378:: first, that there are not successive acts of creation, but that the universe is completed by the single original act of the divine will, and thereafter moves on by its own inherent force; and secondly, that there is no break in the continuity of existence. The divine Being originally created a multitude of germs in a graduated scale, each with an inherent power of self-development . At every successive step in the progress of the universe, these germs, as progressively modified, advance nearer to perfection; if some advanced and others did not there would be a gap in the continuity of the chain. Thus not man only but all other forms of existence are immortal . Nor is man's mind alone immortal; his body also will pass into the higher stage, not, indeed, the body he now possesses, but a finer one of which the germ at present exists within him. It is impossible, however, to reach absolute perfection, because the distance is infinite.
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whole. There seems, in fact, to be an oscillation between two distinct but analogous doctrines—that of the constantly increasing advancement of the individual in future stages of existence, and that of the constantly increasing advancement of the race as a whole according to the successive evolutions of the globe. In
Philosophical Palingesis, or Ideas on the Past and Future States of Living Beings (1770), Bonnet argued that females carry within them all future generations in a miniature form. He believed these miniature beings, sometimes called
358:, in which vivid, complex visual hallucinations (fictive visual percepts) occur in psychologically normal people. He documented it in his 87-year-old grandfather, who was nearly blind from cataracts in both eyes but perceived men, women, birds, carriages, buildings, tapestries and scaffolding patterns. Most people affected are elderly with visual impairments, however the phenomenon does not occur only in the elderly or in those with visual impairments; it can also be caused by damage elsewhere in their optic pathway or brain.
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nerve is, according to Bonnet, the condition of memory. When reflection—that is, the active element in mind—is applied to the acquisition and combination of sensations, those abstract ideas are formed which, though generally distinguished from, are thus merely sensations in combination only. That which puts the mind into activity is pleasure or pain; happiness is the end of human existence.
170:
260:. This little creature became the hit of all the salons across Europe once philosophers and natural scientists saw its amazing regenerative capabilities. In 1741, Bonnet began to study reproduction by fusion and the regeneration of lost parts in the freshwater hydra and other animals; and in the following year he discovered that the respiration of
331:(Amsterdam, 1764–1765; translated into Italian, German, English and Dutch), one of his most popular and delightful works, he sets forth, in eloquent language, the theory that all the beings in nature form a gradual scale rising from lowest to highest, without any break in its continuity. His last important work was the
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are made to vibrate by external physical stimulus. A nerve once set in motion by a particular object tends to reproduce that motion; so that when it a second time receives an impression from the same object it vibrates with less resistance. The sensation accompanying this increased flexibility in the
193:
of
Protestants in the 16th century. At age seven he lost his hearing, which pushed him into an interest in the natural world. His schoolmates troubled him due to the hearing handicap and the parents took him out and had a private tutor. Bonnet seems never to have left the Geneva region, and does not
381:
In this final proposition, Bonnet violates his own principle of continuity, by postulating an interval between the highest created being and the Divine. It is also difficult to understand whether the constant advance to perfection is performed by each individual, or only by each race of beings as a
361:
Bonnet's philosophical system may be outlined as follows. Man is a compound of two distinct substances, mind and body, the one immaterial and the other material. All knowledge originates in sensations; sensations follow (whether as physical effects or merely as sequents Bonnet will not say)
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335:(Geneva, 1769–1770); in it he treats of the past and future of living beings, and supports the idea of the survival of all animals, and the perfecting of their faculties in a future state. Bonnet's complete works appeared at Neuchâtel in 1779–1783, partly revised by himself.
386:, would be able to survive even great cataclysms such as the biblical Flood; he predicted, moreover, that these catastrophes brought about evolutionary change, and that after the next disaster, men would become angels, mammals would gain intelligence, and so on.
