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Arco Iris, the largest adobe monumental complex in South
America. The huaca is placed chronologically alongside the first structures built at Chan Chan. The time frame of the site's construction was towards the end of the Middle Horizon in the Central Andes. The primary function of the huaca is believed to have been a ceremonial funerary platform. In 1963, the Patrona de Arqueologia of Trujillo carried out a project to restore much of the walls at the site. This initiative refrained from adding any new artistic designs. This work contributes to the Plan Maestro de conservaciĂłn y manejo del Complejo Arqueologico Chan Chan, a UNESCO required architectural conservation plan created by the Instituto Nacional de Cultura of Peru. Creating 3D models of the Huaca Arco Iris is one major initiative of the Italian Mission in Peru. The baseline methodology for the work was the data-information-knowledge system. The data acquisitional survey was initially conducted using spherical photogrammetry. An inspection of the huaca was carried out in 2018 by the Italian Mission. They uncovered additional brick layers on the outside of the south-eastern wall. A Sony Alpha 77 camera was utilized to capture 43 images. With the help of Metashape software, the team created a 3D textured mesh model of the wall. Combined with 3D meshes of the famous bas-reliefs of the other adobe and brick walls, this model was placed into Rhinoceros software to make 3D models of the wall's architectural components. Colosi et al. reached several conclusions in their work. One conclusion is that consistent monitoring of the huaca and Chan Chan as a whole is necessary for limiting anthropogenic damage. The primary conclusion is that ontology-based Heritage Building Information Models are necessary for the longevity of the physical structures and the collective memory of Chan Chan.
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2017. The newest mapwork of the site until this time was created by
Harvard University in 1974. Pierdicca's mission mapped a portion of the site known as the Tschudi Palace. His work was presented in the eighth volume of Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage in 2018. The mission employed a Da-Jiang Innovations drone equipped with a Sony Alpha NEX-7 6000 x 3376 pixel resolution camera. The equipment allowed for both nadir imaging (downward vertical) imaging and oblique (angled) imaging. 1856 images were acquired and 1268 of these were used to create a 15 strip photogrammetric model. In order to construct the three-dimensional model, 105 images taken from ground level with a Sony SLT-A77V camera. Multi View Stereo processing was used to combine the overhead images with those from the ground and form the 3D model. This model was validated by archaeologists and is considered to be compliant with both the Seville Principles and the London Charter. These models form a baseline for future combinations of overhead imaging with ground surveys at other sites. The archaeological approach is important for the conservation of sites as it allows the data to exist into the future even as looting occurs and weathering takes place.
552:, and placed it on the List of World Heritage in Danger. The World Heritage Committee's initial recommendations included taking the appropriate measures for conservation, restoration, and management; halting any excavation that did not have accompanying conservation measures; and mitigation of plundering. A Pan-American Course on the Conservation and Management of Earthen Architectural and Archaeological Heritage was funded by many institutes coming together, including ICCROM, the Getty Conservation Institute, and the Government of Peru. Archeologists have been trying to protect this city in many ways. They are trying to create rain coverings over the buildings to protect them from the rain and save the adobe buildings that are deteriorating. They have also been trying to create new drainage systems to drain the rainwater faster. Chan Chan has been on the world heritage danger list since 1986. since 2000 they have implemented safety measures that include documentation of everything, public management, and an emergency and disaster plan.
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quick enough to maximize access to extant physical material and accurate enough to document the site effectively. In order to meet these requirements, unmanned aerial vehicles are being utilized. The current state of UAV technology is such that craft consisting of relatively small components combined with lightweight imaging technology can be employed. The possible imaging products include
Digital Elevation Models, ortho-photos, and 3 Dimensional Virtual Models. Protective coverings at the site, intended to inhibit the extent of weathering damage to adobe structures, can be a challenge to the use of UAV's. These methods do not contribute to decay of the physical material. These methods also allow archaeologists to have access to the virtual reproductions into the future and foreseeable technological innovations will most likely add to the potential for analysis of the site.
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the coast. The walls are adobe brick covered with a smooth surface into which intricate designs are carved. The two styles of carving design include a realistic representation of subjects such as birds, fish, and small mammals, as well as a more graphic, stylized representation of the same subjects. The carvings at Chan Chan depict crabs, turtles, and nets for catching sea creatures (such as
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This coastal society was governed by the powerful
Chimucapac and was united by the force of a social control originated in the necessity of a strict management of the water, as well as by the external threats. The "Tschudi" complex had a single entrance and high walls up to twelve meters for a better
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Clay and straw mud architecture is believed to be the oldest building method on earth. It is extremely versatile, especially considering any size bricks can be created and used to build any size structure. 180 UNESCO World
Heritage are constructed to some degree from mud. An international conference
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The archaeological site at Chan Chan is under constant and severe threat of ruin from weathering. Several archaeologists, conservationists, and an array of institutions are working to survey the architecture existing there. Different methods of survey can be utilized but any methodology must be both
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to refocus their economy to one rooted in foreign resources rather than in subsistence farming. Chan Chan's irrigations systems were one of the main reasons they ended up being conquered by the Incas. Since the canals could run as long as 20 miles down the mountain of the Moche Vally River into Chan
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which indicates the cultural importance of architecture to the ChimĂş people of Chan Chan. Additionally, the construction of these massive architectural feats indicates that there was a large labor force available at Chan Chan. This further supports evidence for a hierarchical structure of society in
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The chimĂş civilians had a belief that the sun created three eggs, gold for the ruler and the elite, silver was for the wives of the rulers and copper was for anyone else not in those two categories. The elite were the ones who lived in the citadels. the rest of the civilians lived in small home that
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Chan Chan has many different types of buildings many of which have been destroyed. Many of the buildings included temples, houses, reservoirs and even funeral platforms. Many of the buildings consisted of ocean like designs such as fish, birds, waves and more. The way the ChimĂş utilized the space is
