635:
aspect of his diplomacy that stunned many at the time. Most of the
Dominion high commissioners rejected this linkage, but te Water felt best "to administer the whole does of caster oil" by having Czechoslovakia cede Teschen to Poland and Slovakia and Ruthenia to Hungary. However, te Water also reported that he had seen evidence from the Foreign Office that Germany was encouraging both Poland and Hungary to make demands against Czechoslovakia, and obliquely admitted in a dispatch to Pretoria on 21 September 1938 that Hitler was only doing so as a "deal-breaker", not because he really cared about the Hungarian and Polish claims. On 19 September 1938, MacDonald told the high commissioners that Britain was considering "guaranteeing" Czechoslovakia in return for Beneš ceding the Sudetenland, an offer that alarmed te Water who preferred that Britain stay out of the quarrels of Eastern Europe altogether. Te Water at first told MacDonald that there was no possibility of South Africa joining in any "guarantee" of Czechoslovakia, saying in a telegram to Hertzog that Bruce had told him "he will be more cautious in the future". Later the same day, te Water again met MacDonald to tell him that South Africa just might join a "guarantee" of Czechoslovakia if was brought in under the rubric of the League of Nations and if Hitler could be induced to sign a non-aggression pact with Czechoslovakia. However, he admitted that such a "guarantee" was unlikely, which he understood would be against "unprovoked aggression and not of the new boundaries". He stated in a dispatch to Hertzog that Chamberlain was putting his hopes on a German-Czechoslovak non-aggression pact rather on an international "guarantee" of Czechoslovakia. In the same dispatch, he stated that the Chamberlain government had "rather a queer mind, as always thoroughly illogical, but in a more volatile state than I have ever known it". Te Water stated he could not understand Chamberlain's policy with its willingness to accept the German demands on Czechoslovakia, but at the same time rejected the Polish and Hungarian demands, and was willing to consider a "guarantee" of a nation that te Water considered to be highly unstable. Despite his doubts, te Water argued in a telegram to Hertzog stated that "the incalculable Hitler might yet astonish everyone by playing his part".
955:
economy. South Africa with the vast wealth generated by the
Witwatersrand gold mines and the Kimberly diamond fields had easily the most developed economy in Africa, and te Water believed that his "organic approach" would bring in much of Africa into the South African sphere of influence. Te Water believed that the British would one day grant independence to their African colonies, and he expected to be along the same lines that South Africa had been granted Dominion status in 1910, namely on the basis of minority rule with only the whites being allowed to vote and hold office. As te Water knew that South Africa could not seize the British colonies, he felt that his "organic approach" would lay the foundations of a South African sphere of influence across Africa. Te Water visited Egypt just after the Egyptians had been defeated in the first Arab-Israeli war, and discovered during his meeting with King Farouck and his ministers that their main preoccupation was with avenging Egypt's defeat at the hands of Israel. The Witwatersrand Gold Rush of the 1880s-1890s had led to a large number of East European Jews settling in Johannesburg, making that city into one of the largest Jewish cities in Africa. Te Water found that the Egyptians had a morbid mistrust of South Africa on the account of its Jewish population, whom it was believed in Cairo to be Zionists who had supported Israel. The Egyptians did agree to te Water's request that Egypt and South Africa establish diplomatic relations. The British government was opposed to te Water's "organic approach", seeing his plans as a way to subtly shift British Africa into the South African sphere of influence, which all the worrying because of the anti-British and republican tendencies within the National Party.
639:
preparing for war with children being sent out to the countryside to escape the expected bombing, people wearing gas masks on the streets in case of chemical bombs being dropped and buildings being boarded up. Te Water reported to
Hertzog that Chamberlain "must find a way out". Te Water admitted that Hitler's Bad Godesburg ultimatum was extreme, all the more so for the insulting language in which it was phrased, but added that he still regretted that the British and French governments had both rejected it. At a meeting of the Dominion high commissioners, a difference of opinion emerged with Bruce supporting the cession of the Sudetenland, but opposed to the Bad Godesburg ultimatum as too humiliating whereas Massey, te Water and Dulanty all supported accepting the Bad Godesburg ultimatum. In attempt to find a compromise, te Water put forward what he called "a liberal interpretation of principle", calling for Czechoslovakia to hand over the Sudetenland to an international force who in turn would hand it over to Germany. However, a motion put forward by Bruce calling for an "honorable settlement" that see the Sudetenland go to Germany in exchange for a promise from Hitler to allow the rest of Czechoslovakia to continue as an independent state was accepted by all of the Dominion high commissioners. On 26 September 1938, te Water had the South Africa House boarded up and reported to Hertzog: "Zero hour is very nearly reached, issue hanging on Hitler's acceptance or rejection".
739:
that "appeasement is dead". Te Water reported that prior to 15 March 1939, he had known many
British officials and leaders from Prime Minister Chamberlain on down who believed that Hitler could be trusted to keep his word, but that after 15 March 1939 no-one in Whitehall trusted Hitler. On 31 March 1939, Chamberlain issued the famous "guarantee" of Poland during a speech in the House of Commons, saying that Britain would go to war if the independence of Poland was threatened. Te Water was opposed to the "guarantee" of Poland, telling Chamberlain that he considered it rash and unwise. Te Water further complained that Chamberlain had issued the "guarantee" without telling him in advance, which he found to be highly rude, saying that the British government should treat the South African government as an equal. Te Water together with Massey both told Chamberlain during the same meeting that Germany "had a genuine claim to Danzig", which made it an "extremely bad reason" to risk a war over. At a meeting with Sir Thomas Inskip, te Water was more abusive and rude, lecturing him in an angry tone that Hitler should be given "one more chance of saving face", and felt that the "guarantee" was a provocation of Germany that should not have been made. By this point, te Water's arrogance had notably increased after almost ten years in London, and many British officials were finding him increasingly unpleasant to deal with.
767:, was much more supportive of Britain. It was accepted in London that should the Danzig crisis should lead to a war, both Australia and New Zealand could be counted upon to declare war on Germany. Mackenzie King was vacillating and equivocal as usual, refusing to give a straight answer about what he would do if Britain declared war, but a Royal visit by King George VI and Queen Elizabeth to Canada in the summer of 1939 had been a great success, leading to huge pro-British demonstrations. The royal visit had been a success even in Quebec where the king was tactful enough to give his speeches in French. It was felt that Canadian public opinion would force Mackenzie King's hand. Only South Africa was considered to be a "wild card" as it was well known that Hertzog wanted to declare neutrality in the event of war, but Sir William Clerk, the British high commissioner in Pretoria, believed that pressure from the Anglos (white South Africans of British descent) and pro-British Afrikaners would "probably" bring South Africa into the war. However, even if Hertzog did succeed in declaring neutrality, having New Zealand, Australia and Canada in the war was considered to be a vast improvement in 1938 when only New Zealand had firmly committed itself to going to war. Through te Water was still considered the most able of the high commissioners in London, his views were given less attention in 1939 as compared to 1938.
660:
the situation where criticism of his policy was being heard in the press and from the
Conservative backbenches in the House of Commons, where Churchill was starting to gather a following, which worried te Water. In particular, te Water was upset at the way that the primary issue, namely the status of the Sudetenland had been settled at the Anglo-German summit at Berchtesgaden where it was agreed that the Sudetenland would go to Germany, but the progress had been derailed by a secondary issue, namely the time-line for handing over the Sudetenland. After the Bad Godesburg summit, the issue was now only the question of the time-line for transferring the Sudetenland with the German government insisting that it had to be October 1, 1938 while the British and French governments wanted the transfer to happen after October 1. However, te Water blamed Chamberlain, not Hitler, for the failure of the Bad Godesburg summit. Te Water felt that Chamberlain had not been understanding enough of Hitler and charged that if he had been, "the document might have been reshaped and the tragic possibilities now threatening avoided". Had te Water been aware of the split in the British cabinet between Chamberlain and Lord Halifax who favored a tougher line with Germany he would have been more concerned.
477:
black
Africans would revert to that black barbarism, which threatened to destroy the peace that has been brought to the tribes of Africa". In the winter of 1935–36, te Water was opposed to the efforts of other League members to weaken the sanctions that had been applied against Italy, writing with much contempt about how economic self-interest trumped the self-proclaimed vaulted moral principles that the Italian aggression against Ethiopia was unacceptable. Te Water was one of the delegates to the League who supported oil sanctions against Italy, which would had shut down Italy's economy had oil sanctions been applied, but the possibility of a French veto on the League Council ensured that oil was never added to the League's sanctions list At the time, te Water told Eden of his fears that the United Kingdom "is at its old game of temporising and subordinating morals to the exigences of the situation". Te Water in a speech before the League Assembly stated: "...we know that the Covenant is falling to pieces in our hands. Fifty nations, led by three of the most powerful in the world, are about to declare their powerlessness to protect the weakest in their midst from destruction. The authority of the League of Nations is about to come to nought".
951:
expand to the great advantage of the Union". Te Water felt that the way that
American investors were rapidly replacing British investors as the principal foreign investors in South Africa would allow his nation to take a more assertive stance regarding the United Kingdom. In April 1949, te Water made a tour of European nations that had colonies in Africa together with much of Africa. During the African leg of his tour, te Water visited the British colonies of Uganda, Tanganyika (modern Tanzania), Kenya, Nyasaland (modern Malawi), Northern Rhodesia (modern Zambia) and Southern Rhodesia (modern Zimbabwe). During his tour, te Water appealed over the British colonial administration to the local white settlers, arguing that South Africa was the natural leader of all the white communities in Africa. The reaction of the settlers to his speeches suggested that many shared his viewpoint as already the white settlers were concerned that Britain might grant independence on the basis of majority rule. Sir Alfred Vincent, one of the leaders of the British settlers in Kenya hailed South Africa after a speech by te Water in Nairobi as the leader of the white communities in Africa, whom all the whites should follow.
685:, the British minister in Prague, to say "that the obstructive tactics of the Czech government were unwelcome to the British and Dominion governments". Both Massey and te Water wanted to remove the sentence asking Beneš "not to tie Chamberlain's hands" as that suggested that Beneš had that power, which both Massey and te Water insisted that he did not. Te Water cast Beneš as the principal problem, saying that he refused to understand the Munich conference would probably "whittle down" Chamberlain's most recent offers instead of expanding them in favor of Czechoslovakia. On 29 September 1938, the day before the conference in Munich, te Water argued: "If the states of the Commonwealth are to be used to preserve the balance of power in Europe the system must inevitably break ... collective action for the preservation of peace would work. Collective action for the making of war will break it". The Munich conference ended the crisis and when Chamberlain flew back from Munich to land at Heston airport to make his famous statement that he had secured "peace in our time", te Water was there to congratulate him. Te Water praised the
511:. King told te Water that the Dominion Office was "just a glorified Colonial Office" whose officials did not treat him with respect, an assessment that te Water shared. The main division in Canadian politics at the time was the line between continentalism (i.e. moving Canada closer to the United States) and imperialism (which in a Canadian context meant closer ties to Britain). King belonged to the continentalism school, and spoke highly to te Water about the benefits of closer ties to the United States as a way of weakening British influence. In September 1937, te Water visited Ottawa as the guest of Mackenzie King where the two men agreed to establish diplomatic relations between Canada and South Africa. During the same visit to Ottawa, te Water in a press conference called for an international conference to discuss the German demand for the return of the former African colonies. Te Water privately hoped that at such an international conference that it would be possible to "compensate" Germany with the Belgian Congo and the Portuguese African colonies in exchange for Germany giving up its demand for Southwest Africa.
