408:"Now that domestic politicians, through negligence and leniency, and under slogan of rule of law, support the masked poisonous vipers of the aliens, and brand the decisive approaches of the Islamic system, judiciary and responsible press and advocates of the revolution as monopolistic and extremist spread of violence and threats to the freedom, the brave and zealous children of the Iranian Muslim nation took action and by revolutionary execution of dirty and sold-out elements who were behind nationalistic movements and other poisonous moves in universities, took the second practical step in defending the great achievements of the Islamic Revolution … The revolutionary execution of Dariush Forouhar, Parvaneh Eskandari, Mohammad Mokhtari and Mohammad Jafar Pouyandeh is a warning to all mercenary writers and their counter-value supporters who are cherishing the idea of spreading corruption and promiscuity in the country and bringing back foreign domination over Iran..."
428:"The despicable and abhorring recent murders in Tehran are a sign of chronic conspiracy and a threat to the national security. The Information Ministry based on their legal obligations and following clear directives issued by the Supreme Leader and the President, made the discovery and uprooting of this sinister and threatening event the priority action for the Ministry. With the cooperation of the specially appointed Investigatory committee of the President, the Ministry has succeeded to identify the group responsible for the killings, has arrested them and processed their cases through the judicial system. Unfortunately a small number of irresponsible, misguided, headstrong and obstinate staff within the Ministry of Information who are no doubt under the influence of undercover rogue agents and act towards the objectives of foreign and estranged sources committed these criminal activities".
365:. At two in the morning, while most of his passengers were sleeping, the driver of the bus attempted to steer the bus off a cliff near the Heyran Pass. "When the driver tried to jump out to save himself, a passenger grabbed the wheel and steered the bus back onto the road." The driver tried it a second time, "diving out of the vehicle just as it careened toward the edge of the 1,000-foot free fall." The bus hit a boulder and stopped, saving the lives of 21 writers. The driver ran away. The passengers were taken to a nearby Caspian town by authorities, interrogated, and warned "to discuss the event with no one."
524:
168:
184:
136:
897:
317:, an author and "one of the most active translators of the country," whose body was discovered four days after leaving his office on 8 December. Pooyandeh and Mokhtari's bodies were both found around Shahriar, a "mini-city" in the south of Tehran, and both had apparently been strangled. On the day Pooyandeh's body was found, 12 December 1998, fifty writers called on President Khatami to find the persons behind the crimes.
152:
515:, was arrested for "publicizing the case", for which her bail was set at the equivalent of $ 50,000 as opposed to $ 12,500 for some of the accused murderers. At least one of the victims' relatives, Sima Sahebi, the wife of Pouyandeh, was also arrested "for publishing a letter criticizing them for not allowing us to hold a memorial of the second anniversary of their death."
416:, the highest ranking political and religious authority in Iran, speculated as to the perpetrators. Khamenei blamed foreign powers, stating "the enemy was creating insecurity to try to block the progress of Iran's Islamic system." Foreign correspondents believed the main suspects were likely to be conservatives opposed to Iran's more moderate President
458:
wife found dead at home from multiple stab wounds. They too said they had received orders from Kazemi and
Alikhani. Another man said he had assisted in the murder. Kazemi was reported telling the court on Saturday he had been the mastermind behind the killings, while Alikhani said the decision was taken "collectively."
1161:"103 is the estimated number of the victims in the 'serial murders'. the scene of murder and the time of death of 57 victims are known, the other 46 disappeared, and later their brutalized &/or mutilated bodies were discovered in the outskirts of . The actual number of murders is unknown and may be higher."
