407:
of immigrants to the
British colonies in North America (and later the United States) was African slaves brought over forcibly; the circumstances of their migration do not fit the criteria of chain migration of free labor. Other groups, such as Germans fleeing chaos in Europe in the mid-1800s, Irish fleeing famine in Ireland in the same years, Eastern European Jews who emigrated from the Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and Italians and Japanese escaping poverty and seeking better economic conditions in the same period, did use chain migration strategies extensively, with resulting "colonies" of immigrants from the same villages, towns, and cities settling in enclaves in such cities as Boston, New York, SĂŁo Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, Toronto, Montreal, Sydney, Melbourne, Auckland and Havana from the mid-1800s through the mid-1900s.
576:" holders) may petition for visas for their immediate relatives including their children, spouses, parents, or siblings. Advocates of immigration restriction believe the family reunification policy is too permissive, leads to higher than expected levels of immigration, and what they consider the wrong type of immigrants. In its place, they favor increasing the number of immigrants with particular job skills. In practice, however, the wait times from when a family reunification petition is filed until the adult relative is able to enter the U.S. can be as long as 15–20 years (as of 2006). This is a result of backlogs in obtaining a visa number and visa number quotas that only allow 226,000 family-based visas to be issued annually.
473:
of
Nebraska land for sale in Czech. Many similar advertisements were read in German principalities at the same time, accounting for parallel chain migration to the Great Plains. While the pull factor of these advertisements represent the potential for chain migration, and did in fact produce it, they must be understood within the context of the push factors all potential immigrants weigh when determining to leave their home country. In the case of Czech chain migration to Nebraska and many other similar circumstances in Europe, the various push factors provided the impetus to leave but the pull factors provided by pamphlets and letters provided the chain migration structure to the eventual immigration.
469:. Consequently, many of the peoples whom this propaganda targeted were already living agricultural lives in Northern and Eastern Europe. Additionally, once the chain of migration had begun from a farm town in Europe, the pamphlets along with letters and remittances sent from America made migration an accessible opportunity for more and more of the people of that community. This chain eventually led to partial community transplantation and development of rural ethnic enclaves in the Midwest.
177:
343:, Santa Catarina in Brazil.) This case was especially true for many agricultural German immigrants of the nineteenth century. Certain towns were built on a homogeneous group from a particular German principality. Additionally, many of these towns exclusively spoke German until the mid-1900s in the United States and the late 1900s in Brazil. These enclaves and their contemporaries represent the close relationship between family, community, and immigration.
293:
75:
34:
392:. Massey et al. link their definition to Gunnar Myrdal's theory of cumulative causation of migration, stating that, “each act of migration alters the social context within which subsequent migration decisions are made, thus increasing the likelihood of additional movement. Once the number of network connections in a community reaches a critical threshold, migration becomes self-perpetuating.”
513:
the rising number of
Southern and Eastern European immigrants. The National Origins quota system provided limited family reunification as a means for chain migration and placed a preference on naturalization. If an immigrant became a U.S. citizen, he or she had the ability to obtain non-quota visas for more family members, but as a resident that number was capped annually. Additionally, the
561:
431:
family members of
Chinese Americans to immigrate with the correct paperwork. This loophole and the fateful 1906 earthquake that destroyed San Francisco's public records provided Chinese immigrants, almost entirely men, with the potential to immigrate with false documents stating their familial relationship to a Chinese American. These Chinese immigrants were called “
363:
Wolff posit that remittances can provide the necessary capital. H. van Dalen et al. “find that recipients of remittances are more likely to consider migrating than non-recipients. This study also references the fact that causes of chain migration through remittances tend to be variable but include such pull factors as family ties and the possibility of success.”
419:, return migration was limited and led more Italians to become naturalized citizens. The networks that had been built up by information and money due to chain and return migration provided incentives for Italian permanent migration. Mexican migration to the United States from the 1940s to the 1990s followed some of the same patterns as Italian immigration.