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Y lo que antes fue conocido (por muchas dĂ©cadas) como: Gran ChimĂş, Squier, Velarde, Tello, Bandelier, Tschudi, etc, ha sido rebautizado (negando asĂ la identidad quingnam de sus constructores y a la cual podrĂan haber apelado), con nombres en una lengua aĂşn más norteña: Utzh An, Fochic An, Ă‘ing An,
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Between 2016 and 2022, an international project between the
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, TecnologĂa e InnovaciĂłn TecnolĂłgica (CONCYTEC) was conducted at the site. The work intended to build a 3D Heritage Building Information Model (HBIM) of the Huaca
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Originally the city relied on wells that were around 15 meters deep. To increase the farmland surrounding the city, a vast network of canals diverting water from the Moche river were created. Once these canals were in place, the city had the potential to grow substantially. Many canals to the north
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founded the
Spanish city of Trujillo which pushed Chan Chan further into the shadows. While no longer a teeming capital city, Chan Chan was still well known for its great riches and was consequently looted by the Spaniards. An indication of the great ChimĂş wealth is seen in a sixteenth-century list
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suggests their association with the royal class. Housing for the lower classes of Chan Chan's hierarchical society are known as small, irregular agglutinated rooms (SIARs). Because the lower classes were often artisans whose role in the empire was to produce crafts, many of these SIARs were used as
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damages the base of Chan Chan's structures. Increased rain also leads to increased humidity, and as humidity gathers in the bases of these structures, salt contamination and vegetation growth can occur, which further damage the integrity of Chan Chan's foundations. Global warming will only further
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Chan Chan is triangular, surrounded by 50–60-foot (15–18 m) walls. There are no enclosures opening north because the north-facing walls have the greatest sun exposure, serving to block wind and absorb sunlight where fog is frequent. The tallest walls shelter against south-westerly winds from
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is unknown. This is believed because of the many ocean-related figures in the building. There was a pond in the middle of the building that was used for religious ceremonies, fertility, and even worshipping water. Something that the Chimu civilians worship very much is the ocean, they are directly
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Chan Chan held many different types of workers and people. They lived in a classist society where rulers and gods came first and servants last. The city consisted of nobles, farmers, fishers, trader, servants, and many more. They had many craftsmen in the city who designed beautiful fabrics, pots,
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According to the review of antecedents offered by Urban, there have been three previous etymological proposals for the toponym, two of which can be considered completely fanciful and unmotivated. The etymologies of H. Bauman as 'city of snakes', who unmotivatedly appeals to
Mesoamerican languages,
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The
Italian Mission in Peru has been working alongside local archaeologists and excavators at the Chan Chan site since 2002. Roberto Pierdicca of the Universita Politecnica delle Marche conducted imaging missions and compiled a series of results to make conclusions about the scale of the site in
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The city also consisted of 10 citadels yet only 4 have been recovered. This means the city of Chan Chan had 10 rulers, the ChimĂş were very adamant on the "Great Lord on top". The culture lived in a classist society where the rulers and gods were on top then it went all the way down to servants. A
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for the moment there is no other solution than to conclude with
Zevallos Quiñones ( 2010, p. 11): "As long as there are no grammatical findings about Chimo's own language, Quingnam, in any American or European archive containing sermons, vocabularies, etc., we will remain without knowing the term
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languages, among others, of which only Mochica and Quechua are sufficiently documented. Regarding the variation in its written record, the toponym appears for the first time in documentation written as 'Cauchan' in the foundation act of the Trujillo town council of 1536. It has also been proposed
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with contributions from the World Heritage Foundation – WHR, ICCROM, and GCI. The plan was approved by the Peruvian Government. Methods of conservation include reinforcement and stabilization of structures of main buildings and around the Tschudi Palace, using a blend of traditional and modern
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Not only did they not have a documented writing system for their language, but they also had no written system for writing up blueprints or recording measurements. If you look at a photo of Chan Chan, you will notice how all the buildings are built in a distinct order with space between them.
397:, Jorge Zevallos Quiñones, Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino and Matthias Urban have dealt with the question. The puzzle is made difficult by the erratic nature of its written record in colonial documents and by the linguistic situation of the pre-Hispanic North Peruvian coast. As is known, the
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After the Inca conquered the ChimĂş around 1470 AD, Chan Chan fell into decline. the Incas used a system called the "Mitma system of ethnic dispersion" which separated the chimĂş civilians into places already recently conquered by the Inca. A little over 60 years later in 1535 AD,
483:'(place) where fences/ corrals abound'. According to this proposal, the toponym would be neither Mochica nor Quingnam, nor would it be so ancient in time. However, Urban has rejected CerrĂłn-Palomino's hypothesis as implausible and ratified his previous conclusions.
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already proposed by Zevallos Quiñones in the XXth century. According to these authors, although it is not possible to offer an etym nor a primary meaning for the place name, the quingnam attribution is justified by the fact that this was the language of the
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Although there was no documentation it is possible and a theory that they kept records called Khipus much like the Inca. Khipus are detailed records that are systems with knotted cords. Khipus can also be used in situations to communicate information.
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More recently, linguist Rodolfo CerrĂłn-Palomino has proposed a Quechua etymology for the toponym. According to his hypothesis, both the form 'Chanchan' and the variants 'Cauchan' and 'Canda' may well be explained by a Quechua etym
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Although they were an agriculture city, the ChimĂş people did excellent jobs on their pottery and textiles and is what they are most famous for. They designed many beautiful pieces of artwork, some of which is still around today.
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engineering techniques. Chan Chan currently has 46 points of critical damage, though the site's total damage far exceeds these points. The regional government of La Libertad is funding conservation efforts at these points.