643:
signed an alliance with the Soviet Union (which put
Czechoslovakia beyond the pale in his opinion), and stated his belief that Britain should find a peaceful way of resolving the crisis. During the same meeting, te Water called the Franco-Czechoslovak alliance of 1924 "a menace to peace" and asked it was possible that Britain could just pressure France into renouncing it, which would turn any German-Czechoslovak war into just a local war instead of a world war. Te Water reported that: "Chamberlain found it difficult to understand the type of mind and methods of the Chancellor, while Hitler appeared to be at a loss to understand Mr. Chamberlain's astonishment at the tone of the Hitler ultimatum, which latter described as merely a memorandum". Te Water reported to Hertzog: "Bruce, Massey, Dulanty and I left nothing unsaid in explaining again the dangers to the Commonwealth system of Great Britain involving the Dominions in a war with which they were out of sympathy and on grounds which in their opinions did not constitute a direct threat to its security".
282:
created in the 19th century when
African kings signed agreements to turn their kingdoms as into British protectorates as preferable to being annexed to the Boer republics, and South African leaders persistently regarded the three protectorates as rightfully part of South Africa. Te Water constantly raised complaints in London, charging that the three protectorates were under a lax British administration that made them centers of crime and disease, and claimed that it would better if South Africa were to annex the three protectorates. The British were politely rebuffed the demand for South Africa to annex the protectorates, stating Britain had signed agreements with the African monarchs in the 19th century and could not allow change the status of the protectorates without the consent of the African kings under British protection. Though the idea of the League of Nations was the brainchild of the U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, the actual design of the League was the work of
278:
that they believed that the League would order South West Africa returned to
Germany, which in effect blocked South African plans to annex South West Africa. South Africa tried hard to be an ideal member of the League at least in part to improve its chances of annexing South West Africa. Te Water was very active on the League's Mandates Commission, which had the responsibility of monitoring how the mandatory powers were administrating the mandates. In a speech at the Mandates Commission, te Water criticized the entire concept of the mandates, which were supposed to be prepared for independence one day, saying he did not think that Southwest Africa could ever be independent as its white population was too small. Te Water advocated that it would be better if the League would allow South Africa to annex Southwest Africa as its fifth province to go along with the current four provinces of the Transvaal, the Orange Free State, Natal and the Cape province.
592:(ethnic Germans), Poles, Hungarians and Ukrainians. Te Water together with Bruce objected to Halifax's plan, saying it would be better just to cede the Sudetenland to Germany. Undeterred, Halifax took Massey aside after the meeting to ask him how English-Canadians and French-Canadians got along in Canada-which he saw as a model for the Czechs and Sudeten Germans-as he maintained that Canadian style federalism was the best solution he envisioned for Czechoslovakia. In July 1938, te Water reported to Hertzog approvingly that Lord Halifax had during his most recent trip to Paris had applied very strong pressure on France to in turn apply pressure on Czechoslovakia to settle the Sudetenland crisis in favor of Germany. Te Water also reported that Lord Halifax had been given a promise that France would not make no military move without consulting with Britain first, which te Water saw as a hopeful sign for peace.
519:. Accordingly, the Dominion high commissioners saw France with its efforts to maintain the Versailles system as the main trouble-maker in Europe and felt that the Britain should be more aggressive and forceful in trying to make the French "see reason". Alongside the belief that France rather than Germany was the principal trouble-maker was a very strongly held conviction that another war with Germany would be a disaster for the West that would only benefit the Soviet Union, the nation that the Dominion high commissioners all saw as utterly evil and feared the most. Te Water believed that another Anglo-German war would so weaken whatever power emerged victorious that the Soviet Union would easily eliminate the victor. As a group, the Dominion high commissioners consistently pressed for appeasement, making it clear that there was no possibility of their nations joining Britain in another war against the
886:. In a speech, te Water called for an "Africa Charter" that would be the basis of a NATO-style alliance that would unite South Africa with all of the colonial powers in Africa such as Britain, France, Belgium, Spain, and Portugal that was ostensibly to directed against the Soviet Union, but in fact aimed at upholding white supremacy throughout all of Africa. Through South Africa did not declare itself a republic until 1961, there was considerable mistrust in London of the republican and anti-British tendencies in the National Party government in Pretoria, and the "Africa Plan" as it was known went nowhere. However, te Water signed secret agreements with the British and Belgian governments under which the three governments agreed to share intelligence about the activities of African nationalists. During the same trip, te Water visited Lisbon to meet the Portuguese prime minister
609:", it was entirely right that they should. On 14 September 1938, te Water met with Massey where both men agreed that as to the prospect going to war to save Czechoslovakia, this "astonishing episode" was utterly absurd. Te Water reported to Pretoria that both he and Massey felt that self-determination for the Sudetenland was "acknowledged as a sound ethical basis for a fair and proper settlement of the dispute". Te Water further stated that if Germany should invade Czechoslovakia, in his opinion it would not be a case of aggression on the part of Hitler as he argued that the real "aggressors" would be were Daladier and Beneš, and Chamberlain as well if he failed to make Daladier and Beneš "see reason". Te Water expressed much frustration with the Dominion decision-making during the crisis, charging that Mackenzie King was too timid while the Australian prime minister
314:, was a republican Afrikaner nationalist whose relations with the British were stormy to say the least, accounting for his very short term as High Commissioner, and the British welcomed te Water in 1929 as a great improvement over Louw. Even te Water's accent was considered an improvement as unlike Louw who spoken English with Afrikaans accent, te Water's English was spoken with a mixture of an Afrikaans accent tinged with an upper class English accent he had acquired during his time at Cambridge. Te Water represented South Africa at the World Disarmament Conference in Geneva in 1932–34, where his most notable speech was in 1932 calling for South Africa to have a stronger air force "in view of the long distances and semi-barbarous people which his government had to control". On 22 June 1933, he formally opened the
771:
problem in refusing to allow Danzig to rejoin Germany, and to argue that Britain should pressure Poland in the same manner that it had pressured Czechoslovakia. On 25 August 1939, Lord Halifax had a meeting with the Dominion high commissioners in London, whom he privately disparaged as "nervous Nellies". Directing his attention primarily at Massey, Bruce and te Water, Halifax blamed the Danzig crisis on Hitler. Against the demands of Bruce, Massey and te Water for more British pressure on Poland to make concessions, Halifax described Hitler as irrational and unreasonable, saying his entire worldview was based on his belief in the right of the "virile, growing German race" to expansion and that his philosophy was a "might is right" philosophy under which the strong nations dominated weak nations.
473:
civilization, which now after centuries of trial and sacrifice so firmly and we believe beneficently established in southern Africa." Te Water went on to state if European nations such as Italy and Germany continued on their present course, trying to change the frontiers of Africa "outside of the covering blanket of the League", it would be the ruin of Africa as he claimed that black Africa would "in its due and patient time, rise and overthrow, as it had done before in its long and dark history, and revert to that black barbarism which it has been our difficult destiny in the south to penetrate and enlighten". Just before the Italian invasion started, te Water in a speech appealed to Benito Mussolini "to pause and consider, even at this eleventh hour".
672:"I was a little uncertain of his reading of Hitler's character and motives, which I felt could only be truly judged by a people and its leaders who had actually experienced the bitterness of defeat in war. We would not for instance read as readily deep-laid and sinister motives into Hitler's words and actions as he confessed he did. I implored him not to allow his suspicions in this regard to govern his judgement of the Hitler plan. I gave Hitler's constant reiteration of the phrase, "I am no coward". "History cannot judge me a coward" as the simple and safer key to his insistence on immediate occupation of the ceded territories by a certain date. That and his lack of faith in Allied undertakings and their actions in the past and in Benes's character".
919:, the General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration with its statement that dignity was a universal human right. In common with other South African leaders, te Water was wary of the United Nations. He objected to the fact that the Soviet Union was a permanent member of the UN Security Council while finding the fact that China was also a permanent member of the UN Security Council highly objectionable, stating that this weakened the case for global white supremacy. Even more worrying for te Water was that the League of Nations before its dissolution in 1946 had transferred all of its mandates over to the United Nations, thus meaning that South Africa as the administrating power for Southwest Africa now had to answer to the United Nations.
540:. Despite his fear of the Soviet Union, the possibility of a Soviet-Japanese war was highly welcome to him, believing that this would distract the two powers from posing any threat to the British Empire. For the same reasons, te Water welcomed the Sino-Japanese war, hoping that China and Japan might fight to a stalemate which would weaken the two Asian giants so much as to end any possibility of further challenges to the dominant position of the British Empire in Asia. Likewise, te Water favored a tougher line with Italy, whose ambitions to dominate the Mediterranean he considered a threat to the British empire, but for him, the Italian threat only added another reason for the appeasement of Germany. Te Water believed that
392:. However, Stimson was gratified when both Wilford and te Water spoke of their wish to see greater Anglo-American co-operation in Asia, saying this was the best way to restrain Japan. Te Water gave a strong speech before the League General Assembly, saying that the Chinese complaint about Japanese aggression had much merit, and the League should be doing much more than merely sending the Lytton commission out to investigate whatever Japan committed aggression or not, saying that if was the best the League could do, then the peace of the world was doomed. Reflecting his moderate Afrikaner nationalism, the diplomat whom te Water was closest to in London was the Irish High Commissioner
890:. Te Water stressed the advantage of Portuguese-South African co-operation, saying both nations were committed to upholding white supremacy and that South African investment would benefit the Portuguese colonies of Angola and Portuguese East Africa (modern Mozambique). The Portuguese colonies in Africa were regarded not as colonies in Lisbon, but rather as integral parts of Portugal with the Salazar regime bringing in massive numbers of Portuguese settlers to "whiten" its African colonies. Salazar was polite towards te Water, but cool to his idea of South African investment in Portuguese Africa, which he saw as a threat to Portugal's hold onto its colonies.
571:
upset the balance of power in Europe too much, thus forcing Britain to intervene to save France. With Germany threatening Czechoslovakia, and with the French government resisting pressure from Britain to renounce the alliance with Czechoslovakia, the British government felt it had no choice, but to become involved in the Sudetenland crisis by pressuring Czechoslovakia to give in to the German demands. The way in which the French refusal to renounce the alliance with Czechoslovakia had caused Britain to become involved was very much resented by te Water and the other Dominion high commissioners who saw the French premier
503:. One result of these meetings was a tendency for the Dominion High Commissioners in London was to work together closely to achieve common goals such as pressuring Britain to pursue a policy of appeasement towards Germany. Te Water and Bruce were deeply concerned about the German demand for the return of the lost German colonies as Australia administered the former colony of German New Guinea, and both Bruce and te Water advocated appeasement in Europe as a way to encourage Hitler to drop his demand for Southwest Africa and New Guinea. In September 1936, te Water met the mildly Anglophobic Canadian Prime Minister
273:), which South Africa administered as a mandate for the League of Nations. Through South Africa actually ruled South West Africa, technically the territory belonged to the League of Nations, which in theory could take it away from South Africa. South Africa's aim was always to annex South West Africa to become the fifth province of South Africa, but to do so required the consent of the German settlers in Southwest Africa as the League's mandate stated that to change the status of Southwest Africa required the consent of its "civilized" (i.e. white) people. The German settlers in Southwest Africa believed in the
372:, the British Foreign Secretary between 1931 and 1935 who sometimes spoke before the League General Assembly (through Simon hated Geneva and tried to avoid the city as much as possible), was widely believed to resent the way that te Water's speeches outshone his speeches. One speech te Water gave before the League Assembly in early 1932, suggesting that the League should impose sanctions on Japan for bombing Shanghai, led to Simon's ire who complained that the Japanese embassy in London assumed that te Water was speaking for Britain, and that he was forced to deal with the resulting Japanese protests.
