502:
357:
839:
31:
780:
1916:
589:. The war lasted until 1714; when it ended, the administration of the territory was in a bad state. Charles William thus met with little resistance when he pursued his absolutist ambitions. He focused the government and administration on his person and checked the various official bodies closely. He introduced a general audience, held every week and open to all the subjects, which also served to enhance his control of the country.
715:. Charles William started a machine factory in which the workers were also educated. The activities and the circle of trusted people were gradually expanded, so that at its height the factory employed about 250 people. Ultimately the attempt failed, due to mismanagement and to its products not being competitively priced. Nevertheless, Charles William can be regarded as a pioneer on the cutting edge of the compulsory schooling.
477:
enjoyed explosive growth and four species spanned 10,000 – 84,000 pieces. The gardens burdened the finances of the small country considerably – rare tulip bulbs cost easily half the annual salary of a servant. Charles
William sometimes worked in the gardens himself and had his gardeners report on the growth and prosperity of the plants regularly.
2041:
Charles
William was a distant relative of Louis William (nephew in the 7th degree), nevertheless the historical literature occasionally uses the term uncle. They were usually spoken of as cousins. In this article all distantly related males are referred to as cousins. The common ancestor was Margrave
873:
Charles
William was known for his extravagant lifestyle. "The court in Karlsruhe led the field in terms of the number of mistresses – because you can't call the ladies residing in the Lead Tower of the castle anything else". Since Charles William enjoyed this lifestyle even before the construction of
787:
Charles
William died in Karlsruhe in 1738, when he was planting and hoeing his tulip bed and suddenly suffered a stroke. His body was interred in the crypt of the Concordia Church in Karlsruhe, in accordance with his last will. His entrails and heart were removed and buried in the crypt of the Castle
655:
theories of his time. The first two decades of his government were marked by opposition to his general parsimony (buildings, officials pay), which contrasted with special luxuries for himself (mistresses, zoological and botanical gardens). In 1732 a rigorous fiscal program was started. These drastic
609:
Charles
William began his reign with a declaration of his principles. In 1709 and 1710 he issued regulations that required absolute obedience to himself and required officials to protect the interests of the Margrave and his subjects – tardiness and negligence were punished with pay cuts. He fought
694:
has been preserved. In these circumstances, a reduction of the national debt by about 1 million florins in the first 15 years of his reign can be regarded as a remarkable achievement. Between 1732 and the ascension to the throne of his grandson
Charles Frederick in 1746, another 800,000 florins were
597:
During the war communications between the rulers – who were often in exile in Basel – on the one hand, and the State
Government in Durlach and officials in the widely separated districts on the other hand, had led to the officials operating autonomously, with open disregard for instructions from the
544:
forest in the plains west of
Durlach. The reasons for his choice of venue are shrouded in legend. Apart from his quarrels with citizens of Durlach, he may have wanted to escape from the confines of the city and from the company of his unloved wife. On 17 June 1715, the foundation stone for the new
488:
of his plants. The best known watercolor were those grouped in the so-called tulip books (probably about 5,300). Only two volumes survived a fire in the Baden State
Library in September 1942 caused by the phosphorus bombs of a World War II air raid; most of the scientific collection was destroyed.
