major secondary sex characteristics include larger, more muscular stature, deepened voice,
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analogous to the human penis. A small portion of fish species are either viviparous or
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844:. As a group, birds, like mammals, are noted for their high level of parental care.
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exhibit a wide range of different reproductive strategies. Most fish, however, are
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1155:, which hatch into immatures that resemble adults. Scorpions, however, are either
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622:. Additionally, both males and females of most species do not remain continually
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process. The human female reproductive system contains three main parts: the
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326:
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In mammals, the major organs of the reproductive system include the external
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73:
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as humans do and the females of most mammalian species don't grow permanent
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1706:
Reproduction in the Uganda defassa waterbuck, Kobus defassa ugandae
Neumann
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982:
865:, and exhibit internal fertilization through the cloaca. Some reptiles lay
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122:
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in some reptiles and birds. In place of the uterus and vagina, non-mammal
398:. The final category are those used for copulation, and deposition of the
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The baculum was gained and lost multiple times during mammalian evolution
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Grzimek's Animal Life
Encyclopedia: Volume 5 Fishes II & Amphibians
1261:
1212:
1192:
1160:
1117:
1016:
986:
950:
673:
509:; during intercourse, this area is lubricated by mucus secreted by the
383:
314:
310:
217:
202:
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121:
are also important accessories to the reproductive system. Unlike most
106:
3435:
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for many years. One important type of parental care is the use of the
4135:
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3711:
3133:
2968:
2538:
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2503:
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1570:
Armstrong, David M.; Fitzgerald, James P.; Meaney, Carron A. (2011).
1508:
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1101:
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990:
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478:, which leads to the vagina, the vaginal opening, to the uterus; the
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306:
298:
271:
168:
144:
118:
3669:
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2006. John W. Kimball. Kimball's
Biology Pages, and online textbook.
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4269:
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3612:
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1903:
1862:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 596–604.
1265:
1204:
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858:
774:
761:
689:
502:
438:
391:
375:
551:, and unfertilized ova are shed each cycle through the process of
86:
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3704:
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225:
133:
114:
1757:
Ritchison. BIO 554/754 Ornithology. Eastern
Kentucky University.
885:
in nuptial colors waiting for more females to come in a mass of
569:
281:. The sperm then travels through the vagina and cervix into the
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penis-like organ, while male snakes and lizards each possess a
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798:
677:
607:
514:
487:
479:
467:
463:
334:
318:
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267:
263:
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1708:." Journal of reproduction and fertility 18.3 (1969): 445-457.
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1399:." Integrative and comparative biology 56.4 (2016): 644-656.
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Cobaugh, Aaron M.; Stoner, John B.; Irwin, Mark D. (2013).
1208:
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or more commonly two, is transmitted to the female during
4108:
3925:
3689:
2325:
1829:
2002. SeaWorld/Busch
Gardens Animal Information Database.
1771:. New York: Van Nostrand Reihnhold Co. pp. 301–302.
1569:
1081:
938:
126:
105:, is the biological system made up of all the anatomical
1994:
1975:
1719:
Reproductive System of
Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis).
1607:
676:
groups have an unmodified oviduct leading directly to a
179:) as well as a number of internal organs, including the
1104:. The sperm is stored within the female in one or more
2294:
1451:
517:, while the uterus is attached to the ovaries via the
1999:(10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
1810:. 2002. MARTIN MOE. THE BREEDER'S NET Online Magazine
1675:
1673:
1995:Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008).
1084:. The eggs are produced by the female in a pair of
513:. The vagina is attached to the uterus through the
1739:Reproductive physiology in South American Camelids
1728:" Journal of Embryo Transfer 24.4 (2009): 293-295.
1603:
1670:
1610:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 124–125.
1445:
378:, which are housed in the temperature regulating
224:. In females, these gonads are then connected by
4369:
1857:
1748:." Genetics of Reproduction in Sheep (2013): 81.