902:, the chairwoman of the committee, was afraid it might pass as the majority of the delegates approved of te Water's speech. Roosevelt "protested" angrily against te Water's speech and to stop his motion from passing adjured the meeting to give herself more time to rebut his speech. In a speech two days later, Roosevelt told te Water that the statement about dignity was necessary to underlay the claim that humans have any rights at all to begin with. Roosevelt argued that she had included the word dignity in the declaration to emphasize that every human being in the world was worthy of respect.
677:
other men's mouths. I told him that we and millions of men and women gave him our admiration and confidence and looked to him to stand firm against the influences of disruption". Te Water reported that Chamberlain seemed very moved by his appeal and stated he would try once more to find a peaceful solution to the crisis. To apply further pressure, te Water warned Chamberlain that another war would "endanger the future unity and cohesion of the Commonwealth", stating it would strengthen the appeal of the extreme Afrikaner nationalists who had neither forgotten nor forgiven the Boer War.
429:, supporting the Treaty of Versailles as long as it allowed South Africa to gain territory. In the spring and summer of 1935, Fascist Italy had moved a massive number of troops into the Italian colonies of Eritrea and Italian Somaliland, and it was soon clear that Italy would be invading Ethiopia in the very near future. As Ethiopia was a member of the League of Nations, the impeding war was widely seen as a "test case" of the League's authority. During the Abyssinia crisis of 1935–1936, te Water had been initially opposed to League of Nations sanctions against Italy for
469:. The German demand for the return of Southwest Africa was especially embarrassing to Hertzog and Smuts, who had long been very vocal in expressing their viewpoint that the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh towards Germany, and found themselves with regard to Southwest Africa in the highly uncomfortable position of having to defend the Treaty of Versailles. Both Herzog and Smuts made it clear to te Water that they wanted to find a way to persuade Hitler to drop his demand for Southwest Africa, which they regarded as a future "fifth province" of South Africa.
3546:
528:
the "continental commitment" (i.e. send an expeditionary force to France on the same scale as World War I), which te Water felt was a contribution towards peace as he believed that the lack of the "continental commitment" (which the French wanted very badly) would make France more dependent on Britain. Te Water disliked France largely because the French Army recruited very heavily in Africa for soldiers. Germany's greater population led the Wehrmacht to outnumber the French military by a factor of three to one, leading the French to embrace
717:, as a threat to his much cherished principles of white supremacy. After the Munich agreement was signed, te Water reported that Maisky had told him of his "unutterable disgust with the Chamberlain policy" and stated his fears that the Munich Agreement was a start of a four-power alliance of Britain, Italy, France and Germany meant to isolate the Soviet Union. Te Water added that he believed that the Labour Party's leaders such as Clement Attlee and Ernest Bevin shared Maisky's views. In late 1938, the South African Defense Minister
549:, which in turn would hamper South Africa's drive for more autonomy. Despite his support for League sanctions against Italy in 1935–36, te Water supported the Anglo-Italian Easter Accords of 1938, under which Britain recognised King Victor Emmanuel III's claim to be the Emperor of Ethiopia, which in effect meant recognising the Italian annexation of Ethiopia in 1936. By 1938, te Water felt Ethiopia was a lost cause and while Britain should block further Italian expansionism in Africa, the cause of Ethiopia should be written off.
562:
Whitehall that Dominion support was essential if another world war should break out. The Chanak crisis of 1922 when Canada refused to join Britain when it was on the brink of war with Turkey revealed that Dominion support for the "mother country" could not be automatically taken for granted as it had been assumed in London until then. As such, the views of the Dominion high commissioners in London were highly influential with the Chamberlain government during the Sudetenland crisis of 1938 and the Danzig crisis of 1939.
850:
rule Africa "for the benefit of the natives" required the permanent exclusion of all black Africans from politics as the charter stated that black Africans were incapable of governing themselves, thus requiring white control. Through Malan was an anti-British Afrikaner nationalist, in an irony that appeared to escape him, the Africa charter explicitly stated that Britain or any of the other colonial powers should never grant independence to any of their African colonies on the basis of majority rule.
491:
Water's eyes, is of course the non-arming of the natives". When it was announced that the League was ending the sanctions imposed on Italy in July 1936 despite the fact that Italy just conquered Ethiopia, te Water was opposed, warning in a speech: "The memory of Black Africa never forgets and never forgives an injury or an injustice". Te Water's outspoken criticism of the League's failure in Ethiopia led one Foreign Office official to comment: "He is often ruder than he knows".
437:, the British minister responsible for the League of Nations affairs and known as the strongest voice within the cabinet for sanctions against Italy. Te warned Eden that if the League failed to stop Italy, it would being the end of the League's moral authority. Te Water was not particularly concerned about Ethiopia, instead being more concerned that if the League's moral authority collapsed, then Germany would have a stronger case for taking back South West Africa as
605:
crisis far more difficult. Reflecting the level of tension, starting on 12 September 1938 MacDonald started daily meetings with the Dominion high commissioners to keep them informed about what was happening. Throughout the 1938 crisis, te Water cast the matter entirely as a matter of national self-determination, arguing that since the majority of the Sudeten Germans wanted to "go home to the
833:, but also advocated to Malan that South Africa expel the entire Indo-South African population to the newly independent nation of India, a procedure he very misleadingly called "voluntary reparation", arguing that the Indo-South Africans were a danger to white supremacy in South Africa by their very presence. The fact that India was especially outspoken in its criticism of
751:, using the same phrase that had been used before 1914, which led te Water to urge that the work of building the "peace front" to be done cautiously and slowly. Te Water believed that a peaceful settlement of the Danzig crisis could be arranged and felt the best outcome would be for Britain to pressure Poland to allow the Free City of Danzig to "go home to the
368:
remarkable power" and his speeches before the League's General Assembly in Geneva were always well received. One contemporary report from 1932 about the possibility of applying sanctions on Japan for seizing Manchuria from China stated: "The most forceful of the three Dominion speakers and one of the most dynamic within the whole Assembly was te Water". Sir
935:
Laurent also declared that as a devout Catholic that it was his belief that Christ had died for the sins of all humanity and that God thus loved all of humanity, leading te Water to declare in some exasperation that he had come to Ottawa to discuss how to hold the Commonwealth together and to stop Communism in Africa by winning international support for
698:
return of its former colonies in Africa. In October 1938, Hertzog proposed that South Africa pay Germany a certain sum in gold and cash to be determined to drop its demand for the return of South West Africa, a plan that te Water approved of. Te Water wrote in October 1938: "It would be sheer lust if Europe went to war now". Te Water had read
33:
340:
striped trousers, suede gloves and a stick". By all accounts a man of much charisma and charm, te Water was widely admired by his staff at the South Africa House and was regarded by British decision-makers as the most able and intelligent of all the Dominion High Commissioners in London. The Afrikaners had once called themselves the
882:, te Water during his trip to London pushed for ambitious scheme for Anglo-South African military alliance under which South Africa would take the responsibility for defending all of the British African colonies from the Soviet Union in exchange for which Britain would use its influence throughout the world to dampen criticism of
681:
the plane that was to take him to Munich, te Water together with Massey were there to wish well in Munich. However, te Water found fault with Beneš who was complaining that he had not been invited to attend the Munich conference. The Dominion high commissioners as a group appealed to Halifax to send a "very stiff" telegram to Sir
824:
as a just and rational policy. At the time, te Water lamented that South Africa was facing worldwide criticism, which he blamed on the critics of the National Party government, saying at present in this difficult situation: "we have now unhappily intruded our domestic party quarrels, with inexcusable
729:
maintained that South West Africa was German once and it would inevitably be German again. Hitler's rejection of Herzog's offer increased the influence of the pro-British elements in the South African cabinet led by the former prime minister Jan Smuts, who argued that the German demand for South West
676:
Chamberlain's statement to te Water that he found Beneš "an unreliable and unsatisfactory character" was much approved of by the latter. Te Water appealed to Chamberlain "to set aside pride, prejudice, and even those feelings of false honor which in the face of the ultimate calamity would be ashes in
634:
As part of an effort to prevent a peaceful resolution of the crisis, Hitler brought in Polish and Hungarian demands against Czechoslovakia, stating that if even the Sudetenland were allowed to join Germany that he might still attack Czechoslovakia if the Polish and Hungarian demands were rejected, an
514:
All of the Dominion high commissioners shared certain common beliefs about the problems of Europe and how best to resolve them. The Dominion high commissioners as a group all accepted the claim that the Treaty of Versailles was far too harsh towards Germany and believed that the treaty was in need of
452:
In his reports to Pretoria from Geneva, te Water was largely indifferent to Ethiopia as he mostly stressed that Germany would have a much stronger case for the return of South West Africa if the League's moral authority were lost. The issue was especially pressing as the German community in Southwest
954:
During his visit to Egypt, te Water made a speech in Cairo calling for an "organic" approach to African problems, saying South Africa should work with the colonial governments together with independent African governments such as Egypt on such issues as soil conservation, transport and above all the
897:
during its drafting stage. Te Water stated that "dignity had no universal standard and that it was not a 'right'". As such, te Water announced that the opening sentence of the proposed declaration saying "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights" was completely unacceptable and
680:
On 28 September 1938, te Water reported to Pretoria that there was a breakthrough in the crisis as Mussolini had proposed an emergency summit in Munich, which Hitler, Chamberlain and Daladier had all agreed to attend. Te Water wrote: "I believe the situation has been saved". When Chamberlain boarded
667:
on 27 September 1938, te Water complained: "It seemed intolerable that French commitments should be the cause of the British Commonwealth of Nations being drawn into war", and asked "why it is thought wrong to insist that the French should contribute to his peace efforts by another approach to their
659:
who was "fishing as always in troubled waters"; and finally the "disloyal" Foreign Office mandarins who were leading Chamberlain "up the garden path" by pushing for stronger British statements in favor of Czechoslovakia. Te Water complained in late September 1938 that Chamberlain had lost control of
604:
started a hysterical campaign against Czechoslovakia. On 12 September 1938, Hitler in his speech at the Nuremberg Party Rally for the first time laid claim to the Sudetenland (before then, he had merely demanded autonomy for the Sudetenland)– a new demand that made a peaceful resolution of the
873:
with what he called the "lords of the press", whose purpose was find out the reasons for "their papers' persistent unfriendliness towards all things South African" and to change the media coverage of South Africa. Te Water had known many British media magnates since his time as high commissioner in
840:
Te Water as the "roving ambassador" had orders from Malan "to put matters in the right light". Te Water's main mission was secure acceptance of the "Africa Charter" intended to secure white supremacy for all of Africa permanently by having the colonial powers in Africa sign the Africa Charter. The
738:
On 15 March 1939, Germany violated the Munich Agreement by occupying the Czech half of the rump of Czecho-Slovakia (as Czechoslovakia had been renamed in October 1938). Te Water reported to Pretoria that the British public opinion was outraged by this egregious violation of the Munich Agreement and
544:
was banking on an Anglo-German conflict to achieve his Mediterranean ambitions, and that an Anglo-German "general settlement" would end the developing Italo-German alliance, and hence the Italian threat. An additional worry for te Water about Italian ambitions was the Mediterranean was the prospect
535:
In contrast to his support for appeasement of Germany, te Water was opposed to any appeasement of Japan, favouring having Commonwealth nations take a tougher line with the Japanese. In part this was due to the influence of Bruce, who in common with almost all Australians at the time feared Japanese
527:
