Chalcogen - Knowledge

2389:. However, more complicated chalcogen halides, such as sulfenyl, sulfonyl, and sulfuryl halides, are less well known to science. Out of the compounds consisting purely of chalcogens and halogens, there are a total of 13 chalcogen fluorides, nine chalcogen chlorides, eight chalcogen bromides, and six chalcogen iodides that are known. The heavier chalcogen halides often have significant molecular interactions. Sulfur fluorides with low valences are fairly unstable and little is known about their properties. However, sulfur fluorides with high valences, such as 2095: 1738: 3008: 3047: 1757: 4369: 4136: 4527: 991: 4864: 1051: 4978: 4698: 9790: 2685: 2705:. A total of 130,000 compounds with at least one phosphorus-sulfur bond, 6000 compounds with at least one phosphorus-selenium bond, and 350 compounds with at least one phosphorus-tellurium bond have been discovered. The decrease in the number of chalcogen-phosphorus compounds further down the periodic table is due to diminishing bond strength. Such compounds tend to have at least one phosphorus atom in the center, surrounded by four chalcogens and 1081: 4262: 3996: 1021: 9802: 2567:. Out of these, thioketones are the most well-studied with 80% of chalcogenoketones papers being about them. Selenoketones make up 16% of such papers and telluroketones make up 4% of them. Thioketones have well-studied non-linear electric and photophysical properties. Selenoketones are less stable than thioketones and telluroketones are less stable than selenoketones. Telluroketones have the highest level of 7721: 4981: 1367:, oxygen has nine, selenium has at least eight, polonium has two, and only one crystal structure of tellurium has so far been discovered. There are numerous organic chalcogen compounds. Not counting oxygen, organic sulfur compounds are generally the most common, followed by organic selenium compounds and organic tellurium compounds. This trend also occurs with chalcogen 1746: 4983: 2823:. Cyclic compounds with chalcogens, carbon group elements, and boron atoms exist, and occur from the reaction of boron dichalcogenates and carbon group metal halides. Compounds in the form of M-E, where M is silicon, germanium, or tin, and E is sulfur, selenium or tellurium have been discovered. These form when carbon group 4943:. Most tellurium in the blood stream is excreted slowly in urine, but some is converted to dimethyl telluride and released through the lungs. On average, humans ingest about 600 micrograms of tellurium daily. Plants can take up some tellurium from the soil. Onions and garlic have been found to contain as much as 300 2999:. Berzelius noticed a reddish-brown sediment at a sulfuric acid manufacturing plant. The sample was thought to contain arsenic. Berzelius initially thought that the sediment contained tellurium, but came to realize that it also contained a new element, which he named selenium after the Greek moon goddess Selene. 4515:, in which air is cooled to a liquid, then warmed, allowing all the components of air except for oxygen to turn to gases and escape. Fractionally distilling air several times can produce 99.5% pure oxygen. Another method with which oxygen is produced is to send a stream of dry, clean air through a bed of 1280:(Lv). Often, oxygen is treated separately from the other chalcogens, sometimes even excluded from the scope of the term "chalcogen" altogether, due to its very different chemical behavior from sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. The word "chalcogen" is derived from a combination of the Greek word 2425:

and selenium halides. These compounds have been fairly recently structurally characterized, as of 2008. In general, diselenium and disulfur chlorides and bromides are useful chemical reagents. Chalcogen halides with attached metal atoms are soluble in organic solutions. One example of such a compound

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of air into nitrogen and oxygen. Sulfur is extracted from oil and natural gas. Selenium and tellurium are produced as byproducts of copper refining. Polonium is most available in naturally occurring actinide-containing materials. Livermorium has been synthesized in particle accelerators. The primary

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couples in supramolecular chemistry (chemistry involving non-covalent bond interactions). This application leads on to such applications as crystal packing, assembly of large molecules, and biological recognition of patterns. The secondary bonding interactions of the larger chalcogens, selenium and

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Chalcophile elements are those that remain on or close to the surface because they combine readily with chalcogens other than oxygen, forming compounds which do not sink into the core. Chalcophile ("chalcogen-loving") elements in this context are those metals and heavier nonmetals that have a low

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The world production of selenium is around 1500 metric tons per year, out of which roughly 10% is recycled. Japan is the largest producer, producing 800 metric tons of selenium per year. Other large producers include Belgium (300 metric tons per year), the United States (over 200 metric tons per

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was emitting four times as much radioactivity as could be explained by the presence of uranium alone. The Curies gathered several tons of pitchblende and refined it for several months until they had a pure sample of polonium. The discovery officially took place in 1898. Prior to the invention of

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sulfur. Rhombic sulfur is the more stable of the two allotropes. Monoclinic sulfur takes the form of long needles and is formed when liquid sulfur is cooled to slightly below its melting point. The atoms in liquid sulfur are generally in the form of long chains, but above 190 °C, the chains

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Polonium only occurs in trace amounts on Earth, via radioactive decay of uranium and thorium. It is present in uranium ores in concentrations of 100 micrograms per metric ton. Very minute amounts of polonium exist in the soil and thus in most food, and thus in the human body. The Earth's crust

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and those of a nonmetal. It is not certain whether polonium is a metal or a metalloid. Some sources refer to polonium as a metalloid, although it has some metallic properties. Also, some allotropes of selenium display characteristics of a metalloid, even though selenium is usually considered a

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Sulfur makes up 0.035% of the Earth's crust by weight, making it the 17th most abundant element there and makes up 0.25% of the human body. It is a major component of soil. Sulfur makes up 870 parts per million of seawater and about 1 part per billion of the atmosphere. Sulfur can be found in

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or nearly stable isotopes, 26 radioactive isotopes, and 9 isomers. Tellurium has eight stable or nearly stable isotopes, 31 unstable ones, and 17 isomers. Polonium has 42 isotopes, none of which are stable. It has an additional 28 isomers. In addition to the stable isotopes, some radioactive

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Exposure to tellurium can produce unpleasant side effects. As little as 10 micrograms of tellurium per cubic meter of air can cause notoriously unpleasant breath, described as smelling like rotten garlic. Acute tellurium poisoning can cause vomiting, gut inflammation, internal bleeding, and

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bonds have been explored for more than 200 years. These compounds include unsophisticated phosphorus chalcogenides as well as large molecules with biological roles and phosphorus-chalcogen compounds with metal clusters. These compounds have numerous applications, including organo-phosphate

3393:, chalcophile elements separated below the lithophiles at the time of the first crystallisation of the Earth's crust. This has led to their depletion in the Earth's crust relative to their solar abundances, though this depletion has not reached the levels found with siderophile elements. 2786:

PE, where E is a chalcogen. When E is sulfur, these compounds are relatively stable, but they are less so when E is selenium or tellurium. Similarly, secondary phosphines can react with chalcogens to form secondary phosphine chalcogenides. However, these compounds are in a state of

2515:; sulfur, selenium, and tellurium replace oxygen. Thiols are better known than selenols or tellurols. Aside from alcohols, thiols are the most stable chalcogenols and tellurols are the least stable, being unstable in heat or light. Other organic chalcogen compounds include 2479:

and reacting the resulting product with tellurium tetrahalides. Ditellurium dihalides tend to get less stable as the halides become lower in atomic number and atomic mass. Tellurium also forms iodides with even fewer iodine atoms than diiodides. These include TeI and

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Sulfur can be mined in its elemental form, although this method is no longer as popular as it used to be. In 1865 a large deposit of elemental sulfur was discovered in the U.S. states of Louisiana and Texas, but it was difficult to extract at the time. In the 1890s,

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has been reported when it is used in high concentrations. In both elemental gaseous form and as a component of water, it is vital to almost all life on Earth. Despite this, liquid oxygen is highly dangerous. Even gaseous oxygen is dangerous in excess. For instance,

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Tellurium is not known to have any allotropes, although its typical form is hexagonal. Polonium has two allotropes, which are known as α-polonium and β-polonium. α-polonium has a cubic crystal structure and converts to the rhombohedral β-polonium at 36 °C.

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year), Sweden (130 metric tons per year), and Russia (100 metric tons per year). Selenium can be extracted from the waste from the process of electrolytically refining copper. Another method of producing selenium is to farm selenium-gathering plants such as

1391:, which is heavily used in the chemical industry. Selenium's most common application is glassmaking. Tellurium compounds are mostly used in optical disks, electronic devices, and solar cells. Some of polonium's applications are due to its radioactivity. 4574:. The world production of tellurium is between 150 and 200 metric tons per year. The United States is one of the largest producers of tellurium, producing around 50 metric tons per year. Peru, Japan, and Canada are also large producers of tellurium. 2781:

containing chalcogens and pnictogens also exist. Almost all chalcogen pnictide salts are typically in the form of , where Pn is a pnictogen and E is a chalcogen. Tertiary phosphines can react with chalcogens to form compounds in the form of

3407: 2988:, but tests confirmed that the sample was not that. For some years, Muller pondered the problem. Eventually he realized that the sample was gold bonded with an unknown element. In 1796, Müller sent part of the sample to the German chemist 2444:

have not been isolated, as of 2008, although it is likely that they occur in solution. Diselenium diiodide, however, does occur in equilibrium with selenium atoms and iodine molecules. Some tellurium halides with low valences, such as

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means "copper-former", this is misleading because the chalcogens have nothing to do with copper in particular. "Ore-former" has been suggested as a better translation, as the vast majority of metal ores are chalcogenides and the word

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Sulfur is generally nontoxic and is even a vital nutrient for humans. However, in its elemental form it can cause redness in the eyes and skin, a burning sensation and a cough if inhaled, a burning sensation and diarrhoea and/or

2984:. He discovered tellurium in a sample of what is now known as calaverite. Müller assumed at first that the sample was pure antimony, but tests he ran on the sample did not agree with this. Muller then guessed that the sample was 2795:. Binary compounds consisting of antimony or arsenic and a chalcogen. These compounds tend to be colorful and can be created by a reaction of the constituent elements at temperatures of 500 to 900 °C (932 to 1,652 °F). 1711:. The middle chalcogens (selenium and tellurium) have similar decay tendencies as the lighter chalcogens, but no proton-emitting isotopes have been observed, and some of the most neutron-deficient isotopes of tellurium undergo 3346:

There are only 5 parts per billion of tellurium in the Earth's crust and 15 parts per billion of tellurium in seawater. Tellurium is one of the eight or nine least abundant elements in the Earth's crust. There are a few dozen

3121:, who bombarded curium-248 with calcium-48, but were not successful. After several failed attempts in 1977, 1998, and 1999 by research groups in Russia, Germany, and the US, livermorium was created successfully in 2000 at the 1329:

Sulfur has been known since antiquity, and oxygen was recognized as an element in the 18th century. Selenium, tellurium and polonium were discovered in the 19th century, and livermorium in 2000. All of the chalcogens have six

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are typically prepared in the same way as thioethers and selenoethers. Organic chalcogen compounds, especially organic sulfur compounds, have the tendency to smell unpleasant. Dimethyl telluride also smells unpleasant, and

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provides an efficient neutron source. Polonium is also used in nuclear batteries. Most polonium is used in antistatic devices. Livermorium does not have any uses whatsoever due to its extreme rarity and short half-life.

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of the most common chalcogen compounds with positive metals is −2. However the tendency for chalcogens to form compounds in the −2 state decreases towards the heavier chalcogens. Other oxidation numbers, such as −1 in

3312:. Stars of at least 12 times the mass of the Sun produce sulfur in their cores via nuclear fusion. Sulfur is the tenth most abundant element in the universe, making up 500 parts per million of the universe by weight. 3034:

produced a series of papers where he listed the elements in order of increasing atomic weight and similar physical and chemical properties that recurred at intervals of eight; he likened such periodicity to the

4890:. Human blood contains a large amount of oxygen. Human bones contain 28% oxygen. Human tissue contains 16% oxygen. A typical 70-kilogram human contains 43 kilograms of oxygen, mostly in the form of water. 2884:

with chalcogens bonded to them have been detected. The chalcogens in these compounds are mostly sulfur, although some do contain selenium instead. One such chalcogen boride consists of two molecules of

1817:. The most common allotropes are in the form of eight-atom rings, but other molecular allotropes that contain as few as two atoms or as many as 20 are known. Other notable sulfur allotropes include 3414: 3280:

Oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by weight, 89% of water by weight, 46% of the Earth's crust by weight, and 65% of the human body. Oxygen also occurs in many minerals, being found in all

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All of the naturally occurring chalcogens have some role in biological functions, either as a nutrient or a toxin. Selenium is an important nutrient (among others as a building block of

4813:. Chalcogen interactions are useful for conformational analysis and stereoelectronic effects, among other things. Chalcogenides with through bonds also have applications. For instance, 4593:. Approximately 100 grams of polonium are produced yearly. All the polonium produced for commercial purposes is made in the Ozersk nuclear reactor in Russia. From there, it is taken to 2893:

systems. Such compounds tend to feature sulfur as the chalcogen. There are also chalcogen borides with two, three, or four chalcogens. Many of these contain sulfur but some, such as Na

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to haul them to the safety of the liver. On average, humans consume 900 milligrams of sulfur each day. Sulfur compounds, such as those found in skunk spray often have strong odors.

3197:. The word "chalcogen" gained popularity in Germany during the 1930s because the term was analogous to "halogen". Although the literal meanings of the modern Greek words imply that 1909:

nonmetal. Even though oxygen is a chalcogen, its chemical properties are different from those of other chalcogens. One reason for this is that the heavier chalcogens have vacant

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allotropes, one of which is red and one of which is black. The red allotrope converts to the black allotrope in the presence of heat. The gray allotrope of selenium is made from

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tend to have increased stability towards radioactive decay. Oxygen has three stable isotopes, and 14 unstable ones. Sulfur has four stable isotopes, 20 radioactive ones, and one

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Selenium is a trace nutrient required by humans on the order of tens or hundreds of micrograms per day. A dose of over 450 micrograms can be toxic, resulting in bad breath and

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Selenium has at least eight distinct allotropes. The gray allotrope, commonly referred to as the "metallic" allotrope, despite not being a metal, is stable and has a hexagonal

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Tellurium is not known to be needed for animal life, although a few fungi can incorporate it in compounds in place of selenium. Microorganisms also absorb tellurium and emit

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Lundegaard, Lars F.; Weck, Gunnar; McMahon, Malcolm I.; Desgreniers, Serge; Loubeyre, Paul (2006). "Observation of an O8 molecular lattice in the ε phase of solid oxygen".

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came up with the solution of liquefying the sulfur with superheated steam and pumping the sulfur up to the surface. These days sulfur is instead more often extracted from

3343:, but there are not many minerals in these groups. Selenium is not produced directly by nuclear fusion. Selenium makes up 30 parts per billion of the universe by weight. 15902: 15417: 2421:

also are known to exist. There are also mixed chalcogen-halogen compounds. These include SeSX, with X being chlorine or bromine. Such compounds can form in mixtures of

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Although all group 16 elements of the periodic table, including oxygen, can be defined as chalcogens, oxygen and oxides are usually distinguished from chalcogens and

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affinity for oxygen and prefer to bond with the heavier chalcogen sulfur as sulfides. Because sulfide minerals are much denser than the silicate minerals formed by

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of uranium. Livermorium isotopes Lv through Lv have been discovered; the most stable livermorium isotope is Lv, which has a half-life of 0.061 seconds.

15731: 15598: 15347: 15342: 14573: 14493: 9655: 2532: 3149:. Formerly regarded as composed of two oxides, an acid and a basic oxide) The term received some use in the early 1800s but is now obsolete. The name 9752: 9630: 7753: 5581: 2890: 2949:

Early attempts to separate oxygen from air were hampered by the fact that air was thought of as a single element up to the 17th and 18th centuries.

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are known. Chalcogen chlorides and bromides have also been explored. In particular, selenium dichloride and sulfur dichloride can react to form

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Gorelli, Federico A.; Ulivi, Lorenzo; Santoro, Mario; Bini, Roberto (1999). "The ε Phase of Solid Oxygen: Evidence of an O4 Molecule Lattice".

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Te have domains of the metal's crystal lattice containing chalcogen atoms. While these compounds do exist, analogous chemicals that contain

9729: 9724: 9665: 9625: 9620: 9580: 6796: 5757: 7139: 9640: 9575: 9361: 5810: 9734: 9714: 9501: 7626: 6017: 9570: 9534: 7725: 4920:, but only for some specialized enzymes. Humans consume on average between 6 and 200 micrograms of selenium per day. Mushrooms and 7288: 4924:

are especially noted for their high selenium content. Selenium in foods is most commonly found in the form of amino acids such as

1050: 3288:, and in numerous other mineral groups. Stars of at least eight times the mass of the Sun also produce oxygen in their cores via 3277:

forms naturally from the decay of other elements, even though it is not primordial. Livermorium does not occur naturally at all.

6726: 6691: 6083: 3293: 2981: 9615: 9565: 5203:. The term received some use in the early 1800s but is now obsolete. The current term in use for the 16th group is chalcogens. 4909:

also use sulfur to attach to useful metal atoms in the body and sulfur similarly attaches itself to poisonous metal atoms like

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Except for polonium, the chalcogens are all fairly similar to each other chemically. They all form X ions when reacting with

1959: 7397: 15108: 9839: 6531: 5783:

Srinivasan, B.; Alexander, E. C.; Beaty, R. D.; Sinclair, D. E.; Manuel, O. K. (1973). "Double Beta Decay of Selenium-82".

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fashion and one lone pair. Double bonds are also common in chalcogen compounds, for example in chalcogenates (see below).

14093: 9094: 9049: 3129:-248 atoms with calcium-48 atoms. The element was known as ununhexium until it was officially named livermorium in 2012. 5614:

Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (2011). Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.).

4833:. Metallic redox centers of biological importance are tunable by interactions of ligands containing chalcogens, such as 2992:, who purified the undiscovered element. Klaproth decided to call the element tellurium after the Latin word for earth. 12858: 9529: 9486: 6216: 5686: 2484:

I. These compounds have extended structures in the solid state. Halogens and chalcogens can also form halochalcogenate

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Sulfur's oxidation states are −2, +2, +4, and +6. Sulfur-containing analogs of oxygen compounds often have the prefix

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very rapidly, the resulting sulfur is amorphous or "plastic" sulfur. Gaseous sulfur is a mixture of diatomic sulfur (S

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caused by breathing pure oxygen at a depth of more than 10 meters (33 feet) underwater. Oxygen is also toxic to some

1750: 1228: 16096: 10060: 7739: 5619: 4850: 6264:(New ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 375–383, 412–415, 475–481, 511–520, 529–533, 582. 5363:(New ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 375–383, 412–415, 475–481, 511–520, 529–533, 582. 2071:

Selenium's oxidation states are −2, +4, and +6. Selenium, like most chalcogens, bonds with oxygen. There are some

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Until the creation of nuclear reactors, all polonium had to be extracted from uranium ore. In modern times, most

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Jefferson, R.D.; Goans R.E.; Blain, P.G.; Thomas, S.H. (2009). "Diagnosis and treatment of polonium poisoning".

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particle accelerators, the only way to produce polonium was to extract it over several months from uranium ore.

9805: 9687: 9042: 5700: 9261: 6859: 3253:, meaning earth. Polonium is named after Marie Curie's country of birth, Poland. Livermorium is named for the 9679: 9600: 9490: 5138: 3031: 2819:. Such compounds typically form from a reaction of carbon group halides and chalcogenol salts or chalcogenol 2660:

Elemental chalcogens react with certain lanthanide compounds to form lanthanide clusters rich in chalcogens.

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Some of polonium's applications relate to the element's radioactivity. For instance, polonium is used as an

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Tellurium is mostly produced as a by-product of the processing of copper. Tellurium can also be refined by

3241:; both of those terms are ancient words for sulfur. Selenium is named after the Greek goddess of the moon, 3061:

proposed his periodic table placing oxygen at the top of "group VI" above sulfur, selenium, and tellurium.