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438:'sun' as etym and finds in the toponym a reduplication of that root. Without being convinced by any of these previous proposals, Urban is inclined to the tentative attribution of the toponym to the extinct
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Chan Chan is in a particularly arid section of the coastal desert of northern Peru. Due to the lack of rain in this area, the major source of nonsalted water for Chan Chan is in the form of rivers carrying
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Concon, Chichi, Choc Choc, Llac LLac, Niquenique, Pur Pur, Sac Sac, Cin Cin, Con Con Con, Cot Cot, Cuy Cuy, Muy Muy, Nono, Ñoño, Paspas, Pay Pay, Poc Poc, Qui Qui, Quin Quin, Sin Sin, Sol Sol, Suy Suy
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Pierdicca, Roberto (May 2018). "Mapping Chimu's Settlements for Conservation Purposes Using UAV and Close Range Photogrammetry. The Virtual Reconstruction of Palacio Tschudi, Chan Chan, Peru".
907:, which causes increased precipitation and flooding on the Peruvian coast. Chan Chan is the largest mud city in the world, and its fragile material is cause for concern. The heavy rains of El
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next to the Pacific Ocean and get most of their food through it. They also relied very much on their irrigation system, so they believe that worshipping gods related to the ocean is important.
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and by the similarity in its apparent structure with other regional toponyms and anthroponyms also apparently constituted by the reduplication of two monosyllabic roots. Urban concludes that
724:. The high reliefs of the walls represent fish, directed towards the north and the south (what can be interpreted as representation of the two currents that mark the Peruvian coast: that of
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for the theme of adobe architecture took place in Iran in 1972. In 1994, the Getty Center established a course on mud architecture and its conservation at the Museo de Sitio at Chan Chan.
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The Chimu have 10 citadels, but the Tschudi is the only one that tourists are allowed into. It is believed that Tschudi was built in honor of the ChimĂş God of the sea whose name in
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The city of Chan Chan spanned 20 square kilometers (7.7 sq mi) and had a dense urban center of six square kilometers (2.3 sq mi) which contained extravagant
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language. unfortunately, there is no way for us to confirm how this language could have sounded. The ChimĂş civilian had no writing system where they documented their language.
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etymology). Thus, the current pronunciation would be the product of an "orthographic trap", since originally the <ch> would have been used to represent the sound of a
848:. Evidence for the significance of these structures is seen in many funerary ceramics recovered from Chan Chan. Many images seemingly depict structures very similar to
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Walled compounds pictured above are made out of adobe brick and finished off with mud. Often the chimĂş would draw animals or other things into the mud before it dried.
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citadels complex is usually 40 feet tall and built with only one entrance. It was a palace type place with beautiful decorations and was built for a "god or ruler".
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In 1969, Michael Moseley and Carol J. Mackey began excavations of Chan Chan; today these excavations continue under the Peruvian Instituto Nacional de Cultura.
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The walled complex "Tschudi" is the greatest in illustration of the importance of water, particularly of the sea, and of the cult that surrounded it in the
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In 1998, The "Master Plan for Conservation and Management of the Chan Chan Archeological Complex" was drawn up by the Freedom National Culture Institute of
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Tschudi was a place of worship. The ChimĂş mainly worshipped the ocean and sea so figures and designs like these were present many places around the city.
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word for 'moon', deserve the latter qualification. The third etymological hypothesis was postulated by German scholar Ernst Middendorf, who offers the
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Colosi, Francesca; Malinverni, Eva Savina; Trujillo, Francisco James Leon; Pierdicca, Roberto; Orazi, Roberto; Di Stefano, Francesco (August 2022).
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defense, and was wider at its bases (five meters) than at its summits (one meter), in anticipation of possible earthquakes on the seismic coast.
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Keatinge, Richard; Day, Kent (Winter 1973). "Socio-Economic Organization of the Moche Valley, Peru, during the Chimu Occupation of Chan Chan".
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802:". Once the Inca took over this language was completely wiped out and is currently an extinct language. There's very little documented on the
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Keatinge, Richard W; Day, Kent C (1973). "Socio-Economic Organization of the Moche Valley, Peru, during the Chimu Occupation of Chan Chan".
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due to changes in weather patterns — heavy rains, flooding, and strong winds. In particular, the city is severely threatened by storms from
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Nitrogen fixation (Acetylene reduction) in the sediments of the pluss-see : with special attention to the role of sedimentation
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Urban, M. (2017), Observaciones etimolĂłgicas acerca del nombre de la ciudad antigua de Chan Chan y sus estructuras arquitectĂłnicas.
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Urban, M. (2017), Observaciones etimolĂłgicas acerca del nombre de la ciudad antigua de Chan Chan y sus estructuras arquitectĂłnicas.
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were large architectural masterpieces which housed plazas, storerooms, and burial platforms for the royals. The splendor of these
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The walled compounds (palaces) that make up the metropolis are those in the following table. Recently, archaeologist have given
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which housed ceremonial rooms, burial chambers, temples, reservoirs and residences for the ChimĂş kings. In addition to the
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that the name 'Canda' offered by Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo to refer to Trujillo is another written variant of the modern
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of items looted from a burial tomb in Chan Chan; a treasure equivalent to 80,000 pesos of gold was recovered (nearly
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Chan, the Incas ended up cutting off their irrigation system which left them with dying crops from lack of water.
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Technology, Society and Change: Shell Artifact Production Among the Manteno (A.D. 800–1532) of Coastal Ecuador.
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Technology, Society and Change: Shell Artifact Production Among the Manteno (A.D. 800--1532) of Coastal Ecuador
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Cerrón-Palomino, R. (2020). <Chanchán> y su trampa ortográfica: ni mochica ni quingnam sino quechumara.
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Cerrón-Palomino, R. (2020). <Chanchán> y su trampa ortográfica: ni mochica ni quingnam sino quechumara.
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The archaeological site covers an area of approximately 20 square kilometers, being considered the largest
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422:. The form 'Chanchan' only appears in documentation in a stable manner from the mid-17th century onwards.