486:
prison, being the prime suspect of a serial political murder case that aroused the whole country; hair-removal cream available in Iran is unlikely to be lethal when ingested; that Emami's confession was not considered evidence and made public by the presiding judge who deemed it "unrelated to the case;" that
217:
The victims included more than 80 writers, translators, poets, political activists, and ordinary citizens, and were killed by a variety of means such as car crashes, stabbings, shootings in staged robberies, and injections with potassium to simulate a heart attack. The pattern of murders did not come
621:
and its effort to create "cultural and political openness." Shirin Ebadi speculates that the murders were done by a variety of means and surreptitiously to avoid any connection between them and to avoid the attention of the international community. Previous mass killings by the regime "had blackened
599:
in Berlin. Upon return he was arrested and sentenced to ten years' imprisonment, to be followed by five years in exile (later reduced to six years imprisonment and no exile) for "retaining classified documents from the
Culture and Islamic Guidance Ministry, insulting the former Leader of the Islamic
457:
Defendant Ali
Rowshani admitted murdering Mokhtari and Pouyandeh. But he said he had done so under orders from Mostafa Kazemi, a former head of internal security at the intelligence ministry and another man, Merhdad Alikhani. Another pair of defendants admitted killing the Forouhars, a husband and
485:
Saeed Emami's arrest was not revealed, however, until 3 June 1999, six months after his reported suicide. Several facts added to skepticism over whether the true culprits of the murders had been found and justice done, namely: Emami was believed to have had "round-the-clock" surveillance while in
245:
in the killings, but that Emami was now dead, having committed suicide in prison. In a trial that was "dismissed as a sham by the victims' families and international human rights organisations," three
Intelligence Ministry agents were sentenced in 2001 to death and 12 others to prison terms for
582:
On 12 March 2000, Saeed
Hajjarian was shot in the head by an assailant but narrowly escaped death, ending up paralyzed for life. He is "believed to have played a key role in bringing about… damaging disclosures" against the sponsors of the chain killings, not only as editor of
761:, disappeared after leaving for his home from a Quran recitation session. He was found dead the next day on 3 January 1995 far from his home. Initially, the reason for his death was said to be cardiac arrest, but later his family realized that the real reason was suffocation.
811:
under suspicious circumstances on 24 October 1995. He left home for an appointment at 7:45AM. Police called his family to report the discovery of a body at 11PM. Cardiac arrest was said to be the official reason for his death; a potassium injection is reportedly the actual
490:
no photos of the agents of the
Ministry of Intelligence tried in Dec 2000 – Jan 2001 were published, their identity remained a "state secret". Most Iranians are convinced their "confessions" are part of a deal to allow them freedom after the trials, irrespective of the
423:
On 4 January 1999, the public relations office of the
Ministry of Information "unexpectedly" issued a short press release claiming "staff within" its own Ministry "committed these criminal activities … under the influence of undercover rogue agents":
236:
denied the government was responsible, and blamed "Iran's enemies". In mid-1999, after great public outcry and journalistic investigation in Iran and publicity abroad, Iranian prosecutors announced they had found the perpetrator. One
403:
On 20 December 1998, a statement was issued in Tehran by a group calling itself "pure
Mohammadan Islam devotees of Mostafa Navvab" taking credit for at least some of the killings. The statement attacked reformists and said in part:
499:
There are conflicting reports on the manner of suicide. His body or its photograph have never been publicly seen and even in the 'Behesht Zahra' graveyard, where he is said to have been buried, no grave has been registered in his
557:. He "also denounced by name some senior clerics, including Ayatollah Mohammad Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi for having encouraged or issued fatwas, or religious orders for the assassinations." A number of government officials, including
587:
daily, but as a former deputy minister of intelligence turned reformist. Consequently, "some believe that remnants" of the chain murder "intelligence killer group may have been" behind his attempted assassination.
718:– a writer that supported freedom of speech and freedom of the press, left his home for a jog and never returned. A day later the body was found, and the coroner reported it was death by cardiac arrest.
354:) was found on the side of a Tehran road on 18 November 1998, three days before the discovery of the bodies of Dariush Forouhar and Parvaneh Eskandari. His official cause of death was "heart failure."
32:
214:
system. The murders and disappearances were carried out by
Iranian government internal operatives, and they were referred to as "chain murders" because they appeared to be linked to each other.
267:
The murders are said to be "still shrouded in secrecy", and an indication that the authorities may not have uncovered all perpetrators of the chain murders was the attempted assassination of
1457:
257:
and his supporters, and that those convicted of the killings were actually "scapegoats acting on orders from higher up," with the ultimate perpetrators including "a few well known clerics."