1509:Renfree, Marilyn; Tyndale-Biscoe, C. H. (1987).
1408:
1329:, Epidemiology and End Results (Seer) Program.
1050:The "penis" in most unshelled male cephalopods (
1039:. Likewise, male cephalopods have only a single
521:. Each ovary contains hundreds of ova (singular
1848:The Living World of Molluscs. Robert Nordsieck.
1481:
258:. During this process, the male inserts their
113:. Many non-living substances such as fluids,
3558:
2725:
2310:
2079:
1976:Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996).
1515:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1163:, depending on species, and bear live young.
1011:Cephalopod § Reproduction and life cycle
3572:
1576:. University Press of Colorado. p. 37.
482:, which holds the developing fetus; and the
2739:
1475:
1187:, which are the reproductive structures of
680:, which is a shared exit-hole for gametes,
3565:
3551:
2732:
2718:
2317:
2303:
2086:
2072:
1539:The Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
437:. An important sexual hormone of males is
1885:"The evolution of plant sexual diversity"
1679:
1656:. Springer Science & Business Media.
720:Equine anatomy § Reproductive system
433:, broad shoulders, and development of an
2093:
2017:Modern Text Book of Zoology: Vertebrates
1649:
1043:. In the female of most cephalopods the
876:
741:
590:
568:
1882:
1766:
1327:Introduction to the Reproductive System
816:Bird anatomy § Reproductive system
4370:
2013:
1876:
1637:
1631:
1535:
728:
486:, which produce the female's ova. The
16:System of organs used for reproduction
3546:
2713:
2298:
2067:
1542:. Taylor & Francis. p. 276.
1512:Reproductive physiology of marsupials
993:, nearly all other invertebrates are
406:) within the male, these include the
2246:Males, Females & Hermaphrodites:
828:which is known as a phallus that is
760:are only slightly developed; and an
493:The vagina meets the outside at the
382:, immature sperm then travel to the
3257:Sexual selection in scaled reptiles
2413:Heterogametic sex / Homogametic sex
1969:
1653:Comparative Vertebrate Reproduction
1573:Mammals of Colorado, Second Edition
1482:Don II Hunsaker (2 December 2012).
1339:
13:
1851:
736:Artiodactyl § Genitourinary system
157:Sexual reproduction § Animals
101:of an organism, also known as the
14:
4399:
2035:
978:Reproductive system of planarians
974:Reproductive system of gastropods
640:reproductive system of marsupials
2694:
2693:
2487:Evolution of sexual reproduction
967:
949:, and are collectively known as
734:This section is an excerpt from
618:, and most have a penis bone or
558:
351:secondary sexual characteristics
1953:
1940:
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1650:Lombardi, Julian (2012-12-06).
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1283:Major systems of the human body
1047:aid in development of the egg.
321:of the uterus contracting, the
309:in humans. Gestation ends with
209:in every group of vertebrates.
192:sexually transmitted infections
2595:Sexual reproduction in animals
1502:
1402:
1395:Schultz, Nicholas G., et al. "
1389:
1377:Sexual Reproduction in Humans.
1370:
1351:
1320:
1140:Arachnids may have one or two
1092:, produced by the male in one
1004:
654:to which their newborn young (
212:
1:
2231:Females & Hermaphrodites:
1314:
1173:Plant reproductive morphology
1130:Arachnids § Reproduction
1035:found in the female's single
899:Amphibian § Reproduction
892:
820:Male and female birds have a
616:stored internally until erect
565:Mammalian reproductive system
2467:Sex as a biological variable
2450:Simultaneous hermaphroditism
2189:Simultaneous hermaphroditism
1183:Among all living organisms,
1151:Arachnids usually lay yolky
1123:
854:Reptiles § Reproduction
470:that contribute towards the
7:
2932:semelparity and iteroparity
2216:Males & Hermaphrodites:
1288:Reproductive system disease
1275:
847:
793:at the level of the fourth
10:
4404:
2605:Penile-vaginal intercourse
2445:Sequential hermaphroditism
2184:Sequential hermaphroditism
1348:Body Guide powered by Adam
1248:
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1068:Insect reproductive system
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584:found within its mother's
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3720:
3593:
3584:
3332:
3292:
3247:
3212:
3169:
3036:
3023:Non-reproductive behavior
2747:
2689:
2642:
2475:
2435:Testis-determining factor
2332:
2275:
2268:
2166:
2157:
2110:
2101:
2056:Resources in your library
1858:Robert D. Barnes (1982).