347:
immigrants from Naples. The community ties remained strong with first generation immigrants concerning social life. These communities were originally composed of only men who immigrated for work. Once they had made enough money, many
Italian men interested in settling began to bring their wives and families to their new homes in the Americas.
481:
While the networks and effects of chain migration are in evidence regardless of laws limiting immigration, the changing goals and provisions of immigration legislation nonetheless affect how the system of chain migration works. Exclusion and quotas have affected who chain migration draws as potential
472:
One example of this phenomenon is the chain migration of Czechs to
Nebraska in the late nineteenth century. They were attracted by “glowing reports in Czech-language newspapers and magazines published and sent back home. Railroads, like the Burlington & Missouri Railroad, advertised large tracts
456:
current wives or to marry and return to the United States, inhibiting the corrective measure of chain migration. When immigrant groups react to economic pull factors in labor markets, chain migration via family has been used informally to balance out the gender ratio in ethnic immigrant communities.
262:
John S. MacDonald and
Leatrice D. MacDonald define chain migration as "movement in which prospective migrants learn of opportunities, are provided with transportation, and have initial accommodation and employment arranged by means of primary social relationships with previous migrants". Dara Lind of
443:
Single, young, male laborers were initially the largest group using chain migration to the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. However, each immigrant group maintained a unique composition due to circumstances in home countries, goals of migration, and
American immigration
406:
Different groups of immigrants have employed chain migration among the different strategies used to enter, work, and live in the various republics of the
Americas throughout their history. Social networks for migration are universal and not limited to specific nations, cultures, or crises. One group
512:
Other migrant groups were limited in number by the
National Origins quota system, which designated national quotas based on census ratios from 1890. These ratios heavily favored Western European nations and older migrant groups, such as the English, Irish, and Germans. The ratios attempted to limit
464:
It was common in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries for companies and even states to advertise to potential European immigrants in their home countries. These advertisements in magazines and pamphlets made information available for immigrants to find travel and decide where to settle once
455:
allowed Chinese wives of American citizens to immigrate without regard to Chinese immigration quotas. Before that time, chain migration was limited to “paper sons” and actual sons from China. The imbalanced sex ratio of Chinese immigrants was due to Chinese exclusion laws and the inability to bring
346:
In the late nineteenth century, distinct Italian provinces and towns immigrated to the United States and Argentina via chain migration. Regional ties in Italy initially divided Italian ethnic identity in cities like New York and Buenos Aires, and certain enclaves included only Southern Italians or
447:
For example, Irish migration after 1880 had a 53.6% female majority, the only migrant group with that distinction. Irish men and women faced economic crisis, overpopulation, and problematic inheritance laws for large families, thereby compelling many of Ireland's daughters to leave with its sons.
410:
Italian immigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century relied on a system of both chain and return migration. Chain migration helped Italian men immigrate to such cities as New York in the United States and Buenos Aires in Argentina for work as migrant laborers. Italians generally
387:
among people to whom the migrant is related, thereby raising the odds of their migration.” In the context of migration, social capital refers to relationships, forms of knowledge and skills that advance one's potential migration. One example is the positive impact of social capital on subsequent
362:
contribute to chain migration by aiding in both funding and interest in migration. Ralitza Dimova and Francois Charles Wolff argue that besides the recognized benefits remittances provide to the economies of the home countries of immigrants, money sent home can lead to chain migration. Dimova and
586:
Spouses and Children, and Unmarried Sons and Daughters of Permanent Residents: 114,200, plus the number (if any) by which the worldwide family preference level exceeds 226,000, and any unused first preference numbers: A. Spouses and Children: 77% of the overall second preference limitation, of
524:
of 1965. This legislation placed a heavy emphasis on family reunification, designating 74% of visas for that purpose. There was no limit on spouses, unmarried minor children, and parents of U.S. citizens. The percentages for family reunification were as follows: Unmarried adult children of U.S.