itself was in danger. Te Water supported the Chamberlain government's "limited liability" rearmament policy, where the bulk of the defense budget went to the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy while the British Army was starved of funds. The purpose of the "limited liability" policy was to rule out
490:
in May 1936: "Recognising that Abyssinia was a really barbarous country, which ought never to have been admitted to membership of the League, we should agree to Italy having a mandate over the whole country, on the condition that she obey mandatory principles. The most important of these in Mr. te
424:
Because South Africa had South West Africa as a League of Nations mandate, te Water did not want to see the League weakened, which in turn would weaken South Africa's claim to South West Africa. Through te Water believed that the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh towards Germany, he was opposed to
387:
in Geneva. According to Stimson's account of the meeting, both Wilford and te Water were upset at the passivity of the British government with regard to the Japanese aggression against China, saying Britain should be doing far more to upheld the League's authority. Stimson himself favored a tougher
339:
Te Water cut an impressive figure in London, with one person remembering him as: "He was of striking appearance, tall, good-looking, and always immaculately groomed; his suits were tailored, I think, in Conduit Street, shirts and shoes bespoke; he favored a narrow-brimmed Homburg, short black coat,
642:
On 26 September 1938, te Water told Chamberlain and Lord Halifax that if Britain should go to war for the defence of Czechoslovakia, it was "unthinkable" that South Africa would also join in. Te Water argued that Czechoslovakia was not worth fighting for, all the more so because Czechoslovakia had
622:
into any potential conflict with Germany. Te Water felt that was needed was something like the Imperial War Cabinet of 1917–1918 with the Dominion prime ministers making policy jointly with the British prime minister, charging that the current system under which MacDonald briefed him and the other
570:
Britain had no obligation to defend Czechoslovakia, but under the terms of the Franco-Czechoslovak alliance of 1924, France was obligated to go to war if Germany attacked Czechoslovakia. However, it was believed in London that in any Franco-German war would result in a German victory, which would
480:
In contrast to Italy, Water favored a different line with Germany. During the crisis caused by the remilitarization of the Rhineland on 7 March 1936, te Water stated that there was no possibility of South Africa going to war to keep the Rhineland demilitarised, saying that it was regrettable that
281:
Besides for the wish to annex Southwest Africa, te Water was interested in having South Africa annex the three British protectorates in southern Africa, namely Bechuanaland (modern Botswana), Basutoland (modern Lesotho) and the Swaziland Protectorate (modern Eswatini). All three protectorates were
261:
were the Dominions formally given the power to declare war on their own. As a diplomat, te Water consistently stressed his belief that the Dominions were only bound to Britain on a voluntary basis, being held together by ties of history and sentiment, and fiercely resented any claim by the British
950:
as a mutually beneficial arrangement for all the people of South Africa was accepted by those committed to Jim Crow laws, but was criticized by American liberals. After his American visit, te Water reported to Pretoria that: "Our relations with the U.S. are expanding and will continue to grow and
865:
The Africa Charter was a response to the fear in South Africa that one day the European powers might grant independence to their African colonies, which would inevitably lead to demands for equality from black South Africans. Additionally, the fact that the British, the Belgians, the Spanish, the
860:
To ensure that Africa was "non-militarised", which was defined in the charter as ensuring that black Africans never be armed. The Africa Charter stated: "Do not allow the natives of Africa to be armed. One does not hand a rifle to a child." The Africa Charter stated it was acceptable for colonial
849:
To secure "Africa for Africans", which was defined in the Africa charter as ensuring: "Africa should be safeguarded for the European because he has borne civilization on his shoulders...For the rest, Africa should be for the benefit of the natives". However, the Africa charter went on to state to
788:
to ask him to dissolve parliament for a general election (which he expected to win, running on a platform calling for South African neutrality); instead Duncan dismissed Hertzog as prime minister and appointed Smuts as the new prime minister. One of Smuts's first acts as prime minister to sack te
746:
of 1939, te Water was broadly supportive of British plans for a "peace front" to deter Germany from war, but was adamantly opposed to including the Soviet Union in the "peace front". During a visit to 10 Downing Street, te Water told Chamberlain it was completely unacceptable for both him and his
587:
that South Africa had no interest in the affairs of Eastern Europe and under no conditions would go to war in defense of Czechoslovakia. Hertzog added that he hoped that Britain would not also go to war for the sake of Czechoslovakia, but that if the United Kingdom did, South Africa would declare
277:
and as such contending that Germany actually won World War One-being defeated by the alleged "stab-in-the-back"-felt it was only a matter of time before South West Africa was returned to Germany. The German settlers wanted South West Africa to remain a League mandate in order to await for the day
934:
was justified because there was a natural "place" for the different races of South Africa was rejected by St. Laurent who stated that as a French-Canadian he knew of a similar theory in Canada which held that the natural "place" of French-Canadians was as the inferiors of English-Canadians. St.
747:
government to have the Soviet Union join the "peace front" and asked him to stop the negotiations with Moscow, warning darkly that any Anglo-Soviet alliance would be highly dangerous. The German media and government obsessively attacked the proposed "peace front" of 1939 as "encirclement" of the
708:
gave him significant hope that such an alliance might actually occur in the near-future, now the Munich Agreement had apparently resolved the main issues between Germany and Britain. Te Water painted a picture to Hertzog of a world dominated by an Anglo-German alliance which would maintain white
697:
would be returned to Germany. Te Water hoped that Hitler's interests were in Eastern Europe, not Africa, and was looking forward to an Anglo-German agreement whereby Britain would accept Eastern Europe as being in the German sphere of influence in exchange for Germany dropping its demand for the
595:
In early September 1938, the Sudetenland crisis escalated dramatically with Beneš making the dramatic offer of a "Fourth Plan" for a new constitution for Czechoslovakia that was rejected by the Sudeten German leader Konrad Heinlen who instead launched a failed revolt in the Sudetenland. With the
561:
about where Whitehall stood on the issues facing Britain. The efforts of the Chamberlain government to keep the high commissioners "in the loop" was due to the knowledge that the victory of 1918 would have been impossible without the Dominions and it was accepted by all of the decision-makers in
485:
wrote that it was clear "by 13 March that the British Dominions, especially the Union of South Africa and Canada, would not stand with England if war came. The South African government in particular was busy backing the German position in London and with the other Dominion governments". However,
476:
When the League Assembly voted for sanctions against Italy in October 1935, te Water joined the League's Co-ordinating Committee for the sanctions. In a speech before the League Assembly, te Water stated that South Africa "would face deep" racial problems because of Italy's invasion, saying "the
367:
An aloof, arrogant man, te Water hated what he called "socialising", regarding the balls and parties he was expected to attend as boring, but was willing to do so in order to make social connections with the British elite. Fluent in both English and French, te Water was regarded as "an orator of
914:
of South Arica who had inserted the word dignity into the UN charter in 1945, leading him to say he found very undignified that the present South African government was trying to undo the work of Smuts. Te Water in response stated that Smuts's South Africa was no more, as the new National Party
770:
During much of the summer of 1939, te Water was out of London on an extended vacation in Ireland, which weakened his influence with the Chamberlain government. Only on 23 August 1939 did te Water return to London, where the main thrust of his diplomacy was to argue that Poland was the principal
845:
To protect Africa "from Asian domination" by preventing all Asian immigration to Africa. The South African government was seized with the fear of the "Yellow Peril" and was convinced that millions of Chinese together with millions of Indians were about to immigrate to Africa to challenge white
638:
Following the rejection of Hitler's ultimatum issued during the Anglo-German summit at Bad Godesburg on 23 September 1938 the world was on the brink of another world war. The days from 22 to 28 September 1938 were a time of high tension with te Water reporting to Hertzog that London was a city
411:
was presented, which concluded that Japan had committed aggression against China in 1931 by seizing Manchuria and that Manchukuo was a sham. In his speech before the Assembly, te Water condemned Japan for its actions and urged sanctions be imposed. The session ended with the Japanese delegate
646:
In a dispatch to Pretoria, te Water stated his displeasure with Chamberlain's guarded statements that Britain might go to war if Germany should invade Czechoslovakia, but he also argued that Chamberlain was far preferable to any of the alternatives such as the Labour Party; the Liberals; the
472:
In a speech before the League General Assembly on 13 September 1935, te Water stated he regarded any effort to change the frontiers of Africa outside of the League of Nations as "a danger to the adventuring nations themselves, danger to the black peoples of Africa, and a menace to our white
613:
was too indolent, leading him to write to Hertzog "The Powerful Party shows the way" while public opinion "like a flock of sheep follows blindly" and the Dominion governments found themselves following the British government whether they wanted to or not, leading to a loss of "our national
588:
neutrality. On 25 May 1938, Lord Halifax told a meeting of the high commissioners that his government's preferred solution to turn Czechoslovakia from a unitary state into a federation, which he believed would balance out Czechoslovakia with its mixture of Czechs, Slovaks,
789:
Water, who was closely associated with Hertzog, as the South African high commissioner in London. Te Water for his part was embittered by what he saw as an illegal action on the part of Duncan in dismissing Hertzog and had already submitted his resignation in protest.
323:
whose jingoistic statements during the Boer War had made him unpopular with the Afrikaners, but as Kipling praised modern South Africa in his speech, including him in the ceremony was felt to be a sign of reconciliation. As a diplomat, he successfully lobbied
252:
still had certain powers such as the right to declare war on behalf of the entire British Empire, which had been most dramatically illustrated in 1914 when South Africa together with all of the Dominions was committed to war when Britain declared war on
915:
government had already started taking away the limited rights that the nonwhite population of South Africa enjoyed. Over te Water's objections who feared correctly that having dignity mentioned in the declaration would be used to criticize
856:
To keep Communism out of Africa by signing a military alliance against the Soviet Union while ensuring that police forces and intelligence services of the nations that signed the Africa Charter co-operated against Communists everywhere in
939:, not to discuss "philosophical problems". St. Laurent told te Water "how opposed he was in principle to the philosophy which lay beyond the Union's racial policies", saying that Canada would vote at the UN to condemn South Africa for
318:
as the new home of the high commission where the guests of honour were again the King and the Queen. Much to te Water's private displeasure, one of the guests who gave a speech at the opening of the South Africa House was the poet
783:
declared war on Germany. Hertzog's motion for neutrality in parliament saw 67 MPs vote for neutrality while another 80 MPs led by the former prime minister Smuts voted for war. Hertzog then went to the Governor-General Sir
692:
The fact that Hitler had not raised the question of the former German colonies in Africa once during the Sudetenland crisis was a source of much relief to te Water who was afraid that Chamberlain might promise Hitler that
631:, the South African minister-plenipotentiary in Berlin during the crisis. Influenced by Gie, te Water depicted Hitler as "volatile, oratorically violent, risk acceptant, fanatically determined and difficult to predict".
866:
Portuguese and especially the French had recruited Africans into their respective armies while arming them was a source of much worry for the South African government, which was strongly opposed to blacks being armed.
494:
During his time in London, Te Water was close to the other Dominion high commissioners to co-ordinate diplomacy. Starting in May 1936, te Water attended weekly meetings at the house of the Canadian high commissioner
556:
greatly valued the opinions of the Dominion high commissioners and unusually for the secretive Chamberlain government, the Dominion high commissioners were kept well informed by the Colonial and Dominions Secretary
433:, but once the sanctions were applied, he was a strong advocate of maintaining them, believing that the crisis was a "test case" of the League. As such, te Water, despite his hatred of "socialising", he cultivated
290:
who devised the structure of the League at the Paris peace conference in 1919. As one of the "fathers" of the League was a South African, the South African media consistently held a keen interested in the League.