556:
The construction of the castle and town was swift and already on 5 July 1717 he held his first audience in the new palace. By 1718, the Court had moved and in 1719 Charles
William ordered all court officials to move to Karlsruhe, to the regret and anger of the citizens of Durlach. To promote the
382:
involved southern Germany into this war and the two Baden margraviates (Baden-Baden and Baden-Durlach) attained a difficult position between the allies Bavaria and France and suffered a lot. In order to prevent the unification of the Bavarian and French armies, the German Empire provided an army
689:
and protection money payable by Jews show that fiscal ingenuity already had a long tradition. The property tax was set as a fixed monthly sum, but tax revenues were increased by simply dividing the year into 18 (and later even 20 fiscal months). Charles William also introduced an early form of
638:
Although the payment of officials was significantly worse than in the larger territories (e.g. in Bavaria) and their incomes were cut by his activities, Charles William was able to create a class of devoted public servants during his active reign (1709–1734); this made effective government much
647:
When Charles William inherited his country in 1709, it was still heavily indebted and its economic activity was at a miserable level. The aims of his economic policies included securing the revenue required to finance a reliable state apparatus (bureaucracy and military) and avoiding a loss of
476:
Besides flowers, Charles William planted many exotic trees. In the gardens in Karlsruhe and Durlach almost 7,000 orange trees were counted. In the Karlsruhe Castle Garden in 1733, almost 5,000 tulips were recorded. Most species were represented by only 10–100 bulbs – some species, however, had
703:
Inspired by the example of Britain and France, Charles William also wanted to develop the industrial sector in his country. He did not realize that the requirements, entrepreneurs and a trained workforce, were missing completely. His attempts to create and preserve manufacturing industries by
568:
In 1719 Karlsruhe already had 2,000 inhabitants. The rapid implementation and the lack of money meant that the buildings – except for the lead roof of the tower – had to be made of wood. The wooden houses were painted red (an inexpensive concoction often seen on wooden barns), and this cause
552:
The central building of the palace and whole city was the so-called Lead Tower. From this central tower 32 avenues radiated in all directions, marking a uniform distance in all directions. This outline shapes the map of the "fan city" of Karlsruhe to this day.
881:
As early as 1696, his promiscuous lifestyle cost Charles William his chance to get on the Swedish throne. He was on a visit to Stockholm because Swedish Court considered him for a marriage with Sophie Hedwig, the daughter of King
286:), where he built his residence. Karlsruhe has since grown to a large city. With the consolidation of public finances and the creation of a reliable administration, he laid the foundations for the reform policies of his grandson,
536:
began to rebuild the palace. However, the economy of Baden-Durlach had suffered from the war and was unable to sustain his grand plan. In 1703, construction was suspended after the first two palace wings were completed.
748:. Charles William ordered the cultivation of potatoes and tobacco. He promoted the restoration of war-damaged vines and introduced a state storage of grain, to prevent extreme price increases caused by crop failures.
251:
194:
371:(TĂĽrkenlouis), Charles William developed a keen interest in the military. He began his military career in the summer of 1694 in the Imperial Army. In later years he participated in the siege of
722:
urged the Basel to shift to the left side of the Rhine by charging excessive duties and administrative harassment. He corrected this later and also invested by improving the road network. The
663:
on the sale of iron, salt and tobacco were introduced at the very beginning of his reign. These monopolies were leased to merchants, and were accompanied by measures to control the lucrative
984:
635:
that contained the duties to be fulfilled. They were to continuously send reports to their superiors were sent and local conditions were the subject of frequent on-site inspections.
2130:
in the last four years before his death in 1738, his health compelled him to hand management of the administration back into the hands of the various secret councils and councilors (
799:(market square) stands over the location where the remains of the Margrave lie. On the pyramid, his birthday is mistakenly stated as 18 January 1679, because after the switch to the
827:
1933:
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The citizens of Durlach were unwilling to support his expensive plans to expand the revived Karlsburg, and were also reluctant to sacrifice their fields for the new palace.
577:
Early in his reign (1709), his territory measured approximately 29 square miles (75 km) and had about 70,000 inhabitants. There were only two significant cities,
751:
Charles William's economic policy was characterized by many initiatives are evidence and creativity and the experience proved useful to the reforms of his grandson.
394:
Charles William gained his military achievements in this war, in which he was actively involved as a senior officer from 1702 until 1709. At the outbreak of the
1980:
309:
His older brother had died in 1672 at the age of about one month, so Charles William was born as the hereditary prince. He had eight sisters and one brother,
1952:
430:, a rank he had already received from the Swabian Circle after the battle of Friedlingen. In the further course of the war he fought in 1704 under Prince
1959:
807:), Charles William celebrated his birthday together with his name-day on 27 January, rather than on the 28th (which would correspond to the 17th on the
517:. In 1565, Margrave Charles II moved the capital to Durlach for reasons unknown; his territory was then called Baden-Durlach. He expanded the medieval
2055:
the wounding is mentioned in the Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, but could not be verified in other sources, in particular the report by TĂĽrkenlouis
1966:
695:
paid off, and moreover a fortune of about 900,000 florins was accumulated, laying the financial basis for Charles Frederick's economic reforms.
569:
Karlsruhe to be called the "Red City". The wooden construction increased the risk of fire. Inevitably in 1747 the city and palace were burned.