9709: 3190: 1913:. Oxygen's electronegativity is also much higher than those of the other chalcogens. This makes oxygen's 1877: 9271: 9266: 6748:

Mendelejew, Dimitri (1869). "Über die Beziehungen der Eigenschaften zu den Atomgewichten der Elemente".

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in the 19th century for chemical salts derived from the 16th group of the periodic table which included

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to Cu(I). Studying chalcogen interactions gives access to radical cations, which are used in mainstream

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had also created oxygen in 1771 by the same method, but Scheele did not publish his results until 1777.

15866: 10270: 9544: 7346: 6772: 3423: 3383: 3014:'s periodic system proposed in 1871 showing oxygen, sulfur, selenium and tellurium part of his group VI 15086: 7293: 6500: 1629:

decreases towards the chalcogens with higher atomic numbers. Density, melting and boiling points, and

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in ancient Greek was associated with metals and metal-bearing rock in general; copper, and its alloy

1873: 1794:, which is three oxygen atoms bonded together in a bent formation. There is also an allotrope called 7166: 6457: 6429: 3363:

contains less than 1 part per billion of polonium, making it one of the ten rarest metals on Earth.

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react. Sulfur and tellurium can bond with organic compounds containing both silicon and phosphorus.

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are more abundant in nature among the chalcogens selenium and tellurium than they are with sulfur.

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With the exception of oxygen and livermorium, all chalcogens have at least one naturally occurring

9697: 4612:. The first successful production of livermorium was achieved by bombarding curium-248 atoms with 3039:

of music. His version included a "group b" consisting of oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and

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respiratory failure. Extended, low-level exposure to tellurium causes tiredness and indigestion.

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of cows produce toxic hydrogen sulfide upon reaction with sulfur. Many sulfur compounds, such as

4933: 4563:. This method could produce three kilograms of selenium per acre, but is not commonly practiced. 4512: 3543: 2939: 2579:

There is a very large number of metal chalcogenides. There are also ternary compounds containing

2406: 1937: 1914: 974: 7210: 6648: 2996: 2056:. Sulfur's chemistry is similar to oxygen's, in many ways. One difference is that sulfur-sulfur 1080: 15982: 15950: 15882: 15492: 15381: 14894: 14631: 14413: 14356: 13980: 13912: 13880: 13832: 13820: 13772: 12851: 12071: 12057: 11245: 11143: 9283: 9110: 6764: 6452: 6289:. The Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program, US National Institutes of Health 4879: 4825:. Chalcogens can confer upon ligands (such as DCTO) properties such as being able to transform 4717: 4567: 4531: 3532: 3085:

series. Oxygen, along with sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and later polonium would be grouped in

3023: 2745:-like polymers instead of individual molecules. Chemical formulas of these compounds include Bi 2402: 1818: 1658: 1646: 1405: 1241: 908: 9516: 7317: 6951: 6587: 6393:

Takahisa, Ohno (1991). "Passivation of GaAs(001) surfaces by chalcogen atoms (S, Se and Te)".

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contain sulfur. Plant roots take up sulfate ions from the soil and reduce it to sulfide ions.

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all successfully created oxygen, but did not realize it at the time. Oxygen was discovered by

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suggested calling the elements in group 16 "amphigens", as the elements in the group formed

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on selenium atoms, while one of the red allotropes is made of stacks of selenium rings (Se

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if ingested, and can irritate the mucous membranes. An excess of sulfur can be toxic for

4858: 4830: 4822: 4810: 4654:, a very common industrial chemical. Other common uses include being a key ingredient of 2889:

attached to a boron-hydrogen molecule. Other important boron-chalcogen compounds include

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Among the lighter chalcogens (oxygen and sulfur), the most neutron-poor isotopes undergo

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Three of the chalcogens (sulfur, selenium, and tellurium) were part of the discovery of

2869:. Tellurium also forms oxides. There are some chalcogen sulfides as well. These include 2709:. However, some phosphorus-chalcogen compounds also contain hydrogen (such as secondary 2289:). Molecules containing metal bonded to chalcogens are common as minerals. For example, 15691: 15670: 15630: 15550: 15446: 15428: 15364: 15181: 15133: 15048: 15037: 15026: 14669: 14543: 14508: 14486: 14301: 14253: 14248: 14079: 13784: 13620: 13548: 13290: 13263: 13221: 13088: 13011: 12655: 12554: 12425: 12306: 12267: 12239: 11844: 11704: 11619: 11585: 11534: 11347: 11313: 11092: 10949: 10939: 10732: 10722: 10705: 10675: 10605: 10366: 10253: 10202: 10083: 9444: 9404: 7607: 6788: 5966: 5217: 5153: 4940: 4743: 3390: 3309: 3285: 3266: 2698: 2547: 2088: 2080: 1667: 1157: 990: 7263: 6076: 5414: 4950:

Polonium has no biological role, and is highly toxic on account of being radioactive.

2385:. The majority of simple chalcogen halides are well-known and widely used as chemical 2009:, and forms compounds with almost all of the chemical elements, including some of the 1645:

Out of the six known chalcogens, one (oxygen) has an atomic number equal to a nuclear

15705: 15686: 15521: 15436: 15157: 14475: 14424: 14368: 14215: 14202: 14198: 14191: 14118: 14024: 13636: 13608: 13563: 13532: 13348: 13321: 13213: 13052: 12999: 12983: 12978: 12913: 12844: 12756: 12700: 12568: 12526: 12498: 12470: 12442: 12374: 12340: 12323: 12281: 12183: 12169: 12085: 11959: 11931: 11889: 11732: 11466: 11364: 11262: 11194: 11160: 11041: 10959: 10842: 10796: 10792: 10665: 10535: 10474: 10405: 10219: 9539: 9409: 8633: 7699: 7654: 7599: 7564: 7552: 7528: 7464: 7373: 7242: 7086: 7056: 6957: 6824: 6714: 6679: 6620: 6593: 6560: 6414: 6366: 6265: 6161: 6055: 5996: 5958: 5880: 5848: 5736: 5676: 5639: 5521: 5463: 5394: 5364: 5256: 5099: 5028: 4944: 4771: 4767: 4755: 4667: 4632: 4066: 3316: 3077:

were sometimes included in this group, but they would be later rearranged as part of

3007: 2954: 2851: 2839: 2838:. In some cases this occurs with chalcogens bonding with two hydrogen atoms. However 2635: 2568: 2475:. These tellurium halides can be synthesized by the reduction of pure tellurium with 2422: 2084: 2046: 2042: 1955: 1838: 1688:, sulfur has trace S, selenium has Se, tellurium has Te and Te, and polonium has Po. 1626: 1350: 1269: 1171: 1164: 609: 7611: 7110: 6792: 6153: 4740:

used one-third of all selenium produced, but this application is in steady decline.

3370:. Even when it is produced, only a small number of atoms are synthesized at a time. 3053:

was among the first to notice similarities between what are now known as chalcogens.

2717:

are typically harder to handle that phosphorus sulfides, and compounds in the form P

1662:

chalcogen isotopes occur in nature, either because they are decay products, such as

15589: 15512: 15401: 15218: 14713: 14694: 14610: 14580: 14552: 14310: 14157: 14137: 13686: 13666: 13662: 13653: 13310: 13165: 12944: 12937: 12884: 12714: 12582: 12512: 12225: 12113: 12043: 12015: 11987: 11858: 11830: 11816: 11058: 10919: 10902: 10872: 10802: 10695: 10685: 10625: 10470: 10431: 10392: 9774: 9692: 9468: 9333: 9291: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9173: 9168: 9163: 8697: 8402: 8231: 8060: 7979: 7898: 7871: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7691: 7591: 7456: 7426: 7001: 6851: 6780: 6466: 6462: 6410: 6362:

Handbook of Chalcogen Chemistry –New Perspectives in Sulfur, Selenium and Tellurium

6328: 6043: 5984: 5970: 5950: 5915: 5792: 5668: 5631: 5455: 5165: 5134: 5111: 5060: 4929: 4590: 4571: 4115: 3975: 3840: 3705: 3640: 3575: 3552: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3305: 3301: 3058: 3011: 2966: 2886: 2870: 2843: 2820: 2778: 2665: 2584: 2524: 1979: 1966: 1779: 1708: 1696: 1618: 1427: 1413: 1331: 1237: 1190: 1126: 1103: 1073: 1043: 1013: 981: 3359:

and calaverite. Tellurium makes up 9 parts per billion of the universe by weight.

3046: 2079:. Tellurium's oxidation states are −2, +2, +4, and +6. Tellurium forms the oxides 14619: 14600: 14383: 14378: 14283: 14239: 14169: 13674: 13648: 13628: 13444: 13440: 13423: 13328: 13285: 13061: 12904: 12827: 12823: 12742: 12540: 12253: 12197: 12127: 11917: 11802: 11760: 11398: 11381: 11330: 11007: 10892: 10882: 10772: 10752: 10655: 10615: 10496: 10444: 10379: 10117: 10046: 9645: 9506: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7648: 7482: 6884: 6614: 5842: 5023: 4759: 4679: 4636: 4516: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3078: 2989: 2985: 2866: 2528: 2357: 2351: 2034: 2002: 1813:

Sulfur has over 20 known allotropes, which is more than any other element except

1737: 1715:. Polonium isotopes tend to decay via alpha or beta decay. Isotopes with nonzero 1700: 1692: 1678: 1335: 7581: 6929: 5919: 5672: 4882:. It is also a key component of most other biological compounds, such as water, 1756: 15700: 15392: 15372: 15141: 13508: 13499: 13478: 13428: 13414: 13197: 13181: 12969: 12929: 12596: 12141: 12001: 11903: 11788: 11568: 11109: 10762: 10742: 10509: 10100: 9454: 9449: 9419: 9414: 9399: 9065: 7762: 5796: 5227: 5126: 5082:. Extended, low-level exposure, which can occur at some industries, results in 5068: 4925: 4906: 4838: 4778: 4647: 4627:

is the most important source and use of oxygen. Minor industrial uses include

4598: 4594: 3510: 3427: 3289: 3281: 3265:

The four lightest chalcogens (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium) are all

3019: 2970: 2931: 2927: 2862: 2858: 2564: 2242: 2114: 2076: 2064:

are stronger than oxygen-oxygen single bonds. Organic sulfur compounds such as

2026: 1654: 1432: 1409: 1379: 1349:) but is also commonly toxic. Tellurium often has unpleasant effects (although 1346: 1245: 1065: 1035: 1020: 1005: 7595: 7460: 7447:

Menzel, D.B. (1984). "Ozone: an overview of its toxicity in man and animals".

5635: 5459: 3331:

contains around 200 parts per trillion of selenium. The atmosphere contains 1

1872:

The chalcogens have varying crystal structures. Oxygen's crystal structure is

1741:

Phase diagram of sulfur showing the relative stabilities of several allotropes

16080: 15566: 15538: 14708: 14408: 14388: 14288: 14141: 13297: 13258: 13026: 12918: 12211: 10929: 10645: 10635: 10483: 10457: 8856: 7703: 5161: 5095: 4790: 4763: 4651: 4540: 4526: 4150: 3186: 2919: 2122: 2030: 1995: 1921: 1842: 1783: 1760: 1650: 1630: 1422: 1388: 1339: 779: 6906: 6784: 1334:, leaving them two electrons short of a full outer shell. Their most common 14569: 14452: 13451: 13226: 13006: 12412: 12075: 12061: 11945: 11504: 10862: 10856: 10812: 10595: 10548: 10522: 10274: 9769: 9434: 9429: 9183: 9118: 8910: 8739: 8444: 7844: 7777: 7603: 7568: 5962: 5212: 5130: 4854: 4798: 4725: 4586: 4390: 4283: 4192: 3505: 3438: 3142: 3106: 2950: 2804: 2673: 2603: 2580: 2560: 2552: 2476: 2324: 2118: 1803: 1764: 1716: 1685: 1663: 1634: 1372: 1357: 821: 688: 462: 7674:

Jensen, William B. (September 1, 1997). "A Note on the Term "Chalcogen"".

7468: 6585: 5137:

by weight; it has been used as a murder weapon in the past, most famously

5005: 4530:

Sulfur recovered from oil refining in Alberta, stockpiled for shipment in

2397:

is also a well-known sulfur fluoride. Certain selenium fluorides, such as

12811: 11778: 11249: 11147: 10005: 9549: 9424: 9178: 8964: 8928: 8919: 8829: 8811: 8802: 7839: 6332: 5157: 5083: 4863: 4737: 4733: 4721: 4709: 4640: 4628: 4616:

atoms. As of 2011, roughly 25 atoms of livermorium had been synthesized.

4605: 4601:

for distribution. The United States is the largest consumer of polonium.

4548: 4460: 4446: 4439: 4234: 4206: 4199: 3500: 3379: 3221:, meaning "acid-forming". Sulfur's name comes from either the Latin word 3110: 3102: 2761:. Ternary chalcogen pnictides are also known. Examples of these include P 2702: 2623: 2520: 2214: 2061: 2057: 1945: 1933: 1795: 1712: 1384: 1277: 1131: 1118: 863: 835: 828: 758: 744: 737: 5954: 4991: 4732:

account for 5% of all selenium produced. Historically, machines such as

4697: 4523:, which absorbs the nitrogen in the air, leaving 90 to 93% pure oxygen. 2684: 2094: 2068:

have a strong specific smell, and a few are utilized by some organisms.

15116: 13031: 12806: 12676: 12488: 12395: 12159: 11521: 11487: 11300: 11232: 10969: 10836: 9323: 8973: 8901: 8874: 8847: 8507: 8489: 8462: 8293: 8284: 8023: 7695: 7005: 6953:

The History And Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide

6855: 5091: 5032: 4998: 4921: 4902: 4883: 4834: 4713: 4659: 4624: 4613: 4560: 4332: 4318: 4297: 4241: 4185: 4164: 4143: 3891: 3884: 3677: 3270: 3117:

The first attempt at creating livermorium was from 1976 to 1977 at the

3066: 2792: 2791:

with chalcogenophosphinous acid. Secondary phosphine chalcogenides are

2726: 2706: 2693: 2607: 2556: 2543: 2536: 2428: 2302: 2022: 2014: 1925: 1850: 1846: 1822: 1704: 1674: 1671: 870: 814: 793: 772: 511: 497: 476: 348: 341: 142: 14101: 5884: 5876: 2649:. Metal chalcogenide dimers also occur as lower tellurides, such as Zr 2401:, have been produced in small amounts. The crystal structures of both 12781: 12732: 12642: 12558: 12285: 12173: 12103: 12033: 11977: 11963: 11893: 11750: 11736: 11691: 11453: 11436: 11402: 11079: 11028: 11011: 10886: 10826: 10786: 10776: 10736: 10619: 10609: 10589: 10500: 10370: 10240: 9951: 9379: 9348: 9203: 9188: 8982: 8955: 8946: 8793: 8775: 8766: 8757: 8543: 8453: 8426: 8374: 8320: 8302: 8266: 8246: 8185: 8122: 8066: 8005: 7994: 7913: 7864: 7849: 5232: 5200: 5079: 5039:. Ozone, an allotrope of oxygen, is toxic to most life. It can cause 4807: 4782: 4701: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4655: 4432: 4418: 4411: 4404: 4360: 4290: 4269: 4248: 4227: 4220: 3954: 3912: 3898: 3870: 3854: 3805: 3756: 3712: 3663: 3654: 3589: 3525: 3356: 2958: 2812: 2710: 2619: 2599: 2516: 2274: 2174: 2158: 2113:

There are many acids containing chalcogens, including sulfuric acid,

2010: 1991: 1929: 1910: 1901: 1854: 1771: 1368: 1364: 1265: 1095: 1085: 888: 877: 856: 849: 730: 716: 709: 702: 539: 469: 448: 411: 369: 355: 327: 309: 265: 216: 172: 128: 119: 59: 2713:

chalcogenides) or nitrogen (such as dichalcogenoimidodiphosphates).

1637:

tend to increase towards the chalcogens with higher atomic numbers.

14103: 12801: 12791: 12786: 12625: 12572: 12530: 12502: 12474: 12446: 12429: 12361: 12310: 12271: 12243: 12229: 12117: 12047: 12019: 11991: 11876: 11848: 11834: 11674: 11657: 11640: 11606: 11572: 11555: 11419: 11283: 11215: 11181: 11045: 10994: 10953: 10943: 10846: 10816: 10726: 10709: 10679: 10669: 10565: 10539: 10513: 10487: 10422: 10189: 10155: 10138: 10087: 9978: 9924: 9371: 9328: 8937: 8838: 8721: 8703: 8678: 8669: 8642: 8615: 8579: 8570: 8552: 8480: 8471: 8365: 8237: 8203: 8113: 8104: 8095: 8086: 8041: 7960: 7942: 7877: 7420: 7418: 5196: 5169: 5149: 5036: 4961: 4917: 4898: 4814: 4671: 4511:

of oxygen are produced yearly. Oxygen is most commonly produced by

4467: 4376: 4311: 4304: 4213: 4122: 4101: 4094: 4073: 4052: 4024: 4017: 4003: 3947: 3847: 3819: 3749: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3691: 3626: 3612: 3559: 3332: 3328: 3274: 3230: 3082: 3070: 3062: 2734: 2669: 2639: 2588: 2512: 2336: 2298: 2258: 2234: 2142: 2038: 2006: 1987: 1975: 1827: 1273: 1261: 1108: 1055: 842: 765: 674: 660: 644: 637: 616: 595: 567: 560: 546: 490: 483: 404: 302: 279: 209: 202: 195: 188: 156: 96: 82: 34: 2060:

are far weaker than oxygen-oxygen double bonds, but sulfur-sulfur

2037:

is −2, and the oxidation state −1 is also relatively common. With

12867: 12836: 12796: 12760: 12704: 12659: 12586: 12516: 12378: 12344: 12327: 12257: 12201: 12187: 12131: 12089: 11935: 11921: 11764: 11708: 11623: 11589: 11538: 11351: 11317: 11130: 11096: 11062: 10963: 10923: 10876: 10649: 10639: 10629: 10461: 10435: 10396: 10342: 10325: 10308: 9198: 9034: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8892: 8883: 8865: 8820: 8748: 8730: 8660: 8606: 8588: 8561: 8534: 8516: 8498: 8408: 8338: 8311: 8275: 8257: 8221: 8212: 8194: 8176: 8075: 8014: 7904: 7859: 7731: 6311:

Fischer, Werner (2001). "A Second Note on the Term "Chalcogen"".

6154:

Kotz, John C.; Treichel, Paul M.; Townsend, John Raymond (2009).

5222: 4999: 4910: 4729: 4663: 4582: 4520: 4453: 4397: 4383: 4353: 4339: 4325: 4178: 4171: 4157: 4087: 4045: 4031: 4010: 3982: 3926: 3905: 3877: 3863: 3833: 3826: 3812: 3798: 3719: 3670: 3582: 3520: 3146: 3074: 2935: 2874: 2835: 2828: 2824: 2808: 2738: 2730: 2661: 2627: 2615: 2611: 2508: 2468: 2386: 2374: 2360:

and analogous compounds produce gases upon reaction with oxygen.

2332: 2198: 2182: 2166: 1983: 1354: 896: 807: 800: 786: 751: 695: 681: 630: 588: 574: 553: 532: 518: 504: 434: 383: 362: 334: 320: 293: 286: 272: 258: 179: 135: 52: 7415: 5932: 5782: 12718: 12544: 12145: 12005: 11907: 11862: 11820: 11806: 11792: 11470: 11368: 11266: 11198: 11164: 10906: 10896: 10866: 10806: 10756: 10699: 10689: 10659: 10599: 10552: 10526: 10448: 10409: 10383: 10291: 10257: 10172: 10121: 9897: 9866: 8784: 8712: 8597: 8525: 8435: 8417: 8383: 8347: 8329: 8158: 8149: 8140: 8032: 7985: 7951: 7933: 7888: 7720: 7021:"Livermorium and Flerovium join the periodic table of elements" 5192: 5188: 5145: 5087: 5052: 5040: 4894: 4871: 4826: 4818: 4794: 4751: 4694:) on "orchard, ornamental, vegetable, grain, and other crops." 4425: 4346: 4276: 4129: 4038: 3989: 3961: 3933: 3919: 3784: 3777: 3770: 3684: 3647: 3619: 3605: 3568: 3335:

of selenium per cubic meter. There are mineral groups known as

3273:

and selenium and tellurium occur in small traces in such ores.