303:(Research on the use of leaves in plants). In this book, he observes that gas bubbles form on plant leaves that have been submerged in water, indicating gas exchange; and among other things he advances many considerations tending to show (as was later done by
1211:
Considerations sur les corps organisâes: oáu l'on traite de leur origine, de leur dâeveloppement, de leur râeproduction, &c., & áou l'on a rassemblâe en abrâegâe tout ce que l'histoire naturelle offre de plus certain & de plus intâeressant sur ce
299:, particularly the leaves of plants, next attracted his attention; and after several years of diligent study, rendered irksome by the increasing weakness of his eyesight, he published in 1754 one of the most original and interesting of his works,
1280:
La palingénésie philosophique : ou Idées sur l'état passé et sur l'état futur des êtres vivans : ouvrage destiné á servir de supplément aux derniers écrits de l'auteur et qui contient principalement le précis de ses recherches sur le
244:, and with the help of live specimens succeeded in adding many observations to those of Réaumur and Pluche. In 1740, Bonnet communicated to the Academy of Sciences a paper containing a series of experiments establishing what is now termed
323:(Analytical essay on the faculties of the soul) (Copenhagen, 1760), in which he develops his views regarding the physiological conditions of mental activity. He returned to physical science, but to the speculative side of it, in his
623:
1509:"L'expérimentation comme rhétorique de la preuve : L'exemple du Traité d'insectologie de Charles Bonnet / Experiment as rhetoric of proof : The example of Charles Bonnet's Traité d'insectologie"
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Considerations sur les corps organisés: où l'on traite de leur origine, de leur développement, de leur réproduction, &c. & ... tout ce que l'histoire naturelle offre ... sur ce sujet .
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276:; and in the same year he became a doctor of laws—his last act in connection with a profession which had ever been distasteful to him. In 1753, he was elected a foreign member of the
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or tree-lice, which obtained for him the honour of being admitted as the youngest corresponding member of the academy. During that year he had been in correspondence with his uncle
1633:
189:
Bonnet was born in Geneva, the son of Pierre Bonnet and Anne-Marie Lullin de Châteauvieux. Although originally from France, the family had been driven into Geneva by
1643:
1476:
Discours Du
Citoyen Isaac Salomon Anspach, Prononcé le Jeudi 8 d'Août 1793, l'an 2e. de l'Egalité: Après Le Placement De L'Inscription En L'Honneur De Charles Bonnet
166:" in a biological context. Deaf from an early age, he also suffered from failing eyesight and had to make use of assistants in later life to help in his research.
733:
Discours du citoyen Isaac
Salomon Anspach, prononcé le jeudi 8 d'août 1793 l'an 2 de l'Égalité, après le placement de l'inscription en l'honneur de Charles Bonnet
414:
749:
Marino
Buscaglia and René Sigrist (ed), " Charles Bonnet, savant et philosophe (1720-1793)". Actes du Colloque international de Genève (25-27 novembre 1993)
1120:
ETH-Bibliothek / Traité d'insectologie ou observations sur quelques espèces de vers d'eau douce, qui coupés par morceaux deviennent autant d'animaux complets
343:
1559:
307:) that plants are endowed with powers of sensation and discernment. But Bonnet's eyesight, which threatened to fail altogether, caused him to turn to
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Lettre de M. Charles Bonnet. Au sujet du discours de M. J. J. Rousseau de Genève, sur l'origine et les fondements de l'inégalité parmi les hommes.
397:
is known to have studied his publications on insects and to have been influenced as he developed concepts on progression of species (evolution).
1340:
Sarton, George (1952). "Review of Mémoires autobiographiques de de Genève, ; La philosophie de
Charles Bonnet de Genève, Raymond Savioz".
439:
Traité d'insectologie ou
Observations sur quelques espèces de vers d'eau douce, qui coupés par morceaux, deviennent autant d'animaux complets,
194:
appear to have taken any part in public affairs except for the period between 1752 and 1768, during which he was a member of the republic's
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327:(Amsterdam, 1762), designed to refute the theory of epigenesis, and to explain and defend the doctrine of pre-existent germs. In his
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95:
73:
1623:
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1012:
Berrios G E & Brook P (1982) The
Charles Bonnet Syndrome and the problem of visual perceptual disorders in the elderly.