1948:
863:
815:
169:
450:
in 1705. He fought with Field Marshal von ThĂĽngen on the Rhine and in Alsace. In 1707 he was again active in defending the Stollhofen line.
2103:, p. 97; the privileges included as a separate Citizens Council, a 20-year tax exemption, a free building site and freedom of religion
738:
2247:
1254:
2376:
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926:
734:
policies. The domestic trade was in the hands of the Jews, as other segments of the population considered trade as somewhat dishonest.
2371:
2311:
1196:
1130:
533:
303:
271:
228:
62:
1170:
465:
The war hero Charles William also showed a completely different face as a flower collector. In the palace garden of the castle in
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2328:
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819:
368:
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72:
1973:
853:
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842:
123:
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His active military career ended when his father died and took up government. Yet, in 1715, he was promoted to the imperial
344:(known as "TĂĽrkenlouis "), achieved the rank of a colonel under him and participated in several wars. Thereafter, he became
1806:
1442:
510:
2253:
2366:
1316:
1046:
473:
dominate with 1163 varieties. He obtained his flowers from Holland. He undertook trips there in 1711, 1723 and 1729.
419:
1228:
1999:
1780:
1744:
1620:
423:
275:
238:
2194:
2381:
1686:
1594:
690:
budgeting, so as to be able to adjust the tax revenues for foreseeable expenses. The 1732 budget of about 300,000
2209:
1416:
1348:
2214:
1937:
1660:
388:
2361:
2263:
656:
austerity measures covered the royal household as well as civil servants; fair taxation covered all subjects.
581:
and Durlach. No self-confident middle class had developed and there was hardly any land-owning nobility. The
558:
469:
in Durlach he grew a considerable collection of flowers. A 1713 catalog lists 2121 varieties of flowers; the
395:
379:
263:
2225:
Introduction to the History of the Margraviate and the princely House of Baden Karlsruhe, Germany 1764–1770
2029:
2234:... who has built an Eden in Karlsruhe: a picture of the life of Margrave Charles William of Baden-Durlach
822:
became his successor. Since the grandson was only 10 years old, a regency had to be established under the
489:
The ownership of the two remaining tulip books was resolved in 2009 in an agreement between the State of
2023:
316:
Known for his famous quote, "Chaos in thy world, shall be started by a single hand." After studies in
2273:
2268:
621:
The size of this problem is illustrated by the fact that Charles William had to adopt five so-called
267:
44:
2028:
by Johann Wilhelm Braun, a historian and former employee of the Commission for Regional History, in
1072:
2386:
2199:
1838:
415:
874:
the new palace in Karlsruhe – where the Lead Tower is located – Wilhelmine chose to remain in the
737:
The management methods in agriculture were backward and the production was greatly impeded by the
2318:
1926:
1899:
1536:
406:
troops, who belonged to the army of TĂĽrkenlouis. In 1702, Charles William was wounded during the
707:
After this sobering experience, Charles William turned to education. As early as 1718, a state
804:
792:. The capsule containing his heart, which was deposited in his widow's coffin, is now missing.
513:
was split in 1535, the capital of the northern part (held by the Ernestine line) was initially
501:
447:
407:
1718:
691:
411:
2287:
218:
2351:
2346:
1290:
883:
582:
321:
490:
8:
443:
361:
36:
1562:
1474:
800:
631:
during his reign. At each appointment or promotion, an official had to swear a special
525:
435:
860:
Charles Magnus (21 January 1701 – 12 January 1712), hereditary Prince of Baden-Durlach
356:
2121:
The measures described by Dietrich can properly be described with these modern terms
1104:
838:
719:
372:
150:
2065:
875:
768:
546:
518:
481:
466:
808:
760:
615:
431:
255:
198:
718:
At the beginning of his reign, Charles William caused the transit trade between
823:
403:
317:
2260:
Introduction to the History of the Margraviate and the princely House of Baden
340:. He then entered the military service. He was employed by his uncle Margrave
2340:
2186:
The administration and economy of Baden-Durlach, Charles William in 1709–1738
743:
731:
399:
2218:(in German), vol. 15, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 237–241
652:
603:
557:
influx Charles William granted its citizens legal, religious and financial
2203:(in German), vol. 11, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 221–221
30:
759:
In 1719, he established a bathhouse beneath the Chapel of St. Barbara in
682:
606:
were widespread; the office was often perceived only as a side business.