1970:
260:
In turn, Iran's hardliners—the group most closely associated with vigilante attacks on dissidents in general, and with the accused killers in particular—claimed foreign powers (including
1210:
420:
reform agenda. In Iran, conservative daily newspapers also blamed "foreign sources intend on creating an environment of insecurity and instability in the country," for the killings.
795:– a Christian convert from Shi'ism who had been tried and convicted of apostasy, but then released in June 1994. He was abducted shortly thereafter and his body found on 5 July 1994.
600:
Republic of Iran, Ayatollah
Khomeini, and disseminating propaganda against the Islamic system." His time in prison included hunger strikes and courtroom displays of torture marks.
700:– a politically active couple that did not agree with Shiite theocracy; they were found assassinated by stabbing in their home. Parvaneh Eskandari Forouhar was stabbed 25 times.
462:
The Iranian press reported that Emami was not only responsible for the deaths of Forouhar, Mokhtari, Pooyandeh and Sharif, but also earlier killings in the 1980s and 1990s of
271:, a newspaper editor who is thought to have played a "key role" in uncovering the killings. On March 12, 2000, Hajjarian was shot in the head and left paralyzed for life.
818:– Iran's first Health Minister after the 1979 Islamic revolution, was stabbed to death November 1988 by an assailant posing as a patient at a clinic. No one was arrested.
302:
home on 22 November 1998. Forouhar received 11 knife wounds and Eskandari 24. Their home, which was later ransacked, was thought to be under 24-hour surveillance by the
1884:
1753:
1274:
453:
UK, "the agent named as the mastermind behind the assassinations, Saeed Emami, was reported to have killed himself in prison by drinking a bottle of hair remover."
650:
358:
878:
and the director of the publishing house Ebtekar, aged 49, went missing after leaving his office for home. His corpse was found on 29 March 1997 stabbed to death.
482:
claims Emami's "friends reported that he belonged to a notorious gang of hard-core religious extremists who believed that the enemies of Islam should be killed."
1397:
825:
764:
706:– a writer that supported freedom of speech and freedom of the press, went missing and was found dead by suffocation, with suspicious bruising found on his neck.
884:- well known singer, actor, poet, TV and radio host, writer, humanitarian, and political opposition figure who was murdered in Bonn. His case remains unsolved.
437:
801:– a teacher and poet from Kerman, along with his 9-year-old son, were found stabbed to death in their beds on the rooftop of their home on 22 September 1998.
505:
1382:
622:
the reputation" of the Islamic Republic and hindered Iran's efforts to provide jobs and resources for its growing population and "rebuild itself" after the
754:
337:
333:
313:, an Iranian writer, left his residence and did not return home. A week later his body was identified at the coroner's office. The next to disappear was
789:
activist, last seen in late August 1998 while leaving his residence in Tehran. His mother allegedly suffered a fatal heart attack upon hearing the news.
441:
1605:
804:
732:
329:
1950:
1461:
849:
550:
daily, Akbar Ganji referred to perpetrators with code names such as "Excellency Red Garmented" and their "Excellencies Gray" and the "Master Key".
321:
945:
910:
1214:
935:
1693:
320:
In the meantime, other suspicious and unsolved murders of dissidents over the previous decade were put forward by reformers as connected:
915:
858:– Iranian writer, poet and journalist who was imprisoned in 1994 and died shortly after while in prison from a potassium suppository.
504:
According to Iranterror.com, "it was widely assumed that he was murdered in order to prevent the leak of sensitive information about
1904:
1726:
1102:
712:– a writer that supported freedom of speech and freedom of the press, went missing for three days and was found strangled to death.