1485:The Biology of Marsupials
1333:October 24, 2007, at the
1245:Fungi § Reproduction
1221:Christian Konrad Sprengel
1166:
872:pair of penis-like organs
713:
451:
289:for fertilization of the
248:human reproductive system
242:Human reproductive system
235:
79:
67:
55:
43:
38:
33:
28:
21:Human reproductive system
2376:Sex-determination system
2020:. Rastogi Publications.
1883:Barrett, S.C.H. (2002).
1346:Reproductive System 2001
1238:
1112:, the eggs travel along
1023:and reproduce by laying
809:
363:Male reproductive system
317:. Labor consists of the
163:Sex organ § Animals
2741:Animal sexual behaviour
2324:
1997:Dictionary of the Fungi
1980:. John Wiley and Sons.
1892:Nature Reviews Genetics
1179:Sex organ § Plants
914:
699:
356:
207:reproductive strategies
4017:Lymphoid immune system
3586:Musculoskeletal system
2890:traumatic insemination
2359:Sexual differentiation
2145:Vegetative propagation
2014:Kotpal, R. L. (2010).
1820:Bony Fish Reproduction
1536:Trefil, James (2001).
1453:C. Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe
1431:10.1006/jtbi.1998.0821
1251:Sex organ § Fungi
1227:process involved both
999:external fertilization
889:
753:
603:
588:
347:sexual differentiation
252:internal fertilization
81:Anatomical terminology
4005:Myeloid immune system
3791:Cardiovascular system
3018:Interspecies breeding
2401:Temperature-dependent
1978:Introductory Mycology
1744:30 March 2023 at the
1724:25 April 2019 at the
1298:Human sexual behavior
1249:Further information:
1177:Further information:
1100:by means of external
880:
781:and thus outside the
745:
594:
572:
313:, delivery following
161:Further information:
4357:Islets of Langerhans
4217:Genitourinary system
3953:Integumentary system
3532:Short-beaked echidna
3272:side-blotched lizard
2789:sexual ornamentation
2201:Males & Females:
2095:Reproductive systems
1860:Invertebrate Zoology
1767:Grzimek, B. (1974).
1684:. pp. 368–403.
1488:. Elsevier Science.
1461:. Csiro Publishing.
747:Genitourinary system
631:cavities near their
4378:Reproductive system
4247:Reproductive system
3966:Subcutaneous tissue
3735:Cartilaginous joint
3359:Homosexual behavior
3324:Homosexual behavior
3179:Spawning strategies
2979:Bateman's principle
2799:sexy son hypothesis
2777:hormonal motivation
2772:reproductive system
2762:Sexual reproduction
2617:Hormonal motivation
2590:Fungal reproduction
2509:Reproductive system
2047:Reproductive system
1423:1999JThBi.196...61W
777:are located in the
729:Even-toed ungulates
706:Canine reproduction
688:. Monotremes (i.e.
441:, and particularly
111:sexual reproduction
99:reproductive system
50:systemata genitalia
29:Reproductive system
4029:Respiratory system
3782:Circulatory system
3307:Breeding behaviour
3028:Fisher's principle
2853:sexual intercourse
2794:handicap principle
2622:Human reproduction
2600:Sexual intercourse
2585:Plant reproduction
1844:2007-10-20 at the
1825:2007-09-27 at the
1806:2007-11-08 at the
1680:Uwe Gille (2008).