3242: 3211: 3168: 3126: 3040: 3036: 3022:, as they are among a series of triads of elements in the same 2881: 2847: 2742: 2631: 2500: 2441: 2312: 2290: 1971: 1941: 1858: 1297: 1293: 1257: 1253: 1025: 995: 723: 667: 581: 525: 455: 441: 418: 390: 376: 244: 237: 230: 149: 112: 89: 75: 43: 7529:

College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University (2013).

5255:. Amsterdam Heidelberg: Elsevier Academic Press. p. 523. 1904:, meaning that its chemical properties are between those of a 12746: 12600: 11113: 10104: 10069: 9817: 9315: 8998: 8687: 8392: 8050: 7924: 7407:(6th ed.). Washington DC: Office of Pesticide Programs, 6984:

Jensen, William B. (1997). "A Note on the Term "Chalcogen"".

6586:

Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiber, Egon; Wiberg, Nils, eds. (2001).

5056: 4802: 4766:. Tellurium is sometimes used as an alternative to sulfur in 4747: 4508: 4474: 4108: 3968: 3698: 3598: 3324: 3204: 3180: 3173: 3162: 3155: 2923: 2634:

also form bonds to chalcogens. The Ti ion forms chalcogenide

2504: 2485: 2344: 2134: 2130: 2098: 2065: 2018: 1905: 1791: 1745: 1301: 1287: 1281: 651: 425: 163: 68: 7506: 4801:. One application of chalcogens themselves is to manipulate 3319:

of the Earth's crust by weight. This makes it the 67th most

2535:

are commercially available. Selenoethers are in the form of

11949: 11385: 11334: 10973: 10766: 10746: 10223: 10206: 8651: 8624: 8167: 8131: 7969: 6552: 5844:

Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Chalcogen Interactions

4875: 4080: 4059: 3791: 3763: 3633: 3432: 3355:, and tellurium occurs in some minerals with gold, such as 3118: 2308: 1826:

begin to break down. If liquid sulfur above 190 °C is

1309: 1214: 1208: 623: 602: 251: 223: 103: 7345:. International Atomic Energy Agency. 1998. Archived from 6147: 5665:

Handbook of the physicochemical properties of the elements

3323:. Selenium makes up on average 5 parts per million of the 2725:

have not been discovered. Chalcogens also bond with other

2555:

is renowned for its "metaphysical stench". There are also

1621:. All of the solid, stable chalcogens are soft and do not 1211: 12215: 10933: 10038: 8356: 7771: 6612: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5718: 4887: 4552: 4544: 3940: 2850:. Also, oxygen can bond to hydrogen in a 1:1 ratio as in 2816: 2803:

Chalcogens form single bonds and double bonds with other

1845:

of 2, and brittle. Four other allotropes of selenium are

1778:, a reactive paramagnetic molecule that is ubiquitous to 1305: 1199: 397: 5616:

The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements

4678:. 60% of all sulfuric acid produced is used to generate 2503:

and other similar compounds contain oxygen. However, in

1917:

several times lower than those of the other chalcogens.

5897: 4867:

DNA, an important biological compound containing oxygen

4774:

is used as a high-efficiency material in solar panels.

7046: 7044: 7042: 6358: 6262:

Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements

5715: 5361:

Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements

3185:, born, gender, kindle). It was first used in 1932 by 2664:(IV) chalcogenol compounds also exist. There are also 1924:

a chalcogen may accept two electrons according to the

1360:) is always harmful as a result of its radioactivity. 7076: 7074: 7072: 4585:

with neutrons. Polonium can also be produced by high

2109:) is the most familiar chalcogen-containing compound. 1229: 1220: 1217: 1205: 1196: 6712: 6677: 6284: 6074: 3214:, was one of the first metals to be used by humans. 1994:, polonates, and their corresponding acids, such as 1416:, resulting in similar trends in chemical behavior: 1202: 7318:"Selenium and Tellurium Statistics and Information" 7039: 6553:A. Earnshaw; Norman Greenwood (November 11, 1997), 5613: 2440:. Unlike selenium chlorides and bromides, selenium 1193: 7627:"Yasser Arafat, Polonium Poisoning and the Curies" 7405:Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings 7186: 7164: 7069: 6983: 4916:All animals and some plants need trace amounts of 6042: 5983: 3269:on Earth. Sulfur and oxygen occur as constituent 2587:. Highly metal-rich metal chalcogenides, such as 1841:. The gray allotrope of selenium is soft, with a 1338:are −2, +2, +4, and +6. They have relatively low 16078: 6949: 5760:. Brookhaven National Laboratory. Archived from 2969:in 1774 when he focused sunlight on a sample of 2938:experiments. In the 1700s and 1800s, scientists 7507:Extension Toxicology Network (September 1995). 7238:Fundamental Concepts of Environmental Chemistry 7111:"The 10 Most Abundant Elements in the Universe" 6310: 5874: 5667:. New York, USA: IFI-Plenum. pp. 387–446. 5561: 5559: 5557: 5439: 4980: 3366:Livermorium is always produced artificially in 1806:including "red oxygen", which has the formula O 1703:, the moderately neutron-rich isotopes undergo 1695:, the moderately neutron-poor isotopes undergo 7449:Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 7395: 5840: 5582:"Saiba como é produzido o oxigênio hospitalar" 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5499: 4806:tellurium, can create organic solvent-holding 4789:Organochalcogen compounds are involved in the 4781:generator for research. Polonium alloyed with 3235: 2668:chalcogenols which have potential to serve as 15102: 14087: 12852: 10054: 9833: 9050: 7747: 7396:Roberts, James R.; Reigart, J. Routt (2013). 7391: 7389: 7337: 7335: 7315: 6956:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 223–. 6306: 6304: 6285:Van Vleet, JF; Boon, GD; Ferrans, VJ (1981). 6182:"Periodic Table of the Elements – Metalloids" 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 3408: 2233:). Selenium ions usually come in the form of 2165:). Sulfur ions generally come in the form of 2091:. Polonium's oxidation states are +2 and +4. 2045:. Organic oxygen compounds are ubiquitous in 1707:, and the most neutron rich isotopes undergo 7133: 7131: 7129: 7127: 6885:"Oxysalt - Define Oxysalt at Dictionary.com" 6427: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 4708:Around 40% of all selenium produced goes to 2934:. In the Middle Ages, it was a key part of 2273:). Tellurium ions often come in the form of 7104: 7102: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6342: 5534: 5251:House, James E.; House, James Evan (2008). 4793:process. These compounds also feature into 4635:(25% of all purified oxygen), medical use, 4631:(55% of all purified oxygen produced), the 3247: 3223: 2741:. Heavier chalcogen pnictides tend to form 1313: 904: 15109: 15095: 14094: 14080: 12859: 12845: 10061: 10047: 9840: 9826: 9057: 9043: 7754: 7740: 7386: 7367: 7332: 6747: 6301: 6253: 5476: 5250: 5122:) is lethal in amounts of around 2 grams. 4639:(as oxygen kills some types of bacteria), 3415: 3401: 3296:, making up 1% of the universe by weight. 3030:as having similar properties. Around 1865 2980:Tellurium was first discovered in 1783 by 2622:have not been discovered, as of 2008. The 2523:and telluroethers. Some of these, such as 7557:Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science 7124: 7108: 6977: 6819: 6817: 6456: 5977: 5389:. Oxford University Press. 1993. p. 5269: 4646:Most sulfur produced is transformed into 3217:Oxygen's name comes from the Greek words 3002: 2688:Bismuth sulfide, a pnictogen chalcogenide 2133:. Oxygen ions often come in the forms of 2013:. It commonly bonds with many metals and 1982:is +6. This oxidation number is found in 1412:, where they all have the same number of 7099: 7055:. International Editorial Services Inc. 6713:Newlands, John A. R. (August 18, 1865). 6678:Newlands, John A. R. (August 20, 1864). 6579: 6524:"Things I Won't Work With: Selenophenol" 6392: 6386: 6339: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5658: 4893:All animals need significant amounts of 4862: 4696: 4525: 3089:, until the group's name was changed to 3045: 3006: 2946:proved sulfur to be a chemical element. 2683: 2093: 1884:crystal structure, while polonium has a 1755: 1744: 1736: 1371:and compounds containing chalcogens and 1165:naturally occurring by radioactive decay 8854: 7208: 7080: 6647:Trofast, Jan (September–October 2011). 6646: 6613:Devillanova, Francesco A., ed. (2007). 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 5755: 5661:"Mechanical Properties of the Elements" 5609: 5607: 5515: 5443:Electrochemistry of Metal Chalcogenides 5094:. In many cases of selenium poisoning, 4720:. 15% of all selenium produced goes to 4712:. 30% of all selenium produced goes to 3373: 2861:. For instance, sulfur forms the toxic 16079: 15147: 15117:Salts and covalent derivatives of the 14147: 14102:Salts and covalent derivatives of the 12894: 8908: 8737: 8442: 7673: 7624: 7550: 7446: 7424: 7137: 6823: 6814: 6430:"Mineral deposits and chalcogen gases" 6259: 6215:. Chemed.chem.wisc.edu. Archived from 6130: 6107: 6077:"Selenium. Mineral Commodity Profiles" 5875:Young, David A. (September 11, 1975). 5377: 5358: 4666:. Sulfur is also mixed into rubber to 3255:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 3132: 3081:; uranium would later be moved to the 1399: 15788: 15090: 14796: 14075: 13757: 12840: 10042: 9821: 9038: 8962: 8926: 8917: 8827: 8809: 8800: 7735: 7234: 7050: 7018: 6802:from the original on October 10, 2022 6765:"New Notations in the Periodic Table" 6762: 6476:from the original on October 29, 2013 5829: 5570:. Black Bay and Leventhal publishers. 4643:(in liquid form), and metal cutting. 3321:abundant element in the Earth's crust 3096: 2857:Chalcogen compounds form a number of 1130: 8971: 8899: 8872: 8845: 8505: 8487: 8460: 8291: 8282: 7409:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 6729:from the original on January 1, 2011 6694:from the original on January 1, 2011 6680:"On Relations Among the Equivalents" 6521: 6359:Devillanova, Francesco, ed. (2007). 6239:"The Chemistry of Oxygen and Sulfur" 6196: 6089:from the original on October 3, 2012 5730: 5604: 5565: 4728:claim 10% of all selenium produced. 4670:it. Sulfur is used in some types of 4650:, which is further transformed into 4597:for purification, and from there to 3123:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 2982:Franz Joseph Müller von Reichenstein 2913: 2373:Chalcogens also form compounds with 1404:Chalcogens show similar patterns in 1252:. Group 16 consists of the elements 9801: 8980: 8953: 8944: 8791: 8773: 8764: 8755: 8541: 8451: 8424: 8372: 8318: 8300: 8264: 8244: 8183: 8120: 8021: 8003: 7992: 7911: 7650:Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5TH ed 7646: 7398:"Other Insecticides and Acaracides" 6592:. Academic Press. pp. 470 ff. 6157:Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity 6015: 5758:"Double Beta Decay for Selenium-82" 5693: 5588:. February 18, 2021. Archived from 2995:Selenium was discovered in 1817 by 2926:fifteen times. It was known to the 2413:. Dichalcogen dihalides, such as Se 1077: 13: 12866: 9064: 8935: 8836: 8719: 8701: 8676: 8667: 8640: 8613: 8568: 8550: 8478: 8469: 8363: 8235: 8201: 8111: 8093: 8084: 8064: 8039: 7761: 6927: 6649:"Berzelius' Discovery of Selenium" 6075:Butterman WC, Brown RD Jr (2004). 5446:. Monographs in Electrochemistry. 5022:Oxygen is generally nontoxic, but 4976: 4844: 2827:react or when heavier versions of 2679: 1938:form an angle between 90° and 120° 1880:, selenium and tellurium have the 1387:. Sulfur is mostly converted into 1248:. This group is also known as the 1107: 1047: 14: 16108: 8890: 8881: 8863: 8818: 8728: 8658: 8631: 8604: 8586: 8577: 8559: 8532: 8514: 8496: 8406: 8336: 8309: 8273: 8219: 8210: 8192: 8174: 8102: 8073: 8012: 7958: 7940: 7902: 7875: 7713: 7427:"Selenium:Biological information" 7320:. United States Geological Survey 7261: 5879:. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. 5386:The New Shorter Oxford Dictionary 4817:sulfur can stabilize carbanions, 3300:elemental form or in the form of 2973:and collected the resulting gas. 2854:, but this compound is unstable. 1896:Oxygen, sulfur, and selenium are 1304:, any metal in the poetic sense, 9800: 9789: 9788: 8782: 8746: 8710: 8595: 8523: 8433: 8415: 8345: 8327: 8255: 8156: 8147: 8138: 7983: 7886: 7719: 7264:"Lecture 34 Planetary Accretion" 7085:. Dorling Kindserley handbooks. 6829:"A Note on the Term "Chalcogen"" 6160:. Cengage Learning. p. 65. 5877:"Phase Diagrams of the Elements" 4851:Dioxygen in biological reactions 4367: 4260: 4134: 3994: 3294:abundant element in the universe 2368: 1378:Oxygen is generally obtained by 1353:), and polonium (especially the 1312:), and the Latinized Greek word 1189: 1079: 1049: 1019: 989: 10022:Specific mass: ? 12.9 g/cm 8685: 8390: 8381: 8048: 8030: 7949: 7931: 7667: 7640: 7618: 7575: 7553:"Evaluating Selenium Poisoning" 7544: 7522: 7500: 7475: 7440: 7361: 7309: 7289:"Commercial production and use" 7281: 7255: 7241:. Alpha Science International. 7228: 7202: 7180: 7158: 7012: 6943: 6921: 6899: 6877: 6756: 6741: 6706: 6671: 6640: 6616:Handbook of chalcogen chemistry 6606: 6546: 6515: 6488: 6421: 6278: 6231: 6174: 6124: 6101: 6068: 6036: 6009: 5926: 5891: 5868: 5803: 5776: 5749: 5652: 5620:Springer Science+Business Media 5175: 5144:. Polonium poisoning can cause 5133:is a million times as toxic as 5031:have occasionally drowned from 4932:. Selenium can protect against 4619: 1978:, do occur. The highest formal 1342:, especially the lighter ones. 1017: 987: 9847: 9119:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals) 8649: 8622: 8165: 8129: 7967: 7922: 7647:Lee, J. D. (January 3, 2008). 6619:. Royal Society of Chemistry. 6467:10.1180/minmag.1993.057.389.04 6365:. Royal Society of Chemistry. 6082:. Department of the Interior. 5813:. Nndc.bnl.gov. Archived from 5618:. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: 5574: 5433: 5407: 5244: 4878:for the purpose of generating 2807:elements than carbon, such as 2574: 2331:is more commonly reserved for 1749:The four stable chalcogens at 1408:, especially in the outermost 1383:use of elemental oxygen is in 1: 9661:Thermal expansion coefficient 9357:Lists of metalloids by source 8354: 7676:Journal of Chemical Education 6986:Journal of Chemical Education 6930:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 6836:Journal of Chemical Education 6313:Journal of Chemical Education 5659:Samsonov, G. V., ed. (1968). 5238: 4502: 3260: 2846:are both volatile and highly 2393:, are stable and well-known. 1722: 1394: 7653:. Wiley India Pvt. Limited. 7109:Heiserman, Davis L. (1992). 6415:10.1016/0039-6028(91)90679-M 6135:. Royal Society of Chemistry 6112:. Royal Society of Chemistry 5703:. Royal Society of Chemistry 5125:Polonium is dangerous as an 4947:of tellurium in dry weight. 4897:. Some amino acids, such as 4608:is produced artificially in 3181: 3163: 3109:discovered that a sample of 2918:Sulfur has been known since 2363: 1782:and has a blue color in its 1296:(the term was also used for 1282: 7: 9400:Platinum-group metals (PGM) 9103:By periodic table structure 7483:"Sulfur General Fact Sheet" 7187:Amethyst Galleries (1995). 7165:Amethyst Galleries (1995). 7140:"Abundance in the universe" 6496:"thiol (chemical compound)" 5920:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.4093 5701:"Visual Elements: Group 16" 5673:10.1007/978-1-4684-6066-7_7 5586:Conselho Federal de Química 5206: 4953: 4662:, and being used to change 4581:are produced by bombarding 4479:Goldschmidt classification: 3292:. Oxygen is the third-most 3236: 3193:, where it was proposed by 3191:Leibniz University Hannover 3153:comes from the Greek words 2834:All of the chalcogens form 2546:SeR. Telluroethers such as 1891: 1640: 10: 16113: 15790: 14798: 13759: 10271:Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide 10068: 9545:Goldschmidt classification 8253: 8082: 8001: 7920: 7884: 7786: 7368:le Couteur, Penny (2003). 7019:Stark, Anne M (May 2012). 6887:. Dictionary.reference.com 5797:10.2113/gsecongeo.68.2.252 5043:in the respiratory tract. 4848: 4704:, an application of sulfur 4507:Approximately 100 million 3658: 3593: 3563: 3424:Goldschmidt classification 3384:Goldschmidt classification 3377: 3205: 3174: 3156: 3101:In the late 19th century, 3051:Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner 3028:Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner 2930:and commonly mined by the 2908: 2905:contain selenium instead. 2491: 2411:organic selenium compounds 2073:organic selenium compounds 1954:, a chalcogen forms three 1726: 1288: 317: 185: 125: 65: 40: 16:Group of chemical elements 15149: 15126: 14149: 14111: 12896: 12877: 12820: 12774: 12693: 12614: 12463: 12299: 11725: 10983: 10578: 10359: 10076: 10024:Electronegativity: ? 9968:Specific mass: 6.232 g/cm 9941:Specific mass: 4.809 g/cm 9914:Specific mass: 2.067 g/cm 9855: 9783: 9745: 9678: 9558: 9515: 9476: 9467: 9392: 9370: 9347: 9314: 9304: 9282: 9212: 9124:2 (Alkaline earth metals) 9109: 9102: 9093: 9072: 8996: 8696: 8401: 8230: 8059: 7978: 7897: 7870: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7781: 7776: 7769: 7596:10.1080/15563650902956431 7461:10.1080/15287398409530493 6950:Krebs, Robert E. (2006). 6556:Chemistry of the Elements 6048:Chemistry of the Elements 6046:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 5989:Chemistry of the Elements 5987:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 5636:10.1007/978-94-007-0211-0 5460:10.1007/978-3-642-03967-6 5015:Fire diamond for selenium 4971: 4960: 4366: 4259: 3541: 3531: 2692:Compounds with chalcogen- 1932:. When an atom forms two 1670:, such as Se, because of 1649:, which means that their 1351:some organisms can use it 1146: 972: 903: 28: 23: 10020:Boiling Point: ? K 10018:Melting Point: ? K 9995:Specific mass: 9.32 g/cm 7551:Nutall, Kern L. (2006). 5756:Sonzogniurl, Alejandro. 5440:Bouroushian, M. (2010). 5055:because microbes in the 4874:is needed by almost all 2922:and is mentioned in the 2880:Since 1990, a number of 2873:, an ingredient in some 2798: 1802:, and six allotropes of 1786:. Another allotrope is O 1774:is diatomic oxygen, or O 1617:All chalcogens have six 1500:2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 6 1363:Sulfur has more than 20 892: 16097:Groups (periodic table) 11501:Praseodymium(III) oxide 10237:Manganese(II,III) oxide 9991:Melting Point: 527.15 K 9943:Electronegativity: 2.55 9937:Melting Point: 494.15 K 9916:Electronegativity: 2.58 9910:Melting Point: 388.51 K 9889:Electronegativity: 3.04 9877:Atomic Weight: 15.9994 9763:systematic element name 9735:in East Asian languages 9085:Extended periodic table 7726:Periodic table group 16 7294:Encyclopædia Britannica 7081:Pellant, Chris (1992). 6909:. Thefreedictionary.com 6785:10.1351/pac198860030431 6715:"On the Law of Octaves" 6653:Chemistry International 6522:Lowe D (May 15, 2012). 6501:Encyclopædia Britannica 6213:"Group VIA: Chalcogens" 5900:Physical Review Letters 5841:Zakai, Uzma I. (2007). 5566:Gray, Theodore (2011). 5518:Periodic Table Advanced 5098:is formed in the body. 4682:. Sulfur is used as a 4513:fractional distillation 3315:Selenium makes up 0.05 2940:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac 2699:strike-anywhere matches 2407:tellurium tetrafluoride 2301:, and the rare mineral 2033:. Oxygen's most common 1915:electric polarizability 1886:cubic crystal structure 1853:red allotropes and two 12072:Protactinium(IV) oxide 12058:Praseodymium(IV) oxide 11246:Einsteinium(III) oxide 11144:Californium(III) oxide 10562:Water (hydrogen oxide) 10077:Mixed oxidation states 9970:Electronegativity: 2.1 9964:Melting Point: 722.8 K 9962:Atomic Weight: 127.60 9912:Boiling Point: 717.8 K 9908:Atomic Weight: 32.065 9881:Boiling Point: 90.20 K 9606:Electron configuration 9596:Electrical resistivity 9535:Electron configuration 9339:Post-transition metals 7316:Callaghan, R. (2011). 7269:. University of Hawaii 6750:Zeitschrift für Chemie 6437:Mineralogical Magazine 5733:The Disappearing Spoon 5516:Jackson, Mark (2002). 5129:emitter. If ingested, 4987: 4868: 4726:photovoltaic materials 4724:. Electronics such as 4705: 4568:electrolytic reduction 4535: 3248: 3224: 3054: 3015: 3003:Periodic table placing 2689: 2571:of chalcogenoketones. 2403:selenium tetrafluoride 2127:hydrogen chalcogenides 2110: 1767: 1753: 1742: 1659:observationally stable 1433:No. of electrons/shell 1406:electron configuration 1314: 1292:) principally meaning 12822:Oxides are sorted by 12673:Technetium(VII) oxide 12409:Protactinium(V) oxide 11518:Promethium(III) oxide 11297:Gadolinium(III) oxide 11229:Dysprosium(III) oxide 10853:Protactinium monoxide 10305:Terbium(III,IV) oxide 9993:Boiling Point: 1235 K 9966:Boiling Point: 1261 K 9935:Atomic Weight: 78.96 9879:Melting Point: 50.5 K 9440:Transuranium elements 7625:Freemantle, Michael. 7425:Winter, Mark (1993). 7235:Sodhi, G. S. (2000). 7138:Winter, Mark (1993). 6752:(in German): 405–406. 6428:Hale, Martin (1993). 6287:"Tellurium compounds" 6260:Emsley, John (2011). 6241:. Bodner Research Web 6184:. Gordonengland.co.uk 6131:Emsley, John (2011). 6108:Emsley, John (2011). 6052:Butterworth-Heinemann 6044:Greenwood, Norman N. 5993:Butterworth-Heinemann 5985:Greenwood, Norman N. 5359:Emsley, John (2011). 5160:. It can also damage 5106:Se) is highly toxic. 4986: 4866: 4758:is also used in many 4700: 4610:particle accelerators 4529: 3368:particle accelerators 3137:In the 19th century, 3049: 3010: 2944:Louis-Jacques Thénard 2687: 2129:are toxic except for 2097: 1900:, and tellurium is a 1770:Oxygen's most common 1759: 1748: 1740: 958:(Europe, pattern A-B) 12622:Dichlorine heptoxide 12392:Phosphorus pentoxide 12358:Dinitrogen pentoxide 12156:Technetium(IV) oxide 11873:Dinitrogen tetroxide 11688:Ytterbium(III) oxide 11450:Neodymium(III) oxide 11433:Manganese(III) oxide 11076:Berkelium(III) oxide 11025:Americium(III) oxide 10186:Dichlorine pentoxide 10169:Cobalt(II,III) oxide 10135:Chlorine perchlorate 9997:Electronegativity: 2 9939:Boiling Point: 958 K 9656:Thermal conductivity 9631:Heat of vaporization 9073:Periodic table forms 7728:at Wikimedia Commons 7051:Galan, Mark (1992). 7027:on February 19, 2013 6333:10.1021/ed078p1333.1 5995:. pp. 645–662. 5185:Jons Jacob Berzelius 5183:was a name given by 5142:Alexander Litvinenko 5075:) are highly toxic. 4718:manganese production 4686:(specifically as an 4579:isotopes of polonium 3374:Chalcophile elements 3139:Jons Jacob Berzelius 2997:Jöns Jacob Berzelius 2975:Carl Wilhelm Scheele 2715:Phosphorus selenides 2395:Sulfur tetrafluoride 1849:. These include two 1834:) and 8-atom rings. 1733:Allotropes of sulfur 1729:Allotropes of oxygen 1608:762–862 (predicted) 1489:2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6 12729:Ruthenium tetroxide 12639:Manganese heptoxide 12485:Molybdenum trioxide 12100:Ruthenium(IV) oxide 12030:Plutonium(IV) oxide 11974:Neptunium(IV) oxide 11775:Californium dioxide 11747:Berkelium(IV) oxide 11671:Vanadium(III) oxide 11654:Tungsten(III) oxide 11637:Titanium(III) oxide 11603:Thallium(III) oxide 11552:Samarium(III) oxide 11484:Phosphorus trioxide 11416:Lutetium(III) oxide 11280:Europium(III) oxide 11212:Dinitrogen trioxide 11178:Chromium(III) oxide 11127:Caesium sesquioxide 10991:Actinium(III) oxide 10833:Phosphorus monoxide 10823:Palladium(II) oxide 10783:Manganese(II) oxide 10586:Aluminium(II) oxide 10419:Dichlorine monoxide 10339:Triuranium octoxide 10322:Tribromine octoxide 10288:Silver(I,III) oxide 10152:Chloryl perchlorate 10014:Atomic Number: 116 9688:Element discoveries 9445:Superheavy elements 9405:Rare-earth elements 7688:1997JChEd..74.1063J 7584:Clinical Toxicology 7349:on January 26, 2012 7215:Chemistry Explained 7146:on January 17, 2013 7053:Structure of Matter 6998:1997JChEd..74.1063J 6865:on October 29, 2013 6848:1997JChEd..74.1063J 6589:Inorganic Chemistry 6449:1993MinM...57..599H 6407:1991SurSc.255..229T 6325:2001JChEd..78.1333F 6219:on November 4, 2013 5955:10.1038/nature05174 5947:2006Natur.443..201L 5912:1999PhRvL..83.4093G 5628:2011tcot.book.....M 5452:2010emc..book.....B 5253:Inorganic chemistry 4859:Selenium in biology 4831:synthetic chemistry 3391:lithophile elements 3267:primordial elements 3133:Names and etymology 3026:that were noted by 2399:selenium difluoride 2391:sulfur hexafluoride 2305:is the ditelluride 2041:it forms water and 2005:element except for 2001:Oxygen is the most 1666:, because they are 1657:. Selenium has six 1605:364–507 (predicted) 1400:Atomic and physical 942:(US, pattern A-B-A) 12694:+8 oxidation state 12656:Rhenium(VII) oxide 12615:+7 oxidation state 12555:Tellurium trioxide 12464:+6 oxidation state 12426:Tantalum pentoxide 12307:Antimony pentoxide 12300:+5 oxidation state 12268:Vanadium(IV) oxide 12240:Tungsten(IV) oxide 11845:Chromium(IV) oxide 11726:+4 oxidation state 11705:Yttrium(III) oxide 11620:Thulium(III) oxide 11586:Terbium(III) oxide 11535:Rhodium(III) oxide 11348:Holmium(III) oxide 11314:Gallium(III) oxide 11093:Bismuth(III) oxide 10984:+3 oxidation state 10950:Vanadium(II) oxide 10940:Titanium(II) oxide 10733:Germanium monoxide 10723:Europium(II) oxide 10706:Dinitrogen dioxide 10676:Chromium(II) oxide 10606:Berkelium monoxide 10579:+2 oxidation state 10367:Aluminium(I) oxide 10360:+1 oxidation state 10254:Mellitic anhydride 10203:Iron(II,III) oxide 10084:Antimony tetroxide 9987:Atomic Number: 84 9960:Atomic Number: 52 9933:Atomic Number: 34 9906:Atomic Number: 16 9861: 7696:10.1021/ed074p1063 7370:Napoleon's Buttons 7262:Rubin, Kenneth H. 7083:Rocks and Minerals 7006:10.1021/ed074p1063 6856:10.1021/ed074p1063 6825:Jensen, William B. 6763:Fluck, E. (1988). 