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Recherches sur l'usage des feuilles dans les plantes, et sur quelques autres sujets relatifs à l'histoire de la végetation
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202:, near Geneva, where he died after a long and painful illness on 20 May 1793. His wife was a lady of the family of
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291:, in which were collected his various discoveries regarding insects, along with a preface on the development of
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and established that insects respired through their spiracles. He was among the first to use the term "
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Histoire des sciences naturelles: depuis leur origine jusqu'à nos jours, chez tous les peuples connus
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Peter J. Bowler, " Bonnet and Buffon : theories of generation and the problem of species", dans
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Letters published by the Duke of
Caraman, including an exchange with Gabriel Cramer on human freedom.
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Det
Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab 1742–1942 – Samlinger til Selskabets Historie
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236:, which he read in his sixteenth year, turned his attention to insect life. He procured
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Contemporary drawing of Bonnet's tomb in what was then the Parc des Plantes, now the
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René Sigrist, " L'expérimentation comme rhétorique de la preuve : l'exemple du
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to describe the arrangement of leaves on a plant. He was among the first to notice
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Philosophical and critical inquiries concerning Christianity, tr. by J.L. Boissier
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Histoire des sciences naturelles : depuis leur origine jusqu'à nos jours
483:, two volumes, 1764. A German translation was made by Jakob Friedrich Klemm.
410:
346:. It was later removed, its whereabouts unknown. From the collections of the
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273:
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198:. The last twenty five years of his life he spent quietly in the country, at
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Georges Cuvier and Madeleine de Saint-Agy, "De Bonnet et de ses travaux",
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Caraman.), Victor Antoine Charles RIQUET (Duke de; Bonnet, Charles (1859).
1103:
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La Nature à l'épreuve. Les débuts de l'expérimentation à Genève (1670-1790)
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859:
371:
261:
150:
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1128:
1568:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 211.
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1063:
865:
The Golden Ratio: The Story of Phi, the World's Most Astonishing Number
807:, Paris, Classiques Garnier, 2011, p. 225-263, 292-309 et 536-576.
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203:
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163:
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Mémoires de la Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genève
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206:. They had no children, but Madame Bonnet's nephew, the celebrated
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Bonnet is sometimes held to be Swiss (see e.g. his entry in the
714:(1897), xi. (1897), pp. 58 foIl., Xi. (1898) pp. 1–211
213:
1459:
Charles Bonnet, philosophe et naturaliste, sa vie et ses œuvres
1428:"ETH-Bibliothek / Fisica animale e vegetabile... [170]"
1315:
ETH-Bibliothek / Oeuvres d'histoire naturelle et de philosophie
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has since been given. In 1743, he was admitted a fellow of the
241:
69:
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vibrations in the nerves appropriate to each; and lastly, the
169:
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Bibliothèque de Genève / Collection complète... [469]
895:"Contributions of deaf people to entomology: A hidden legacy"
363:
249:
159:
549:
Philosophical and Critical Inquiries concerning Christianity
1654:
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities
1186:
ETH-Bibliothek / Essai analytique sur les facultés de l'âme
502:(in French). Vol. 2. Amsterdam: Marc Michel Rey. 1764.
492:(in French). Vol. 1. Amsterdam: Marc Michel Rey. 1764.
224:
his profession, but his favourite pursuit was the study of
543:, 1769. An English translation of certain portions of the
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Two letters in French from Bonnet to Lazzaro Spallanzani.
592:(in French). Vol. 5. Neuchâtel: Samuel Fauche. 1781.
582:(in French). Vol. 5. Neuchâtel: Samuel Fauche. 1781.
572:(in French). Vol. 2. Neuchâtel: Samuel Fauche. 1779.
522:(in French). Vol. 4. Neuchâtel: Samuel Fauche. 1781.
512:(in French). Vol. 4. Neuchâtel: Samuel Fauche. 1781.
474:(in French). Vol. 3. Neuchâtel: Samuel Fauche. 1779.
221:
1284:. Duke University Libraries. Geneve : C. Philibert.
980:. New-York: Spiegel & Grau. pp. 89–92, 96–98.
415:
Conservatory and Botanical Garden of the City of Geneva
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Recherches sur l'usage des feuilles dans les plantes,
532:(in German). Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Junius. 1772.