1458:Life of Marsupials
1382:2018-02-17 at the
1363:2014-10-25 at the
1260:of a species, the
1021:sexually dimorphic
943:intromittent organ
890:
863:sexually dimorphic
836:. The female lays
826:intromittent organ
754:
604:
589:
511:Bartholin's glands
297:and implantation,
293:. Upon successful
256:sexual intercourse
4365:
4364:
3888:
3887:
3878:Glymphatic system
3776:
3775:
3540:
3539:
3354:Lordosis behavior
3234:Frog reproduction
3184:Polyandry in fish
2964:Sexual dimorphism
2885:sperm competition
2804:Fisherian runaway
2784:Courtship display
2707:
2706:
2627:Lordosis behavior
2342:Sexual dimorphism
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2264:
2263:
2153:
2152:
2042:Library resources
2027:978-81-7133-891-7
2006:978-0-85199-826-8
1790:Fish Reproduction
1717:Yong, Hwan-Yul. "
1691:978-3-8304-1075-1
1663:978-1-4615-4937-6
1617:978-0-22692-532-5
1583:978-1-60732-048-7
1549:978-1-13675-363-3
1495:978-0-323-14620-3
1468:978-0-643-06257-3
1108:. At the time of
1080:, i.e. by laying
1045:nidamental glands
1031:to fertilize the
921:Fish reproduction
770:urethral process.
758:corpora cavernosa
644:two-pronged penis
600:urogenital system
277:, which contains
250:usually involves
95:
94:
90:
4395:
4388:Endocrine system
4324:Endocrine system
4086:Digestive system
3831:Lymphatic system
3814:Lymphatic vessel
3787:
3786:
3591:
3590:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3544:
3543:
3510:ringtailed lemur
3369:African wild dog
3342:Sexual selection
3302:Sexual selection
3222:Sexual selection
2863:pseudocopulation
2757:Sexual selection
2734:
2727:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2697:
2696:
2657:Animal sexuality
2580:Sexual selection
2319:
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2010:
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1970:Cited literature
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1704:Spinage, C. A. "
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783:abdominal cavity
667:
666:
662:
624:sexually fertile
388:seminal vesicles
87:edit on Wikidata
84:
26:
25:
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4280:Seminal vesicle
4241:
4203:
4153:Small intestine
4080:
4023:
3982:
3947:
3884:
3825:
3772:
3750:Muscular system
3744:
3716:
3595:Skeletal system
3580:
3571:
3541:
3536:
3515:sexual swelling
3411:European badger
3328:
3288:
3243:
3208:
3165:
3032:
3001:Sexual conflict
2942:hermaphroditism
2743:
2738:
2708:
2703:
2685:
2672:Differentiation
2662:Human sexuality
2652:Plant sexuality
2638:
2534:Spermatogenesis
2478:
2471:
2334:
2328:
2323:
2293:
2284:
2260:
2171:Hermaphrodites:
2149:
2135:Parthenogenesis
2097:
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2007:
1988:
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1846:Wayback Machine
1837:
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1818:
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1799:
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1746:Wayback Machine
1737:Sumar, Julio. "
1736:
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1726:Wayback Machine
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1365:Wayback Machine
1356:
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1335:Wayback Machine
1325:
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1303:Plant sexuality
1293:Human sexuality
1278:
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1181:
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1169:
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1136:Opiliones penis
1132:
1126:
1070:
1064:
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1007:
980:
970:
923:
917:
901:
895:
861:are almost all
856:
850:
818:
812:
807:
806:
803:uterus bicornis
801:has two horns (
795:lumbar vertebra
739:
731:
722:
716:
708:
702:
664:
660:
659:
567:
561:
545:fallopian tubes
536:pituitary gland
519:fallopian tubes
460:
454:
396:vasa deferentia
365:
359:
323:cervix dilating
287:fallopian tubes
244:
238:
215:
165:
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91:
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17:
12:
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5:
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4209:Urinary system
4205:
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4176:
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4138:
4133:
4131:Laryngopharynx
4128:
4118:
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4106:
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4099:Salivary gland
4090:
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3996:
3994:
3992:immune systems
3988:Haematopoietic
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
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3940:
3938:Somatic system
3935:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3921:Sensory system
3918:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3898:
3896:
3894:Nervous system
3890:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3873:CNS equivalent
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3853:
3852:
3851:
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3835:
3833:
3827:
3826:
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3793:
3784:
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3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3740:Synovial joint
3737:
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3726:
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3718:
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3715:
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3707:
3702:
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2811:Mating systems
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2418:Sex chromosome
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2398:
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2036:External links
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1904:10.1038/nrg776
1898:(4): 274–284.