214:
774:
In September 1939, when the Danzig crisis led to World War Two, Hertzog attempted to have South Africa declare neutrality, leading to a crisis in Pretoria that Hertzog deposed as prime minister while the new
310:, who both gave speeches saying that they were glad that the wounds caused by the Boer War had healed and praised South Africa as a successful Dominion in Africa. Te Water's predecessor as High Commissioner,
668:
allies the Czechs". As an Afrikaner, te Water felt a certain sympathy with the Germans, another people who had "experienced the bitterness of defeat in war" as he reported about his meeting with Chamberlain:
762:
of New Zealand had promised to go to war if Britain did. By contrast, the situation in 1939 was very different. Prime minister Lyons of Australia had died in April 1939 and his successor as prime minister,
344:("farmers") because that was what they were, but as the 20th century progressed, many had moved to urban areas and entered the middle classes, leading to the new name Afrikaner being adopted. The popular
360:
stereotype. At the same time, the fact that te Water was an active sportsman with an athletic build and had what the British press called a very "masculine appearance" led him to conform enough to the
853:
To ensure that Africa developed along "western Christian lines" as the charter called upon turning "Africa into a reserve...for the future development of Western European Christian civilization".
721:
visited Berlin to discuss with Hitler the offer that South Africa pay Germany to cease its demand for the return of South West Africa, saying that the South Africa was prepared to offer the
465:, te Water supported the idea of Germany taking back its former African colonies held by Britain, France and Belgium, and was only opposed to South Africa returning Southwest Africa to the
532:
as a way to equal the odds. For te Water, the idea of black men fighting as soldiers was an abomination, which led him to condemn France as a threat to "white civilisation in Africa".
930:
policy, saying it greatly mattered to his government that the fellow members of the Commonwealth should stand with South Africa. The meeting went badly where te Water's argument that
893:
During a visit to New York, te Water represented South Africa at the newly founded United Nations (UN), where he fought hard to have the word dignity removed from the United Nations
3889:
861:
governments to allow black Africans to serve in the military, but never as combat troops as the charter expressly stated that blacks must never allowed to have weapons of any sort.
627:, the Soviet ambassador in London, whom he accused of trying to engineer an Anglo-German war to allow the Soviet Union to take over the world. Te Water was in close contact with
579:
to act as they saw it in an irresponsible and reckless manner by resisting the German demands regarding the Sudetenland. On 22 March 1938, the South African Prime Minister
3919:
162:. Te Water also served as the South African high commissioner (ambassador) to London between 1929-1939, where he was an influential voice for the appeasement of Germany.
906:, the head of the Lebanese delegation at the United Nations and one of the drafters of the Universal Declaration in response stated one of the principal authors of the
816:(Afrikaans for "apartness"), a policy of racial segregation that consigned the non-white peoples of South Africa to a second-class status. Even in 1948, the policy of
332:
give more favorable coverage to South Africa, charging that the BBC mostly ignored South Africa and even when it did mention South Africa too often played into the
3380:
Sloane, Neville (2016). "The Paradox of Peaceful Co-Existence: The British Dominions' Response to the Italo-Abyssinian crisis, 1935-1936". In Bruce Strang (ed.).
825:
shortsightedness and to the delight of our detractors. We have exported our disunity around the world". As such, te Water toured the world, arguing the case for
898:
wanted it removed from the declaration. Te Water was a powerful speaker and his motion to remove dignity from the declaration "so electrified" the meeting that
3645:
244:
as a useful way to make the case for greater South African autonomy within the British Empire. South Africa had been granted Dominion status in 1910 as the
396:, who like him had to balance his nationalism with membership in the Commonwealth. Te Water, who was distantly related to the executed Irish nationalist
3904:
3884:
2891:
44:
3879:
3117:
Graham Fry, Michael (1999). "Agents and Structures: The Dominions and the Czechoslovak Crisis, September 1938". In Igor Lukes; Erik Goldstein (eds.).
725:
much gold to cease its demand for South West Africa. It came as a considerable shock to Herzog when Pirow reported that Hitler was not interested as
481:
Germany had just violated the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno treaty in this manner, but the issue was not worth a war. The American historian
499:
to discuss matters of common concern for the Dominions, and as such te Water became close to Massey together with the Australian High Commissioner
709:
supremacy around the globe and keep the dreaded Soviet Union at bay. Like many other white South Africans at the time, te Water viewed the rising
623:
commissioners gave the British government too much power in deciding policy. In his reports to Pretoria, te Water was especially hostile towards
457:", holding parades and protest meetings under the banner of the swastika. In common with other South African leaders such as the prime minister
3929:
356:. The suave, elegant diplomat te Water was seen in both Britain and South Africa as the image of the modern Afrikaner who had moved beyond the
995:
352:, fierce in the defense of his family and his farm, and profoundly ignorant of everything beyond farming, horses, guns and the dogma of the
283:
536:
ambitions in the Pacific, and in part due to the fact that Japan was an Asian power whose ambitions were seen by te Water as a threat to
3909:
3638:
486:
despite his support for Ethiopia in public, te Water reflecting South African fears of black men being armed told Dominions Secretary
785:
3654:
689:
as a "considerable advance", noting that Hitler had backed down from his more extreme demands made in the Bad Godesberg ultimatum.
230:
155:
3076:"Medicine, Race and the General Good: The Career of Thomas N G Te Water (1857–1926), South African Doctor and Medical Politician"
820:
caused criticism of South Africa and as such Malan appointed te Water as his special ambassador with the instructions to justify
3631:
3370:
3344:
3323:
894:
3899:
407:
In March 1933 as president of the General Assembly of the League of Nations, te Water oversaw the stormy session where the
453:
Africa had become thoroughly Nazified by the 1930s and was very vocal in demanding that Southwest Africa "go home to the
3914:
3408:
178:, on 4 February 1887, the son of Dr Thomas Te Water, a medical doctor and politician, Charles Te Water was educated at
808:
between 1948 and 1949. In 1948, the Afrikaner nationalist National Party won the elections and the new Prime Minister
545:
of the Mediterranean being closed to British shipping, which would increase the importance of the sea lane around the
3894:
3541:
3520:
3483:
3464:
3389:
3278:
Sanctions and Honorary Whites: Diplomatic Policies and Economic Realities in Relations Between Japan and South Africa
3247:
3200:
3126:
3026:
2988:
2969:
3924:
265:
Beyond making the case for greater South African autonomy, te Water was keenly interested in the League because of
249:
3701:
3427:
3304:
3285:
3266:
3228:
3064:
3045:
3007:
2950:
369:
183:
887:
907:
206:
2899:
3685:
714:
384:
3797:
3693:
3154:
Lowry, Donal (November 2008). "The captive dominion: imperial realities behind Irish diplomacy, 1922—49".
504:
325:
258:
3474:
Weinberg, Gerhard (1999). "Reflections on Munich after 60 years". In Igor Lukes; Erik Goldstein (eds.).
3183:
Holkebeer, Mieke (2004). "Out of the Crooked Timber of Humanity: Humanising Rights in South Africa". In
3354:
2981:
South Africa, the Colonial Powers and 'African Defence' The Rise and Fall of the White Entente, 1948–60
619:
430:
210:
3623:
3537:
618:
for South Africa, but was afraid that there were enough pro-British elements in South Africa to force
3821:
3259:
South Africa and International Relations Between the Two World Wars: The League of Nations Dimension
3757:
524:
393:
3605:
3601:
3314:
Reid, Escott (1971). "Five Memories of Louis St. Laurent 1946-49". In Norman Penlington (ed.).
3188:
3019:
New Zealand in the League of Nations The Beginnings of an Independent Foreign Policy, 1919-1939
967:
963:
926:
to lobby him to have Canada vote against condemning South Africa at the United Nations for its
442:
3733:
3334:
2497:
3813:
759:
758:
Unlike in 1938, the Chamberlain put less attention to te Water. In 1938, only prime minister
601:
353:
245:
222:
3874:
3869:
3594:
364:
stereotype of a tough and hardy people that there were no fears of him having "gone soft".
704:
and reported to Hertzog that Hitler's advocacy of an anti-Soviet Anglo-German alliance in
8:
3545:
553:
572:
3359:
3171:
3100:
3075:
315:
3837:
946:
Te Water had more success during the American leg of his journey where his picture of
413:
348:
stereotype was and (still is) that of a gun-toting ferocious farmer living out on the
186:. Like all Afrikaners, te Water was of Dutch, German and French descent. He became a
3765:
3658:
3569:
3516:
3479:
3460:
3423:
3404:
3385:
3366:
3340:
3319:
3300:
3281:
3262:
3243:
3224:
3196:
3175:
3122:
3105:
3060:
3041:
3022:
3003:
2984:
2965:
2946:
2503:
923:
899:
694:
664:
656:
558:
546:
487:
295:
266:
241:
234:
226:
159:
3669:
3163:
3095:
3087:
922:
In December 1948, te Water visited Ottawa where he met the Canadian prime minister
710:
686:
580:
541:
508:
482:
458:
401:
380:
2511:
3789:
3717:
3579:
3212:
A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1000:
959:
812:
brought in a new policy towards the non-white populations of South Africa called
615:
537:
320:
32:
3805:
576:
507:
when the latter visited London, and the two bonded over a shared dislike of the
3709:
3615:
3382:
Empires In Collision: Italy's Invasion of Ethiopia and Its International Impact
764:
496:
389:
376:
179:
3448:
The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–36
3221:
The Story of South Africa House: South Africa in Britain, the Changing Pattern
3167:
3091:
3863:
3741:
3184:
903:
743:
500:
408:
303:
254:
171:
127:
103:
3845:
3829:
3749:
3725:
3109:
2962:
South Africa's Foreign Policy The Search for Status and Security, 1945-1988
837:
led te Water to perceive India as one of South Africa's principal enemies.
805:
718:
682:
648:
628:
610:
584:
438:
434:
397:
307:
191:
3773:
3677:
3562:
809:
776:
624:
175:
107:
3653:
3193:
To Repair the Irreparable Reparation and Reconstruction in South Africa
801:
700:
151:
971:
911:
780:
462:
311:
287:
198:
187:
143:
123:
3504:
History of the South African Department of Foreign Affairs 1927-1993
3495:
How War Came The Immediate Origins of the Second World War 1938-1939
3457:
The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Starting World War II 1937–39
3000:
South Africa in the Modern World (1910-1970): A Contemporary History
874:
London and seemed to have been genuinely strung by the criticism of
416:
announcing that Japan was leaving the League effective immediately.
3147:
The Rhineland Crisis 7 March 1936 A Study in Multilateral Diplomacy
1698:
202:
195:
147:
3021:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers.
3506:. Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs.