5764:on October 3, 2021 5735:. Back Bay Books. 5731:Kean, Sam (2011). 5520:. Bar Charts Inc. 5218:Gold chalcogenides 4988: 4966:safety square 4941:dimethyl telluride 4869: 4744:Tellurium suboxide 4706: 4536: 4534:, British Columbia 3353:telluride minerals 3349:tellurate minerals 3310:sulfosalt minerals 3286:hydroxide minerals 3097:Modern discoveries 3055: 3016: 2690: 2548:dimethyl telluride 2343:, rather than for 2111: 2089:tellurium trioxide 2081:tellurium monoxide 1960:trigonal pyramidal 1956:molecular orbitals 1768: 1754: 1743: 1158:primordial element 909:IUPAC group number 16074: 16073: 16068: 16067: 15084: 15083: 15078: 15077: 14069: 14068: 14063: 14062: 12834: 12833: 12757:Hassium tetroxide 12701:Iridium tetroxide 12569:Tungsten trioxide 12527:Selenium trioxide 12499:Polonium trioxide 12471:Chromium trioxide 12443:Vanadium(V) oxide 12375:Niobium pentoxide 12341:Bismuth pentoxide 12324:Arsenic pentoxide 12282:Zirconium dioxide 12184:Terbium(IV) oxide 12170:Tellurium dioxide 12086:Rhodium(IV) oxide 11960:Manganese dioxide 11932:Hafnium(IV) oxide 11890:Germanium dioxide 11733:Americium dioxide 11467:Nickel(III) oxide 11365:Indium(III) oxide 11263:Erbium(III) oxide 11195:Cobalt(III) oxide 11161:Cerium(III) oxide 11042:Antimony trioxide 10960:Yttrium(II) oxide 10843:Polonium monoxide 10793:Mercury(II) oxide 10666:Chlorine monoxide 10536:Thallium(I) oxide 10406:Dicarbon monoxide 10220:Lead(II,IV) oxide 10036: 10035: 10031: 10030: 10025: 9998: 9971: 9944: 9917: 9890: 9886: 9875:Atomic Number: 8 9815: 9814: 9674: 9673: 9636:Ionization energy 9611:Electronegativity 9601:Electron affinity 9540:Electronegativity 9530:Crystal structure 9525:Aqueous chemistry 9502:Nuclear stability 9497:Atomic properties 9463: 9462: 9410:Refractory metals 9388: 9387: 9334:Transition metals 9300: 9299: 9032: 9031: 9025: 9024: 8991: 8990: 7724:Media related to 7660:978-81-265-1554-7 7531:"Sulfur Toxicity" 7379:978-1-58542-331-6 7372:. Penguin Books. 7248:978-1-84265-281-7 7092:978-0-7513-2741-0 7062:978-0-8094-9662-4 6963:978-0-313-33438-2 6928:Harper, Douglas. 6626:978-0-85404-366-8 6599:978-0-12-352651-9 6372:978-0-85404-366-8 6271:978-0-19-960563-7 6167:978-0-495-38703-9 6061:978-0-08-037941-8 6024:on March 12, 2014 6016:McClure, Mark R. 6002:978-0-08-037941-8 5854:978-0-549-34696-8 5742:978-0-316-05163-7 5689:on April 2, 2015. 5682:978-1-4684-6066-7 5645:978-94-007-0210-3 5527:978-1-57222-542-8 5469:978-3-642-03967-6 5400:978-0-19-861134-9 5370:978-0-19-960563-7 5262:978-0-12-356786-4 5166:white blood cells 5100:Hydrogen selenide 5020: 5019: 4945:parts per million 4772:Cadmium telluride 4768:vulcanized rubber 4762:devices, such as 4756:Bismuth telluride 4633:chemical industry 4473: 4472: 3546: 3535: 3317:parts per million 2955:Mikhail Lomonosov 2914:Early discoveries 2852:hydrogen peroxide 2840:tellurium hydride 2626:metals aluminum, 2585:transition metals 2423:sulfur dichloride 2383:chalcogen halides 2085:tellurium dioxide 2047:organic chemistry 2043:hydrogen peroxide 1839:crystal structure 1780:aerobic organisms 1627:Electronegativity 1619:valence electrons 1615: 1614: 1507: 1506: 1414:valence electrons 1332:valence electrons 1238:chemical elements 1181: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1172:synthetic element 1142: 1121: 1098: 1068: 1038: 1008: 967: 966: 959: 943: 885: 884: 611:Mercury (element) 16104: 15577: 15576: 15130: 15129: 15111: 15104: 15097: 15088: 15087: 14463: 14462: 14279: 14273: 14186: 14180: 14174: 14115: 14114: 14096: 14089: 14082: 14073: 14072: 13593: 13592: 13591: 13390: 13377: 13208: 13202: 13192: 13186: 13040: 13039: 13022: 13016: 12881: 12880: 12872: 12861: 12854: 12847: 12838: 12837: 12715:Osmium tetroxide 12583:Uranium trioxide 12513:Rhenium trioxide 12226:Titanium dioxide 12114:Selenium dioxide 12044:Polonium dioxide 12016:Platinum dioxide 11988:Nitrogen dioxide 11859:Curium(IV) oxide 11831:Chlorine dioxide 11817:Cerium(IV) oxide 11059:Arsenic trioxide 10920:Thorium monoxide 10903:Disulfur dioxide 10873:Silicon monoxide 10803:Nickel(II) oxide 10696:Copper(II) oxide 10686:Cobalt(II) oxide 10626:Bromine monoxide 10471:Mercury(I) oxide 10432:Gallium(I) oxide 10393:Caesium monoxide 10063: 10056: 10049: 10040: 10039: 10016:Atomic Weight: 10013: 9989:Atomic Weight: 9986: 9959: 9932: 9905: 9884: 9874: 9858: 9857: 9842: 9835: 9828: 9819: 9818: 9804: 9803: 9792: 9791: 9775:Dmitri Mendeleev 9703:1869 predictions 9693:Dmitri Mendeleev 9474: 9473: 9312: 9311: 9292:Aufbau principle 9204:18 (Noble gases) 9107: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9095:Sets of elements 9059: 9052: 9045: 9036: 9035: 9001: 9000: 8987: 8985: 8978: 8976: 8969: 8967: 8960: 8958: 8951: 8949: 8942: 8940: 8933: 8931: 8924: 8922: 8915: 8913: 8906: 8904: 8897: 8895: 8888: 8886: 8879: 8877: 8870: 8868: 8861: 8859: 8852: 8850: 8843: 8841: 8834: 8832: 8825: 8823: 8816: 8814: 8807: 8805: 8798: 8796: 8789: 8787: 8780: 8778: 8771: 8769: 8762: 8760: 8753: 8751: 8744: 8742: 8735: 8733: 8726: 8724: 8717: 8715: 8708: 8706: 8692: 8690: 8683: 8681: 8674: 8672: 8665: 8663: 8656: 8654: 8647: 8645: 8638: 8636: 8629: 8627: 8620: 8618: 8611: 8609: 8602: 8600: 8593: 8591: 8584: 8582: 8575: 8573: 8566: 8564: 8557: 8555: 8548: 8546: 8539: 8537: 8530: 8528: 8521: 8519: 8512: 8510: 8503: 8501: 8494: 8492: 8485: 8483: 8476: 8474: 8467: 8465: 8458: 8456: 8449: 8447: 8440: 8438: 8431: 8429: 8422: 8420: 8413: 8411: 8397: 8395: 8388: 8386: 8379: 8377: 8370: 8368: 8361: 8359: 8352: 8350: 8343: 8341: 8334: 8332: 8325: 8323: 8316: 8314: 8307: 8305: 8298: 8296: 8289: 8287: 8280: 8278: 8271: 8269: 8262: 8260: 8251: 8249: 8242: 8240: 8226: 8224: 8217: 8215: 8208: 8206: 8199: 8197: 8190: 8188: 8181: 8179: 8172: 8170: 8163: 8161: 8154: 8152: 8145: 8143: 8136: 8134: 8127: 8125: 8118: 8116: 8109: 8107: 8100: 8098: 8091: 8089: 8080: 8078: 8071: 8069: 8055: 8053: 8046: 8044: 8037: 8035: 8028: 8026: 8019: 8017: 8010: 8008: 7999: 7997: 7990: 7988: 7974: 7972: 7965: 7963: 7956: 7954: 7947: 7945: 7938: 7936: 7929: 7927: 7918: 7916: 7909: 7907: 7893: 7891: 7882: 7880: 7772: 7756: 7749: 7742: 7733: 7732: 7723: 7708: 7707: 7671: 7665: 7664: 7644: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7526: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7515: 7504: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7455:(2–3): 183–204. 7444: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7422: 7413: 7412: 7402: 7393: 7384: 7383: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7339: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7313: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7285: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7268: 7259: 7253: 7252: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7209:Advameg (2013). 7206: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7142:. Archived from 7135: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7106: 7097: 7096: 7078: 7067: 7066: 7048: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7023:. Archived from 7016: 7010: 7009: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6947: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6864: 6858:. Archived from 6833: 6821: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6801: 6773:Pure Appl. Chem. 6769: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6530:. Archived from 6519: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6475: 6460: 6443:(389): 599–606. 6434: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6356: 6337: 6336: 6308: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6209: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6088: 6081: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6050:(2nd ed.). 6040: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6020:. Archived from 6013: 6007: 6006: 5991:(2nd ed.). 5981: 5975: 5974: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5838: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5817:on July 14, 2017 5807: 5801: 5800: 5785:Economic Geology 5780: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5728: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5685:. Archived from 5656: 5650: 5649: 5611: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5592:on June 30, 2022 5578: 5572: 5571: 5563: 5532: 5531: 5513: 5474: 5473: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5356: 5267: 5266: 5248: 5135:hydrogen cyanide 5112:Sodium tellurite 5061:hydrogen sulfide 5008: 5001: 4994: 4979: 4958: 4957: 4930:selenomethionine 4591:nuclear reactors 4572:sodium telluride 4517:molecular sieves 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4371: 4370: 4264: 4263: 4138: 4137: 3998: 3997: 3544: 3533: 3433: 3417: 3410: 3403: 3306:sulfate minerals 3302:sulfide minerals 3251: 3239: 3227: 3208: 3207: 3184: 3177: 3176: 3166: 3159: 3158: 3059:Dmitri Mendeleev 3012:Dmitri Mendeleev 2967:Joseph Priestley 2887:dimethyl sulfide 2871:selenium sulfide 2844:polonium hydride 2666:transition metal 2533:dipropyl sulfide 2525:dimethyl sulfide 2466: 2455: 2439: 2358:Sulfide minerals 2319: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2240: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2227: 2212: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2191: 2180: 2172: 2164: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2151: 2140: 2108: 1980:oxidation number 1967:oxidation number 1952: 1922:covalent bonding 1709:neutron emission 1697:electron capture 1509: 1508: 1478:2, 8, 18, 18, 6 1419: 1418: 1336:oxidation states 1317: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1232: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1154: 1153: 1140: 1138: 1117: 1115: 1094: 1092: 1083: 1064: 1062: 1053: 1034: 1032: 1023: 1004: 1002: 993: 957: 954:old IUPAC number 941: 938:CAS group number 923: 905: 894: 880: 873: 866: 859: 852: 845: 838: 831: 824: 817: 810: 803: 796: 789: 782: 775: 768: 761: 754: 747: 740: 733: 726: 719: 712: 705: 698: 691: 684: 677: 670: 663: 654: 647: 640: 633: 626: 619: 612: 605: 598: 591: 584: 577: 570: 563: 556: 549: 542: 535: 528: 521: 514: 507: 500: 493: 486: 479: 472: 465: 458: 451: 444: 437: 428: 421: 414: 407: 400: 393: 386: 379: 372: 365: 358: 351: 344: 337: 330: 323: 312: 305: 296: 289: 282: 275: 268: 261: 254: 247: 240: 233: 226: 219: 212: 205: 198: 191: 182: 175: 166: 159: 152: 145: 138: 131: 122: 115: 106: 99: 92: 85: 78: 71: 62: 55: 46: 37: 31: 30: 21: 20: 16112: 16111: 16107: 16106: 16105: 16103: 16102: 16101: 16077: 16076: 16075: 16070: 16069: 16033: 16022: 16006: 16002: 15997: 15990: 15986: 15981: 15974: 15970: 15965: 15958: 15954: 15949: 15942: 15938: 15933: 15926: 15922: 15917: 15910: 15906: 15901: 15894: 15890: 15885: 15878: 15874: 15869: 15859: 15855: 15850: 15843: 15839: 15834: 15827: 15823: 15818: 15811: 15807: 15802: 15713: 15709: 15695: 15682: 15676: 15657: 15649: 15644: 15642: 15634: 15626: 15618: 15614: 15609: 15593: 15575: 15570: 15569: 15568: 15565: 15558: 15554: 15546: 15541: 15534: 15530: 15516: 15496: 15488: 15480: 15472: 15468: 15453: 15450: 15427: 15425: 15421: 15416: 15414: 15410: 15400: 15391: 15389: 15385: 15380: 15368: 15363: 15359: 15356: 15333: 15328: 15321: 15317: 15312: 15305: 15294: 15290: 15274: 15255: 15251: 15240: 15236: 15222: 15202: 15198: 15189: 15185: 15180: 15178: 15161: 15140: 15137: 15122: 15115: 15085: 15080: 15079: 15041: 15030: 15014: 15010: 15005: 14998: 14994: 14989: 14982: 14978: 14973: 14966: 14962: 14957: 14950: 14946: 14941: 14934: 14930: 14925: 14918: 14914: 14909: 14902: 14898: 14893: 14886: 14882: 14877: 14867: 14863: 14858: 14851: 14847: 14842: 14835: 14831: 14826: 14819: 14815: 14810: 14721: 14717: 14703: 14687: 14673: 14665: 14660: 14658: 14650: 14639: 14635: 14630: 14614: 14593: 14589: 14579: 14577: 14572: 14565: 14561: 14547: 14527: 14519: 14514: 14512: 14501: 14497: 14482: 14479: 14461: 14456: 14455: 14454: 14448: 14444: 14439: 14437: 14433: 14423: 14421: 14416: 14407: 14405: 14401: 14396: 14364: 14359: 14352: 14348: 14343: 14333: 14325: 14321: 14305: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14274: 14271: 14261: 14257: 14243: 14223: 14219: 14210: 14206: 14201: 14197: 14195: 14187: 14184: 14181: 14178: 14175: 14172: 14161: 14140: 14136: 14134: 14130: 14125: 14122: 14107: 14100: 14070: 14065: 14064: 14028: 14023: 14013: 14005: 14001: 13988: 13984: 13979: 13972: 13968: 13963: 13956: 13952: 13947: 13940: 13936: 13931: 13924: 13920: 13915: 13908: 13904: 13899: 13892: 13888: 13883: 13876: 13872: 13867: 13860: 13856: 13851: 13844: 13840: 13835: 13828: 13824: 13819: 13812: 13808: 13803: 13796: 13792: 13787: 13780: 13776: 13771: 13682: 13678: 13670: 13665: 13657: 13644: 13640: 13635: 13632: 13624: 13619: 13612: 13607: 13605: 13601: 13590: 13587: 13586: 13585: 13583: 13578: 13574: 13569: 13567: 13559: 13554: 13552: 13544: 13536: 13528: 13524: 13519: 13503: 13487: 13477: 13475: 13471: 13466: 13464: 13460: 13450: 13448: 13443: 13436: 13432: 13418: 13405: 13401: 13389: 13385: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13360: 13352: 13344: 13336: 13332: 13317: 13314: 13296: 13294: 13284: 13282: 13278: 13273: 13271: 13267: 13257: 13255: 13250: 13243: 13239: 13234: 13220: 13217: 13209: 13206: 13203: 13200: 13193: 13190: 13187: 13184: 13177: 13173: 13168: 13161: 13156: 13149: 13145: 13140: 13133: 13129: 13124: 13122: 13117: 13110: 13105: 13103: 13099: 13094: 13092: 13087: 13080: 13076: 13071: 13056: 13038: 13035: 13034: 13033: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13017: 13014: 13005: 13003: 12998: 12991: 12987: 12973: 12953: 12943: 12941: 12933: 12928: 12926: 12922: 12908: 12888: 12873: 12870: 12865: 12835: 12830: 12828:Category:Oxides 12824:oxidation state 12816: 12770: 12766: 12752: 12743:Xenon tetroxide 12738: 12724: 12710: 12689: 12685: 12681: 12668: 12664: 12651: 12647: 12634: 12630: 12610: 12606: 12592: 12578: 12564: 12550: 12541:Sulfur trioxide 12536: 12522: 12508: 12494: 12480: 12459: 12455: 12451: 12438: 12434: 12421: 12417: 12404: 12400: 12387: 12383: 12370: 12366: 12353: 12349: 12336: 12332: 12319: 12315: 12295: 12291: 12277: 12263: 12254:Uranium dioxide 12249: 12235: 12221: 12207: 12198:Thorium dioxide 12193: 12179: 12165: 12151: 12137: 12128:Silicon dioxide 12123: 12109: 12095: 12081: 12067: 12053: 12039: 12025: 12011: 11997: 11983: 11969: 11955: 11941: 11927: 11918:Iridium dioxide 11913: 11899: 11885: 11881: 11868: 11854: 11840: 11826: 11812: 11803:Carbon trioxide 11798: 11784: 11770: 11761:Bromine dioxide 11756: 11742: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11700: 11696: 11683: 11679: 11666: 11662: 11649: 11645: 11632: 11628: 11615: 11611: 11598: 11594: 11581: 11577: 11564: 11560: 11547: 11543: 11530: 11526: 11513: 11509: 11496: 11492: 11479: 11475: 11462: 11458: 11445: 11441: 11428: 11424: 11411: 11407: 11399:Lanthanum oxide 11394: 11390: 11382:Iron(III) oxide 11377: 11373: 11360: 11356: 11343: 11339: 11331:Gold(III) oxide 11326: 11322: 11309: 11305: 11292: 11288: 11275: 11271: 11258: 11254: 11241: 11237: 11224: 11220: 11207: 11203: 11190: 11186: 11173: 11169: 11156: 11152: 11139: 11135: 11122: 11118: 11105: 11101: 11088: 11084: 11071: 11067: 11054: 11050: 11037: 11033: 11020: 11016: 11008:Aluminium oxide 11003: 10999: 10979: 10915: 10911: 10893:Sulfur monoxide 10883:Strontium oxide 10773:Magnesium oxide 10753:Iodine monoxide 10718: 10714: 10656:Carbon monoxide 10616:Beryllium oxide 10574: 10570: 10557: 10544: 10531: 10518: 10505: 10497:Potassium oxide 10492: 10479: 10466: 10453: 10445:Iodine(I) oxide 10440: 10427: 10414: 10401: 10388: 10380:Copper(I) oxide 10375: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10334: 10330: 10317: 10313: 10300: 10296: 10283: 10279: 10266: 10262: 10249: 10245: 10232: 10228: 10215: 10211: 10198: 10194: 10181: 10177: 10164: 10160: 10147: 10143: 10130: 10126: 10118:Carbon suboxide 10113: 10109: 10096: 10092: 10072: 10067: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10023: 10021: 10019: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10008: 10000: 9996: 9994: 9992: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9981: 9973: 9969: 9967: 9965: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9954: 9946: 9942: 9940: 9938: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9927: 9919: 9915: 9913: 9911: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9900: 9892: 9888: 9883:Specific mass: 9882: 9880: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9869: 9851: 9846: 9816: 9811: 9779: 9741: 9670: 9646:Oxidation state 9554: 9511: 9459: 9455:Minor actinides 9450:Major actinides 9415:Precious metals 9384: 9366: 9343: 9296: 9278: 9208: 9194:16 (Chalcogens) 9189:15 (Pnictogens) 9089: 9068: 9063: 9033: 9028: 9027: 9026: 8992: 8983: 8981: 8974: 8972: 8965: 8963: 8956: 8954: 8947: 8945: 8938: 8936: 8929: 8927: 8920: 8918: 8911: 8909: 8902: 8900: 8893: 8891: 8884: 8882: 8875: 8873: 8866: 8864: 8857: 8855: 8848: 8846: 8839: 8837: 8830: 8828: 8821: 8819: 8812: 8810: 8803: 8801: 8794: 8792: 8785: 8783: 8776: 8774: 8767: 8765: 8758: 8756: 8749: 8747: 8740: 8738: 8731: 8729: 8722: 8720: 8713: 8711: 8704: 8702: 8688: 8686: 8679: 8677: 8670: 8668: 8661: 8659: 8652: 8650: 8643: 8641: 8634: 8632: 8625: 8623: 8616: 8614: 8607: 8605: 8598: 8596: 8589: 8587: 8580: 8578: 8571: 8569: 8562: 8560: 8553: 8551: 8544: 8542: 8535: 8533: 8526: 8524: 8517: 8515: 8508: 8506: 8499: 8497: 8490: 8488: 8481: 8479: 8472: 8470: 8463: 8461: 8454: 8452: 8445: 8443: 8436: 8434: 8427: 8425: 8418: 8416: 8409: 8407: 8393: 8391: 8384: 8382: 8375: 8373: 8366: 8364: 8357: 8355: 8348: 8346: 8339: 8337: 8330: 8328: 8321: 8319: 8312: 8310: 8303: 8301: 8294: 8292: 8285: 8283: 8276: 8274: 8267: 8265: 8258: 8256: 8247: 8245: 8238: 8236: 8222: 8220: 8213: 8211: 8204: 8202: 8195: 8193: 8186: 8184: 8177: 8175: 8168: 8166: 8159: 8157: 8150: 8148: 8141: 8139: 8132: 8130: 8123: 8121: 8114: 8112: 8105: 8103: 8096: 8094: 8087: 8085: 8076: 8074: 8067: 8065: 8051: 8049: 8042: 8040: 8033: 8031: 8024: 8022: 8015: 8013: 8006: 8004: 7995: 7993: 7986: 7984: 7970: 7968: 7961: 7959: 7952: 7950: 7943: 7941: 7934: 7932: 7925: 7923: 7914: 7912: 7905: 7903: 7889: 7887: 7878: 7876: 7765: 7760: 7716: 7711: 7672: 7668: 7661: 7645: 7641: 7631: 7629: 7623: 7619: 7580: 7576: 7549: 7545: 7535: 7533: 7527: 7523: 7513: 7511: 7505: 7501: 7491: 7489: 7481: 7480: 7476: 7445: 7441: 7431: 7429: 7423: 7416: 7400: 7394: 7387: 7380: 7366: 7362: 7352: 7350: 7341: 7340: 7333: 7323: 7321: 7314: 7310: 7300: 7298: 7287: 7286: 7282: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7260: 7256: 7249: 7233: 7229: 7219: 7217: 7207: 7203: 7193: 7191: 7185: 7181: 7171: 7169: 7163: 7159: 7149: 7147: 7136: 7125: 7115: 7113: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7079: 7070: 7063: 7049: 7040: 7030: 7028: 7017: 7013: 6982: 6978: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6948: 6944: 6934: 6932: 6926: 6922: 6912: 6910: 6905: 6904: 6900: 6890: 6888: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6831: 6822: 6815: 6805: 6803: 6799: 6767: 6761: 6757: 6746: 6742: 6732: 6730: 6711: 6707: 6697: 6695: 6676: 6672: 6662: 6660: 6645: 6641: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6611: 6607: 6600: 6584: 6580: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6551: 6547: 6537: 6535: 6534:on May 15, 2012 6528:In the Pipeline 6520: 6516: 6506: 6504: 6494: 6493: 6489: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6458:10.1.1.606.8357 6432: 6426: 6422: 6395:Surface Science 6391: 6387: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6357: 6340: 6309: 6302: 6292: 6290: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6258: 6254: 6244: 6242: 6237: 6236: 6232: 6222: 6220: 6211: 6210: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6180: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6152: 6148: 6138: 6136: 6129: 6125: 6115: 6113: 6106: 6102: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6079: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6054:. p. 751. 