485:
2112:
even the death penalty was considered for serious cases of embezzlement
670:
660:
611:
599:
528:, and the plundering was repeated in 1691. On his return from exile in
2254:
Tulip book in the Baden State Library from the time of Charles William
779:
789:
712:
708:
664:
578:
541:
514:
279:
111:
1915:
866:(7 October 1703 – 26 March 1732), hereditary Prince of Baden-Durlach
438:, where he narrowly escaped death. He also excelled at the siege of
767:(FĂĽrstenbad) during the 18th century. In 1971, the municipality of
345:
325:
704:
stimulation and protectionism, was bound to fail sooner or later.
727:
628:
598:
central government. State officials often sought their own gain,
360:
Margrave Charles III William of Baden-Durlach from a painting by
329:
299:
213:
95:
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The palace was burned down by French troops in 1689, during the
723:
686:
674:
562:
470:
439:
333:
818:
had died while Charles William was still alive, his grandson
678:
540:
Charles William decided to build himself a new palace in the
529:
422:
to cover the retreat of the defeated troops of Field Marshal
384:
337:
484:" documented by realistic painters. He left at least 6,000
898:
Ancestors of Charles III William, Margrave of Baden-Durlach
878:
in Durlach and never moved into the new city of Karlsruhe.
632:
367:
Probably inspired by the example of his relative, Margrave
610:
corruption and embezzlement with harsh penalties and with
2137:
493:
and the House of Baden: the state bought the two books.
383:
under Margrave Louis William (TĂĽrkenlouis) on the upper
2274:
watercolor of margrave Charles William on his death bed
856:. The following children were born from this marriage:
2161:
2149:
35:
Margrave Karl III. Wilhelm of Baden-Durlach, 1710, by
869:
Auguste Magdalene (13 November 1706 – 25 August 1709)
852:(7 November 1677 – 30 October 1742), the daughter of
2269:
portrait in the City History Collection of Karlsruhe
480:
The Margrave also ordered the plant variety of his "
1940:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
726:of Baden-Durlach was limited to wine and cereals.
763:, which became famous far beyond the borders as a
592:
667:and by other controls to prevent monopoly abuse.
306:and Augusta Maria of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp.
2338:
1949:"Charles III William, Margrave of Baden-Durlach"
585:had been removed from power in 1668 by Margrave
2283:Charles III William, Margrave of Baden-Durlach
426:. For his services he was promoted to imperial
313:, who was five years younger and died in 1723.
166:Karl Magnus, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Durlach
1375:Charles III William, Margrave of Baden-Durlach
191:Charles III William, Margrave of Baden-Durlach
848:On 27 June 1697, Charles III William married
266:17 January] 1679 – 12 May 1738) was
170:Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Durlach
2207:
2019:
2017:
622:
203:Markgraf Karl III. Wilhelm von Baden-Durlach
276:Augusta Maria of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp
239:Augusta Maria of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf
2091:so named because the roof was made of lead
927:Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach
304:Margrave Frederick Magnus of Baden-Durlach
272:Margrave Frederick Magnus of Baden-Durlach
29:
2014:
2000:Learn how and when to remove this message
270:between 1709 and 1738. He was the son of
2183:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2131:
2100:
1255:Christina Magdalena of Pfalz-ZweibrĂĽcken
1197:John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg
1131:Frederick VII, Margrave of Baden-Durlach
837:
778:
500:
414:. On 20 September 1703 he fought in the
355:
229:Frederick VII, Margrave of Baden-Durlach
2231:
2025:The three birthdays of the city founder
1501:Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
1011:Frederick VI, Margrave of Baden-Durlach
698:
410:. On 14 October 1702, he fought in the
387:. He faced a French army under Marshal
156:
2339:
1760:
1640:
1636:
1624:
1516:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1270:
1150:
1146:
1134:
1026:
953:Frederick V, Margrave of Baden-Durlach
916:
912:
908:
2192:
2188:. Heidelberg: Inaugural Dissertation.