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1171:Main article:
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1128:Main article:
1125:
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1066:Main article:
1063:
1060:
1029:pallial cavity
1009:Main article:
1006:
1003:
995:hermaphroditic
969:
966:
958:hermaphroditic
919:Main article:
916:
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897:Main article:
894:
891:
852:Main article:
849:
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834:mammals' penis
814:Main article:
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704:Main article:
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596:Didactic model
563:Main article:
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530:Approximately
456:Main article:
453:
450:
420:Cowper's gland
361:Main article:
358:
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333:in the female
331:mammary glands
240:Main article:
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131:differentiated
103:genital system
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4018:
4015:
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4010:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3977:
3976:Mammary gland
3974:
3973:
3972:
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3964:
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3959:
3958:
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3759:
3756:
3755:
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3751:
3747:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:Fibrous joint
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
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3604:
3601:
3600:
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3589:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3574:Human systems
3568:
3563:
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3549:
3548:
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3528:
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3496:
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3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:Spotted hyena
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
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3390:
3387:
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3377:
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3331:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3313:
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3309:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
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3291:
3285:
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3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3160:
3159:penis fencing
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:apophallation
3127:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3038:Invertebrates
3035:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:opportunistic
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2895:penile spines
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2870:Fertilisation
2868:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:Pelvic thrust
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:mate guarding
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2700:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2632:Pelvic thrust
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2563:Fertilization
2561:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2529:Gametogenesis
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2462:parasexuality
2460:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2440:Hermaphrodite
2438:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2406:Haplodiploidy
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
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2327:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2301:
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2297:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:Fragmentation
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1987:0-471-52229-5
1983:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1962:
1956:
1950:., pp. 48–56.
1949:
1943:
1929:on 2013-05-27
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1869:0-03-056747-5
1865:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1809:
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1763:
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1727:
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1720:
1714:
1707:
1701:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1674:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1646:
1640:, p. 394
1639:
1634:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1522:0-521-33792-5
1518:
1514:
1513:
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1497:
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1470:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1448:
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1412:
1405:
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1392:
1385:
1381:
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1373:
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1362:
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1354:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1309:
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1301:
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1296:
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1259:
1252:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1157:ovoviviparous
1154:
1149:
1147:
1146:spermatophore
1143:
1137:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:fertilization
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:Invertebrates
979:
975:
968:Invertebrates
965:
963:
959:
954:
952:
948:
947:ovoviviparous
944:
940:
935:
931:
927:
922:
912:
910:
906:
900:
888:
884:
879:
875:
873:
868:
864:
860:
855:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
817:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
771:
767:
763:
759:
752:
748:
744:
737:
726:
721:
711:
707:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
669:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
601:
597:
593:
587:
583:
579:
576:
571:
566:
559:Other mammals
556:
554:
550:
546:
541:
537:
533:
532:every 28 days
528:
526:
525:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
459:
449:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
364:
354:
352:
348:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:parental care
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:fertilization
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
243:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
210:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
164:
158:
148:
146:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
123:organ systems
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
88:
82:
78:
75:
72:
70:
66:
63:
60:
58:
54:
51:
48:
46:
42:
37:
32:
27:
22:
4179:
4147:
4120:
3872:
3855:
3838:
3798:
3500:olive baboon
3448:Hippopotamus
3436:domestic cat
3384:domestic dog
3312:golden eagle
3279:Crocodilians
2927:polygynandry
2848:cloacal kiss
2771:
2551:spermatozoon
2508:
2479:reproduction
2428:Y chromosome
2423:X chromosome
2369:Virilization
2364:Feminization
2245:
2230:
2224:Andromonoecy
2215:
2200:
2170:
2140:Sporogenesis
2094:
2046:
2016:
1996:
1977:
1960:
1955:
1947:
1946:Alexopoulos
1942:
1931:. Retrieved
1924:the original
1895:
1891:
1878:
1859:
1853:
1839:Cephalopods.