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Hathaway, Bruce (2010). "10 Must-See Endangered Cultural Treasures: Chan Chan, Peru, End of an Empire".
1379:, etc. Cfr. Urban, M. (2022). <Chan Chan> y su trampa etimolĂłgica: respuesta a CerrĂłn-Palomino.
20:
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Correia, M (31 May 2012), "Which course of action for earthen architectural heritage preservation?",
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Chan Chan as it was likely that the construction of this architecture was done by the working class.
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these negative impacts, as some models suggest climate change facilitates increased precipitation.
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astonishing. They build the building mostly in a rectangular or square shape through tight spaces.
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Topic, John R.; Moseley, Michael E. (1983). "Chan Chan: A Case Study of Urban Change in Peru".
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Moseley, Michael (24 January 1975). "Chan Chan: Andean Alternative of the Preindustrial City".
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were destroyed by a catastrophic flood around 1100 CE, which was the key motivation for the
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https://es.slideshare.net/slideshows/los-lambayecanos-no-son-mochicas-ni-mocheros/266562265
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2015:"Exploiting HBIM for Historical Mud Architecture: The Huaca Arco Iris in Chan Chan (Peru)"
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Urban, M. (2022). <Chan Chan> y su trampa etimolĂłgica: respuesta a CerrĂłn-Palomino.
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The Inca World: The Development of Pre-Columbian Peru, A.D. 1000–1534, Parts 1000–1534.
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Smailes, Richard (March 2011). "Building Chan Chan: A Project Management Perspective".
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Infrastructure is in place to protect the ruins in the Chan Chan Archaeological Zone.
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Smailes, Richard L. (2011). "Building Chan Chan: A Project Management Perspective".
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West, Michael (January 1970). "Community Settlement Patterns at Chan Chan, Peru".
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and that of J. Kimmich as 'city of the moon', who unmotivatedly appeals to a
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From top: View over Chan Chan, walls, adobe details, panel of warriors detail
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by Laura Laurencich Minelli, Cecilia Bákula, Mireille Vautier – Google Books
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remain unresolved issues among specialists. Among others, scholars such as
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Archaeologists Restore High Adobe Walls in Ancient Chimu City of Chan Chan
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West, Michael (1970). "Community Settlement Patterns at Chan Chan, Peru".
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empire capital city with an estimated population of 40,000–60,000 people.
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at the beginning of the word. Originally, the toponym would have been *
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2129:
1792:
1585:
1551:
1270:
908:
904:
729:
349:
which established itself along the Peruvian coast around 900 CE.
4196:
4191:
4151:
4121:
4096:
4061:
4056:
3986:
3946:
3906:
3881:
3861:
3816:
3771:
3741:
3581:
3551:
3546:
3531:
3526:
3516:
3216:
3196:
3101:
2901:
2871:
2761:
2716:
2582:
2392:
1819:
The Inca World: The development of pre-Columbian Peru, A.D. 1000-1534
1488:
1003:
858:
467:'corral, fence, fenced place' and the Quechumaran toponymic morpheme
263:
4041:
3936:
3086:
491:
Chan Chan is believed to have been constructed around 850 AD by the
341:
from 900 to 1470, when they were defeated and incorporated into the
4246:
3916:
3886:
3661:
3631:
3336:
3271:
3206:
3091:
2911:
2826:
2746:
2711:
2594:
2503:
2359:
2201:(1975). "Chan Chan: Andean Alternative of the Preindustrial City".
2121:
1784:
1262:
803:
799:
791:
761:
Artifacts from Chan Chan which are now located in the Larco museum.
573:
4016:
3931:
3666:
938:
492:
389:
The original meaning and the language of origin of the place name
4106:
4101:
3891:
3756:
3731:
3506:
3401:
3341:
3321:
3046:
2906:
2598:
2586:
2012:
993:
900:
2106:
Holstein, Otto (1927). "Chan-Chan: Capital of the Great Chimu".
1512:"Chan Chan la Ciudadela de Barro que resiste al paso del tiempo"
1249:
Holstein, Otto (1927). "Chan-Chan: Capital of the Great Chimu".
844:, small, irregular agglutinated rooms (SIARs) and mounds called
824:
4286:
4186:
4141:
4076:
4011:
3876:
3656:
3486:
3246:
3241:
2881:
2681:
2651:
545:
496:
338:
307:
1640:"What Was It Like to Live During the Peak of the Chimu Empire"
4296:
4261:
4216:
4006:
3776:
2771:
2590:
2509:
2487:
2397:
1068:
983:
933:
569:
358:
3201:
2525:
2452:
2180:, Ringwood: Penguin Books Australia Ltd., pp. 247–274.
1008:
862:
524:
361:. This runoff allows for control of land and water through
141:
840:, other compounds present in Chan Chan include courts, or
1961:
Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage
587:. This has been criticized as a denial of local history.
1615:"Welcome to Chan Chan, Peru's Abandoned Mud-Brick City"
798:
The Chan Chan civilians supposedly spoke the language "
452:
Chan Chan, since there is no possible scientific help".
899:
The ancient structures of Chan Chan are threatened by
583:
names to such compounds, despite Chimor having spoken
1080:- Chan Chan, Peru, End of an Empire by Bruce Hathaway
1054:
2259:
Encyclopedia of Archaeology: History and discoveries
1442:
Encyclopedia of Archaeology: History and Discoveries
337:
and was the capital of the historical empire of the
302:(Spanish pronunciation: ), sometimes itself called
2408:Heavy Rains Threaten Ancient City in Northern Peru
728:, cold, that comes from the south and the one of
4314:
2639:
2447:
2079:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 41.
345:. Chimor, a conquest state, developed from the
16:City of the pre-Columbian era in South America
2625:
2433:
1534:"a quick guide to chan chan's climate crisis"
1221:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp.
531:
2313:
1931:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1214:
1200:Rowe, John (1948). "The Kingdom of Chimor".