1325:
284:
The term "chain murders" was first used to describe the murder of six people in late 1998. The first two killed were 70-year-old
210:) were a series of 1988–98 murders and disappearances of certain Iranian dissident intellectuals who had been critical of the
1990:
1128:
971:
553:
In December 2000, Akbar Ganji announced the "Master Key" to the chain murders was former Intelligence Minister Hojjatoleslam
368:
The person thought to be the first victim was Kazem Sami Kermani, an "Islamic nationalist and physician" who had opposed the
1980:
1955:
1542:
1278:
740:
384:
1830:
470:, the unsuccessful 1995 attempt to stage a bus accident in the mountains and kill 21 writers, and the unexpected death of
1975:
1889:
596:
1671:
1053:
565:"Among the prominent Islamic Republic figures accused by human rights advocates of masterminding the chain murders were
249:
Many Iranians and foreigners believe the killings were partly an attempt to resist "cultural and political openness" by
1086:
1985:
1871:
1009:
843:
635:
467:
376:
1103:"Victims of serial killings by the information ministry (Abbridged from Enghelabe Eslami NO. 477) (from 1988–1999)"
242:
27:
511:
There was an antagonism between the authorities and the victims' relatives. The lawyer for the victims relatives,
1960:
1379:
570:
303:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1577:
1601:
1026:
940:
838:, Fattah Abdoli, Homayoun Ardalan, and Nouri Dehkordi – All four opposition leaders were assassinated in
697:
223:
1806:"United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - - Iran (Islamic Republic of)"
1779:
744:
703:
392:
310:
659:
573:, now serving as President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's Interior and Intelligence ministers, respectively."
709:
314:
1965:
855:
821:
618:
250:
1894:
1153:
920:
736:
566:
1076:
772:
369:
1244:
523:
1900:
Human Rights Watch Deplores Pattern of Harassment and Killing of Opposition Figures in Iran
881:
395:. He was murdered on 23 November 1988 in his clinic in Tehran by an ax-wielding assailant.
173:
8:
950:
508:
operations, which would have compromised the entire leadership of the Islamic Republic."
1730:
1106:
1621:
1602:
Iran: Further information on torture/ill-treatment/prisoner of conscience – Akbar Ganji
835:
768:
475:
373:
295:
233:
1899:
1866:
By A. M. ANSARI (London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs). 2000, 256 pp.
604:
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417:
325:
285:
254:
219:
211:
203:
189:
141:
1136:
1054:"letter about Pirooz Davani from the Port Hedland immigration detention centre WA"
975:
747:. Stabbed to death in 1991 by three Islamic republic agents along with Katibeh in
561:, the political deputy of the Ministry of State, emphatically rejected this view.
542:
both wrote investigative news articles on the murders. In a series of articles in
1609:
1546:
1386:
868:
and master of ancient Iranian literature and culture, found dead in January 1997.
861:
798:
672:
543:
535:
341:
306:, thus casting suspicion on that ministry for at least complicity in the murder.
268:
1539:
1838:
1805:
925:
471:
380:
230:
1061:
183:
1914:
1705:
1622:"FarsiNet News - News related to Iran, Iranians and Persians - November 2000"
1438:, by Shirin Ebadi with Azadeh Moaveni, Random House New York, 2006, p. 128–29
1196:"Killing of three rebel writers turns hope into fear in Iran", Douglas Jehl,
782:
639:
554:
527:
463:
23:
1182:, by Shirin Ebadi with Azadeh Moaveni, Random House New York, 2006, p. 131-2
758:
715:
609:
Baghi was sentenced to three years in prison in 2000 and served two years.
479:
413:
350:
345:
1564:, by Shirin Ebadi with Azadeh Moaveni, Random House New York, 2006, p. 138
757:– a 52-year-old engineer in Mashhad who was one of the close aides of Dr.
1578:"Iran: Prisoners' Rights Activist Arrested and Detained - Worldpress.org"
902:
792:
634:
The events surrounding one of the more infamous assassinations, the 1992
592:
539:
433:
290:
238:
1646:
815:
348:(a translator and journalist who contributed to the banned publication
226:, and three dissident writers were murdered over a span of two months.