6041: 6037: 6027: 6025: 6014: 6010: 6003: 5982: 5978: 5941:(7108): 201–4. 5931: 5927: 5896: 5892: 5873: 5869: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5839: 5830: 5820: 5818: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5781: 5777: 5767: 5765: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5729: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5683: 5657: 5653: 5646: 5612: 5605: 5595: 5593: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5564: 5535: 5528: 5514: 5477: 5470: 5438: 5434: 5424: 5422: 5419:Merriam-Webster 5413: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5371: 5357: 5270: 5263: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5209: 5178: 5121: 5117: 5105: 5074: 5066: 5024:oxygen toxicity 5016: 5013: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5003: 4996: 4989: 4985: 4977: 4964: 4956: 4907:Metalloproteins 4861: 4849:Main articles: 4847: 4845:Biological role 4760:microelectronic 4680:phosphoric acid 4637:water treatment 4622: 4532:North Vancouver 4505: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4495:Trace/Synthetic 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4477: 4466: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4431: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4338: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4310: 4303: 4296: 4289: 4282: 4275: 4268: 4261: 4247: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4198: 4191: 4184: 4177: 4170: 4163: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4135: 4128: 4121: 4107: 4100: 4093: 4086: 4079: 4072: 4065: 4058: 4051: 4044: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3967: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3939: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3904: 3897: 3890: 3883: 3876: 3869: 3862: 3853: 3846: 3832: 3825: 3818: 3811: 3804: 3797: 3790: 3783: 3776: 3769: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3741: 3734: 3727: 3718: 3711: 3697: 3690: 3683: 3676: 3669: 3662: 3653: 3646: 3632: 3625: 3618: 3611: 3604: 3597: 3588: 3581: 3567: 3558: 3431: 3430: 3421: 3386: 3376: 3263: 3135: 3099: 3005: 2990:Martin Klaproth 2986:bismuth sulfide 2916: 2911: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2891:macropolyhedral 2867:sulfur trioxide 2859:interchalcogens 2801: 2785: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2724: 2720: 2682: 2680:With pnictogens 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2597: 2593: 2577: 2541: 2529:diethyl sulfide 2494: 2483: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2438: 2434: 2427: 2420: 2416: 2371: 2366: 2352:electropositive 2318: 2306: 2296: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2238: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2178: 2170: 2162: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2138: 2106: 2102: 2035:oxidation state 2003:electronegative 1950: 1946: 1894: 1864: 1833: 1809: 1801: 1789: 1777: 1735: 1725: 1693:proton emission 1679:nuclear fission 1643: 1611:14 (predicted) 1526: 1521: 1516: 1402: 1397: 1230: 1192: 1188: 1187:(ore forming) ( 1147: 1136: 1135: 1113: 1112: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1000: 999: 994: 968: 960: 956: 944: 940: 921: 918:Name by element 899: 886: 878: 871: 864: 857: 850: 843: 836: 829: 822: 815: 808: 801: 794: 787: 780: 773: 766: 759: 752: 745: 738: 731: 724: 717: 710: 703: 696: 689: 682: 675: 668: 661: 652: 645: 638: 631: 624: 617: 610: 603: 596: 589: 582: 575: 568: 561: 554: 547: 540: 533: 526: 519: 512: 505: 498: 491: 484: 477: 470: 463: 456: 449: 442: 435: 426: 419: 412: 405: 398: 391: 384: 377: 370: 363: 356: 349: 342: 335: 328: 321: 310: 303: 294: 287: 280: 273: 266: 259: 252: 245: 238: 231: 224: 217: 210: 203: 196: 189: 180: 173: 164: 157: 150: 143: 136: 129: 120: 113: 104: 97: 90: 83: 76: 69: 60: 53: 44: 35: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16110: 16100: 16099: 16094: 16092:Periodic table 16089: 16072: 16071: 16066: 16065: 16062: 16059: 16056: 16053: 16050: 16047: 16044: 16041: 16038: 16035: 16031: 16027: 16024: 16020: 16016: 16013: 16009: 16008: 16004: 16000: 15992: 15988: 15984: 15976: 15972: 15968: 15960: 15956: 15952: 15944: 15940: 15936: 15928: 15924: 15920: 15912: 15908: 15904: 15896: 15892: 15888: 15880: 15876: 15872: 15864: 15861: 15857: 15853: 15845: 15841: 15837: 15829: 15825: 15821: 15813: 15809: 15805: 15797: 15793: 15792: 15789: 15786: 15785: 15782: 15779: 15776: 15773: 15770: 15767: 15764: 15761: 15758: 15755: 15752: 15749: 15746: 15743: 15740: 15737: 15734: 15729: 15725: 15724: 15721: 15718: 15715: 15711: 15707: 15703: 15698: 15693: 15689: 15684: 15678: 15672: 15668: 15665: 15662: 15659: 15655: 15651: 15647: 15640: 15636: 15632: 15628: 15624: 15620: 15616: 15612: 15604: 15601: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15585: 15582: 15579: 15571: 15560: 15556: 15552: 15548: 15544: 15536: 15532: 15528: 15524: 15519: 15514: 15510: 15507: 15504: 15501: 15498: 15494: 15490: 15486: 15482: 15478: 15474: 15470: 15466: 15462: 15460: 15455: 15452: 15448: 15443: 15442: 15439: 15434: 15431: 15423: 15419: 15412: 15408: 15404: 15395: 15387: 15383: 15375: 15370: 15366: 15354: 15350: 15345: 15340: 15335: 15331: 15323: 15319: 15315: 15307: 15303: 15299: 15296: 15292: 15288: 15284: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15266: 15263: 15260: 15257: 15253: 15249: 15245: 15242: 15238: 15234: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15214: 15211: 15208: 15205: 15200: 15196: 15192: 15187: 15183: 15176: 15172: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15146: 15144: 15135: 15128: 15127: 15124: 15123: 15114: 15113: 15106: 15099: 15091: 15082: 15081: 15076: 15075: 15072: 15069: 15066: 15063: 15060: 15057: 15054: 15051: 15046: 15043: 15039: 15035: 15032: 15028: 15024: 15021: 15017: 15016: 15012: 15008: 15000: 14996: 14992: 14984: 14980: 14976: 14968: 14964: 14960: 14952: 14948: 14944: 14936: 14932: 14928: 14920: 14916: 14912: 14904: 14900: 14896: 14888: 14884: 14880: 14872: 14869: 14865: 14861: 14853: 14849: 14845: 14837: 14833: 14829: 14821: 14817: 14813: 14805: 14801: 14800: 14797: 14794: 14793: 14790: 14787: 14784: 14781: 14778: 14775: 14770: 14767: 14764: 14761: 14758: 14755: 14752: 14749: 14746: 14743: 14740: 14737: 14733: 14732: 14729: 14726: 14723: 14719: 14715: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14697: 14692: 14689: 14685: 14681: 14678: 14675: 14671: 14667: 14663: 14656: 14652: 14648: 14644: 14641: 14637: 14633: 14625: 14622: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14606: 14603: 14598: 14595: 14591: 14587: 14583: 14575: 14567: 14563: 14559: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14541: 14538: 14535: 14532: 14529: 14525: 14521: 14517: 14510: 14506: 14503: 14499: 14495: 14491: 14489: 14484: 14481: 14477: 14472: 14471: 14468: 14465: 14457: 14450: 14446: 14442: 14435: 14431: 14427: 14419: 14411: 14403: 14399: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14362: 14354: 14350: 14346: 14338: 14335: 14331: 14327: 14323: 14319: 14315: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14297: 14294: 14291: 14286: 14276: 14270: 14266: 14263: 14259: 14255: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14235: 14232: 14229: 14226: 14221: 14217: 14213: 14208: 14204: 14193: 14189: 14183: 14177: 14171: 14167: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14146: 14144: 14132: 14128: 14120: 14113: 14112: 14109: 14108: 14099: 14098: 14091: 14084: 14076: 14067: 14066: 14061: 14060: 14057: 14054: 14051: 14048: 14045: 14042: 14039: 14036: 14033: 14030: 14026: 14018: 14015: 14011: 14007: 14003: 13999: 13995: 13991: 13990: 13986: 13982: 13974: 13970: 13966: 13958: 13954: 13950: 13942: 13938: 13934: 13926: 13922: 13918: 13910: 13906: 13902: 13894: 13890: 13886: 13878: 13874: 13870: 13862: 13858: 13854: 13846: 13842: 13838: 13830: 13826: 13822: 13814: 13810: 13806: 13798: 13794: 13790: 13782: 13778: 13774: 13766: 13762: 13761: 13758: 13755: 13754: 13751: 13748: 13745: 13742: 13739: 13736: 13733: 13730: 13727: 13724: 13721: 13718: 13715: 13712: 13709: 13706: 13703: 13700: 13696: 13695: 13692: 13689: 13684: 13680: 13676: 13672: 13668: 13660: 13655: 13651: 13646: 13642: 13638: 13630: 13626: 13622: 13614: 13610: 13603: 13599: 13595: 13588: 13580: 13576: 13572: 13565: 13561: 13557: 13550: 13546: 13542: 13538: 13534: 13530: 13526: 13522: 13514: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13495: 13492: 13489: 13485: 13481: 13473: 13469: 13462: 13458: 13454: 13446: 13438: 13434: 13430: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13412: 13407: 13403: 13399: 13395: 13392: 13387: 13383: 13374: 13369: 13365: 13358: 13354: 13350: 13346: 13342: 13338: 13334: 13330: 13326: 13324: 13319: 13316: 13312: 13307: 13306: 13303: 13300: 13292: 13288: 13280: 13276: 13269: 13265: 13261: 13253: 13245: 13241: 13237: 13229: 13224: 13215: 13211: 13205: 13199: 13195: 13189: 13183: 13179: 13175: 13171: 13163: 13159: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13135: 13131: 13127: 13120: 13112: 13108: 13101: 13097: 13090: 13082: 13078: 13074: 13066: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13048: 13045: 13042: 13036: 13029: 13019: 13013: 13009: 13001: 12993: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12965: 12962: 12959: 12956: 12951: 12947: 12939: 12935: 12931: 12924: 12920: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12893: 12891: 12886: 12879: 12878: 12875: 12874: 12864: 12863: 12856: 12849: 12841: 12832: 12831: 12821: 12818: 12817: 12815: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12778: 12776: 12772: 12771: 12769: 12768: 12764: 12754: 12750: 12740: 12736: 12726: 12722: 12712: 12708: 12697: 12695: 12691: 12690: 12688: 12687: 12683: 12679: 12670: 12666: 12662: 12653: 12649: 12645: 12636: 12632: 12628: 12618: 12616: 12612: 12611: 12609: 12608: 12604: 12597:Xenon trioxide 12594: 12590: 12580: 12576: 12566: 12562: 12552: 12548: 12538: 12534: 12524: 12520: 12510: 12506: 12496: 12492: 12482: 12478: 12467: 12465: 12461: 12460: 12458: 12457: 12453: 12449: 12440: 12436: 12432: 12423: 12419: 12415: 12406: 12402: 12398: 12389: 12385: 12381: 12372: 12368: 12364: 12355: 12351: 12347: 12338: 12334: 12330: 12321: 12317: 12313: 12303: 12301: 12297: 12296: 12294: 12293: 12289: 12279: 12275: 12265: 12261: 12251: 12247: 12237: 12233: 12223: 12219: 12209: 12205: 12195: 12191: 12181: 12177: 12167: 12163: 12153: 12149: 12142:Sulfur dioxide 12139: 12135: 12125: 12121: 12111: 12107: 12097: 12093: 12083: 12079: 12069: 12065: 12055: 12051: 12041: 12037: 12027: 12023: 12013: 12009: 12002:Osmium dioxide 11999: 11995: 11985: 11981: 11971: 11967: 11957: 11953: 11943: 11939: 11929: 11925: 11915: 11911: 11904:Iodine dioxide 11901: 11897: 11887: 11883: 11879: 11870: 11866: 11856: 11852: 11842: 11838: 11828: 11824: 11814: 11810: 11800: 11796: 11789:Carbon dioxide 11786: 11782: 11772: 11768: 11758: 11754: 11744: 11740: 11729: 11727: 11723: 11722: 11720: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11702: 11698: 11694: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11668: 11664: 11660: 11651: 11647: 11643: 11634: 11630: 11626: 11617: 11613: 11609: 11600: 11596: 11592: 11583: 11579: 11575: 11569:Scandium oxide 11566: 11562: 11558: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11532: 11528: 11524: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11498: 11494: 11490: 11481: 11477: 11473: 11464: 11460: 11456: 11447: 11443: 11439: 11430: 11426: 11422: 11413: 11409: 11405: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11379: 11375: 11371: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11345: 11341: 11337: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11294: 11290: 11286: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11260: 11256: 11252: 11243: 11239: 11235: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11192: 11188: 11184: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11141: 11137: 11133: 11124: 11120: 11116: 11110:Boron trioxide 11107: 11103: 11099: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11073: 11069: 11065: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10987: 10985: 10981: 10980: 10978: 10977: 10967: 10957: 10947: 10937: 10927: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10900: 10890: 10880: 10870: 10860: 10850: 10840: 10830: 10820: 10810: 10800: 10790: 10780: 10770: 10763:Lead(II) oxide 10760: 10750: 10743:Iron(II) oxide 10740: 10730: 10720: 10716: 10712: 10703: 10693: 10683: 10673: 10663: 10653: 10643: 10633: 10623: 10613: 10603: 10593: 10582: 10580: 10576: 10575: 10573: 10572: 10568: 10559: 10555: 10546: 10542: 10533: 10529: 10520: 10516: 10510:Rubidium oxide 10507: 10503: 10494: 10490: 10481: 10477: 10468: 10464: 10455: 10451: 10442: 10438: 10429: 10425: 10416: 10412: 10403: 10399: 10390: 10386: 10377: 10373: 10363: 10361: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10319: 10315: 10311: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10285: 10281: 10277: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10132: 10128: 10124: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10101:Boron suboxide 10098: 10094: 10090: 10080: 10078: 10074: 10073: 10066: 10065: 10058: 10051: 10043: 10034: 10033: 10029: 10028: 10003: 10001: 9976: 9974: 9949: 9947: 9922: 9920: 9895: 9893: 9864: 9862: 9856: 9853: 9852: 9845: 9844: 9837: 9830: 9822: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9809: 9797: 9784: 9781: 9780: 9778: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9760: 9749: 9747: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9739: 9738: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9707: 9706: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9684: 9682: 9676: 9675: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9668: 9666:Vapor pressure 9663: 9658: 9653: 9651:Speed of sound 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9626:Heat of fusion 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9581:Critical point 9578: 9573: 9568: 9562: 9560: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9521: 9519: 9513: 9512: 9510: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9482: 9480: 9471: 9465: 9464: 9461: 9460: 9458: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9420:Coinage metals 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9396: 9394: 9390: 9389: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9382: 9376: 9374: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9364: 9359: 9353: 9351: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9320: 9318: 9309: 9302: 9301: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9294: 9288: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9218: 9216: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9115: 9113: 9104: 9097: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9087: 9082: 9076: 9074: 9070: 9069: 9066:Periodic table 9062: 9061: 9054: 9047: 9039: 9030: 9029: 9023: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8993: 8989: 8988: 8979: 8970: 8961: 8952: 8943: 8934: 8925: 8916: 8907: 8898: 8889: 8880: 8871: 8862: 8853: 8844: 8835: 8826: 8817: 8808: 8799: 8790: 8781: 8772: 8763: 8754: 8745: 8736: 8727: 8718: 8709: 8700: 8694: 8693: 8684: 8675: 8666: 8657: 8648: 8639: 8630: 8621: 8612: 8603: 8594: 8585: 8576: 8567: 8558: 8549: 8540: 8531: 8522: 8513: 8504: 8495: 8486: 8477: 8468: 8459: 8450: 8441: 8432: 8423: 8414: 8405: 8399: 8398: 8389: 8380: 8371: 8362: 8353: 8344: 8335: 8326: 8317: 8308: 8299: 8290: 8281: 8272: 8263: 8254: 8252: 8243: 8234: 8228: 8227: 8218: 8209: 8200: 8191: 8182: 8173: 8164: 8155: 8146: 8137: 8128: 8119: 8110: 8101: 8092: 8083: 8081: 8072: 8063: 8057: 8056: 8047: 8038: 8029: 8020: 8011: 8002: 8000: 7991: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7966: 7957: 7948: 7939: 7930: 7921: 7919: 7910: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7885: 7883: 7874: 7868: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7763:Periodic table 7759: 7758: 7751: 7744: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7715: 7714:External links 7712: 7710: 7709: 7666: 7659: 7639: 7617: 7574: 7543: 7521: 7499: 7474: 7439: 7414: 7385: 7378: 7360: 7343:"Polonium-210" 7331: 7308: 7280: 7254: 7247: 7227: 7201: 7179: 7157: 7123: 7098: 7091: 7068: 7061: 7038: 7011: 6976: 6962: 6942: 6920: 6898: 6876: 6813: 6779:(3): 431–436. 6755: 6740: 6705: 6670: 6639: 6625: 6605: 6598: 6578: 6565: 6545: 6514: 6487: 6420: 6385: 6371: 6338: 6300: 6277: 6270: 6252: 6230: 6195: 6173: 6166: 6146: 6123: 6100: 6067: 6060: 6035: 6008: 6001: 5976: 5925: 5890: 5867: 5853: 5828: 5802: 5775: 5748: 5741: 5714: 5692: 5681: 5651: 5644: 5603: 5573: 5533: 5526: 5475: 5468: 5432: 5406: 5399: 5376: 5369: 5268: 5261: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5228:Interchalcogen 5225: 5220: 5215: 5208: 5205: 5177: 5174: 5162:hair follicles 5127:alpha particle 5119: 5115: 5103: 5072: 5069:sulfur dioxide 5064: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4955: 4952: 4926:selenocysteine 4846: 4843: 4839:selenocysteine 4797:chemistry and 4779:alpha-particle 4764:photoreceptors 4648:sulfur dioxide 4621: 4618: 4599:St. Petersburg 4595:Samara, Russia 4587:neutron fluxes 4504: 4501: 4475: 4471: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4414: 4407: 4400: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4372: 4364: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4342: 4335: 4328: 4321: 4314: 4307: 4300: 4293: 4286: 4279: 4272: 4265: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4244: 4237: 4230: 4223: 4216: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4174: 4167: 4160: 4153: 4146: 4139: 4132: 4125: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4083: 4076: 4069: 4062: 4055: 4048: 4041: 4034: 4027: 4020: 4013: 4006: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3964: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3936: 3929: 3922: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3894: 3887: 3880: 3873: 3866: 3859: 3857: 3850: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3829: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3801: 3794: 3787: 3780: 3773: 3766: 3759: 3752: 3745: 3738: 3731: 3724: 3722: 3715: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3694: 3687: 3680: 3673: 3666: 3659: 3657: 3650: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3615: 3608: 3601: 3594: 3592: 3585: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3564: 3562: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3539: 3538: 3537: → 3529: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3428:periodic table 3422: 3420: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3375: 3372: 3290:nuclear fusion 3282:oxide minerals 3262: 3259: 3195:Werner Fischer 3134: 3131: 3125:by bombarding 3098: 3095: 3004: 3001: 2971:mercuric oxide 2932:ancient Romans 2928:ancient Greeks 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2863:sulfur dioxide 2800: 2797: 2783: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2722: 2718: 2697:insecticides, 2681: 2678: 2672:and stabilize 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2595: 2591: 2576: 2573: 2565:telluroketones 2539: 2493: 2490: 2481: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2448: 2436: 2432: 2418: 2414: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2316: 2294: 2220: 2115:sulfurous acid 2104: 2077:selenoproteins 2027:titanium oxide 1958:arranged in a 1948: 1928:, leaving two 1893: 1890: 1876:, sulfur's is 1862: 1831: 1807: 1799: 1787: 1775: 1724: 1721: 1642: 1639: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1525:Density at STP 1523: 1518: 1513: 1505: 1504: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1347:selenocysteine 1268:(Te), and the 1246:periodic table 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1168: 1167: 1161: 1160: 1144: 1143: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1078: 1076: 1070: 1069: 1066:Other nonmetal 1048: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1036:Other nonmetal 1018: 1016: 1010: 1009: 1006:Other nonmetal 988: 986: 978: 977: 970: 969: 965: 964: 961: 952: 949: 948: 945: 936: 933: 932: 929: 925: 924: 919: 915: 914: 911: 901: 900: 887: 883: 882: 