301:
Recherches sur l'usage des feuilles dans les plantes
287:
His first published work appeared in 1745, entitled
944:
19:For the specialist on Ancient Nubia born 1933, see
1634:18th-century botanists from the Republic of Geneva
389:Bonnet had an influence on other philosophers and
280:, and on 15 December 1769 a foreign member of the
892:
868:(First trade paperback ed.). New York City:
1644:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1605:
893:Lang, Harry G.; Santiago-Blay, Jorge A. (2012).
767:, Oxford, The Voltaire Foundation, 1976 (2 vol.)
374:theory is based on two principles borrowed from
1455:
669:La correspondance Charles Bonnet—Michel Adanson
148:writer. He is responsible for coining the term
1597:Charles Bonnet Syndrome Informational Pamphlet
1294:
1064:"Charles Bonnet's Taxonomy and Chain of Being"
765:Charles Bonnet contre les Lumières (1738-1850)
589:Lettres sur divers sujets d'histoire naturelle
696:Victor Antoine Charles de Riquet de Caraman,
555:Œuvres d'histoire naturelle et de philosophie
354:In 1760 he described a condition now called
282:Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters
457:Essai analytique sur les facultés de l'âme,
1045:, Thoemmes Press, Bristol, England (1900)
1027:Essai Analytique sur les facultés de l’âme
783:La philosophie de Charles Bonnet de Genève
719:Vie privée et littéraire de Charles Bonnet
321:Essai analytique sur les facultés de l'âme
40:
1189:. chez les frères Cl. et Ant. Philibert.
698:Charles Bonnet, philosophe et naturaliste
629:First page of the 1766 German edition of
268:is performed by pores, to which the name
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425:
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932:Gisela Luginbohl-Weber (6 April 2011).
547:was published in 1787, under the title
325:Considerations sur les corps organisées
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658:, of Bonnet's letter published in the
471:Considerations sur les corps organisés
463:Considérations sur les corps organisés
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671:, Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, 1969
137:; 13 March 1720 – 20 May 1793) was a
132:
938:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
852:
1148:(in French). chez Elie Luzac, Fils.
1029:. Copenhagen: Philibert, pp 426–428
1003:, vol. 1, Copenhagen, 1942, p. 386.
413:, on display on the grounds of the
295:and the scale of organized beings.
23:. For Charles Bonnet syndrome, see
13:
1590:A Compendium of Natural Philosophy
1446:
1330:
1266:(in French). Chez Marc-Michel Rey.
1215:(in French). Chez Marc-Michel Rey.
740:Journal for the history of biology
14:
1665:
1573:
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278:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
228:. The account of the ant-lion in
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256:who had recently discovered the
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1473:Anspach, Isaak Salomon (1793).
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1068:Journal of the History of Ideas
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834:where he lived only joined the
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210:, was brought up as their son.
1043:and some of his contemporaries
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705:Die Psychologie Charles Bonnet
1:
1624:Proto-evolutionary biologists
1584:Biodiversity Heritage Library
1513:Revue d'histoire des sciences
1232:(in French). Marc-Michel Rey.
899:Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews
845:
794:Revue d'Histoire des Sciences
569:Mémoires d'histoire naturelle
539:La palingénésie philosophique
315:was published anonymously in
25:Visual release hallucinations
21:Charles Bonnet (archeologist)
1649:Fellows of the Royal Society
1496:(in French). Fortin, Masson.
1249:(in French). Chez M.-M. Rey.
712:Arch. f. Gesch. d. Philos x.
683:
654:Reproduction, in Rousseau's
395:James Burnett, Lord Monboddo
16:Genevan botanist (1720–1793)
7:
579:Ecrits d'histoire naturelle
319:. This was followed by the
208:Horace-Bénédict de Saussure
10:
1670:
1535:
1263:Contemplation de la nature
1246:Contemplation de la nature
635:Betrachtung über die Natur
631:Contemplation de la Nature
612:Betrachtung über die Natur
608:Contemplation de la Nature
561:Mémoires autobiographiques
545:Palingénésie philosophique
529:Contemplation de la nature
519:Contemplation de la nature
509:Contemplation de la nature
499:Contemplation de la nature
489:Contemplation de la nature
481:Contemplation de la nature
431:Contemplation de la nature
409:Bust of Charles Bonnet by
333:Palingénésie philosophique
329:Contemplation de la nature
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911:10.1163/18749836-05031052
391:pre-evolutionary thinkers
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1629:18th-century naturalists
1593:1836 English translation
1490:Cuvier, Georges (1843).