167:
449:
135:
1754:"The Chain Murders: Killing Dissidents and Intellectuals, 1988–1998"
617:
The killings have been blamed on forces trying to put a stop to the
151:
1078:
The Lonely War: One Woman's Account of the Struggle for Modern Iran
1275:"Ganji named Fallahian as the "master key" for the chain murders"
930:
865:
839:
808:
786:
362:
1885:
GANJI IDENTIFIED FALLAHIAN AS THE "MASTER KEY" IN CHAIN MURDERS
829:
776:
748:
387:
where he criticized the government for its continuation of the
299:
261:
109:
1556:
1554:
1971:
People killed in Ministry of Intelligence (Iran) operations
1694:"An Iranian Health Authority Is Reported Slain at a Clinic"
1535:
1533:
50:
1864:
Iran, Islam and Democracy: The Politics of Managing Change
1551:
1269:
1267:
1265:
775:. Stabbed to death in 1991 by Islamic Republic agents in
1727:"Victims of serial killings by the information ministry"
1530:
16:
1988–98 murders and disappearances of Iranian dissidents
359:
an unsuccessful attempt to kill a busload of 21 writers
1905:
Victims of serial killings by the information ministry
1262:
653:
and the murder of writers in 1998 formed the basis of
304:
Ministry of Intelligence and National Security of Iran
1513:"Who killed five journalists in Iran? - UK Indymedia"
972:"Patriotism Fails Iran, Sets to Breed Islamic Terror"
530:
was intelligence minister at the start of the murders
892:
577:
1507:
1505:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1277:. Iran Press Service. December 2000. Archived from
372:
and served as Minister of Health in the brief post-
298:, whose mutilated bodies were found in their south
1572:
1570:
1398:Alarming pattern of killings and "disappearances"
1304:
1302:
1300:
1912:
1895:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2000
1502:
1441:
288:(secretary general of the opposition party, the
83:Opposition figures, leaders, intellectuals, etc.
1319:
1317:
974:. Think and Ask Non-Profit News. Archived from
852:– killed on his wedding night in November 1996.
436:or Islami, the deputy security official of the
1567:
1484:"Middle East Arrests made in Iran murder case"
1297:
946:List of fugitives from justice who disappeared
911:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
1349:
1347:
412:Iran's conservative Supreme Leader Ayatollah
1595:
1314:
1192:
1190:
1188:
936:Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran
807:– a writer, translator and thinker, died in
440:, and his colleagues and subordinate staff:
916:Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists
274:
119:To block opposition and reformist movements
1344:
1004:. New York: Free Press. pp. 233–239.
832:during negotiation with Iran's government.
1185:
1051:
1002:Persian Mirrors: The Elusive Face of Iran
687:
999:
522:
1951:History of the Islamic Republic of Iran
1647:"Human Rights & Democracy for Iran"
1174:
1172:
1170:
743:. He was the last Prime Minister under
638:and subsequent trial, were examined by
432:Arrested for the dissident murders was
398:
1913:
1355:"Analysis: Who wanted Hajjarian dead?"
1309:"Iranian killers spared death penalty"
1242:
357:In the summer of 1996, there had been
1784:Human Rights & Democracy for Iran
1651:Human Rights & Democracy for Iran
1323:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1074:
1025:Samii, A. William (5 February 2001).
1024:
969:
383:. He was later a member of the first
1324:Sahim, Muhammad (14 December 2009).
1292:Iranian killers spared death penalty
1211:"مقام معظم رهبری در نماز جمعه تهران"
1167:
995:
993:
741:National Resistance Movement of Iran
444:, Mostafa Kazemi and Khosro Basati.
668:
597:Iran After the Elections conference
361:en route to a poetry conference in
241:had led "rogue elements" in Iran's
229:After the murders were publicized,
207:
13:
1857:
1786:. Abdorrahman Boroumand Foundation
1751:
1691:
1458:"Review of serial murders in Iran"
1229:
682:
651:event of the 21 writers in the bus
14:
2002:
1878:
1460:. 19 January 2008. Archived from
1243:Sahebi, Sima (12 December 2002).
1033:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
990:
874:– editor of the monthly magazine
844:Mykonos restaurant assassinations
828:were murdered on 13 July 1989 in
644:Assassins of the Turquoise Palace
636:Mykonos restaurant assassinations
578:Retaliation against investigation
518:
468:Mykonos restaurant assassinations
895:
182:
166:
150:
134:
1890:Iran: Pioneers Of Human Rights?
1823:
1798:
1772:
1745:
1719:
1685:
1664:
1639:
1614:
1476:
1428:
1415:
1402:
1391:
1373:
1285:
1203:
629:
605:Akbar Ganji § Imprisonment
478:'s son). Human rights activist
1121:
1095:
1068:
1045:
1018:
963:
612:
246:murdering two of the victims.