270:
1924:
1922:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1766:
1764:
1614:
1612:
575:
as the trouble-maker who was causing the Czechoslovak president
400:, was sympathetic towards Dulanty's efforts to quietly move the
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
870:
299:
218:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2538:
2536:
2455:
2453:
3240:
South Africa in Africa A Study in Ideology and Foreign Policy
2041:
1986:
1919:
1803:
1761:
1667:
1636:
1624:
1609:
3401:
Empire Lost: Britain, the Dominions and the Second World War
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2613:
2572:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2178:
2176:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2103:
2101:
2088:
2086:
2073:
2071:
2058:
2056:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1878:
1876:
1848:
1846:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1739:
1737:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1395:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1102:
1100:
1098:
425:
the German demand to have South West Africa returned to the
2850:
2827:
2778:
2776:
2761:
2722:
2647:
2533:
2450:
1117:
1115:
3513:
South Africa and the World The Foreign Policy of Apartheid
3420:
Canadian Relations with South Africa: A Diplomatic History
2874:
2872:
2870:
2817:
2815:
2751:
2749:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2676:
2674:
2637:
2635:
2413:
2411:
2357:
2269:
1863:
1861:
958:
Te Water was awarded an honorary doctor of laws degree by
583:
instructed te Water to tell the British Foreign Secretary
2703:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2298:
2296:
2252:
2233:
2221:
2209:
2188:
2173:
2161:
2142:
2130:
2113:
2098:
2083:
2068:
2053:
2029:
2017:
1998:
1963:
1951:
1934:
1907:
1888:
1873:
1843:
1820:
1776:
1734:
1722:
1710:
1679:
1648:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1568:
1551:
1515:
1479:
1407:
1383:
1362:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1095:
869:
In September 1948, te Water held a series of meetings in
383:, the American Secretary of State, who was attending the
329:
302:
was to host a grand ball where the guests of honour were
3890:
High commissioners of South Africa to the United Kingdom
3318:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 71–82.
3195:. Cape Town: David Philip Publishers. pp. 149–165.
3038:
Germany and the Union of South Africa in the Nazi Period
2773:
2734:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2330:
2328:
1793:
1791:
1350:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1231:
1229:
1168:
1166:
1112:
2867:
2812:
2800:
2746:
2686:
2671:
2659:
2632:
2560:
2548:
2523:
2521:
2428:
2426:
2408:
2315:
2313:
2311:
1858:
1503:
1491:
1325:
1323:
1202:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
730:
Africa did make Germany into a threat to South Africa.
2788:
2477:
2465:
2340:
2293:
2281:
1597:
1580:
1467:
1455:
1419:
1340:
1338:
1299:
1270:
2381:
2369:
2325:
1788:
1539:
1443:
1431:
1282:
1253:
1241:
1226:
1214:
1178:
1163:
1151:
1127:
1007:
3336:
Biographical Register of Christ's College, 1505–1905
2518:
2438:
2423:
2308:
1749:
1527:
1320:
1190:
1139:
1078:
1055:
1043:
441:
demanded in various speeches that all of the former
142:(4 February 1887 – 6 June 1964) was a South African
3920:
Presidents of the Assembly of the League of Nations
1335:
1031:
1019:
388:line against Japan, but was overruled by President
3358:
2496:
379:, the New Zealand high commissioner in London and
240:Te Water was an Afrikaner nationalist who saw the
45:President of the Assembly of the League of Nations
3316:On Canada: Essays in Honour of Frank H. Underhill
3861:
3384:. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 185–205.
3261:. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
970:between 1949 and 1964, Charles Te Water died in
165:
3476:The Munich Crisis, 1938 Prelude to World War II
3294:
3119:The Munich Crisis, 1938 Prelude to World War II
3057:Appeasement And Germany's Last Bid For Colonies
1814:
419:
262:government to speak on behalf of South Africa.
215:High Commissioner for the Union of South Africa
3639:
2959:
2626:
2607:
2595:
229:between 1929 and 1939, and was appointed as
3510:
3339:. Cambridge University Press. p. 878.
3295:Overy, Richard; Wheatcroft, Andrew (1989).
3242:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
3237:
2997:
2861:
2844:
2542:
2459:
1521:
1485:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1377:
1121:
1106:
1004:. 19 September 1927. Retrieved 16 May 2008.
404:away from the British sphere of influence.
3646:
3632:
3544:
3361:The Rise and Fall of the League of Nations
3116:
2884:
2489:
2263:
2246:
2227:
2215:
2203:
2182:
2167:
2155:
2136:
2124:
2107:
2092:
2077:
2062:
2047:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1992:
1980:
1957:
1945:
1928:
1913:
1901:
1882:
1852:
1837:
1782:
1770:
1743:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1673:
1661:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1574:
1562:
841:five points of the "Africa Charter" were:
792:
31:
3905:National Party (South Africa) politicians
3885:Chancellors of the University of Pretoria
3182:
3099:
2964:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2914:
2716:
996:"The League of Nations: Assembly Meeting"
663:In a private meeting with Chamberlain at
614:discretion". Te Water personally favored
565:
3473:
3459:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3454:
3445:
3417:
3280:. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.
3144:
3121:. London: Frank Cass. pp. 293–341.
3016:
3002:. Pietermaritzburg: Shuter and Shooter.
2978:
2943:1939; the Making of the Second World War
2878:
2782:
2697:
2680:
2665:
1867:
1797:
1603:
1591:
1509:
1497:
1314:
713:movements around the world, such as the
3501:
3450:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3436:
3422:. Lanham: University Press of America.
3398:
3256:
3209:
3054:
2821:
2806:
2767:
2755:
2740:
2728:
2653:
2641:
2566:
2554:
2483:
2417:
2402:
2390:
2375:
2363:
2351:
2334:
2302:
2287:
2275:
1545:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1425:
1356:
1293:
1276:
1264:
1247:
1184:
1172:
1157:
1133:
1089:
1072:
1049:
1037:
989:
596:Czechoslovak Army fighting the Sudeten
3862:
3538:Portraits of Charles Theodore Te Water
3379:
3218:
3035:
2471:
1755:
1437:
1235:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1145:
201:between 1910 and 1929. He represented
3930:South African people of Dutch descent
3880:Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
3627:
3515:. Lexington: University of Kentucky.
3478:. London: Frank Cass. pp. 1–12.
3353:
3332:
3275:
3153:
3073:
2960:Barber, James; Barratt, John (1990).
2940:
2319:
1533:
1344:
1329:
1025:
1013:
895:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3492:
3313:
3149:. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
3135:
2794:
2527:
2444:
2432:
733:
375:On 19 April 1932, te Water met with
13:
3570:President of the League of Nations
3441:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3439:A History of the League of Nations
2998:Breitenbach, Jan Johannes (1974).
2945:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
974:on 6 June 1964, at the age of 77.
221:between 1929 and 1939. He was the
14:
3941:
3910:People educated at Bedford School
3542:National Portrait Gallery, London
3531:
3333:Peile, John (25 September 2014).
552:The government of Prime Minister
515:drastic revision in favor of the
194:in 1910, and was a member of the
3418:Tennyson, Brian Douglas (1982).
294:One of te Water's first acts as
3036:Citino, Robert Michael (1991).
461:and the deputy prime minister,
213:between 1924 and 1929, and was
3702:Cosme de la Torriente y Peraza
3437:Walters, Francis Paul (1969).
2983:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
829:. Te Water not only supported
1:
3493:Watt, Donald Cameron (1989).
3040:. Westport: Greenwood Press.
977:
523:unless it was clear that the
166:Diplomat in London and Geneva
3686:Herman Adriaan van Karnebeek
2512:UK public library membership
2507:. A & C Black.
2498:"te Water, Charles Theodore"
982:
715:Indian independence movement
420:Appeasement: For and Against
385:World Disarmament Conference
7:
3900:Members of the Inner Temple
3365:. Hutchinson & Co Ltd.
3238:Nolutshungu, Sam C (1975).
3219:Macnab, Roy Martin (1983).
3136:Cope, John Patrick (1965).
1815:Overy & Wheatcroft 1989
888:AntĂłnio de Oliveira Salazar
505:William Lyon Mackenzie King
184:Christ's College, Cambridge
10:
3946:
3655:Presidents of the Assembly
3511:Vandenbosch, Amry (2014).
3455:Weinberg, Gerhard (1980).
3446:Weinberg, Gerhard (1970).
3210:Glendon, Mary Ann (2001).
2933:
647:"renegade Tories" such as
445:in Africa "go home to the
257:. Not until 1931 with the
3915:People from Graaff-Reinet
3798:Francisco Castillo Nájera
3782:Charles Theodore Te Water
3665:
3612:
3599:
3591:
3586:
3576:
3567:
3559:
3554:
3403:. London: A&C Black.
3214:. New York: Random House.
3168:10.1017/S0021121400007045
3092:10.1017/s0025727300000880
3017:Chaudron, Gerald (2011).
2979:Berridge, George (1992).
2627:Barber & Barratt 1990
2608:Barber & Barratt 1990
2596:Barber & Barratt 1990
140:Charles Theodore Te Water
133:
113:
90:
85:
81:
71:
61:
50:
43:
39:
30:
25:Charles Theodore Te Water
23:
3895:League of Nations people
3790:Richard Johannes Sandler
3399:Stewart, Andrew (2008).
3156:Irish Historical Studies
3055:Crozier, Andrew (1988).
1707:, p. 301 & 304.
878:. Besides for defending
3925:South African diplomats
3145:Emmerson, J.T. (1977).
237:between 1933 and 1934.
233:of the Assembly of the
158:of the Assembly of the
3606:University of Pretoria
3276:Osada, Masako (2002).
3257:Pienaar, Sara (1987).
3189:Charles Villa-Vicencio
2941:Aster, Sidney (1973).
2925:. London. 9 June 1964.
968:University of Pretoria
908:United Nations Charter
674:
566:The Sudetenland crisis
259:Statute of Westminster
16:South African diplomat
3814:Carlos Saavedra Lamas
3758:José Gustavo Guerrero
3502:Wheeler, Tom (2005).
3223:. London: John Ball.
760:Michael Joseph Savage
670:
651:and "his paper", the
354:Dutch Reformed Church
246:Union of South Africa
223:Union of South Africa
154:who was appointed as
3595:Hendrik van der Bijl
3497:. London: Heinemann.
3140:. Westport: Praeger.
3074:Digby, Anne (2007).
3059:. Oxford: Springer.
3846:Carl Joachim Hambro
3299:. London: Penguin.
910:was Prime Minister
554:Neville Chamberlain
225:'s delegate to the
2892:"Honorary Degrees"
2770:, p. 145-146.
2731:, p. 144-146.
2656:, p. 369-370.
2366:, p. 132-133.
2278:, p. 269-270.
2050:, p. 314-315.
1995:, p. 312-313.
1931:, p. 311-312.
1773:, p. 295-296.
1676:, p. 299-300.
1645:, p. 299-301.
1633:, p. 303-3-4.
1621:, p. 299-303.
316:South Africa House
250:British government
3857:
3856:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3822:Tevfik RĂĽĹźtĂĽ Aras
3818:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3770:
3766:Nicolae Titulescu
3762:
3754:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3698:
3690:
3682:
3674:
3659:League of Nations
3622:
3621:
3613:Succeeded by
3587:Academic offices
3577:Succeeded by
3555:Diplomatic posts
3372:978-0-09-117040-0
3346:978-1-107-42606-1
3325:978-1-4875-7746-9
2510:(Subscription or
1016:, pp. 37–58.
924:Louis St. Laurent
900:Eleanor Roosevelt
734:The Danzig crisis
695:South West Africa
665:10 Downing Street
657:Winston Churchill
559:Malcolm MacDonald
547:Cape of Good Hope
488:Malcolm MacDonald
431:invading Ethiopia
296:High Commissioner
267:South West Africa
242:League of Nations
235:League of Nations
227:League of Nations
160:League of Nations
137:
136:
3937:
3848:
3840:
3832:
3824:
3816:
3808:
3800:
3792:
3784:
3776:
3768:
3760:
3752:
3744:
3736:
3728:
3720:
3712:
3704:
3696:
3688:
3680:
3672:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3625:
3624:
3610:1949–1964
3592:Preceded by
3574:1933–1934
3560:Preceded by
3552:
3551:
3548:
3526:
3507:
3498:
3489:
3470:
3451:
3442:
3433:
3414:
3395:
3376:
3364:
3350:
3329:
3310:
3291:
3272:
3253:
3234:
3215:
3206:
3179:
3162:(142): 202–226.