430:
of 1882 barred almost all Chinese from immigrating to the United States. Nonetheless, many Chinese immigrants arrived in America by obtaining false documents. The Chinese Exclusion Act allowed the Chinese Americans already settled in the United States to stay and provided for limited numbers of
350:
The effects of Chinese Exclusion and discrimination prevented Chinese residents from assimilating into United States society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Those factors, as well as social and cultural ties, precipitated the rise of Chinatowns as ethnic enclaves for Chinese
366:
Besides the remittances sent to families in the home country, immigrants’ letters generally included valuable information about their new life, their work, and information to guide other prospective immigrants in the family or community to ease their journey. Understanding the necessary steps,
525:
citizens (20%), spouses and unmarried children of permanent residents aliens (20%), married children of U.S. citizens (10%), brothers and sisters of U.S. citizens over age 21 (24%). These new visa preferences created a swell of new chain migration and immigration in general. The
311:
have been built and sustained by immigration. Different ethnic groups claimed distinct physical space in city neighborhoods to provide a reception for chain migration and maintain the community network it created. Examples of this trend include the many neighborhoods called
545:
were increased undocumented Mexican migration because of the social capital gained during that period. Chain migration had provided relatively easy access to migration for Mexicans that the immigration legislation of the 1980s to the present has attempted to deal with.
532:
In reaction to the flood of new immigrants brought by the Hart–Celler Act, and increasing numbers of undocumented immigrants from Mexico and Latin America, Congress attempted to reverse the consequences of the 1965 legislation by enforcing border patrol, using
435:,” because of their false papers. “Paper sons” relied on networks built by chain migration to buy documentation, develop strategies for convincing authorities on Angel Island of their legal status, and for starting a life in America.
299:, the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the Western World and the oldest Chinatown in the Southern Hemisphere, is an example of an ethnic enclave. Chinatown was founded by Chinese migrants to Melbourne during the
303:, with these migrants learning of these opportunities, provided with transportation, and having initial accommodation and employment arranged by means of primary social relationships with previous migrants.
1000:
568:
In the United States, the term 'chain migration' is used by advocates of limiting immigration, to partially explain the volume and national origins of legal immigration since 1965. U.S. citizens and
529:
began to outpace European immigration to America for the first time in history, surpassing it by the end of the 1960s and doubling the numbers of European migration by the end of the 1970s.
415:
in Italy and grouped with other Southern and Eastern European migrant laborers under the term “birds of passage” in America. However, after the passage in the United States of the
505:
were effective in limiting chain migration but could not end it entirely. Chinese immigrants took advantage of loopholes and false documents to enter the United States until the
600:
While some backlogs have remained relatively steady for some time, since 1995, backlogs for other family-sponsored preferences have steadily increased (see image to the right).
307:
The information and personal connections that lead to chain migration lead to transplanted communities from one nation to another. Throughout the history of the Americas,
259:
from a particular area follow others from that area to a particular destination. The destination may be in another country or in a new location within the same country.
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left Italy due to dire economic conditions and returned wealthy by Italian standards after working in the Americas for a number of years. Italian immigrants were called
1429:
597:
Backlogs in obtaining visa numbers range from four-and-a-half years (for preference level 2A) to 23-years (for preference level 4 immigrants from the Philippines).
1653:
617:
was updated to discourage use of the term, describing it as being "applied by immigration hardliners to what the U.S. government calls family-based immigration".
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which 75% are exempt from the per-country limit; B. Unmarried Sons and Daughters (21 years of age or older): 23% of the overall second preference limitation.
1072:
1854:
448:
Italian chain migration was initially wholly male based on intent to return, but became a source of family reunification when wives eventually immigrated.
1729:
1724:
1176:
997:
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Americans. Chain migration and the pseudo-familial nature of “paper sons” produced a relatively cohesive community that maintained ties with China.
187:
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729:
1196:
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in the United States. Most of the advertising was done in the effort of settling the land in the Midwestern states in the wake of the
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describes it as a process in which "eople are more likely to move to where people they know live, and each new immigrant makes people
1411:
1708:
1309:
1303:
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whether it is what port to leave from or who to seek out to get a job and apartment, was and is vital for successful immigration.