2178:The Art and Architecture of Ancient America
2136:
1725:
1057:"10 Must-See Endangered Cultural Treasures"
2632:
2618:
2440:
2426:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1474:
1472:
1244:
1242:
934:Recent archaeological conservation surveys
861:. Chan Chan, unlike most coastal ruins in
715:
2504:Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa
2030:
1958:
1419:https://doi.org/10.18800/lexis.202201.003
1402:https://doi.org/10.18800/lexis.202001.010
1385:https://doi.org/10.18800/lexis.202201.003
1347:https://doi.org/10.18800/lexis.202001.010
333:Chan Chan is located in the mouth of the
2105:
2090:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1364:https://doi.org/10.30920/letras.88.128.6
1330:https://doi.org/10.30920/letras.88.128.6
1248:
937:
876:
823:
781:
756:
559:
535:
2393:UNESCO World Heritage Center: Chan Chan
2273:
2197:
1807:
1662:
1660:
1478:
1469:
1239:
1156:
1094:
777:
4333:Archaeological sites in Trujillo, Peru
4315:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1435:
1027:
326:five kilometers (3.1 mi) west of
2613:
2421:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1603:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1309:
1305:
1303:
752:
555:
2462:List of World Heritage Sites in Peru
2345:
1768:
1657:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1199:
1152:
1150:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1055:The Smithsonian Staff (March 2010),
928:Chan Chan, capital of kingdom Chimu.
518:
2267:. (1948). "The Kingdom of Chimor."
2139:Journal of Anthropological Research
1987:
1939:
1728:Journal of Anthropological Research
1028:Carter, Benjamin (1 January 2008).
13:
2194:. Human Relations Area Files, Inc.
1858:"Endangered Site: Chan Chan, Peru"
1762:
1710:
1583:
1424:
1314:. Human Relations Area Files, Inc.
610:Chayhuac House or Beginning House
14:
4354:
2386:
2183:Minelli, Laura Laurencich. 2000.
1613:Orbegozo, Manuel (3 April 2017).
1280:
1147:
1083:
310:. It was the largest city of the
117:
2524:
2057:Carter, Benjamin. (2008-01-01).
1884:"Climate Change: Sites in Peril"
917:
116:
109:
87:
76:
69:
58:
51:
40:
4328:Former populated places in Peru
1902:
1876:
1850:
1824:
1693:"What Do We Know About Khipus?"
1685:
1632:
1586:"Chan Chan Archaeological Zone"
1584:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
1577:
1562:
1544:
1526:
1504:
1452:
1407:
1390:
1369:
1352:
1335:
813:
274:Latin America and the Caribbean
4343:World Heritage Sites in Danger
2515:Qhapaq Ă‘an, Andean Road System
2403:Chan Chan Multimedia Resources
1908:
1668:"Tucuna | people | Britannica"
1318:
1208:
1193:
1048:
1021:
999:World Heritage Sites in Danger
510:$ 5,000,000 US dollars in gold
306:, was the capital city of the
1:
3857:Quriwayrachina, La ConvenciĂłn
2187:University of Oklahoma Press.
2051:
1556:Chan Chan Archaeological Zone
872:
576:and the second in the world.
224:Chan Chan Archaeological Zone
4338:Archaeological sites in Peru
4323:World Heritage Sites in Peru
2641:Archaeological sites in Peru
2498:Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca
2223:10.1126/science.187.4173.219
1590:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1117:10.1126/science.187.4173.219
1014:
770:doubled as their workshops.
739:
621:East House or Sunrise House
384:
7:
3962:Tampu Mach'ay, Huancavelica
2071:D'Altroy, Terence. (2002).
1973:10.1016/j.daach.2017.11.004
962:
942:Model overview of Chan Chan
632:West House or Sunset House
585:other language than Mochica
10:
4359:
3557:Ă‘awpallaqta, Huanca Sancos
3042:Huamanmarca, La ConvenciĂłn
2192:Encyclopedia of Prehistory
1362:128), 126-148, pp. 133-5.
1312:Encyclopedia of Prehistory
1215:D'Altroy, Terence (2002).
894:
881:Water reserve in Chan Chan
817:
607:Chayhuac An or Quixmic An
548:designated Chan Chan as a
532:UNESCO World Heritage Site
486:
214:UNESCO World Heritage Site
21:Chan Chan (disambiguation)
18:
2647:
2577:
2555:
2534:
2521:
2468:
2459:
2328:10.1179/naw.1983.21.1.004
2288:10.7183/1045-6635.22.1.37
1697:Google Arts & Culture
1644:Google Arts & Culture
1481:Rammed Earth Conservation
1171:10.7183/1045-6635.22.1.37
698:New House or Final House
324:department of La Libertad
293:
289:
279:
269:
259:
244:
236:
228:
220:
211:
207:
197:
189:
184:
147:
133:
104:
33:
4157:Wamanmarka, Chumbivilcas
3852:Quriwayrachina, Ayacucho
3712:Pumamarka, San Sebastián
3642:Pirca Pirca, La Libertad
2569:Rio Abiseo National Park
2276:Latin American Antiquity
2176:Kubler, George. (1962).
2151:10.1086/jar.29.4.3629879
1740:10.1086/jar.29.4.3629879
1569:Ă‘ain An, Tsuts An, etc.
1383:1), 103-123, pp. 116-7.
1159:Latin American Antiquity
1067:(12): 35, archived from
832:The city has ten walled
3357:Llaqta Qulluy, Tayacaja
3142:Inka Wasi, Huancavelica
2542:Huascarán National Park
2493:Historic Centre of Lima
2381:(subscription required)
2341:(subscription required)
2309:(subscription required)
2172:(subscription required)
2032:10.3390/heritage5030108
1328:128), 126-148, p. 130.