218:to light until late 1998 when
1:
956:
1991:Persecution of intellectuals
1604:Amnesty International, 2001
1412:, Touchstone, (2000), p. 239
1052:Gholipoor, Ardeshir (2003).
771:supporter and member of the
722:
677:Dast-Neveshtehaa Nemisoozand
571:Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
264:) had committed the crimes.
7:
1981:Unidentified serial killers
1956:Human rights abuses in Iran
941:Islamic Principlism in Iran
888:
698:Parvaneh Eskandari Forouhar
279:
224:Parvaneh Eskandari Forouhar
10:
2007:
1976:Political scandals in Iran
1245:"You will answer, one day"
745:Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
735:– Bakhtiar was the former
602:
534:Investigative journalists
393:Liberation of Khorramshahr
243:MOIS Intelligence Ministry
1780:"Aliakbar Sa'idi Sirjani"
1545:11 September 2012 at the
1425:, Norton, (2005), p. 1333
1311:BBC News, 29 January 2003
1152:Cite uses generic title (
1000:Sciolino, Elaine (2000).
970:Imani, Amil (July 2004).
115:
105:
97:
87:
79:
56:
46:
41:
1986:Unsolved murders in Iran
1608:15 November 2007 at the
1540:A Man Called Saeed Emani
1294:BBC News 29 January 2003
1200:, 14 December 1998 p. A6
710:Mohammad Jafar Pouyandeh
591:At about the same time,
315:Mohammad Jafar Pouyandeh
275:History of chain murders
128:Victims of chain murders
1692:Ap (29 November 1988).
1385:26 October 2006 at the
856:Ali Akbar Saidi Sirjani
822:Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou
619:Iranian reform movement
438:Ministry of Information
208:قتلهای زنجیرهای ایران
93:Extra-judicial killings
28:Infobox civilian attack
20:
1961:Iranian serial killers
1105:. 2000. Archived from
1075:Fathi, Nazila (2014).
921:Death of Farshid Hakki
773:National Front of Iran
737:Prime Minister of Iran
688:November–December 1998
669:دستنوشتهها نمیسوزند
660:Manuscripts Don't Burn
567:Mostafa Pour Mohammadi
531:
502:
493:
460:
430:
410:
377:provisional government
33:considered for merging
1946:1990s murders in Iran
1941:1980s murders in Iran
826:Abdullah Ghaderi Azar
765:Abdorrahman Boroumand
603:Further information:
526:
497:
488:
455:
426:
406:
200:chain murders of Iran
42:Chain murders of Iran
1936:2000 murders in Iran
1931:1990 murders in Iran
1926:1998 murders in Iran
1921:1988 murders in Iran
1831:"Dialogue of Murder"
1733:on 24 September 2015
1517:www.indymedia.org.uk
1139:on 24 November 2007.
1109:on 24 September 2015
882:Fereydoun Farrokhzad
399:Alleged perpetrators
309:On 2 December 1998,
291:Nation of Iran Party
174:Fereydoun Farrokhzad
1672:"IRAN WATCH CANADA"
1326:"The Chain Murders"
1217:on 26 February 2021
951:Ruhollah Hosseinian
1752:Sahimi, Muhammad.
1698:The New York Times
1582:www.worldpress.org
1490:. 14 December 1998
1464:on 19 January 2008
1408:Sciolino, Elaine,
1198:The New York Times
1031:GlobalSecurity.org
836:Sadegh Sharafkandi
824:and his assistant
769:Mohammad Mosaddegh
755:Hussein Barazandeh
739:and leader of the
532:
476:Ayatollah Khomeini
379:of Prime Minister
338:Firoozeh Kalantari
296:Parvaneh Eskandari
253:Iranian president
234:Ayatollah Khamenei
1058:Green Left weekly
978:on 19 August 2004
704:Mohammad Mokhtari
655:Mohammad Rasoulof
334:Manouchehr Saneie
311:Mohammad Mokhtari
158:Parvaneh Forouhar
123:
122:
1998:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1837:. Archived from
1827:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1729:. Archived from
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1626:www.farsinet.com
1618:
1612:
1599:
1593:
1592:
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1588:
1574:
1565:
1558:
1549:
1537:
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1527:
1525:
1523:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1454:
1439:
1432:
1426:
1423:The Soul of Iran
1419:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1321:
1312:
1306:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1271:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1240:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1213:. Archived from
1207:
1201:
1194:
1183:
1176:
1165:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1140:
1135:. Archived from
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1064:on 22 June 2009.