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formally opened the door to chain migration from the entire western hemisphere, placing that group under non-quota status.
777:
1783:
1405:
1393:
1387:
573:
655:
MacDonald, John S.; MacDonald, Leatrice D. (1964). "Chain Migration Ethnic Neighborhood Formation and Social Networks".
1663:
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Third: Married Sons and Daughters of Citizens: 23,400, plus any numbers not required by first and second preferences.
118:
1582:
239:
221:
158:
61:
1739:
1612:
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1315:
1297:
1222:
1162:
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Fourth: Brothers and Sisters of Adult Citizens: 65,000, plus any numbers not required by first three preferences.
401:
92:
47:
1088:
Alexander, June Granatir. "Chain Migration and Patterns of Slovak Settlement in Pittsburgh Prior to World War I".
125:
1703:
1607:
613:
96:
1693:
1638:
1369:
1274:
1147:
Wegge, Simone A. "Chain Migration and Information Networks: Evidence from Nineteenth-Century Hesse-Cassel".
107:
1833:
1678:
1673:
1492:
1357:
1345:
1327:
1321:
1185:
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of 1952 were able to immigrate legally if with relative levels of ease depending on country of origin, the
1821:
1683:
564:
The visa number backlog for 1st and 2nd preferences increased from zero in 1995 to over 6½ years in 2009.
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The same was true of rural areas in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Some rural towns in the
1828:
1734:
1658:
1617:
1114:
Frizzell, Robert W. "Migration Chains to Illinois: The Evidence from German-American Church Records".
583:
Unmarried Sons and Daughters of Citizens: 23,400 plus any numbers not required for fourth preference.
1237:
882:
James S. Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), 304.
802:
569:
313:
1859:
1622:
1597:
328:
203:
486:
policies in immigration law have served to promote chain migration through extended family visas.
335:
were founded by immigrants and directly advertised in home countries. (Prominent examples include
1577:
1057:
514:
502:
423:
416:
85:
986:
The Wisconsin Office of Emigration, 1852-1855, and Its Impact on German Immigration to the State
20:
1811:
1698:
1648:
1643:
1556:
1462:
1259:
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immigrants as well as how immigrants deal with their status once in the new country. However,
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336:
132:
1423:
728:
1602:
1531:
1264:
483:
296:
199:
53:
8:
1806:
1498:
1351:
1333:
1281:
521:
494:
422:
While immigrants to the United States from European nations during the period before the
300:
195:
1816:
1587:
1551:
1381:
1375:
672:
631:
389:
1761:
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1504:
1244:
1227:
1127:
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871:“Remittances and Chain Migration: Longitudinal Evidence from Bosnia and Herzegovina,”
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781:
738:
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379:…is created when the relations among persons change in ways that facilitate action.”
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1480:
1474:
1468:
1339:
1232:
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917:
664:
541:, and proposing limits to family reunification policies. The effects of ending the
1801:
1746:
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1004:
850:
Hungering for America: Italian, Irish and Jewish Foodways in the Age of Migration
542:
332:
1142:
Forging the Chain: A Case Study of Italian Migration to North America, 1880-1930
873:(Discussion Paper, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), March 2009), pp. 1–2.
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1124:
Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration
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384:
380:
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308:
383:, Jorge Durand and Nolan J. Malone assert that “each act of migration creates
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1514:
1073:"AP style change: Two objects don't have to be in motion before they collide"
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265:
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684:
604:
579:
There are four family-based preference levels, data valid as of June 2009:
317:
277:
1486:
1450:
1098:
Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life
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922:
905:
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Chinese chain migration was almost exclusively male until 1946, when the
1456:
676:
432:
359:
292:
321:
256:
988:. Madison, WI: Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies, 2005.
906:"The Role of Migrant Networks in Labor Migration: The Case of China"
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74:
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340:
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program, the use of the term "chain migration" became contentious.