1276:(subscription required)
865:, is very close to the
716:Walled compound Tschudi
4002:The Toads of Wiraqucha
3452:Mawk'allaqta, La UniĂłn
3442:Mawk'allaqta, Castilla
3352:Llaqta Qulluy, Conayca
3127:Inka Tampu, Vilcabamba
2562:Historic Sanctuary of
2398:Chan Chan information
2190:Moore, Jerry. (2002).
943:
882:
829:
787:
762:
565:
541:
460:
4117:Ventanillas de Otuzco
3702:Pukara, Vilcas Huamán
3447:Mawk'allaqta, Espinar
3347:Llaqta Qulluy, Acoria
3262:Kunturmarka, Ayacucho
3172:Inti Watana, Urubamba
3162:Inti Watana, Ayacucho
3122:Inka Tampu, Huayopata
1448:on 12 September 2018.
1345:1), 301-316, p. 308.
1310:Moore, Jerry (2002).
941:
880:
827:
785:
760:
563:
544:On 28 November 1986,
539:
449:
401:region presented the
4292:Yanaqi - Qillqamarka
3847:Quriwayrachina, Anta
3567:Ă‘awpallaqta, Lucanas
3562:Ă‘awpallaqta, Fajardo
3467:Mawk'allaqta, Sandia
3462:Mawk'allaqta, Paruro
3457:Mawk'allaqta, Melgar
3362:Llaqta Qulluy, Vilca
3307:Laguna de las Momias
3117:Inka Raqay, Ayacucho
3112:Inka Raqay, ApurĂmac
2702:Awkimarka (ApurĂmac)
2657:Ahuila Gencha Machay
2500:and Pampas de Jumana
2449:World Heritage Sites
2253:Murray, T. (2001). "
778:Religion and culture
477:voiceless velar stop
457:Urban (2017, p. 135)
169:8.10583°S 79.07444°W
19:For other uses, see
3942:Soro Mik'aya Patjxa
3837:Qurimarka, ApurĂmac
3752:Purunllacta, Soloco
3717:Pumamarka, Urubamba
3137:Inka Wasi, Ayacucho
3057:Huaycán de Pariachi
2852:Choquequirao Puquio
2812:Chauchilla Cemetery
2707:Awkimarka (Huánuco)
2484:Archaeological Site
2478:Archaeological Zone
2215:1975Sci...187..219M
2109:Geographical Review
1890:on 27 December 2012
1251:Geographical Review
1109:1975Sci...187..219M
828:Museum of Chan Chan
550:World Heritage Site
174:-8.10583; -79.07444
165: /
30:
4172:Wanakawri, Huánuco
3747:Purunllacta, Cheto
3607:Paracas Candelabra
3267:Kunturmarka, Pasco
3167:Inti Watana, Calca
2547:Manu National Park
2348:American Antiquity
1864:on 6 February 2010
1838:on 19 January 2016
1772:American Antiquity
1672:www.britannica.com
1514:. 23 November 2012
1436:Murray, T (2001).
944:
883:
830:
788:
763:
753:Workers and people
566:
556:Archeological site
542:
363:irrigation systems
320:archeological site
260:Reference no.
138:La Libertad Region
28:
4310:
4309:
3687:Pukara, Coporaque
3647:Pirca Pirca, Lima
3007:Huaca Huallamarca
2817:ChavĂn de Huantar
2607:
2606:
2209:(4173): 219–225.
2085:978-0-631-17677-0
1832:"Chan Chan Tours"
1232:978-0-631-17677-0
1103:(4173): 219–225.
820:Incan Agriculture
713:
712:
599:Intended meaning
519:Conservation plan
505:Francisco Pizarro
445:kingdom of Chimor
440:Quingnam language
312:pre-Columbian era
297:
296:
255:
125:Shown within Peru
4350:
4167:Wanakawri, Cusco
4162:Wamanmarka, Lima
3997:Templo del Zorro
3842:Qurimarka, Cusco
3332:Llamachayuq Qaqa
3312:Lauricocha Caves
3292:K'allapayuq Urqu
3277:Kusichaka valley
3022:Huaca San Marcos
2997:Huaca del DragĂłn
2992:Huaca de la Luna
2662:Amaru Marka Wasi
2634:
2627:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2529:
2528:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2382:
2379:
2342:
2339:
2310:
2307:
2250:
2199:Moseley, Michael
2173:
2170:
2133:
2102:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2025:(3): 2062–2082.
2010:
1985:
1984:
1956:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1922:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1886:. Archived from
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1860:. Archived from
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1834:. Archived from
1828:
1822:
1816:
1805:
1804:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1723:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1581:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1538:arts and culture
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1489:10.1201/b15164-4
1476:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1444:. Archived from
1433:
1422:
1411:
1405:
1394:
1388:
1373:
1367:
1356:
1350:
1339:
1333:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1092:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1071:on 22 April 2020
1052:
1046:
1045:
1025:
921:
590:
589:
458:
395:Ernst Middendorf
249:
180:
179:
177:
176:
175:
170:
166:
163:
162:
161:
158:
120:
119:
113:
91:
80:
73:
62:
55:
44:
31:
27:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4282:Wiraqucha Pirqa
4027:Toquepala Caves
3792:Qillqay Mach'ay
3692:Pukara, Fajardo
3417:Marcahuamachuco
3387:Machu Pitumarka
3212:Jisk'a Iru Muqu
3182:Intini Uyu Pata
3097:Incahuasi, Lima
3027:Huaca Santa Ana
2952:Guitarrero Cave
2777:Caves of Sumbay
2677:Asiru Phat'jata
2643:
2638:
2608:
2603:
2573:
2551:
2530:
2523:
2519:
2508:Sacred City of
2464:
2455:
2446:
2389:
2380:
2340:
2322:(21): 153–182.
2308:
2269:Acta Americana.