1836:
1826:
1822:
1810:
1804:
1794:
1778:
1768:
1764:
1748:
1742:
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1608:
1592:
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1414:
1404:
1400:
1372:
1362:
1346:
1336:
1332:
1320:
1314:
1304:
1288:
1278:
1274:
1258:
1252:
1242:
1226:
1216:
1212:
1200:
1194:
1184:
1171:John I, Count Palatine of ZweibrĂĽcken
1168:
1158:
1154:
1128:
1118:
1102:
1092:
1088:
1076:
1070:
1060:
1044:
1034:
1030:
1014:
1008:
998:
982:
972:
968:
956:
950:
940:
924:
920:
833:
1938:adding citations to reliable sources
1909:
1807:Duchess Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia
1443:John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
642:
139:
854:Wilhelm Ludwig, Duke of WĂĽrttemberg
850:Magdalena Wilhelmine of WĂĽrttemberg
843:Magdalena Wilhelmine of WĂĽrttemberg
124:Magdalena Wilhelmine of WĂĽrttemberg
13:
803:in 1700 (which did not change the
378:The Bavarian diversion during the
14:
2398:
2377:Generals of the Holy Roman Empire
2357:Military personnel from Karlsruhe
2241:
2222:
1781:Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia
1745:Duchess Marie Elisabeth of Saxony
1621:Augusta Marie of Holstein-Gottorp
795:Up to this day, a pyramid at the
572:
424:Hermann Otto II of Limburg Stirum
2372:Soldiers of the Imperial Circles
1914:
1687:John George I, Elector of Saxony
1047:Frederick I, Duke of WĂĽrttemberg
985:Juliana Ursula of Salm-Neufville
659:To reduce the huge debt burden,
398:, Charles William was appointed
2262:, Karlsruhe 1764–1770, Vol. 5,
2227:. Vol. 5. pp. 67–159.
2124:
1925:needs additional citations for
1417:Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
1349:Maria of the Palatinate-Simmern
1229:Magdalene of JĂĽlich-Cleves-Berg
828:Charles August of Baden-Durlach
771:was named after the bathhouse.
593:Forming a devoted civil service
496:
135:
2232:Zollner, Hans Leopold (1990).
2215:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
2208:Kleinschmidt, Arthur (1882), "
2115:
2106:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2058:
2049:
2035:
1661:Christian I, Elector of Saxony
428:Generalfeldmarschalllieutenant
389:Claude-Louis-Hector de Villars
1:
2177:
1595:Sophie of Mecklenburg-GĂĽstrow
651:Charles William followed the
396:War of the Spanish Succession
380:War of the Spanish Succession
2044:Christopher I of Baden-Baden
2030:Badische Neueste Nachrichten
1905:
889:
783:pyramid on the market square
754:
369:Louis William of Baden-Baden
298:Charles William was born in
7:
2184:Dietrich, Heinrich (1911).
1893:
460:
10:
2403:
2367:Margraves of Baden-Durlach
1754:
1638:
1630:
1510:
1394:
1390:
1264:
1148:
1140:
1020:
914:
910:
816:Frederick of Baden-Durlach
639:easier for his successor.
614:for State's witnesses and
351:
348:of Baden-Durlach in 1709.
278:. In 1715, he established
54:25 June 1709 – 12 May 1738
2325:
2319:Margrave of Baden-Durlach
2316:
2308:
2281:
2223:Sachs, Johann Christian.
1824:
1816:
1788:
1766:
1762:
1726:
1704:
1696:
1668:
1646:
1642:
1602:
1580:
1572:
1544:
1522:
1518:
1482:
1460:
1452:
1424:
1402:
1398:
1356:
1334:
1326:
1298:
1276:
1272:
1236:
1214:
1206:
1178:
1156:
1152:
1112:
1090:
1082:
1054:
1032:
1028:
992:
970:
962:
934:
918:
565:dated 24 September 1715.
446:line and was promoted to
375:(Piedmont) as a colonel.
268:Margrave of Baden-Durlach
234:
224:
212:
190:
185:
181:
149:
117:
101:
82:
78:
68:
58:
50:
45:Margrave of Baden-Durlach
43:
28:
23:
18:Margrave of Baden-Durlach
2258:Johann Christian Sachs:
2248:The Pyramid in Karlsruhe
2200:Neue Deutsche Biographie
1839:Marie Eleonore of Cleves
774:
420:Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau
2382:Nobility from Karlsruhe
2032:, 30 January 2011, p. 4
1900:List of rulers of Baden
1537:Frederick II of Denmark
442:and the defense of the
418:, where he worked with
293:
262:; 27 January [
2195:"Charles III. William"
1073:Barbara of WĂĽrttemberg
845:
805:General Roman Calendar
784:
648:territory by pledges.