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1766:
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program, the term "chain migration" became contentious. In 2018,
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520:
The abolition of the National Origins quota system came with the
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1151:, vol. 58, no. 4 (December 1998): 957–86. doi:10.2307/2566846.
998:
Homestead Act: Who Were the Settlers? The Immigrant Experience
560:
186:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1144:. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario, 1990.
1430:
List of migrant vessel incidents on the Mediterranean Sea
1122:
Massey, Douglas; Durand, Jorge; Malone, Nolan J. (2002).
730:"On Immigration, A Fight Over Policy, And Language, Too"
1054:"Visa Bulletin, State Department, issue 9, volume IX"
852:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 72–3,
99:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1730:European Union response to the 2015 migrant crisis
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603:During the debate on immigration policy following
276:During the debate on immigration policy following
1725:Migration and asylum policy of the European Union
1654:2015–16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany
1846:
1184:
1100:(3rd ed.). Princeton, NJ: HarperPerennial.
1007:. NebraskaStudies.Org. Retrieved on 2013-07-22.
1757:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
1170:
984:Strohschänk, Johannes, and William G. Thiel.
184:The examples and perspective in this article
1197:Timeline of the 2015 European migrant crisis
1855:History of immigration to the United States
1435:List of migrant vehicle incidents in Europe
869:Ralitza Dimova and Francois Charles Wolff,
62:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1177:
1163:
539:Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
438:
273:know more likely to move there in turn."
1412:2023 Canary Islands migrant boat disaster
921:
493:of 1882, and its successors creating the
240:Learn how and when to remove this message
222:Learn how and when to remove this message
159:Learn how and when to remove this message
1310:2011 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck
1304:2009 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck
648:
559:
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19:For the migration pattern in birds, see
1669:2016 Hungarian migrant quota referendum
556:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
395:
1847:
1364:November 2016 Libya migrant shipwrecks
609:Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals
282:Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals
21:Bird migration § General patterns
1709:2021–present Belarus–EU border crisis
1487:Operation Poseidon Rapid Intervention
1418:2023 Cape Verde migrant boat disaster
1158:
1126:. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
803:"World's 8 most colourful Chinatowns"
722:
720:
700:"What 'Chain Migration' Really Means"
509:of 1952 gave them a migration quota.
1547:Lampedusa immigrant reception center
1092:, vol. 1, no. 1 (Fall, 1981): 56–83.
1070:
1064:
903:
697:
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97:adding citations to reliable sources
68:
27:
1784:European Border Surveillance System
1406:2023 Messenia migrant boat disaster
1394:2023 Tunisia migrant boat disasters
1388:2023 Calabria migrant boat disaster
1118:, vol. 7, no. 1 (Fall 1987): 59–73.
778:"Melbourne's multicultural history"
726:
691:
657:The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly
537:for undocumented immigrants in the
13:
1664:Fatal stabbing of Alexandra Mezher
1116:Journal of American Ethnic History
1090:Journal of American Ethnic History
1082:
824:"The essential guide to Chinatown"
717:
287:
14:
1871:
459:
370:
43:This article has multiple issues.
1740:European Union Agency for Asylum
1400:2023 Libya migrant boats sinking
1298:May 2007 Malta migrant shipwreck
828:Melbourne Food and Wine Festival
402:Immigration to the United States
175:
73:
32:
1149:The Journal of Economic History
1071:Hare, Kristen (27 April 2018).
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698:Lind, Dara (29 December 2017).
255:is the social process by which
84:needs additional citations for
51:or discuss these issues on the
1608:North Macedonia border barrier
863:
842:
816:
795:
770:
749:
727:Qiu, Linda (26 January 2018).
614:The Associated Press Stylebook
476:
354:
324:throughout the United States.