2171:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2011:
1988:
1957:
1940:
1924:
1923:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1808:
1767:
1763:
1724:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1611:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1434:
1425:
1412:
1408:
1395:
1391:
1374:
1370:
1357:
1353:
1340:
1336:
1323:
1319:
1308:
1281:
1275:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1213:
1209:
1198:
1194:
1155:
1148:
1093:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1026:
1022:
1017:
984:Andes mountains
965:
936:
931:
930:
929:
927:
922:
897:
875:
822:
816:
780:
755:
742:
718:
558:
534:
521:
489:
459:
456:
387:
318:. It is now an
216:
173:
171:
167:
164:
159:
156:
154:
152:
151:
129:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
100:
97:
96:
95:
94:
93:
92:
83:
82:
81:
74:
65:
64:
63:
56:
47:
46:
45:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4356:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4237:Wayna Tawqaray
4234:
4229:
4227:Wat'a, Huánuco
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4137:Viracochapampa
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4112:Venado cautivo
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4087:Usnu, Ayacucho
4084:
4079:
4074:
4072:Uchkus Inkañan
4069:
4067:T'uqu T'uquyuq
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
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2962:Hatun Misapata
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2387:External links
2385:
2384:
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2360:10.2307/278179
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2251:
2195:
2188:
2181:
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2145:(4): 275–295.
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2067:978-0549646341
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1986:
1938:
1909:S., Blauw, T.
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1734:(4): 275–295.
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974:ChimĂş Culture
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867:Pacific Ocean
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722:Chimu culture
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596:Current name
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4232:Wayna Q'inti
4222:Wat'a, Cusco
4182:Waqra Pukara
4132:Vilcashuamán
3902:Sacsayhuamán
3832:Quri Winchus
3762:Pusuquy Pata
3737:Puqin Kancha
3697:Pukara, Puno
3392:Machu Q'inti
3377:Machu Picchu
3237:Killarumiyuq
3187:Intipa Ă‘awin
3107:Inka Mach'ay
3082:Huchuy Qosqo
3012:Huaca Prieta
2957:Hatun Machay
2937:Gran Pajatén
2847:Choquequirao
2842:Choquepuquio
2837:Chipaw Marka
2801:
2787:Cerro Pátapo
2564:Machu Picchu
2475:
2354:(1): 74–86.
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2282:(1): 37–63.
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2116:(1): 36–61.
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2018:
1967:(1): 27–34.
1964:
1960:
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1892:. Retrieved
1888:the original
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1866:. Retrieved
1862:the original
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1836:the original
1826:
1779:(1): 74–86.
1776:
1770:
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1731:
1727:
1700:. Retrieved
1696:
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1671:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1619:Culture Trip
1618:
1593:. Retrieved
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1516:. Retrieved
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1257:(1): 36–61.
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1165:(1): 37–63.
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676:Birds House
654:North House
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285:1986–present
25:
4277:Wiñay Wayna
4272:Willkaraqay
4257:Wila Wilani
4212:Wari Willka
4202:Waraqu Urqu
4147:Waman Pirqa
4052:Tunay Q'asa
4032:Toro Muerto
3982:Taqrachullu
3972:Tanqa Tanqa
3967:Tampukancha
3957:Tambomachay
3952:Tambo Totem
3822:Qunchamarka
3812:Qullqapampa
3722:Pumaq Hirka
3672:Puka Pukara
3637:Pinkuylluna
3627:Pikimach'ay
3542:Nazca Lines
3537:Muyuq Marka
3522:Mullu Q'awa
3497:Mirq'imarka
3472:Mawk'ataray
3407:Maray Qalla
3397:Mallkuamaya
3382:Machu Pirqa
3372:Machu Colca
3327:Llamachayuq
3257:Kuntur Wasi
3152:Inkilltambo
3077:Huayrapongo
3037:Hualpayunca
3032:Huacramarca
2972:Hatun Uchku
2942:Gran Vilaya
2742:Buena Vista
2697:Awkin Punta
2316:Ă‘awpa Pacha
2094:Smithsonian
1518:25 November
1438:"Chan Chan"
1360:Letras, 88(
1326:Letras, 88(
1061:Smithsonian
979:Inka empire
637:Gran ChimĂş
629:Fechech An
381:workshops.
343:Inca Empire
172: /
148:Coordinates
4317:Categories
4267:WilcahuaĂn
4207:Warawtampu
4177:Waqlamarka
4127:Vilcabamba
4082:Uskallaqta
4047:Tunanmarca
3992:Tarmatambo
3927:Sillustani
3912:Sayacmarca
3897:Runkuraqay
3827:Qunchupata
3802:Quillarumi
3782:Qillqatani
3677:Puka Tampu
3652:Pirhuaylla
3622:Pikillaqta
3617:Patallaqta
3592:Pachatusan
3587:Pachacamac
3502:Miyu Pampa
3492:Miraflores
3432:Markapukyu
3427:Markansaya
3422:Markahirka
3412:Marayniyoq
3367:Llaqtapata
3297:K'ipakhara
3282:Khichuqaqa
3177:Intikancha
3157:Inti Punku
3147:Inkapintay
2987:Honcopampa
2982:Hatunmarka
2977:Hatun Usnu
2927:El ParaĂso
2922:El Ingenio
2897:Coricancha
2887:Condorcaga
2877:Colcampata
2867:Cochabamba
2832:Chichakuri
2822:Chawaytiri
2807:Chanquillo
2797:Chacamarca
2782:Cerro BaĂşl
2687:Auga Punta
2510:Caral-Supe
2265:Rowe, John
2061:ProQuest.