3150:
3141:
3132:
3113:
3103:
3070:
3051:
3032:
3013:
2994:
2975:
2956:
2927:
2926:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2898:. Archived from
2888:
2882:
2876:
2865:
2862:Vandenbosch 2014
2859:
2848:
2845:Vandenbosch 2014
2842:
2825:
2819:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2797:, p. 81-82.
2792:
2786:
2780:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2701:
2695:
2684:
2678:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2630:
2624:
2611:
2610:, p. 36-37.
2605:
2599:
2593:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2543:Vandenbosch 2014
2540:
2531:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2500:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2460:Breitenbach 1974
2457:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2421:
2415:
2406:
2405:, p. 20-21.
2400:
2394:
2388:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2338:
2332:
2323:
2317:
2306:
2300:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2250:
2244:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2186:
2180:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2111:
2105:
2096:
2090:
2081:
2075:
2066:
2060:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1886:
1880:
1871:
1865:
1856:
1850:
1841:
1835:
1818:
1812:
1801:
1795:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1522:Nolutshungu 1975
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1486:Nolutshungu 1975
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1414:Vandenbosch 2014
1411:
1405:
1404:, p. 69-70.
1402:Vandenbosch 2014
1399:
1393:
1390:Vandenbosch 2014
1387:
1381:
1378:Vandenbosch 2014
1375:
1360:
1359:, p. 87-88.
1354:
1348:
1342:
1333:
1327:
1318:
1312:
1297:
1291:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1211:, p. 12-13.
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1122:Vandenbosch 2014
1119:
1110:
1107:Vandenbosch 2014
1104:
1093:
1087:
1076:
1070:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
993:
779:prime minister,
687:Munich Agreement
581:J. B. M. Hertzog
573:Édouard Daladier
542:Benito Mussolini
509:Dominions Office
483:Gerhard Weinberg
459:J. B. M. Hertzog
402:Irish Free State
255:Imperial Germany
211:Union Parliament
120:
100:
98:
86:Personal details
74:
64:
55:
35:
21:
20:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3849:(1939–40, 1946)
3838:Éamon de Valera
3718:Raoul Dandurand
3694:AgustĂn Edwards
3661:
3652:
3618:
3609:
3597:
3582:
3580:Rickard Sandler
3573:
3565:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3486:
3467:
3430:
3411:
3392:
3373:
3347:
3326:
3307:
3297:The Road to War
3288:
3269:
3250:
3231:
3203:
3129:
3067:
3048:
3029:
3010:
2991:
2972:
2953:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2896:Wits University
2890:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2868:
2860:
2851:
2843:
2828:
2820:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2747:
2743:, p. 144-.
2739:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2704:
2696:
2687:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2633:
2625:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2519:
2509:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2341:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2309:
2301:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2264:Graham Fry 1999
2262:
2253:
2247:Graham Fry 1999
2245:
2234:
2228:Graham Fry 1999
2226:
2222:
2216:Graham Fry 1999
2214:
2210:
2204:Graham Fry 1999
2202:
2189:
2183:Graham Fry 1999
2181:
2174:
2168:Graham Fry 1999
2166:
2162:
2156:Graham Fry 1999
2154:
2143:
2137:Graham Fry 1999
2135:
2131:
2125:Graham Fry 1999
2123:
2114:
2108:Graham Fry 1999
2106:
2099:
2093:Graham Fry 1999
2091:
2084:
2078:Graham Fry 1999
2076:
2069:
2063:Graham Fry 1999
2061:
2054:
2048:Graham Fry 1999
2046:
2042:
2036:Graham Fry 1999
2034:
2030:
2024:Graham Fry 1999
2022:
2018:
2012:Graham Fry 1999
2010:
1999:
1993:Graham Fry 1999
1991:
1987:
1981:Graham Fry 1999
1979:
1964:
1958:Graham Fry 1999
1956:
1952:
1946:Graham Fry 1999
1944:
1935:
1929:Graham Fry 1999
1927:
1920:
1914:Graham Fry 1999
1912:
1908:
1902:Graham Fry 1999
1900:
1889:
1883:Graham Fry 1999
1881:
1874:
1866:
1859:
1853:Graham Fry 1999
1851:
1844:
1838:Graham Fry 1999
1836:
1821:
1813:
1804:
1796:
1789:
1783:Graham Fry 1999
1781:
1777:
1771:Graham Fry 1999
1769:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1744:Graham Fry 1999
1742:
1735:
1729:Graham Fry 1999
1727:
1723:
1717:Graham Fry 1999
1715:
1711:
1705:Graham Fry 1999
1703:
1699:
1693:Graham Fry 1999
1691:
1680:
1674:Graham Fry 1999
1672:
1668:
1662:Graham Fry 1999
1660:
1649:
1643:Graham Fry 1999
1641:
1637:
1631:Graham Fry 1999
1629:
1625:
1619:Graham Fry 1999
1617:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1581:
1575:Graham Fry 1999
1573:
1569:
1563:Graham Fry 1999
1561:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1300:
1292:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1096:
1088:
1079:
1071:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1008:
994:
990:
985:
980:
960:Wits University
798:
736:
568:
538:white supremacy
530:la force noire
443:German colonies
422:
414:YĹŤsuke Matsuoka
321:Rudyard Kipling
275:dolchstoĂźlegend
168:
122:
118:
102:
101:4 February 1887
96:
94:
77:Rickard Sandler
72:
62:
56:
51:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3943:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3811:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3739:
3734:Momčilo Ninčić
3731:
3723:
3715:
3710:Giuseppe Motta
3707:
3699:
3691:
3683:
3675:
3670:LĂ©on Bourgeois
3666:
3663:
3662:
3651:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3619:
3616:Hilgard Muller
3614:
3611:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3533:
3532:External links
3530:
3528:
3527:
3521:
3508:
3499:
3490:
3484:
3471:
3465:
3452:
3443:
3434:
3428:
3415:
3410:978-1847252449
3409:
3396:
3390:
3377:
3371:
3351:
3345:
3330:
3324:
3311:
3305:
3292:
3286:
3273:
3267:
3254:
3248:
3235:
3229:
3216:
3207:
3201:
3180:
3151:
3142:
3133:
3127:
3114:
3071:
3065:
3052:
3046:
3033:
3027:
3014:
3008:
2995:
2989:
2976:
2970:
2957:
2951:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2913:
2902:on 7 July 2011
2883:
2866:
2864:, p. 159.
2849:
2847:, p. 158.
2826:
2824:, p. 395.
2811:
2809:, p. 393.
2799:
2787:
2785:, p. 115.
2772:
2760:
2758:, p. 144.
2745:
2733:
2721:
2719:, p. 163.
2717:Holkebeer 2004
2702:
2685:
2670:
2658:
2646:
2644:, p. 432.
2631:
2612:
2600:
2571:
2569:, p. 390.
2559:
2557:, p. 451.
2547:
2545:, p. 130.
2532:
2530:, p. 191.
2517:
2488:
2476:
2474:, p. 146.
2464:
2462:, p. 382.
2449:
2447:, p. 491.
2437:
2435:, p. 490.
2422:
2420:, p. 135.
2407:
2395:
2380:
2368:
2356:
2354:, p. 133.
2339:
2324:
2322:, p. 228.
2307:
2305:, p. 132.
2292:
2290:, p. 270.
2280:
2268:
2266:, p. 333.
2251:
2249:, p. 332.
2232:
2230:, p. 331.
2220:
2218:, p. 330.
2208:
2206:, p. 318.
2187:
2185:, p. 327.
2172:
2170:, p. 323.
2160:
2158:, p. 324.
2141:
2139:, p. 325.
2129:
2127:, p. 329.
2112:
2110:, p. 322.
2097:
2095:, p. 319.
2082:
2080:, p. 328.
2067:
2065:, p. 315.
2052:
2040:
2038:, p. 314.
2028:
2026:, p. 313.
2016:
2014:, p. 307.
1997:
1985:
1983:, p. 316.
1962:
1960:, p. 317.
1950:
1948:, p. 309.
1933:
1918:
1916:, p. 308.
1906:
1904:, p. 320.
1887:
1885:, p. 305.
1872:
1870:, p. 351.
1857:
1855:, p. 304.
1842:
1840:, p. 312.
1819:
1802:
1787:
1785:, p. 299.
1775:
1760:
1748:
1746:, p. 303.
1733:
1731:, p. 296.
1721:
1719:, p. 301.
1709:
1697:
1695:, p. 295.
1678:
1666:
1664:, p. 310.
1647:
1635:
1623:
1608:
1596:
1579:
1577:, p. 294.
1567:
1565:, p. 298.
1550:
1538:
1536:, p. 341.
1526:
1514:
1512:, p. 258.
1502:
1500:, p. 144.
1490:
1478:
1476:, p. 121.
1466:
1464:, p. 120.
1454:
1442:
1440:, p. 195.
1430:
1428:, p. 117.
1418:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1361:
1349:
1334:
1332:, p. 222.
1319:
1298:
1281:
1279:, p. 650.
1269:
1252:
1240:
1238:, p. 147.
1225:
1223:, p. 103.
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1111:
1109:, p. 206.
1094:
1077:
1054:
1042:
1030:
1028:, p. 878.
1018:
1006:
987:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
863:
862:
858:
854:
851:
847:
797:
793:Apologist for
791:
786:Patrick Duncan
765:Robert Menzies
735:
732:
653:Yorkshire Post
620:the government
567:
564:
497:Vincent Massey
421:
418:
390:Herbert Hoover
377:Thomas Wilford
207:National Party
180:Bedford School
167:
164:
135:
134:
131:
130:
121:(aged 77)
115:
111:
110:
92:
88:
87:
83:
82:
79:
78:
75:
69:
68:
65:
59:
58:
48:
47:
41:
40:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3942:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3836:
3831:
3828:
3823:
3820:
3815:
3812:
3807:
3804:
3799:
3796:
3791:
3788:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3772:
3767:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3751:
3748:
3743:
3742:Alberto Guani
3740:
3735:
3732:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3700:
3695:
3692:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3676:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3644:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3572:
3571:
3564:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3524:
3522:9780813164946
3518:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3485:0-7146-8056-7
3481:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3466:0-226-88511-9
3462:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3391:9781138704435
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3355:Scott, George
3352:
3348:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3249:9780719005794
3245:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3202:9780864866189
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3185:Erik Doxtader
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3128:0-7146-8056-7
3124:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3028:9780786488988
3024:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2990:9780230376366
2986:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2971:9780521388764
2967:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2924:
2917:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2881:, p. 18.
2880:
2879:Berridge 1992
2875:
2873:
2871:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2808:
2803:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2783:Tennyson 1982
2779:
2777:
2769:
2764:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2742:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2700:, p. 19.
2699:
2698:Berridge 1992
2694:
2692:
2690:
2683:, p. 22.
2682:
2681:Berridge 1992
2677:
2675:
2668:, p. 17.
2667:
2666:Berridge 1992
2662:
2655:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2629:, p. 37.
2628:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2609:
2604:
2598:, p. 36.
2597:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2568:
2563:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2513:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2492:
2486:, p. 33.
2485:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2446:
2441:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2404:
2399:
2393:, p. 21.
2392:
2387:
2385:
2378:, p. 20.
2377:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2337:, p. 19.