1:
1694:Murder of Pamela Mastropietro
1639:Murder of Khaled Idris Bahray
1483:(EU Navfor Med, 2015–present)
1370:2018 Libya migrant shipwrecks
1275:African immigration to Europe
642:
549:
375:According to James Coleman, “
1834:Valletta Summit on Migration
1704:Murder of Desirée Mariottini
1679:2016 Chemnitz terrorism plot
1674:2016 Reutlingen knife attack
1613:Norway–Russia border barrier
1493:Migrant Offshore Aid Station
1358:2016 Egypt migrant shipwreck
1346:Burgenland corpses discovery
1328:2014 Libya migrant shipwreck
1322:2014 Malta migrant shipwreck
1186:2015 European migrant crisis
1095:
972:
960:
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910:Contemporary Economic Policy
7:
1822:Schengen Information System
1684:Murder of Maria Ladenburger
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1056:. June 2009. Archived from
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891:
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198:, discuss the issue on the
10:
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1735:European Asylum Curriculum
1659:Murder of Ashley Ann Olsen
570:Lawful Permanent Residents
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18:
16:Process of human migration
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1291:Migrant vehicle incidents
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339:in the United States and
1623:Slovenian border barrier
1598:Hungarian border barrier
1583:Bulgarian border barrier
1396:(March & April 2023)
1206:Refugees and immigration
329:Midwestern United States
1829:Turkey's migrant crisis
1578:Austrian border barrier
1096:Daniels, Roger (2002).
830:. Food + Drink Victoria
515:Immigration Act of 1924
503:Immigration Act of 1924
439:Immigrant gender ratios
417:Immigration Act of 1924
1812:Migrants around Calais
1699:2018 Chemnitz protests
1649:2015 Corsican protests
1644:2015 Geldermalsen riot
1618:Poland–Belarus barrier
1557:Migrants around Calais
1463:Operation Mare Nostrum
1260:Immigration to Germany
1255:Immigration to Romania
565:
499:National Origins quota
304:
1593:Calais border barrier
1270:Immigration to Greece
1250:Immigration to Europe
904:Zhao, Yaohui (2003).
757:"Chinatown Melbourne"
627:Immigration reduction
607:'s rescission of the
563:
491:Chinese Exclusion Act
467:Homestead Act of 1862
428:Chinese Exclusion Act
400:Further information:
337:New Glarus, Wisconsin
295:
280:'s rescission of the
1603:Melilla border fence
1532:Basroch refugee camp
1265:Immigration to Italy
1075:. Poynter Institute.
501:system built by the
484:family reunification
396:In the United States
297:Chinatown, Melbourne
204:create a new article
196:improve this article
93:improve this article
1807:Illegal immigration
1499:Proactiva Open Arms
1444:Maritime operations
1352:Death of Alan Kurdi
1334:Blue Sky M incident
1316:Lampedusa shipwreck
1282:Migration diplomacy
848:Hasia Diner (2001)
507:McCarran—Walter Act
495:Asiatic Barred Zone
424:McCarran–Walter Act
301:Victorian gold rush
1817:Schengen Agreement
1588:Ceuta border fence
1552:Moria refugee camp
1489:(EU, 2015–present)
1477:(EU, 2018–present)
1465:(Italy, 2013–2014)
1451:Operation Poseidon
1424:MĂĽhldorf van crash
1382:Sofia lorry deaths
1376:Essex lorry deaths
1003:2016-03-07 at the
923:10.1093/cep/byg028
735:The New York Times
632:Immigration reform
566:
390:migration in China
305:
1842:
1841:
1762:Dublin Regulation
1689:2017 Turku attack
1505:Aquarius Dignitus
1245:Sudanese refugees
1238:Assyrian refugees
1133:978-1-61044-383-8
1107:978-0-06-050577-6
858:978-0-674-03425-9
782:City of Melbourne
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206:, as appropriate.