2052:References
1919:1016759279
1702:8 December
1677:8 December
1649:8 December
1624:8 December
1595:8 December
1415:Lexis, 46(
1398:Lexis, 44(
1381:Lexis, 46(
1343:Lexis, 44(
989:Irrigation
873:Irrigation
850:audiencias
842:audiencias
838:ciudadelas
834:ciudadelas
818:See also:
670:Bandelier
665:Sea House
651:Fochic An
643:Big House
626:Laberinto
481:kanĉa-n(i)
378:ciudadelas
374:Ciudadelas
370:ciudadelas
281:Endangered
245:Designated
4197:Waraqayuq
4192:Warahirka
4152:Wamanilla
4122:Ventarron
4097:Usnu Muqu
4057:Tupu Inka
4037:Trinchera
3987:Tarahuasi
3977:Tantarica
3947:Susupillu
3907:Sara Sara
3882:Rumicolca
3862:Qasa Pata
3817:Qulu Qulu
3772:Qaqapatan
3742:Puruchuco
3682:Puka Urqu
3602:Pañamarca
3582:Pacatnamu
3552:Ninamarca
3547:Nina Kiru
3532:Muyu Urqu
3527:Muyu Muyu
3517:Mulinuyuq
3217:Kanamarka
3197:Iskuqucha
3102:Ingatambo
3052:Huankarán
2902:Cumbemayo
2892:Cota Coca
2872:Cochapata
2802:Chan Chan
2762:Carachupa
2757:Cao Viejo
2737:Bandurria
2722:Ayawayq'u
2717:Ayamachay
2667:Arhuaturo
2583:Argentina
2476:Chan Chan
2376:163958191
2304:164117955
2255:Chan Chan
2167:163416043
2101:(12): 35.
2041:2062-2082
1981:2212-0548
1927:cite book
1801:163958191
1756:163416043
1558:. UNESCO.
1218:The Incas
1187:164117955
1015:Citations
1004:Spondylus
859:Spondylus
740:Buildings
706:Tsuts An
604:Chayhuac
593:Old name
420:Chan Chan
391:Chan Chan
385:Etymology
357:from the
300:Chan Chan
160:79°4′28″W
29:Chan Chan
4247:Wichqana
4022:Titiqaqa
3917:Sayhuite
3887:Rumiwasi
3807:Quishuar
3727:Pumawasi
3707:Pukarani
3662:Pirwayuq
3632:Pilluchu
3612:Paraccra
3337:Llamayuq
3272:Kuntuyuq
3207:Jinkiori
3092:Inca Uyo
2912:El Brujo
2857:ChurajĂłn
2827:Cheqollo
2747:Cahuachi
2727:Azángaro
2712:Aya Muqu
2595:Colombia
2469:Cultural
2336:27977764
2296:23072515
2247:20314792
2239:17838775
2019:Heritage
1894:20 March
1868:20 March
1842:27 March
1552:"UNESCO"
1375:Such as
1179:23072515
1141:20314792
1133:17838775
963:See also
804:quingnam
800:quingnam
792:quingnam
726:Humboldt
695:Chol An
681:Tschudi
673:Ă‘ain An
662:Ă‘ing An
659:Velarde
640:Utzh An
574:Americas
455:—
407:Quingnam
399:Trujillo
237:Criteria
232:Cultural
198:Cultures
157:8°6′21″S
134:Location
4252:Wich'un
4242:Wichama
4107:Uyu Uyu
4102:Usqunta
3892:Runayoc
3872:Raqch'i
3757:Pusharo
3732:Punkuri
3507:Molloko
3482:Miculla
3402:Mameria
3342:Llamuqa
3322:Llactan
3222:Kanichi
3047:Huamboy
2932:Garagay
2907:Cutimbo
2767:CarajĂa
2599:Ecuador
2587:Bolivia
2535:Natural
2231:1739056
2211:Bibcode
2203:Science
2159:3629879
1748:3629879
1574:pag. 19
1125:1739056
1105:Bibcode
1097:Science
1075:17 July
994:Erosion
905:El Niño
901:erosion
895:Threats
730:El Niño
692:Rivero
684:Nik An
648:Squier
581:Mochica
487:History
432:Mochica
428:Cariban
415:Quechua
403:Mochica
322:in the
252:session
190:Founded
185:History
4287:Yanaca
4187:Waqutu
4142:Vitcos
4077:Urpish
4062:T'akaq
4042:TĂşcume
4012:Tinyaq
3937:SĂłndor
3922:SechĂn
3877:Revash
3797:Quiaca
3787:Qillqa
3657:Piruro
3597:Paiján
3487:Millka
3317:LayzĂłn
3252:Kukuli
3247:Kuelap
3242:Kotosh
3087:Huiñao
2882:Collor
2682:Aspero
2652:Acaray
2597:, and
2482:ChavĂn
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703:Tello
546:UNESCO
497:Chimor
473:Aymara
436:xllang
339:Chimor
304:Chimor
270:Region
250:(10th
240:i, iii
4297:Yaynu
4262:Wilca
4217:Waruq
4017:TipĂłn
4007:Tikra
3932:Sipán
3777:Qenko
3667:PĂsac
3512:Moray
3477:Mazur
3437:Marpa
3227:Kenko
3067:Huari
2862:Chuya
2772:Caral
2672:Asana
2591:Chile
2581:with
2556:Mixed
2372:S2CID
2364:JSTOR
2332:JSTOR
2300:S2CID
2292:JSTOR
2243:S2CID
2227:JSTOR
2163:S2CID
2155:JSTOR
2126:JSTOR
2077:Incas
1797:S2CID
1789:JSTOR
1752:S2CID
1744:JSTOR
1267:JSTOR
1183:S2CID
1175:JSTOR
1137:S2CID
1121:JSTOR
888:ChimĂş
615:Uhle
570:adobe
493:ChimĂş
465:kanĉa
434:noun
411:Culli
359:Andes
248:1986
3202:Isog
2453:Peru
2235:PMID
2081:ISBN
2063:ISBN
2037:ISSN
1977:ISSN
1933:link
1915:OCLC
1896:2009
1870:2009
1844:2011
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1679:2022
1651:2022
1626:2022
1597:2022
1520:2012
1493:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1129:PMID
1077:2020
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1009:Peru
909:Niño
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