875: 868: 861: 854: 847: 840: 833: 826: 819: 812: 805: 798: 791: 784: 777: 770: 763: 756: 749: 742: 735: 728: 721: 714: 707: 700: 693: 686: 679: 672: 665: 657: 656: 649: 642: 635: 628: 621: 614: 607: 600: 593: 586: 579: 572: 565: 558: 551: 544: 537: 530: 523: 516: 509: 502: 495: 488: 481: 474: 467: 460: 453: 446: 439: 431: 430: 423: 416: 409: 402: 395: 388: 381: 374: 367: 360: 353: 346: 339: 332: 325: 318: 316: 314: 307: 299: 298: 291: 284: 277: 270: 263: 256: 249: 242: 235: 228: 221: 214: 207: 200: 193: 186: 184: 177: 169: 168: 161: 154: 147: 140: 133: 126: 124: 117: 109: 108: 101: 94: 87: 80: 73: 66: 64: 57: 49: 48: 41: 39: 29: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16109: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16085: 16084: 16082: 16063: 16060: 16057: 16054: 16051: 16048: 16045: 16042: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16017: 16014: 16011: 16010: 16007: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15868: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15849: 15846: 15844: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15801: 15798: 15795: 15794: 15787: 15783: 15780: 15777: 15774: 15771: 15768: 15765: 15762: 15759: 15756: 15753: 15750: 15747: 15744: 15741: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15727: 15726: 15722: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15681: 15675: 15669: 15666: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15652: 15650: 15643: 15637: 15635: 15629: 15627: 15621: 15619: 15608: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15588: 15587: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15574: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15549: 15547: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15511: 15508: 15505: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15491: 15489: 15483: 15481: 15475: 15473: 15463: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15445: 15444: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15426: 15415: 15405: 15403: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15390: 15379: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15362: 15358: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15285: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15269: 15268: 15264: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15217: 15216: 15212: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15193: 15191: 15179: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15156: 15155: 15151: 15145: 15143: 15139: 15132: 15131: 15125: 15120: 15112: 15107: 15105: 15100: 15098: 15093: 15092: 15089: 15073: 15070: 15067: 15064: 15061: 15058: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15025: 15022: 15019: 15018: 15015: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14876: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14809: 14806: 14803: 14802: 14795: 14791: 14788: 14785: 14782: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14768: 14765: 14762: 14759: 14756: 14753: 14750: 14747: 14744: 14741: 14738: 14735: 14734: 14730: 14727: 14724: 14722: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14682: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14668: 14666: 14659: 14653: 14651: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14629: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14609: 14608: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14584: 14582: 14578: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14542: 14539: 14536: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14522: 14520: 14513: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14492: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14474: 14473: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14460: 14451: 14449: 14438: 14428: 14426: 14422: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14406: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14342: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14328: 14326: 14316: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14300: 14299: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14281: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14238: 14237: 14233: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14214: 14212: 14200: 14196: 14190: 14188: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14156: 14155: 14151: 14145: 14143: 14139: 14135: 14124: 14117: 14116: 14110: 14105: 14097: 14092: 14090: 14085: 14083: 14078: 14077: 14074: 14058: 14055: 14052: 14049: 14046: 14043: 14040: 14037: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14022: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14008: 14006: 13996: 13993: 13992: 13989: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13770: 13767: 13764: 13763: 13756: 13752: 13749: 13746: 13743: 13740: 13737: 13734: 13731: 13728: 13725: 13722: 13719: 13716: 13713: 13710: 13707: 13704: 13701: 13698: 13697: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13673: 13671: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13634: 13627: 13625: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13606: 13596: 13594: 13581: 13579: 13568: 13562: 13560: 13553: 13547: 13545: 13539: 13537: 13531: 13529: 13518: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13498: 13497: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13482: 13480: 13476: 13465: 13455: 13453: 13449: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13378: 13370: 13368: 13361: 13355: 13353: 13347: 13345: 13339: 13337: 13327: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13309: 13308: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13295: 13289: 13287: 13283: 13272: 13262: 13260: 13256: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13219: 13212: 13210: 13196: 13194: 13180: 13178: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13123: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13104: 13093: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13051: 13050: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13030: 13028: 13024: 13010: 13008: 13004: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12968: 12967: 12963: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12948: 12946: 12942: 12936: 12934: 12927: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12903: 12902: 12898: 12892: 12890: 12883: 12882: 12876: 12869: 12862: 12857: 12855: 12850: 12848: 12843: 12842: 12839: 12829: 12825: 12819: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12779: 12777: 12773: 12762: 12758: 12755: 12748: 12744: 12741: 12734: 12730: 12727: 12720: 12716: 12713: 12706: 12702: 12699: 12698: 12696: 12692: 12678: 12674: 12671: 12661: 12657: 12654: 12644: 12640: 12637: 12627: 12623: 12620: 12619: 12617: 12613: 12602: 12598: 12595: 12588: 12584: 12581: 12574: 12570: 12567: 12560: 12556: 12553: 12546: 12542: 12539: 12532: 12528: 12525: 12518: 12514: 12511: 12504: 12500: 12497: 12490: 12486: 12483: 12476: 12472: 12469: 12468: 12466: 12462: 12448: 12444: 12441: 12431: 12427: 12424: 12414: 12410: 12407: 12397: 12393: 12390: 12380: 12376: 12373: 12363: 12359: 12356: 12346: 12342: 12339: 12329: 12325: 12322: 12312: 12308: 12305: 12304: 12302: 12298: 12287: 12283: 12280: 12273: 12269: 12266: 12259: 12255: 12252: 12245: 12241: 12238: 12231: 12227: 12224: 12217: 12213: 12210: 12203: 12199: 12196: 12189: 12185: 12182: 12175: 12171: 12168: 12161: 12157: 12154: 12147: 12143: 12140: 12133: 12129: 12126: 12119: 12115: 12112: 12105: 12101: 12098: 12091: 12087: 12084: 12077: 12073: 12070: 12063: 12059: 12056: 12049: 12045: 12042: 12035: 12031: 12028: 12021: 12017: 12014: 12007: 12003: 12000: 11993: 11989: 11986: 11979: 11975: 11972: 11965: 11961: 11958: 11951: 11947: 11944: 11937: 11933: 11930: 11923: 11919: 11916: 11909: 11905: 11902: 11895: 11891: 11888: 11878: 11874: 11871: 11864: 11860: 11857: 11850: 11846: 11843: 11836: 11832: 11829: 11822: 11818: 11815: 11808: 11804: 11801: 11794: 11790: 11787: 11780: 11776: 11773: 11766: 11762: 11759: 11752: 11748: 11745: 11738: 11734: 11731: 11730: 11728: 11724: 11710: 11706: 11703: 11693: 11689: 11686: 11676: 11672: 11669: 11659: 11655: 11652: 11642: 11638: 11635: 11625: 11621: 11618: 11608: 11604: 11601: 11591: 11587: 11584: 11574: 11570: 11567: 11557: 11553: 11550: 11540: 11536: 11533: 11523: 11519: 11516: 11506: 11502: 11499: 11489: 11485: 11482: 11472: 11468: 11465: 11455: 11451: 11448: 11438: 11434: 11431: 11421: 11417: 11414: 11404: 11400: 11397: 11387: 11383: 11380: 11370: 11366: 11363: 11353: 11349: 11346: 11336: 11332: 11329: 11319: 11315: 11312: 11302: 11298: 11295: 11285: 11281: 11278: 11268: 11264: 11261: 11251: 11247: 11244: 11234: 11230: 11227: 11217: 11213: 11210: 11200: 11196: 11193: 11183: 11179: 11176: 11166: 11162: 11159: 11149: 11145: 11142: 11132: 11128: 11125: 11115: 11111: 11108: 11098: 11094: 11091: 11081: 11077: 11074: 11064: 11060: 11057: 11047: 11043: 11040: 11030: 11026: 11023: 11013: 11009: 11006: 10996: 10992: 10989: 10988: 10986: 10982: 10975: 10971: 10968: 10965: 10961: 10958: 10955: 10951: 10948: 10945: 10941: 10938: 10935: 10931: 10930:Tin(II) oxide 10928: 10925: 10921: 10918: 10908: 10904: 10901: 10898: 10894: 10891: 10888: 10884: 10881: 10878: 10874: 10871: 10868: 10864: 10861: 10858: 10854: 10851: 10848: 10844: 10841: 10838: 10834: 10831: 10828: 10824: 10821: 10818: 10814: 10811: 10808: 10804: 10801: 10798: 10794: 10791: 10788: 10784: 10781: 10778: 10774: 10771: 10768: 10764: 10761: 10758: 10754: 10751: 10748: 10744: 10741: 10738: 10734: 10731: 10728: 10724: 10721: 10711: 10707: 10704: 10701: 10697: 10694: 10691: 10687: 10684: 10681: 10677: 10674: 10671: 10667: 10664: 10661: 10657: 10654: 10651: 10647: 10646:Calcium oxide 10644: 10641: 10637: 10636:Cadmium oxide 10634: 10631: 10627: 10624: 10621: 10617: 10614: 10611: 10607: 10604: 10601: 10597: 10594: 10591: 10587: 10584: 10583: 10581: 10577: 10567: 10563: 10560: 10554: 10550: 10547: 10541: 10537: 10534: 10528: 10524: 10521: 10515: 10511: 10508: 10502: 10498: 10495: 10489: 10485: 10484:Nitrous oxide 10482: 10476: 10472: 10469: 10463: 10459: 10458:Lithium oxide 10456: 10450: 10446: 10443: 10437: 10433: 10430: 10424: 10420: 10417: 10411: 10407: 10404: 10398: 10394: 10391: 10385: 10381: 10378: 10372: 10368: 10365: 10364: 10362: 10358: 10344: 10340: 10337: 10327: 10323: 10320: 10310: 10306: 10303: 10293: 10289: 10286: 10276: 10272: 10269: 10259: 10255: 10252: 10242: 10238: 10235: 10225: 10221: 10218: 10208: 10204: 10201: 10191: 10187: 10184: 10174: 10170: 10167: 10157: 10153: 10150: 10140: 10136: 10133: 10123: 10119: 10116: 10106: 10102: 10099: 10089: 10085: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10064: 10059: 10057: 10052: 10050: 10045: 10044: 10041: 10026: 10011: 10007: 10002: 9999: 9984: 9980: 9975: 9972: 9957: 9953: 9948: 9945: 9930: 9926: 9921: 9918: 9903: 9899: 9894: 9891: 9872: 9868: 9863: 9860: 9859: 9854: 9850: 9843: 9838: 9836: 9831: 9829: 9824: 9823: 9820: 9808: 9807: 9798: 9796: 9795: 9786: 9785: 9782: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9755: 9754: 9751: 9750: 9748: 9744: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9720:controversies 9718: 9716: 9713: 9712: 9711: 9708: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9690: 9689: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9677: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9641:Melting point 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9621:Heat capacity 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9576:Boiling point 9574: 9572: 9571:Atomic radius 9569: 9567: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9557: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9514: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9492: 9488: 9484: 9483: 9481: 9479: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9466: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9435:Native metals 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9391: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9373: 9369: 9363: 9362:Dividing line 9360: 9358: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9346: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9303: 9293: 9290: 9289: 9287: 9285: 9281: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9259: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9215: 9211: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9199:17 (Halogens) 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9108: 9105: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9092: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9060: 9055: 9053: 9048: 9046: 9041: 9040: 9037: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9002: 8995: 8986: 8977: 8968: 8959: 8950: 8941: 8932: 8923: 8914: 8905: 8896: 8887: 8878: 8869: 8860: 8851: 8842: 8833: 8824: 8815: 8806: 8797: 8788: 8779: 8770: 8761: 8752: 8743: 8734: 8725: 8716: 8707: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8682: 8673: 8664: 8655: 8646: 8637: 8628: 8619: 8610: 8601: 8592: 8583: 8574: 8565: 8556: 8547: 8538: 8529: 8520: 8511: 8502: 8493: 8484: 8475: 8466: 8457: 8448: 8439: 8430: 8421: 8412: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8387: 8378: 8369: 8360: 8351: 8342: 8333: 8324: 8315: 8306: 8297: 8288: 8279: 8270: 8261: 8250: 8241: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8216: 8207: 8198: 8189: 8180: 8171: 8162: 8153: 8144: 8135: 8126: 8117: 8108: 8099: 8090: 8079: 8070: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8045: 8036: 8027: 8018: 8009: 7998: 7989: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7964: 7955: 7946: 7937: 7928: 7917: 7908: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7881: 7873: 7869: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7764: 7757: 7752: 7750: 7745: 7743: 7738: 7737: 7734: 7727: 7722: 7718: 7717: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7670: 7662: 7656: 7652: 7651: 7643: 7628: 7621: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7590:(5): 379–92. 7589: 7585: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7563:(4): 409–20. 7562: 7558: 7554: 7547: 7532: 7525: 7510: 7503: 7488: 7487:npic.orst.edu 7484: 7478: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7443: 7428: 7421: 7419: 7411:. p. 93. 7410: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7390: 7381: 7375: 7371: 7364: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7336: 7319: 7312: 7296: 7295: 7290: 7284: 7265: 7258: 7250: 7244: 7240: 7239: 7231: 7216: 7212: 7205: 7190: 7183: 7168: 7161: 7145: 7141: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7112: 7105: 7103: 7094: 7088: 7084: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7064: 7058: 7054: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6980: 6965: 6959: 6955: 6954: 6946: 6931: 6924: 6908: 6902: 6886: 6880: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6830: 6826: 6820: 6818: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6766: 6759: 6751: 6744: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6719:Chemical News 6716: 6709: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6684:Chemical News 6681: 6674: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6643: 6628: 6622: 6618: 6617: 6609: 6601: 6595: 6591: 6590: 6582: 6568: 6566:9780080501093 6562: 6558: 6557: 6549: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6518: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6491: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6389: 6374: 6368: 6364: 6363: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6307: 6305: 6288: 6281: 6273: 6267: 6263: 6256: 6240: 6234: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6183: 6177: 6169: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6150: 6134: 6127: 6111: 6104: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6063: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6023: 6019: 6012: 6004: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5929: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5894: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5871: 5856: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5779: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5744: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5702: 5696: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5647: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5608: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5569: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5529: 5523: 5519: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5471: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5436: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5402: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5387: 5380: 5372: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5264: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5243: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5097: 5096:selenous acid 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5076: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5029:sports divers 5025: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4970: 4967: 4963: 4962:NFPA 704 4959: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4821:centers, and 4820: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4791:semiconductor 4787: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4652:sulfuric acid 4649: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4562: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4541:Herman Frasch 4533: 4528: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4497: 4480: 4469: 4464: 4462: 4457: 4455: 4450: 4448: 4443: 4441: 4436: 4434: 4429: 4427: 4422: 4420: 4415: 4413: 4408: 4406: 4401: 4399: 4394: 4392: 4387: 4385: 4380: 4378: 4373: 4365: 4362: 4357: 4355: 4350: 4348: 4343: 4341: 4336: 4334: 4329: 4327: 4322: 4320: 4315: 4313: 4308: 4306: 4301: 4299: 4294: 4292: 4287: 4285: 4280: 4278: 4273: 4271: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4245: 4243: 4238: 4236: 4231: 4229: 4224: 4222: 4217: 4215: 4210: 4208: 4203: 4201: 4196: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4175: 4173: 4168: 4166: 4161: 4159: 4154: 4152: 4147: 4145: 4140: 4133: 4131: 4126: 4124: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4110: 4105: 4103: 4098: 4096: 4091: 4089: 4084: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4070: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4056: 4054: 4049: 4047: 4042: 4040: 4035: 4033: 4028: 4026: 4021: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4007: 4005: 4000: 3993: 3991: 3986: 3984: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3970: 3965: 3963: 3958: 3956: 3951: 3949: 3944: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3930: 3928: 3923: 3921: 3916: 3914: 3909: 3907: 3902: 3900: 3895: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3881: 3879: 3874: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3835: 3830: 3828: 3823: 3821: 3816: 3814: 3809: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3795: 3793: 3788: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3774: 3772: 3767: 3765: 3760: 3758: 3753: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3739: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3681: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3667: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3649: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3630: 3628: 3623: 3621: 3616: 3614: 3609: 3607: 3602: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3584: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3547: 3542:↓ 3540: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3413: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3392: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3250: 3244: 3240: 3238: 3232: 3228: 3226: 3220: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3187:Wilhelm Biltz 3183: 3178: 3170: 3167:, literally " 3165: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3032:John Newlands 3029: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3009: 3000: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2963:Pierre Bayden 2960: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2920:ancient times 2906: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2686: 2677: 2675: 2674:nanoparticles 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2581:alkali metals 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2561:selenoketones 2558: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2489: 2487: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2443: 2430: 2424: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2379:chalcohalides 2376: 2369:With halogens 2361: 2359: 2355: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2325:chalcogenides 