1834:
1815:
1796:
1785:
1768:
1762:
1753:
1733:
1713:
1700:
1681:
1652:
1645:
1633:
1623:November 10,
1621:. Retrieved
1606:
1599:
1589:November 10,
1587:. Retrieved
1572:
1565:
1555:November 10,
1553:. Retrieved
1538:
1531:
1511:
1504:
1484:
1477:
1457:
1447:
1417:(1): 61–72.
1414:
1410:
1404:
1391:
1372:
1353:
1341:
1322:
1254:
1182:
1150:
1139:
1106:spermathecae
1071:
1056:hectocotylus
1049:
1014:
997:and exhibit
981:
955:
924:
902:
857:
819:
791:pelvic inlet
769:
755:
723:
709:
670:
637:
605:
598:of a mammal
553:menstruation
529:
522:
492:
472:reproductive
466:region of a
461:
447:
443:testosterone
435:Adam's apple
424:
416:vas deferens
384:epididymides
373:
366:
343:
245:
216:
196:
189:communicable
166:
109:involved in
102:
98:
96:
62:A09.0.00.000
49:
4347:Parathyroid
4047:Nasopharynx
3909:Spinal cord
3844:Bone marrow
3613:Collar bone
3239:Salamanders
3119:Echinoderms
3102:sea anemone
3085:Cephalopods
2989:cannibalism
2912:promiscuity
2831:mating plug
2821:mating call
2816:mate choice
2239:Gynomonoecy
2219:Androdioecy
2204:Gonochorism
1638:Kotpal 2010
1358:STD's Today
1256:within the
1225:pollination
1213:gymnosperms
1193:green algae
1189:angiosperms
1078:oviparously
1017:cephalopods
1005:Cephalopods
987:cephalopods
951:livebearers
883:common frog
650:containing
549:endometrium
538:releases a
400:spermatozoa
260:erect penis
218:Vertebrates
213:Vertebrates
205:as well as
203:adaptations
199:vertebrates
197:Most other
183:-producing
39:Identifiers
4372:Categories
4126:Oropharynx
3866:Lymph node
3799:peripheral
3645:Metatarsus
3640:Metacarpus
3619:Thigh bone
3615:(clavicle)
3214:Amphibians
3194:Salmon run
3124:Gastropods
3046:Arthropods
3011:intralocus
3006:interlocus
2984:bimaturism
2843:Copulation
2836:lek mating
2612:Copulation
2333:Biological
2280:Heterogamy
2256:Trimonoecy
2234:Gynodioecy
1963:., p. 633.
1933:2015-06-05
1777:B000HHFY52
1315:References
1270:propagules
1262:teleomorph
1258:life cycle
1201:liverworts
1161:viviparous
1134:See also:
1118:ovipositor
1076:reproduce
991:arthropods
972:See also:
909:caecilians
905:amphibians
893:Amphibians
674:vertebrate
573:A newborn
394:, and the
341:the baby.