1060:. Archived from
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1022:
1016:
1015:
997:
988:
987:
985:
983:
967:
905:
900:
899:
898:
872:Ebrahim Zalzadeh
729:Shapour Bakhtiar
694:Dariush Forouhar
670:
559:Mostafa Tajzadeh
513:Nasser Zarafshan
442:Mehrdad Alikhani
418:Mohammad Khatami
326:Ebrahim Zalzadeh
294:), and his wife
286:Dariush Forouhar
255:Mohammad Khatami
220:Dariush Forouhar
212:Islamic Republic
209:
190:Shapour Bakhtiar
186:
170:
154:
142:Dariush Forouhar
138:
75:
73:
67:
65:
39:
38:
36:
2006:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1911:
1910:
1881:
1860:
1858:Further reading
1855:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1835:www.payvand.com
1829:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1610:Wayback Machine
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1560:Ebadi, Shirin,
1559:
1552:
1547:Wayback Machine
1538:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1442:
1434:Ebadi, Shirin,
1433:
1429:
1421:Molavi, Afshin
1420:
1416:
1410:Persian Mirrors
1407:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1387:Wayback Machine
1380:Iran Terror.com
1378:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1361:. 12 March 2000
1353:
1352:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1281:on 10 May 2013.
1273:
1272:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1241:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1178:Ebadi, Shirin,
1177:
1168:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1133:Marze Por Gohar
1127:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1081:. Basic Books.
1073:
1069:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1023:
1019:
1012:
998:
991:
981:
979:
968:
964:
959:
901:
896:
894:
891:
862:Ahmad Tafazzoli
805:Ahmad Mir Alaei
799:Hamid Hajizadeh
733:Soroush Katibeh
725:
690:
685:
683:Notable victims
632:
615:
607:
580:
544:Saeed Hajjarian
536:Emadeddin Baghi
521:
401:
342:Ahmad Tafazzoli
330:Ghafar Hosseini
282:
277:
269:Saeed Hajjarian
196:
195:
194:
193:
192:
187:
178:
177:
176:
171:
162:
161:
160:
155:
146:
145:
144:
139:
130:
129:
90:
71:
69:
63:
61:
37:
21:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2004:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1966:Murder in Iran
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1879:External links
1877:
1876:
1875:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1841:on 4 June 2011
1822:
1797:
1771:
1744:
1718:
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1663:
1638:
1613:
1594:
1566:
1562:Iran Awakening
1550:
1529:
1501:
1475:
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1436:Iran Awakening
1427:
1414:
1401:
1390:
1372:
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1284:
1261:
1228:
1202:
1184:
1180:Iran Awakening
1166:
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1120:
1094:
1088:978-0465069996
1087:
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1010:
989:
961:
960:
958:
955:
954:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
926:Haghani Circle
923:
918:
913:
907:
906:
890:
887:
886:
885:
879:
869:
864:– a prominent
859:
853:
850:Siamak Sanjari
847:
833:
819:
813:
802:
796:
790:
780:
762:
752:
731:and secretary
724:
721:
720:
719:
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707:
701:
689:
686:
684:
681:
631:
628:
614:
611:
579:
576:
575:
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520:
519:Investigations
517:
472:Ahmad Khomeini
400:
397:
381:Mehdi Bazargan
344:. The body of
322:Ahmad Miralaee
281:
278:
276:
273:
231:Supreme Leader
188:
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172:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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2003:
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1872:1-86203-117-7
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1437:
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1399:
1394:
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1384:
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1360:
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1350:
1348:
1331:
1330:Tehran Bureau
1327:
1320:
1318:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1293:
1288:
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1270:
1268:
1266:
1250:
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1079:
1071:
1063:
1059:
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1028:
1027:"Iran Report"
1021:
1013:
1011:0-7432-8479-8
1007:
1003:
996:
994:
977:
973:
966:
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823:
820:
817:
814:
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806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:– an Iranian
784:
783:Pirouz Davani
781:
778:
774:
770:
766:
763:
760:
756:
753:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