2321: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2300: 2292: 2276: 2260: 2244: 2236: 2216: 2200: 2184: 2176: 2168: 2160: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2123:telluric acid 2120: 2116: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2031:silicon oxide 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1996:sulfuric acid 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1843:Mohs hardness 1840: 1835: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1785: 1781: 1773: 1766: 1762: 1761:Phase diagram 1758: 1752: 1747: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1720: 1718: 1717:nuclear spins 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1651:atomic nuclei 1648: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1524: 1520:Boiling point 1519: 1515:Melting point 1514: 1511: 1510: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1392: 1390: 1389:sulfuric acid 1386: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1250:oxygen family 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1225: 1186: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1145: 1133: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1110: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1087: 1082: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1067: 1057: 1052: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1027: 1022: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1007: 997: 992: 985: 984: 980: 979: 976: 971: 962: 955: 951: 950: 946: 939: 935: 934: 930: 927: 926: 920: 917: 916: 912: 910: 907: 906: 902: 898: 895: → 891: ← 890: 881: 876: 874: 869: 867: 862: 860: 855: 853: 848: 846: 841: 839: 834: 832: 827: 825: 820: 818: 813: 811: 806: 804: 799: 797: 792: 790: 785: 783: 781:Rutherfordium 778: 776: 771: 769: 764: 762: 757: 755: 750: 748: 743: 741: 736: 734: 729: 727: 722: 720: 715: 713: 708: 706: 701: 699: 694: 692: 687: 685: 680: 678: 673: 671: 666: 664: 659: 658: 655: 650: 648: 643: 641: 636: 634: 629: 627: 622: 620: 615: 613: 608: 606: 601: 599: 594: 592: 587: 585: 580: 578: 573: 571: 566: 564: 559: 557: 552: 550: 545: 543: 538: 536: 531: 529: 524: 522: 517: 515: 510: 508: 503: 501: 496: 494: 489: 487: 482: 480: 475: 473: 468: 466: 461: 459: 454: 452: 447: 445: 440: 438: 433: 432: 429: 424: 422: 417: 415: 410: 408: 403: 401: 396: 394: 389: 387: 382: 380: 375: 373: 368: 366: 361: 359: 354: 352: 347: 345: 340: 338: 333: 331: 326: 324: 319: 315: 313: 308: 306: 301: 300: 297: 292: 290: 285: 283: 278: 276: 271: 269: 264: 262: 257: 255: 250: 248: 243: 241: 236: 234: 229: 227: 222: 220: 215: 213: 208: 206: 201: 199: 194: 192: 187: 183: 178: 176: 171: 170: 167: 162: 160: 155: 153: 148: 146: 141: 139: 134: 132: 127: 123: 118: 116: 111: 110: 107: 102: 100: 95: 93: 88: 86: 81: 79: 74: 72: 67: 63: 58: 56: 51: 50: 47: 42: 38: 33: 32: 27: 22: 19: 15679: 15673: 15572: 14458: 11946:Lead dioxide 10863:Radium oxide 10813:Nitric oxide 10596:Barium oxide 10549:Sodium oxide 10523:Silver oxide 10009: 10004: 9982: 9977: 9955: 9950: 9928: 9923: 9901: 9896: 9870: 9865: 9848: 9799: 9787: 9770:Trivial name 9758:nomenclature 9430:Heavy metals 9425:Noble metals 9193: 9184:14 (Tetrels) 9080:Alternatives 7854: 7679: 7675: 7669: 7649: 7642: 7632:November 25, 7630:. Retrieved 7620: 7587: 7583: 7577: 7560: 7556: 7546: 7536:November 25, 7534:. Retrieved 7524: 7514:November 25, 7512:. Retrieved 7502: 7490:. Retrieved 7486: 7477: 7452: 7448: 7442: 7432:November 25, 7430:. Retrieved 7404: 7369: 7363: 7353:February 11, 7351:. Retrieved 7347:the original 7324:November 25, 7322:. Retrieved 7311: 7301:November 25, 7299:. Retrieved 7292: 7283: 7271:. Retrieved 7257: 7237: 7230: 7220:November 25, 7218:. Retrieved 7214: 7204: 7194:November 25, 7192:. Retrieved 7189:"Tellurates" 7182: 7172:November 25, 7170:. Retrieved 7160: 7148:. Retrieved 7144:the original 7114:. Retrieved 7082: 7052: 7031:November 25, 7029:. Retrieved 7025:the original 7014: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6969:November 25, 6967:. Retrieved 6952: 6945: 6935:November 25, 6933:. Retrieved 6923: 6913:November 25, 6911:. Retrieved 6901: 6891:November 25, 6889:. Retrieved 6879: 6869:November 25, 6867:. Retrieved 6860:the original 6839: 6835: 6806:November 25, 6804:. Retrieved 6776: 6771: 6758: 6749: 6743: 6733:November 25, 6731:. Retrieved 6722: 6718: 6708: 6698:November 25, 6696:. Retrieved 6687: 6683: 6673: 6663:November 25, 6661:. Retrieved 6656: 6652: 6642: 6632:November 25, 6630:. Retrieved 6615: 6608: 6588: 6581: 6572:February 12, 6570:, retrieved 6559:, Elsevier, 6555: 6548: 6538:November 25, 6536:. Retrieved 6532:the original 6527: 6517: 6507:November 25, 6505:. Retrieved 6499: 6490: 6480:November 25, 6478:. Retrieved 6440: 6436: 6423: 6398: 6394: 6388: 6378:November 25, 6376:. Retrieved 6361: 6319:(10): 1333. 6316: 6312: 6293:November 25, 6291:. Retrieved 6280: 6261: 6255: 6245:November 25, 6243:. Retrieved 6233: 6223:November 25, 6221:. Retrieved 6217:the original 6188:November 25, 6186:. Retrieved 6176: 6156: 6149: 6139:November 25, 6137:. Retrieved 6126: 6116:November 25, 6114:. Retrieved 6103: 6093:November 25, 6091:. Retrieved 6070: 6047: 6038: 6028:November 25, 6026:. Retrieved 6022:the original 6011: 5988: 5979: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5906:(20): 4093. 5903: 5899: 5893: 5870: 5860:November 25, 5858:. Retrieved 5843: 5821:November 25, 5819:. Retrieved 5815:the original 5805: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5768:November 25, 5766:. Retrieved 5762:the original 5751: 5732: 5707:November 25, 5705:. Retrieved 5695: 5687:the original 5664: 5654: 5615: 5596:December 23, 5594:. Retrieved 5590:the original 5585: 5576: 5568:The Elements 5567: 5517: 5442: 5435: 5425:November 25, 5423:. Retrieved 5418: 5409: 5385: 5379: 5360: 5252: 5246: 5213:Chalcogenide 5181:Amphid salts 5180: 5179: 5176:Amphid salts 5131:polonium-210 5124: 5108: 5077: 5045: 5021: 4965: 4949: 4938: 4915: 4892: 4870: 4855:Sulfur cycle 4799:biochemistry 4788: 4776: 4752:DVD-RW disks 4742: 4738:light meters 4734:photocopiers 4716:, including 4707: 4645: 4623: 4620:Applications 4603: 4576: 4565: 4557: 4537: 4506: 4478: 4476: 3515: 3387: 3365: 3361: 3345: 3314: 3298: 3279: 3264: 3246: 3234: 3222: 3218: 3216: 3203: 3198: 3189:'s group at 3172: 3154: 3150: 3143:amphid salts 3136: 3116: 3107:Pierre Curie 3100: 3090: 3086: 3057:After 1869, 3056: 3017: 2994: 2979: 2951:Robert Hooke 2948: 2917: 2879: 2856: 2833: 2805:carbon group 2802: 2703:quantum dots 2691: 2659: 2604:praseodymium 2578: 2553:selenophenol 2521:selenoethers 2495: 2477:superhydride 2471:when in the 2382: 2378: 2372: 2356: 2349: 2329:chalcogenide 2328: 2322: 2215:thiosulfates 2119:selenic acid 2112: 2070: 2062:single bonds 2058:double bonds 2053: 2051: 2021:, including 2000: 1964: 1934:single bonds 1919: 1895: 1878:orthorhombic 1871: 1867: 1836: 1812: 1804:solid oxygen 1784:liquid state 1769: 1765:solid oxygen 1690: 1686:radioisotope 1683: 1647:magic number 1644: 1623:conduct heat 1616: 1501: 1467:2, 8, 18, 6 1403: 1377: 1373:carbon group 1362: 1358:polonium-210 1344: 1340:atomic radii 1328: 1323: 1319: 1249: 1184: 1182: 1149: 1148: 982: 928:Trivial name 922:oxygen group 893: 823:Darmstadtium 690:Protactinium 464:Praseodymium 18: 12812:Oxypnictide 12212:Tin dioxide 10006:Livermorium 9806:WikiProject 9550:Term symbol 9380:Noble gases 9324:Lanthanides 9307:metallicity 9179:13 (Triels) 7682:(9): 1063. 7492:January 23, 7273:January 16, 7211:"Tellurium" 7150:February 6, 7116:February 6, 6992:(9): 1063. 6842:(9): 1063. 6110:"Tellurium" 5415:"chalcogen" 5158:lymphopenia 5084:weight loss 5033:convulsions 4936:poisoning. 4934:heavy metal 4922:brazil nuts 4884:amino acids 4748:CD-RW disks 4722:agriculture 4710:glassmaking 4641:rocket fuel 4629:Steelmaking 4606:livermorium 4549:natural gas 4509:metric tons 4489:Chalcophile 4486:Siderophile 3380:Chalcophile 3271:copper ores 3111:pitchblende 3103:Marie Curie 3020:periodicity 2789:equilibrium 2707:side chains 2624:boron group 2575:With metals 2557:thioketones 2473:solid state 2327:. The term 2011:noble gases 1821:sulfur and 1796:tetraoxygen 1713:alpha decay 1635:ionic radii 1602:Livermorium 1502:(predicted) 1497:Livermorium 1385:steelmaking 1278:livermorium 1270:radioactive 1141:Other metal 1132:Livermorium 1119:Other metal 931:chalcogens 865:Livermorium 837:Copernicium 830:Roentgenium 760:Mendelevium 746:Einsteinium 739:Californium 24:Chalcogens 16087:Chalcogens 16081:Categories 12807:Superoxide 10970:Zinc oxide 9849:Chalcogens 9730:for people 9725:for places 9698:1871 table 9591:Elasticity 9559:Data pages 9517:Properties 9393:Other sets 9349:Metalloids 7167:"Sulfates" 6401:(3): 229. 6133:"Polonium" 5791:(2): 252. 5239:References 5092:dermatitis 4903:methionine 4835:methionine 4714:metallurgy 4660:Greek fire 4625:Metabolism 4614:calcium-48 4561:milk vetch 4503:Production 4483:Lithophile 3378:See also: 3261:Occurrence 3145:(salts of 3067:molybdenum 2936:alchemical 2793:weak acids 2729:, such as 2727:pnictogens 2694:phosphorus 2638:such as Ti 2608:gadolinium 2517:thioethers 2341:tellurides 2303:calaverite 2275:tellurates 2175:bisulfides 2075:, such as 2023:iron oxide 2015:metalloids 1992:tellurates 1944:, such as 1930:lone pairs 1926:octet rule 1911:d-orbitals 1874:monoclinic 1851:monoclinic 1847:metastable 1823:monoclinic 1727:See also: 1723:Allotropes 1675:spallation 1672:cosmic ray 1668:primordial 1395:Properties 1380:separation 1375:elements. 1365:allotropes 1318:, meaning 1244:16 of the 1236:) are the 1185:chalcogens 1134: (Lv) 1111: (Po) 1088: (Te) 1058: (Se) 889:pnictogens 872:Tennessine 816:Meitnerium 795:Seaborgium 774:Lawrencium 513:Dysprosium 499:Gadolinium 478:Promethium 350:Technetium 343:Molybdenum 144:Phosphorus 15119:telluride 12782:Oxocarbon 9952:Tellurium 9715:etymology 9566:Abundance 9491:in humans 9487:Abundance 9372:Nonmetals 9329:Actinides 7704:0021-9584 6690:: 94–95. 6453:CiteSeerX 5811:"Nudat 2" 5233:Pnictogen 5201:tellurium 5080:body odor 5049:catharsis 4876:organisms 4811:nanotubes 4808:acetylene 4783:beryllium 4702:Gunpowder 4692:fungicide 4688:acaricide 4684:pesticide 4676:fireworks 4668:vulcanize 4656:gunpowder 4492:Atmophile 3357:sylvanite 3341:selenites 3337:selenates 3225:sulfurium 3219:oxy genes 3199:chalcogen 3151:chalcogen 3093:in 1988. 3087:group VIA 3079:group VIB 2959:Ole Borch 2813:germanium 2711:phosphine 2670:catalysts 2620:ytterbium 2600:lanthanum 2594:Te and Lu 2513:tellurols 2377:known as 2364:Compounds 2337:selenides 2259:selenates 2243:selenites 2235:selenides 2159:hydroxide 1988:selenates 1902:metalloid 1898:nonmetals 1882:hexagonal 1855:amorphous 1772:allotrope 1677:, or via 1574:Tellurium 1475:Tellurium 1369:pnictides 1276:(Po) and 1272:elements 1266:tellurium 1096:Metalloid 1086:Tellurium 1028: (S) 998: (O) 879:Oganesson 858:Moscovium 851:Flerovium 732:Berkelium 718:Americium 711:Plutonium 704:Neptunium 541:Ytterbium 471:Neodymium 450:Lanthanum 413:Tellurium 371:Palladium 357:Ruthenium 329:Zirconium 311:Strontium 267:Germanium 218:Manganese 174:Potassium 130:Aluminium 121:Magnesium 61:Beryllium 14104:selenide 12868:Sulfides 12802:Peroxide 12792:Oxyanion 12787:Suboxide 9979:Polonium 9925:Selenium 9885:0.001429 9794:Category 9746:See also 9616:Hardness 9469:Elements 7612:19648471 7604:19492929 7569:17127727 7509:"Sulfur" 6827:(1997). 6797:Archived 6793:96704008 6727:Archived 6692:Archived 6471:Archived 6084:Archived 6018:"sulfur" 5963:16971946 5207:See also 5197:selenium 5170:leukemia 5154:anorexia 5150:vomiting 5037:bacteria 4954:Toxicity 4918:selenium 4899:cysteine 4819:cationic 4815:divalent 4730:Pigments 4672:concrete 4519:made of 3333:nanogram 3329:Seawater 3275:Polonium 3231:Sanskrit 3171:"), and 3147:oxyacids 3091:group 16 3083:actinide 3071:tungsten 3063:Chromium 2875:shampoos 2836:hydrides 2829:carbenes 2825:hydrides 2769:Se and P 2735:antimony 2569:polarity 2509:selenols 2497:Alcohols 2469:polymers 2387:reagents 2375:halogens 2354:metals. 2333:sulfides 2299:iron ore 2297:) is an 2199:sulfates 2183:sulfites 2167:sulfides 2143:peroxide 2039:hydrogen 2017:to form 2007:fluorine 1984:sulfates 1976:peroxide 1940:. In 1+ 1892:Chemical 1641:Isotopes 1588:Polonium 1560:Selenium 1541:0.00143 1486:Polonium 1464:Selenium 1456:2, 8, 6 1324:produced 1274:polonium 1262:selenium 1233:-kə-jənz 1109:Polonium 1056:Selenium 897:halogens 844:Nihonium 767:Nobelium 676:Actinium 662:Francium 646:Astatine 639:Polonium 618:Thallium 597:Platinum 569:Tungsten 562:Tantalum 548:Lutetium 492:Europium 485:Samarium 406:Antimony 304:Rubidium 281:Selenium 211:Chromium 204:Vanadium 197:Titanium 190:Scandium 158:Chlorine 98:Fluorine 84:Nitrogen 36:Hydrogen 15791: 14799: 13760: 12797:Ozonide 12775:Related 9680:History 9586:Density 9214:Periods 9020:p-block 9015:d-block 9010:f-block 9005:s-block 7684:Bibcode 7469:6376815 6994:Bibcode 6844:Bibcode 6445:Bibcode 6403:Bibcode 6321:Bibcode 5971:4384225 5943:Bibcode 5908:Bibcode 5885:4010212 5624:Bibcode 5448:Bibcode 5223:Halogen 5139:to kill 5067:S) and 5041:lesions 4911:cadmium 4823:radical 4664:soil pH 4583:bismuth 4521:zeolite 4255: 3426:in the 3237:sulvere 3229:or the 3164:chalkos 3075:uranium 3037:octaves 2909:History 2882:borides 2809:silicon 2739:bismuth 2731:arsenic 2662:Uranium 2628:gallium 2616:terbium 2612:holmium 2501:phenols 2492:Organic 2467:, form 2442:iodides 2213:), and 2157:), and 1942:cations 1936:, they 1859:spirals 1819:rhombic 1705:β decay 1701:β decay 1527:(g/cm) 1512:Element 1428:Element 1355:isotope 1283:khalkόs 973:↓ 809:Hassium 802:Bohrium 788:Dubnium 753:Fermium 697:Uranium 683:Thorium 632:Bismuth 590:Iridium 576:Rhenium 555:Hafnium 534:Thulium 520:Holmium 506:Terbium 436:Caesium 385:Cadmium 364:Rhodium 336:Niobium 322:Yttrium 295:Krypton 288:Bromine 274:Arsenic 260:Gallium 181:Calcium 137:Silicon 54:Lithium 10070:Oxides 9898:Sulfur 9867:Oxygen 9710:Naming 9507:Symbol 9316:Metals 9284:Blocks 9272:Pyykkö 9267:Fricke 9262:Aufbau 9111:Groups 7702: 7657: 7610: 7602: 7567: 7467: 7376: 7297:. 2013 7245: 7089: 7059: 6960: 6791: 6725:: 83. 6623: 6596: 6563: 6455: 6369: 6268: 6164: 6058: 5999: 5969: 5961: 5935:Nature 5883: 5851: 5739: 5679: 5642: 5524: 5466: 5421:. 2013 5397: 5367: 5259: 5199:, and 5193:sulfur 5189:oxygen 5156:, and 5146:nausea 5090:, and 5088:anemia 5057:rumens 4895:sulfur 4872:Oxygen 4857:, and 4827:Cu(II) 4795:ligand 4551:, and 3545:Period 3243:Selene 3212:bronze 3206:χαλκος 3169:copper 3157:χαλκος 3127:curium 3073:, and 3041:osmium 2961:, and 2848:labile 2815:, and 2753:and Sb 2743:ribbon 2737:, and 2636:dimers 2632:indium 2630:, and 2563:, and 2542:Se or 2531:, and 2505:thiols 2486:anions 2345:oxides 2339:, and 2291:pyrite 2257:) and 2161:ions ( 2145:ions ( 2137:ions ( 2125:. All 2121:, and 2087:, and 2066:thiols 2029:, and 2019:oxides 1972:pyrite 1828:frozen 1815:carbon 1798:, or O 1655:isomer 1631:atomic 1625:well. 1546:Sulfur 1532:Oxygen 1453:Sulfur 1442:Oxygen 1410:shells 1298:bronze 1294:copper 1289:χαλκός 1264:(Se), 1258:sulfur 1254:oxygen 1150:Legend 1139: 1116: 1093: 1063: 1033: 1026:Sulfur 1003: 996:Oxygen 975:Period 725:Curium 669:Radium 583:Osmium 527:Erbium 457:Cerium 443:Barium 420:Iodine 392:Indium 378:Silver 246:Copper 239:Nickel 232:Cobalt 151:Sulfur 114:Sodium 91:Oxygen 77:Carbon 45:Helium 9753:IUPAC 9478:Lists 7608:S2CID 7401:(PDF) 7267:(PDF) 6863:(PDF) 6832:(PDF) 6800:(PDF) 6789:S2CID 6768:(PDF) 6474:(PDF) 6433:(PDF) 6087:(PDF) 6080:(PDF) 5967:S2CID 4803:redox 3534:Group 3325:soils 3308:, or 3249:telus 3233:word 3182:genes 3175:γενές 3024:group 2924:Bible 2821:bases 2799:Other 2779:salts 2618:, or 2381:, or 2135:oxide 2131:water 2099:Water 2054:thio- 1906:metal 1792:ozone 1790:, or 1583:6.24 1555:2.07 1538:−183 1522:(°C) 1517:(°C) 1445:2, 6 1315:genēs 1302:brass 1260:(S), 1256:(O), 1242:group 653:Radon 427:Xenon 165:Argon 70:Boron 16019:ThTe 15995:YbTe 15979:TmTe 15963:ErTe 15947:HoTe 15931:DyTe 15915:TbTe 15899:GdTe 15883:EuTe 15867:SmTe 15848:NdTe 15832:PrTe 15816:CeTe 15800:LaTe 15732:RaTe 15701:PbTe 15687:HgTe 15654:ReTe 15631:TaTe 15623:HfTe 15607:LuTe 15599:BaTe 15543:SnTe 15539:SnTe 15522:CdTe 15493:MoTe 15485:NbTe 15477:ZrTe 15458:SrTe 15398:GeTe 15378:GaTe 15373:ZnTe 15365:CuTe 15361:CuTe 15348:NiTe 15343:CoTe 15338:FeTe 15330:MnTe 15326:MnTe 15310:CrTe 15280:CaTe 15228:MgTe 15167:BeTe 15142:-TeH 15049:PuSe 15027:ThSe 15003:YbSe 14987:TmSe 14971:ErSe 14955:HoSe 14939:DySe 14923:TbSe 14907:GdSe 14891:EuSe 14875:SmSe 14856:NdSe 14840:PrSe 14824:CeSe 14808:LaSe 14773:CnSe 14709:PbSe 14695:HgSe 14684:PtSe 14670:ReSe 14647:TaSe 14628:LuSe 14620:BaSe 14574:SnSe 14570:SnSe 14553:CdSe 14524:MoSe 14516:NbSe 14509:NbSe 14487:SrSe 14418:GeSe 14414:GeSe 14394:GaSe 14389:ZnSe 14384:CuSe 14379:NiSe 14374:CoSe 14369:FeSe 14361:MnSe 14357:MnSe 14341:CrSe 14330:TiSe 14311:CaSe 14249:MgSe 14199:OCSe 9887:g/cm 9485:By: 7700:ISSN 7655:ISBN 7634:2013 7600:PMID 7565:PMID 7538:2013 7516:2013 7494:2019 7465:PMID 7434:2013 7374:ISBN 7355:2013 7326:2013 7303:2013 7275:2013 7243:ISBN 7222:2013 7196:2013 7174:2013 7152:2013 7118:2013 7087:ISBN 7057:ISBN 7033:2013 6971:2013 6958:ISBN 6937:2013 6915:2013 6893:2013 6871:2013 6808:2013 6735:2013 6700:2013 6665:2013 6634:2013 6621:ISBN 6594:ISBN 6574:2014 6561:ISBN 6540:2013 6509:2013 6482:2013 6380:2013 6367:ISBN 6295:2013 6266:ISBN 6247:2013 6225:2013 6190:2013 6162:ISBN 6141:2013 6118:2013 6095:2013 6056:ISBN 6030:2013 5997:ISBN 5959:PMID 5881:OSTI 5862:2013 5849:ISBN 5823:2013 5770:2013 5737:ISBN 5709:2013 5677:ISBN 5640:ISBN 5598:2023 5522:ISBN 5464:ISBN 5427:2013 5395:ISBN 5365:ISBN 5257:ISBN 5164:and 5053:cows 4928:and 4901:and 4886:and 4837:and 4750:and 4736:and 4690:and 4674:and 4658:and 4604:All 3382:and 3351:and 3339:and 3284:and 3119:LBNL 3105:and 2942:and 2865:and 2842:and 2701:and 2583:and 2511:and 2456:and 2405:and 2293:(FeS 1974:and 1965:The 1920:For 1763:for 1731:and 1633:and 1597:9.2 1594:962 1580:988 1569:4.3 1566:685 1552:445 1535:−219 1320:born 1310:coin 1308:and 1183:The 963:VIB 947:VIA 625:Lead 604:Gold 253:Zinc 225:Iron 105:Neon 16064:No 16061:Md 16058:Fm 16055:Es 16052:Cf 16049:Bk 16046:Cm 16043:Am 16040:Pu 16037:Np 16030:UTe 16026:Pa 16015:Ac 16012:** 15863:Pm 15784:Og 15781:Ts 15778:Lv 15775:Mc 15772:Fl 15769:Nh 15766:Cn 15763:Rg 15760:Ds 15757:Mt 15754:Hs 15751:Bh 15748:Sg 15745:Db 15742:Rf 15739:Lr 15736:** 15728:Fr 15723:Rn 15720:At 15717:Po 15667:Pt 15664:Ir 15661:Os 15646:WTe 15639:WTe 15584:Xe 15509:Pd 15506:Rh 15503:Ru 15500:Tc 15441:Kr 15437:+Br 15433:Se 15429:+As 15402:-Ge 15393:-Ga 15302:VTe 15298:Ti 15265:Ar 15262:Cl 15254:0.2 15250:0.8 15244:Si 15213:Ne 15195:(NH 15182:(CH 15175:CTe 15152:He 15121:ion 15074:No 15071:Md 15068:Fm 15065:Es 15062:Cf 15059:Bk 15056:Cm 15053:Am 15045:Np 15038:USe 15034:Pa 15023:Ac 15020:** 14871:Pm 14792:Og 14789:Ts 14786:Lv 14783:Mc 14780:Fl 14777:Nh 14769:Rg 14766:Ds 14763:Mt 14760:Hs 14757:Bh 14754:Sg 14751:Db 14748:Rf 14745:Lr 14742:** 14739:Ra 14736:Fr 14731:Rn 14728:At 14725:Po 14691:Au 14680:Ir 14677:Os 14662:WSe 14655:WSe 14643:Hf 14605:Xe 14597:Te 14581:-Sn 14540:Pd 14537:Rh 14534:Ru 14531:Tc 14505:Zr 14470:Kr 14467:Br 14425:-Ge 14409:-Ga 14296:Ar 14293:Cl 14265:Si 14234:Ne 14216:(NH 14203:(CH 14192:CSe 14166:Be 14152:He 14106:ion 14059:No 14056:Md 14053:Fm 14050:Es 14047:Cf 14044:Bk 14041:Cm 14038:Am 14035:Pu 14032:Np 14017:Pa 14010:ThS 13994:** 13977:YbS 13961:TmS 13945:ErS 13929:HoS 13913:DyS 13897:TbS 13881:GdS 13865:EuS 13849:SmS 13833:PmS 13817:NdS 13801:PrS 13785:CeS 13769:LaS 13753:Og 13750:Ts 13747:Lv 13744:Mc 13741:Fl 13738:Nh 13735:Cn 13732:Rg 13729:Ds 13726:Mt 13723:Hs 13720:Bh 13717:Sg 13714:Db 13711:Rf 13708:Lr 13705:** 13702:Ra 13699:Fr 13694:Rn 13691:At 13687:PoS 13667:PbS 13663:PbS 13649:HgS 13621:PtS 13617:PtS 13609:IrS 13584:OsS 13564:ReS 13541:TaS 13533:HfS 13517:LuS 13509:BaS 13494:Xe 13484:TeS 13479:-Sb 13452:-Sn 13445:SnS 13441:SnS 13424:CdS 13410:PdS 13394:Ru 13373:TcS 13364:MoS 13357:MoS 13349:NbS 13341:ZrS 13322:SrS 13305:Kr 13302:Br 13298:+Se 13291:SeS 13286:-As 13259:-Ge 13252:GeS 13248:GeS 13232:GaS 13227:ZnS 13222:CuS 13166:FeS 13158:MnS 13154:MnS 13138:CrS 13107:TiS 13089:TiS 13085:TiS 13069:ScS 13062:CaS 13047:Ar 13044:Cl 13007:-Si 13000:SiS 12996:SiS 12979:MgS 12964:Ne 12954:)SH 12950:(NH 12945:COS 12930:+BO 12914:BeS 12899:He 12871:(S) 9305:By 7692:doi 7592:doi 7457:doi 7002:doi 6852:doi 6781:doi 6659:(5) 6463:doi 6411:doi 6399:255 6329:doi 5951:doi 5939:443 5916:doi 5793:doi 5669:doi 5632:doi 5456:doi 5391:368 5118:TeO 5114:(Na 5071:(SO 4888:DNA 4880:ATP 4589:in 4570:of 4553:tar 4545:oil 4465:102 4458:101 4451:100 4246:118 4239:117 4232:116 4225:115 4218:114 4211:113 4204:112 4197:111 4190:110 4183:109 4176:108 4169:107 4162:106 4155:105 4148:104 4141:103 2817:tin 2773:SbS 2426:is 2315:)Te 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