623:
506:
448:Generalfeldzeugmeister
364:
259:
202:
2193:Gerth, Klaus (1977),
1719:Sophie of Brandenburg
1253:5. Countess Palatine
841:
826:of his brother's son
782:
504:
412:Battle of Friedlingen
359:
2210:Charles III. William
1934:improve this article
1291:Charles IX of Sweden
884:Charles XI of Sweden
699:Economic development
627:regulations against
534:Friedrich VII Magnus
511:Margraviate of Baden
455:Generalfeldmarschall
1317:Catherine of Sweden
711:had been opened in
444:lines of Stollhofen
416:Battle of Höchstädt
362:Johann Rudolf Huber
247:Charles III William
37:Johann Rudolf Huber
24:Charles III William
2362:House of Zähringen
2288:House of Zähringen
1563:Augusta of Denmark
1475:Christine of Hesse
846:
834:Marriage and issue
824:legal guardianship
801:Gregorian calendar
785:
507:
436:Battle of Blenheim
365:
328:, he travelled to
2335:
2334:
2329:Charles Frederick
2326:Succeeded by
2146:, pp. 69 ff.
2010:
2009:
2002:
1984:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1105:Sibylla of Anhalt
820:Charles Frederick
643:Economic recovery
491:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
373:Casale Monferrato
288:Charles Frederick
260:Karl III. Wilhelm
244:
243:
208:
207:
174:Auguste Magdalena
73:Charles Frederick
2394:
2309:Preceded by
2304:
2297:
2279:
2278:
2237:
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1932:Please help
1927:verification
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107:(1738-05-12)
15:
2352:1738 deaths
2347:1679 births
2303:12 May 1738
2250:(in German)
2070:www.smnk.de
2046:(1453–1527)
742: [
683:perquisites
486:watercolors
311:Christopher
105:12 May 1738
59:Predecessor
2341:Categories
2323:1709–1738
2178:References
1960:newspapers
797:Marktplatz
788:Church in
765:royal bath
739:Frondienst
671:Stamp Duty
661:monopolies
612:incentives
600:corruption
559:privileges
549:was laid.
509:After the
89:1679-01-17
1906:Footnotes
890:Ancestors
864:Frederick
790:Pforzheim
755:Bathhouse
720:Frankfurt
713:Pforzheim
709:orphanage
665:smuggling
579:Pforzheim
542:Hardtwald
532:in 1698,
515:Pforzheim
280:Karlsruhe
252:‹See Tfd›
219:Zähringen
195:‹See Tfd›
112:Karlsruhe
69:Successor
1894:See also
769:Karlsbad
461:Gardener
346:Margrave
326:Lausanne
1974:scholar
728:Imports
692:florins
629:bribery
583:Estates
434:in the
402:of the
352:Soldier
330:England
318:Utrecht
300:Durlach
157:more...
144:
132:
128:
96:Durlach
2299:
2264:online
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1947:
724:export
687:socage
675:excise
563:decree
471:tulips
440:Landau
334:Sweden
322:Geneva
256:German
235:Mother
225:Father
199:German
138:
118:Spouse
2301:Died:
2294:Born:
1981:JSTOR
1967:books
775:Death
746:]
679:taxes
561:in a
530:Basel
385:Rhine
338:Italy
214:House
186:Names
151:Issue
142:)
134:(
130:
51:Reign
1953:news
1837:31.
1805:15.
1779:30.
1717:29.
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1103:19.
1045:18.
983:17.
925:16.
633:oath
602:and
336:and
324:and
294:Life
274:and
264:O.S.
140:1697
102:Died
83:Born
2212:",
1936:by
1743:7.
1619:3.
1499:6.
1373:1.
1129:2.
1071:9.
1009:4.
951:8.
811:).
618:.
2343::
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2068:.
2016:^
886:.
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744:de
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258::
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136:m.
2072:.
2003:)
1997:(
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1978:·
1971:·
1964:·
1957:·
1930:.
282:(
249:(
91:)
87:(
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