311:childbirth
272:ejaculates
155:See also:
119:pheromones
4383:Fertility
4332:Pituitary
4181:accessory
4136:Esophagus
3856:secondary
3768:Diaphragm
3712:Cartilage
3660:Phalanges
3481:Primates
3470:Pinnipeds
3458:Marsupial
3389:gray wolf
3149:earthworm
3134:love dart
3107:jellyfish
3076:butterfly
2969:anisogamy
2957:synchrony
2947:cuckoldry
2917:polyandry
2767:evolution
2667:Mechanics
2644:Sexuality
2539:Oogenesis
2514:Sex organ
2504:Germ cell
2492:Anisogamy
1205:hornworts
1124:Arachnids
1102:genitalia
1052:Coleoidea
962:unisexual
930:oviparous
830:analogous
775:testicles
628:mammaries
614:which is
431:body hair
376:testicles
307:pregnancy
299:gestation
262:into the
169:genitalia
145:offspring
4312:Placenta
4275:Testicle
4270:Prostate
4197:Pancreas
4158:Appendix
4148:lower GI
4121:upper GI
4069:Bronchus
4012:Lymphoid
3695:Vertebra
3650:Ossicles
3635:Mandible
3505:mandrill
3463:kangaroo
3406:Elephant
3317:seabirds
3249:Reptiles
3199:Seahorse
3097:Cnidaria
3061:scorpion
2994:coercion
2952:seasonal
2922:polygyny
2907:monogamy
2880:external
2875:internal
2699:Category
2677:Activity
2573:Internal
2568:External
2457:Intersex
2115:Apomixis
1912:11967552
1842:Archived
1823:Archived
1804:Archived
1742:Archived
1722:Archived
1455:(2005).
1380:Archived
1361:Archived
1331:Archived
1276:See also
1266:anamorph
1264:and the
1217:conifers
1215:such as
1114:oviducts
1041:testicle
859:Reptiles
848:Reptiles
838:amniotic
762:erection
694:echidnas
690:platypus
503:clitoris
439:androgen
392:prostate
226:oviducts
115:hormones
4352:Adrenal
4342:Thyroid
4260:Scrotum
4237:Urethra
4232:Bladder
4141:Stomach
4064:Trachea
4000:Myeloid
3839:primary
3705:Sternum
3655:Patella
3630:Humerus
3621:(femur)
3522:Raccoon
3495:gorilla
3431:cheetah
3416:Felidae
3401:Dolphin
3394:red fox
3334:Mammals
3284:Tuatara
3262:lizards
3154:epitoky
3090:octopus
2749:General
2524:Meiosis
2497:Isogamy
2251:Trioecy
2194:Synoecy
2179:Monoecy
2174:Monoicy
2125:Fission
2120:Budding
2103:Asexual
1920:7424193
1439:9892556
1419:Bibcode
1308:Meiosis
1233:abiotic
1185:flowers
1086:ovaries
1074:insects
1062:Insects
881:A male
842:oviduct
832:to the
787:ovaries
779:scrotum
663:⁄
633:kidneys
620:baculum
612:a penis
580:from a
578:suckles
540:hormone
507:urethra
488:breasts
484:ovaries
412:urethra
380:scrotum
335:breasts
319:muscles
301:of the
151:Animals
143:of the
141:fitness
138:genetic
134:species
34:Details
4337:Pineal
4297:Vagina
4292:Uterus
4287:Female
4227:Ureter
4222:Kidney
4168:Rectum
4104:Tongue
4052:Larynx
3971:Breast
3943:Tissue
3861:Spleen
3849:Thymus
3804:Artery
3763:Tendon
3758:Muscle
3722:Joints
3700:Pelvis
3675:Tarsus
3665:Radius
3625:Fibula
3608:Carpus
3578:organs