2336:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2289:
2284:
2277:
2272:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2138:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1868:Weinberg 1980
1864:
1862:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1817:, p. 86.
1816:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1799:
1798:Weinberg 1999
1794:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1758:, p. 63.
1757:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1606:, p. 87.
1605:
1604:Tennyson 1982
1600:
1594:, p. 86.
1593:
1592:Tennyson 1982
1588:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1548:, p. 45.
1547:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1524:, p. 47.
1523:
1518:
1511:
1510:Weinberg 1970
1506:
1499:
1498:Emmerson 1977
1494:
1488:, p. 48.
1487:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1452:, p. 62.
1451:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1416:, p. 92.
1415:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1392:, p. 69.
1391:
1386:
1380:, p. 96.
1379:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1347:, p. 42.
1346:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1317:, p. 91.
1316:
1315:Chaudron 2011
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1296:, p. 38.
1295:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1278:
1273:
1267:, p. 25.
1266:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1250:, p. 10.
1249:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1199:, p. 13.
1198:
1193:
1187:, p. 45.
1186:
1181:
1175:, p. 41.
1174:
1169:
1167:
1160:, p. 21.
1159:
1154:
1148:, p. 10.
1147:
1142:
1136:, p. 39.
1135:
1130:
1124:, p. 59.
1123:
1118:
1116:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1092:, p. 85.
1091:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1075:, p. 59.
1074:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1052:, p. 24.
1051:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
988:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
952:
949:
944:
942:
938:
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
913:
909:
905:
904:Charles Malik
901:
896:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
867:
859:
855:
852:
848:
844:
843:
842:
838:
836:
832:
828:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
804:at large for
803:
796:
790:
787:
782:
778:
772:
768:
766:
761:
756:
754:
750:
745:
744:Danzig crisis
740:
731:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:anti-colonial
707:
703:
702:
696:
690:
688:
684:
678:
673:
669:
666:
661:
658:
654:
650:
644:
640:
636:
632:
630:
626:
621:
617:
612:
608:
603:
599:
593:
591:
586:
582:
578:
574:
563:
560:
555:
550:
548:
543:
539:
533:
531:
526:
522:
518:
512:
510:
506:
502:
501:Stanley Bruce
498:
492:
489:
484:
478:
474:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
417:
415:
410:
409:Lytton Report
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
382:
381:Henry Stimson
378:
373:
371:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
337:
335:
331:
327:
322:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:King George V
301:
297:
292:
289:
285:
279:
276:
272:
268:
263:
260:
256:
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:Graaff-Reinet
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
132:
129:
128:Cape Province
125:
116:
112:
109:
105:
104:Graaff-Reinet
93:
89:
84:
80:
76:
70:
66:
60:
54:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3830:Aga Khan III
3806:Edvard Beneš
3781:
3750:Herluf Zahle
3726:Afonso Costa
3600:
3568:
3512:
3503:
3494:
3475:
3456:
3447:
3438:
3419:
3400:
3381:
3360:
3335:
3315:
3296:
3277:
3258:
3239:
3220:
3211:
3192:
3159:
3155:
3146:
3138:South Africa
3137:
3118:
3086:(1): 37–58.
3083:
3079:
3056:
3037:
3018:
2999:
2980:
2961:
2942:
2922:
2921:"Obituary".
2916:
2904:. Retrieved
2900:the original
2895:
2886:
2822:Wheeler 2005
2807:Wheeler 2005
2802:
2790:
2768:Glendon 2001
2763:
2756:Glendon 2001
2741:Glendon 2001
2736:
2729:Glendon 2001
2724:
2661:
2654:Wheeler 2005
2649:
2642:Wheeler 2005
2603:
2567:Wheeler 2005
2562:
2555:Wheeler 2005
2550:
2502:
2491:
2484:Stewart 2008
2479:
2467:
2440:
2418:Wheeler 2005
2403:Stewart 2008
2398:
2391:Stewart 2008
2376:Stewart 2008
2371:
2364:Wheeler 2005
2359:
2352:Wheeler 2005
2335:Stewart 2008
2303:Wheeler 2005
2288:Crozier 1988
2283:
2276:Crozier 1988
2271:
2223:
2211:
2163:
2132:
2043:
2031:
2019:
1988:
1953:
1909:
1800:, p. 6.
1778:
1751:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1669:
1638:
1626:
1599:
1570:
1546:Wheeler 2005
1541:
1529:
1517:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1474:Wheeler 2005
1469:
1462:Wheeler 2005
1457:
1450:Pienaar 1987
1445:
1433:
1426:Wheeler 2005
1421:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1357:Crozier 1988
1352:
1294:Pienaar 1987
1277:Walters 1969
1272:
1265:Pienaar 1987
1248:Pienaar 1987
1243:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1185:Pienaar 1987
1180:
1173:Wheeler 2005
1158:Wheeler 2005
1153:
1141:
1134:Pienaar 1987
1129:
1090:Crozier 1988
1073:Pienaar 1987
1050:Pienaar 1987
1045:
1040:, p. 9.
1038:Pienaar 1987
1033:
1021:
1009:
999:
991:
957:
953:
947:
945:
940:
936:
931:
927:
921:
916:
892:
883:
879:
875:
868:
864:
839:
834:
830:
826:
821:
817:
813:
806:South Africa
799:
794:
773:
769:
757:
752:
748:
741:
737:
726:
722:
719:Oswald Pirow
705:
699:
691:
683:Basil Newton
679:
675:
671:
662:
652:
649:Anthony Eden
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:Stefanus Gie
611:Joseph Lyons
606:
602:German media
597:
594:
590:volksdeutsch
589:
585:Lord Halifax
577:Edvard Beneš
569:
551:
534:
529:
525:Commonwealth
520:
516:
513:
493:
479:
475:
471:
466:
454:
451:
446:
439:Adolf Hitler
435:Anthony Eden
426:
423:
406:
398:Robert Emmet
394:John Dulanty
374:
366:
361:
357:
349:
345:
341:
338:
336:stereotype.
333:
328:to have the
293:
280:
274:
264:
239:
192:Inner Temple
169:
139:
138:
119:(1964-06-06)
73:Succeeded by
52:
18:
3875:1964 deaths
3870:1887 births
3774:Paul Hymans
3678:Paul Hymans
3563:Paul Hymans
2472:Macnab 1983
1756:Citino 1991
1438:Sloane 2016
1236:Macnab 1983
1221:Macnab 1983
1209:Macnab 1983
1197:Macnab 1983
1146:Macnab 1983
810:D. F. Malan
742:During the
625:Ivan Maisky
176:Cape Colony
117:6 June 1964
108:Cape Colony
67:Paul Hymans
63:Preceded by
3864:Categories
3602:Chancellor
3429:0819126322
3306:014028530X
3287:0313318778
3268:0854949364
3230:0868500682
3066:1349192554
3047:0313277893
3009:0869852779
2952:0233963693
2514:required.)
2320:Aster 1973
1534:Scott 1973
1345:Osada 2002
1330:Lowry 2008
1026:Peile 2014
1014:Digby 2007
978:References
964:Chancellor
846:supremacy.
802:Ambassador
777:Anglophile
727:der FĂĽhrer
706:Mein Kampf
701:Mein Kampf
616:neutrality
370:John Simon
326:Lord Reith
308:Queen Mary
284:Lord Cecil
248:, but the
152:politician
97:1887-02-04
3841:(1938–39)
3833:(1937–38)
3817:(1936–37)
3809:(1935–36)
3801:(1934–35)
3785:(1933–34)
3777:(1932–33)
3769:(1930–32)
3761:(1929–30)
3753:(1928–29)
3745:(1927–28)
3737:(1926–27)
3721:(1925–26)
3713:(1924–25)
3705:(1923–24)
3697:(1922–23)
3689:(1921–22)
3681:(1920–21)
3176:159910307
2923:The Times
2795:Reid 1971
2528:Cope 1965
2504:Who's Who
2445:Watt 1989
2433:Watt 1989
983:Citations
972:Cape Town
962:in 1955.
948:apartheid
941:apartheid
937:apartheid
932:apartheid
928:apartheid
917:apartheid
912:Jan Smuts
884:apartheid
880:apartheid
876:apartheid
835:apartheid
831:apartheid
827:apartheid
822:apartheid
818:apartheid
814:apartheid
795:apartheid
781:Jan Smuts
598:Freikorps
463:Jan Smuts
312:Eric Louw
288:Jan Smuts
231:President
188:barrister
156:President
144:barrister
124:Cape Town
57:1933–1934
53:In office
3357:(1973).
3191:(eds.).
3110:17200696
3080:Med Hist
269:(modern
205:for the
203:Pretoria
196:Pretoria
170:Born in
148:diplomat
3657:of the
3604:of the
3540:at the
3101:1712363
2934:Sources
2906:30 June
966:of the
857:Africa.
800:He was
271:Namibia
209:in the
190:of the
182:and at
3825:(1937)
3793:(1934)
3729:(1926)
3673:(1920)
3519:
3482:
3463:
3426:
3407:
3388:
3369:
3343:
3322:
3303:
3284:
3265:
3246:
3227:
3199:
3174:
3125:
3108:
3098:
3063:
3044:
3025:
3006:
2987:
2968:
2949:
871:London
600:, the
300:London
219:London
3172:S2CID
753:Reich
749:Reich
723:Reich
655:plus
607:Reich
521:Reich
517:Reich
467:Reich
455:Reich
447:Reich
427:Reich
342:Boers
3517:ISBN
3480:ISBN
3461:ISBN
3424:ISBN
3405:ISBN
3386:ISBN
3367:ISBN
3341:ISBN
3320:ISBN
3301:ISBN
3282:ISBN
3263:ISBN
3244:ISBN
3225:ISBN
3197:ISBN
3123:ISBN
3106:PMID
3061:ISBN
3042:ISBN
3023:ISBN
3004:ISBN
2985:ISBN
2966:ISBN
2947:ISBN
2908:2015
1001:Time
362:Boer
358:Boer
350:veld
346:Boer
334:Boer
306:and
286:and
150:and
114:Died
91:Born
3164:doi
3096:PMC
3088:doi
755:".
449:".
330:BBC
298:in
217:in
199:bar
3866::
3187:;
3170:.
3160:36
3158:.
3104:.
3094:.
3084:51
3082:.
3078:.
2894:.
2869:^
2852:^
2829:^
2814:^
2775:^
2748:^
2705:^
2688:^
2673:^
2634:^
2615:^
2574:^
2535:^
2520:^
2501:.
2452:^
2425:^
2410:^
2383:^
2342:^
2327:^
2310:^
2295:^
2254:^
2235:^
2190:^
2175:^
2144:^
2115:^
2100:^
2085:^
2070:^
2055:^
2000:^
1965:^
1936:^
1921:^
1890:^
1875:^
1860:^
1845:^
1822:^
1805:^
1790:^
1763:^
1736:^
1681:^
1650:^
1611:^
1582:^
1553:^
1364:^
1337:^
1322:^
1301:^
1284:^
1255:^
1228:^
1165:^
1114:^
1097:^
1080:^
1057:^
998:.
943:.
174:,
146:,
126:,
106:,
3647:e
3640:t
3633:v
3525:.
3488:.
3469:.
3432:.
3413:.
3394:.
3375:.
3349:.
3328:.
3309:.
3290:.
3271:.
3252:.
3233:.
3205:.
3178:.
3166::
3131:.
3112:.
3090::
3069:.
3050:.
3031:.
3012:.
2993:.
2974:.
2955:.
2910:.
99:)
95:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.