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108:"Chain migration"
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1774:Economic migrant
1718:Related articles
1517:(NGO, 2016–2017)
1509:SOS Méditerranée
1501:(NGO, 2015–2018)
1495:(NGO, 2014–2017)
1481:Operation Sophia
1475:Operation Themis
1469:Operation Triton
1457:Operation Hermes
1360:(September 2016)
1354:(September 2015)
1340:Ezadeen incident
1330:(September 2014)
1324:(September 2014)
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314:Kleindeutschland
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36:
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28:
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1860:Human migration
1845:
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1802:Fortress Europe
1752:Chain migration
1747:Asylum shopping
1713:
1627:
1571:Border barriers
1566:
1520:
1511:, 2015–present)
1471:(EU, 2014–2018)
1459:(EU, 2011–2013)
1453:(EU, 2006–2015)
1439:
1390:(February 2023)
1384:(February 2023)
1366:(November 2016)
1336:(December 2014)
1286:
1228:Libyan refugees
1223:Syrian refugees
1213:Afghan refugees
1201:
1188:
1183:
1134:
1108:
1085:
1083:Further reading
1080:
1069:
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1060:on 3 June 2009.
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309:ethnic enclaves
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1426:(October 2023)
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1378:(October 2019)
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1342:(January 2015)
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1233:Iraqi refugees
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916:(4): 500–511.
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460:Advertisements
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453:War Brides Act
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385:social capital
381:Douglas Massey
377:social capital
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371:Social capital
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190:of the subject
188:worldwide view
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1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:Calais Jungle
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:Migrant camps
1523:
1516:
1515:Jugend Rettet
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1348:(August 2015)
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110: –
109:
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104:Find sources:
98:
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88:
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82:This article
80:
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63:
56:
55:
50:
49:
44:
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30:
29:
26:
22:
1789:
1751:
1562:Hotspot camp
1402:(April 2023)
1312:(April 2011)
1306:(March 2009)
1148:
1141:
1123:
1115:
1097:
1089:
1066:
1058:the original
1048:
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849:
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832:. Retrieved
827:
818:
806:. Retrieved
797:
785:. Retrieved
772:
760:. Retrieved
751:
734:
707:. Retrieved
703:
693:
663:(1): 82–97.
660:
656:
650:
612:
605:Donald Trump
602:
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318:Little Italy
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278:Donald Trump
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264:
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252:
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236:
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212:October 2016
209:
185:
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103:
91:Please help
86:verification
83:
59:
52:
46:
45:Please help
42:
25:
1791:Fire at Sea
1420:(July 2023)
1414:(June 2023)
1408:(June 2023)
834:11 February
709:29 December
527:Third World
477:Legislation
360:Remittances
355:Remittances
1849:Categories
1542:La Linière
1300:(May 2007)
808:23 January
787:23 January
762:23 January
643:References
574:Green card
554:See also:
550:After 1965
497:, and the
433:paper sons
257:immigrants
119:newspapers
48:improve it
1786:(Eurosur)
743:0362-4331
322:Chinatown
200:talk page
149:July 2018
54:talk page
1779:Edlumino
1001:Archived
685:14118225
637:K-1 visa
621:See also
341:Blumenau
194:You may
1797:Frontex
1767:Eurodac
973:Daniels
961:Daniels
949:Daniels
677:3348581
535:amnesty
413:ritorni
331:and in
133:scholar
1130:
1104:
1043:, 220.
1041:Massey
1031:, 216.
1029:Massey
1019:, 145.
1017:Massey
975:, 141.
963:, 246.
951:, 189.
937:Massey
892:Massey
856:
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683:
675:
444:laws.
320:, and
135:
128:
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1507:(NGO
939:, 20.
894:, 19.
673:JSTOR
572:(or "
202:, or
140:JSTOR
126:books
1128:ISBN
1102:ISBN
854:ISBN
836:2022
810:2014
789:2014
764:2014
739:ISSN
711:2017
681:PMID
489:The
271:they
112:news
918:doi
704:Vox
665:doi
266:Vox
95:by
1851::
914:21
912:.
908:.
826:.
780:.
733:.
719:^
702:.
679:.
671:.
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316:,
57:.
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60:(
23:.
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