3527:Rodent
3490:bonobo
3475:walrus
3374:coyote
3267:snakes
3204:Sharks
3145:Worms
3141:Sponge
3071:insect
3066:beetle
3056:spider
2974:oogamy
2546:Gamete
2519:Mating
2477:Sexual
2352:Female
2209:Dioecy
2159:Sexual
2044:about
2024:
2003:
1984:
1918:
1910:
1866:
1775:
1688:
1660:
1614:
1580:
1546:
1519:
1492:
1465:
1437:
1229:biotic
1197:mosses
1167:Plants
1142:gonads
1098:mating
1094:testis
822:cloaca
799:uterus
797:. The
785:. The
714:Horses
684:, and
678:cloaca
608:mammal
534:, the
515:cervix
480:uterus
468:female
464:pelvic
452:Female
427:facial
418:, and
283:uterus
268:vagina
264:female
236:Humans
230:vagina
222:gonads
185:gonads
181:gamete
125:, the
117:, and
107:organs
4307:Ovary
4302:Vulva
4265:Penis
4187:Liver
4163:Colon
4114:Tooth
4094:Mouth
4059:Lower
4037:Upper
3914:Nerve
3904:Brain
3821:Heart
3680:Tibia
3670:Skull
3485:human
3443:Fossa
3426:tiger
3379:dingo
3364:Canid
3294:Birds
3227:frogs
3112:coral
2902:Modes
2335:terms
2269:Mixed
1961:et al
1959:Kirk
1948:et al
1927:(PDF)
1916:S2CID
1888:(PDF)
1239:Fungi
1209:ferns
1090:Sperm
1072:Most
1037:ovary
934:spawn
903:Most
887:spawn
810:Birds
766:penis
749:of a
686:feces
682:urine
656:joeys
652:teats
648:pouch
606:Most
586:pouch
499:labia
495:vulva
476:vulva
408:penis
404:sperm
339:nurse
315:labor
303:fetus
279:sperm
275:semen
177:vulva
173:penis
127:sexes
85:[
45:Latin
4255:Male
4173:Anus
4074:Lung
4042:Nose
3990:and
3961:Skin
3809:Vein
3685:Ulna
3603:Bone
3576:and
3421:lion
3189:Eels
3171:Fish
3051:crab
2556:ovum
2347:Male
2022:ISBN
2001:ISBN
1982:ISBN
1908:PMID
1864:ISBN
1773:ASIN
1686:ISBN
1658:ISBN
1625:2023
1612:ISBN
1591:2023
1578:ISBN
1557:2023
1544:ISBN
1517:ISBN
1490:ISBN
1463:ISBN
1435:PMID
1231:and
1211:and
1153:eggs
1082:eggs
1025:eggs
1019:are
1015:All
989:and
976:and
939:fins
926:Fish
915:Fish
867:eggs
773:The
751:bull
700:Dogs
692:and
638:The
582:teat
575:joey
524:ovum
505:and
429:and
369:male
357:Male
291:ovum
270:and
246:The
175:and
97:The
74:3467
57:TA98
4109:Lip
3931:Eye
3926:Ear
3690:Rib
3347:rut
2326:Sex
1900:doi
1427:doi
1415:196
1159:or
1033:ova
960:or
527:).
337:to
285:or
266:'s
254:by
129:of
69:TA2
4374::
2396:ZO
2391:XO
2386:ZW
2381:XY
1914:.
1906:.
1894:.
1890:.
1672:^
1433:.
1425:.
1413:.
1272:.
1207:,
1203:,
1199:,
1195:,
1120:.
1088:.
1001:.
964:.
953:.
874:.
805:).
635:.
501:,
445:.
422:.
414:,
410:,
390:,
353:.
232:.
194:.
147:.
3566:e
3559:t
3552:v
2733:e
2726:t
2719:v
2318:e
2311:t
2304:v
2087:e
2080:t
2073:v
2030:.
2009:.
1990:.
1936:.
1902::
1896:3
1872:.
1779:.
1694:.
1666:.
1627:.
1593:.
1559:.
1525:.
1498:.
1471:.
1441:.
1429::
1421::
738:.
665:8
661:5
602:.
402:(
171:(
89:]
23:.
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