727:
726:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:and his wife
695:
692:
691:
680:
678:
674:
666:
662:
661:
657:'s 2013 film
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
640:Roya Hakakian
637:
627:
625:
624:Iran–Iraq War
620:
610:
606:
601:
598:
595:attended the
594:
589:
586:
572:
568:
564:
563:
562:
560:
556:
555:Ali Fallahian
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
529:
528:Ali Fallahian
525:
516:
514:
509:
507:
501:
496:
492:
487:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:Saidi Sirjani
459:
454:
452:
451:
447:According to
445:
443:
439:
435:
429:
425:
421:
419:
415:
409:
405:
396:
394:
390:
389:Iran–Iraq War
386:
382:
378:
375:
374:revolutionary
371:
366:
364:
360:
355:
353:
352:
347:
343:
339:
336:and his wife
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:
287:
272:
270:
265:
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258:
256:
252:
247:
244:
240:
235:
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227:
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201:
191:
185:
175:
169:
159:
153:
143:
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118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
100:
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92:
86:
82:
78:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
40:
34:
30:
29:
25:
19:
1863:
1843:. Retrieved
1839:the original
1834:
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1810:www.iran.org
1809:
1800:
1788:. Retrieved
1783:
1774:
1762:. Retrieved
1757:
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1731:the original
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1697:
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1650:
1641:
1629:. Retrieved
1625:
1616:
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1581:
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1516:
1492:. Retrieved
1487:
1478:
1466:. Retrieved
1462:the original
1435:
1430:
1422:
1417:
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1404:
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1375:
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1358:
1334:. Retrieved
1329:
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1248:
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1215:the original
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1197:
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1107:the original
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1070:
1062:the original
1057:
1047:
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1030:
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980:. Retrieved
976:the original
965:
875:
759:Ali Shariati
716:Majid Sharif
676:
658:
648:
643:
642:in her book
633:
630:In the media
616:
608:
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494:
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480:Shirin Ebadi
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349:
346:Majid Sharif
319:
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283:
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106:Perpetrators
26:
18:
1907:(1988–1999)
1790:27 November
1764:27 November
1760:. FRONTLINE
1365:29 December
1336:29 December
1254:28 December
1249:The Iranian
1113:29 December
1037:29 December
982:29 December
903:Iran portal
842:during the
793:Mehdi Dibaj
613:Explanation
593:Akbar Ganji
585:Sobh Emrouz
548:Sobh Emrouz
540:Akbar Ganji
434:Saeed Emami
239:Saeed Emami
222:, his wife
89:Attack type
22:‹ The
1915:Categories
1737:7 December
1494:21 January
1221:18 January
957:References
816:Kazem Sami
391:after the
1845:9 January
1706:0362-4331
1129:"unknown"
767:– former
723:1988–1998
673:translit.
450:Indymedia
251:reformist
31:is being
1606:Archived
1543:Archived
1488:BBC News
1383:Archived
1359:BBC News
1145:cite web
889:See also
491:verdict.
280:Killings
47:Location
35:. ›
24:template
1758:pbs.org
931:Hovyiat
866:Iranist
840:Germany
812:reason.
809:Isfahan
787:leftist
665:Persian
363:Armenia
204:Persian
70: (
62: (
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1815:18 May
1711:18 May
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1656:18 May
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876:Me'yar
830:Vienna
777:France
749:France
675:
466:, the
385:Majles
340:, and
300:Tehran
262:Israel
116:Motive
110:SAVAMA
98:Deaths
80:Target
1332:. PBS
500:name.
68:-1998
1868:ISBN
1847:2023
1817:2019
1792:2016
1766:2016
1739:2007
1713:2019
1702:ISSN
1679:2019
1658:2019
1633:2019
1589:2019
1524:2019
1496:2020
1470:2019
1367:2014
1338:2014
1256:2014
1223:2016
1154:help
1115:2014
1083:ISBN
1039:2014
1006:ISBN
984:2014
649:The
569:and
538:and
506:MOIS
495:and
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198:The
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