1312:Bonnet, Charles (1779).
1277:Bonnet, Charles (1769).
1260:Bonnet, Charles (1769).
1243:Bonnet, Charles (1769).
1226:Bonnet, Charles (1762).
1208:Bonnet, Charles (1762).
1183:Bonnet, Charles (1760).
1159:Bonnet, Charles (1755),
1142:Bonnet, Charles (1754).
1117:Bonnet, Charles (1745).
1062:Anderson, Lorin (1976).
811:
421:
400:
1580:Works by Charles Bonnet
1565:Encyclopædia Britannica
1295:Charles Bonnet (1803).
976:Stott, Rebecca (2012).
830:), but the independent
827:Encyclopædia Britannica
792:de Charles Bonnet", in
731:Isaac Salomon Anspach,
606:1766 German edition of
356:Charles Bonnet Syndrome
348:Bibliothèque des Genève
1507:Sigrist, Réné (2001).
1025:Bonnet Charles (1760)
557:, 8 volumes 1779–1783.
434:
418:
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234:Spectacle de la nature
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196:Council of Two Hundred
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1525:10.3406/rhs.2001.2133
790:Traité d'insectologie
429:
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289:Traité d'insectologie
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191:religious persecution
178:Traité d'insectologie
172:
130:French pronunciation:
1301:. Oxford University.
1195:10.3931/e-rara-24193
1162:Essai de psychologie
785:, Paris, Vrin, 1948.
639:Johann Daniel Titius
616:Johann Daniel Titius
563:, Paris, Vrin, 1948.
465:, two volumes, 1762
451:Essai de psychologie
313:Essai de psychologie
1324:10.3931/e-rara-8551
1129:10.3931/e-rara-9827
667:Jean-Paul Nicolas,
230:Noël-Antoine Pluche
832:Republic of Geneva
774:, Volume 4, 1843,
660:Mercure de France.
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134:[ʃaʁlbɔnɛ]
96:Republic of Geneva
74:Republic of Geneva
46:Bonnet painted by
987:978-1-4000-6937-8
836:Swiss Confederacy
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1558:, ed. (1911). "
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872:. p. 109.
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86:(1793-05-20)
1619:1793 deaths
1614:1720 births
742:, 6, 1973,
689:A Lemoine,
266:butterflies
151:phyllotaxis
84:20 May 1793
1608:Categories
1318:. Fauche.
1123:. Durand.
846:References
309:philosophy
204:De la Rive
142:naturalist
114:Naturalist
62:1720-03-13
1412:ignored (
1402:cite book
1362:0021-1753
1088:0022-5037
1016:11: 17–23
919:1874-9828
862:(2003) .
684:Biography
384:homonculi
370:Bonnet's
270:spiracles
164:evolution
48:Jens Juel
1104:11615700
800:419–449.
778:244–263.
746:259-281.
453:, 1754.
240:work on
1582:at the
1553::
1536:Sources
1438:1 March
1392:1 March
1169:1 March
1096:2708708
721:, 1794.
376:Leibniz
242:insects
200:Genthod
139:Genevan
92:Genthod
50:, 1777.
1547:
1434:. 1782
1388:. 1780
1370:227482
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633:, or,
610:, or,
433:, 1764
364:nerves
317:London
297:Botany
250:aphids
180:, 1745
160:aphids
110:Fields
70:Geneva
1366:JSTOR
1212:sujet
1092:JSTOR
812:Notes
656:Works
459:1760.
447:1754.
441:1745.
422:Books
401:Works
293:germs
258:hydra
176:from
1440:2020
1414:help
1394:2020
1358:ISSN
1342:Isis
1171:2020
1100:PMID
1084:ISSN
1047:ISBN
982:ISBN
915:ISSN
874:ISBN
759:47).
757:vol.
264:and
144:and
81:Died
56:Born
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1521:doi
1350:doi
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248:in
232:'s
222:law
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