939:
782:
705:
338:
829:) they were joined by three brigantines and three barks. With 17 vessels and 1,200 men Blénac set course for the Dutch island of Sint Eustatius, where he arrived on 3 April 1689. The Dutch under Governor Lucas Schorer were totally unprepared for the attack, and just two ships managed to escape carrying valuables. The French landed at two places on the island, and after slight resistance the Dutch retreated into Fort Orange in the evening. The next morning, after the French threatened the fort with siege guns the Dutch surrendered and agreed to leave the island. The French destroyed all shore defenses, collected booty and departed, leaving a small 40-man garrison.
833:
409:
720:, Martinique, which de Baas had established as the seat of the lieutenant general of the Antilles. He chose to live at Fort-Royal instead of Saint-Pierre to encourage growth of the town and the fortress. Before this, the town had been an unplanned cluster of buildings along the Carénage River. Blénac ordered the bogs around the site to be drained or filled in, making room for a grid of streets centered on a main square known as the
546:
516:
616:
532:
602:
588:
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474:
574:
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416:
1022:, repulsed the English when they attempted invasion with a force of 4,000 men. The English expedition under Admiral Wheler had 15 warships 3 fire ships, 28 transports and almost 2,000 soldiers, to which Barbados added another 1,000 men. This force invaded in March 1693, and took control of a large area with little opposition. English reinforcements under Captain General
750:
spent the next three months studying all the slave ordinances of the French islands, then talked with leading officials and slave owners of
Martinique, Guadeloupe and Saint Christophe. He condensed his findings into a 16-page memorandum that was sent to Versailles in February 1683 and became the basis, with a few small adjustments, of the March 1685 edict known as the
267:, Saintonge. His parents were Jacques de Courbon Blénac and Marie Thison, dame de La Sauzaie. His sister Marie married André de Talleyrand-Périgord. Charles de Blénac married Angélique de La Rochefoucauld, daughter of Louis de la Rochefoucauld, seigneur de Bayères. She was the widow of his cousin. They would have eleven children.
682:
and 16 officers. The French attacked at once and within an hour had seized what remained of the fort as well as four sinking ships. They took 600 prisoners. The French destroyed all the houses and plantation buildings on the island, deported the people and abandoned the island. This victory destroyed
768:
informed Blénac and the island governors to prepare to defend themselves against Spain, since war with Spain was likely once Louis XIV declared war on the Dutch
Republic. The governors were to inspect their fortifications, prepare artillery batteries, and make their militias and local defense forces
749:
of the French colonies in the
Caribbean, head of the civil and legal administration. He was charged with preparing an ordinance to regulate slavery in French American colonies. Bégon sailed for Martinique that fall, where Blénac showed him what had been done so far on codifying the slave laws. Bégon
728:
I do not believe that you have in the islands of
America a colonist better established than I am in Cul-de-Sac at Fort-Royal. There were not more than three sugar-refineries when I arrived; there are presently 57. There was not a single hen; now it is filled with cattle, pigs, horses, and poultry. I
884:
then obtained permission to install a battery on nearby hill from which the interior of the fort could be seen; this was done on the night of 14–15 August. When the fort's defenders found their gunfire could not reach the new, higher battery they surrendered. The
English colonists were all ordered
824:
In the West Indies the
English would not cooperate with their Dutch allies. Blénac took advantage of this, and sent a secret expedition that captured Sint Eustatius. On 28 March 1689 a small fleet of three ships, a brigantine, a bark and three smaller vessels under Blénac and the Intendant Gabriel
381:
commanded by Blénac and four smaller ships. The French engaged an arc of anchored Dutch warships, under-manned since the Dutch had transferred many men to the land defenses. French land forces attempted to storm fort
Sterreschans but were repulsed on three separate attempts. The struggling ships in
1026:
arrived within two weeks, but the combined force did not engage in serious fighting. The
English captured 3,000 black slaves, valued at £60,000. An ineffective attack was made on Saint Pierre, then the force departed. Various explanations have been given for the failure to make a serious effort to
820:
to the
Antilles to defend the colonies and the French traders, and to attack the Dutch privateers. When England declared war on France in May 1689 Seignelay placed four warships at the disposal of Blénac. Blénac also used buccaneers as auxiliaries, particularly during the start of the war in 1689
1014:
to attach the French
Antilles. Blénac was told he could not expect help from France. Blénac had been accompanied to Martinique by an engineer, Sieur de Caylus, and during 1692 he directed improvements to the island's defenses while Blénac organized the militia of almost 1,400 men. Pontchartrain
677:
Blénac led the land force of 950 men, with an artillery train to besiege the Dutch fort. The mortars and cannon had to be dragged about 4 miles (6.4 km) to the top of a hill that overlooked the fort, which took three days. The third shell fired by the French hit the powder magazine, and the
912:
was planning to lead a force of about 2,300 to attack Martinique, and was waiting for warships to be fitted out in England to carry his force. Early in 1690 Blénac received over 30 merchantmen escorted by four warships, but chose to take no action against the English, and did not even have the
929:
arrived on 5 February 1691 with 14 warships, strengthened the defenses and in May relieved the French defenders of Fort Saint-Charles in Guadeloupe, who had been besieged by the English. On his return to Martinique d'Eragny was among the victims of an outbreak of yellow fever in August 1691.
1002:
The English were completely outnumbered, and set a course to the leeward in the hope of protecting the convoy. Blénac engaged the next day, but Wrenn outmanoeuvred him and managed to escape to the south. Wrenn reached Barbados three days later without any losses.
756:(Black Code). The king had asked Blénac to participate in drafting the slave code, but he claimed to have done little, and said only that Begin constructed the law "in his presence". He did help make some provisions concerning slaves milder and more flexible.
382:
the harbour began to burn, with fire spreading from one ship to another. Eventually the French had to break off after three ships had been burned to the waterline, two run ashore and other badly damaged, with over 1,000 casualties. D'Estree withdrew toward
954:
gave Blénac a fleet of ten warships, one frigate and two fire ships. He was ordered to attack Barbados and go on to destroy the property of the English colonists in the Leeward Islands. Blénac arrived back in Martinique on 4 February 1692.
397:). He returned to France with D'Estrées to have his appointment confirmed. Louis XIV decided to mount another expedition against Tobago later in 1677. Blénac and returned with d'Estrees in the autumn of 1677, taking office in November.
1027:
capture the island. The reason seems to be a combination of the climate, raw troops including unenthusiastic Irish and superior French forces. The French under Ducasse retaliated, but limited their activity to plundering.
804:, destroy the island's fort and deport all the inhabitants. He was to use local forces only, and to cover the costs by selling slaves. The minister changed his mind when he heard that several large Dutch
759:
Blénac left the Martinique for France in March 1683, and returned in April 1684. Claude de Roux de Saint-Laurent, chevalier de Saint-Laurent, acted as governor in his absence. Just before the start of the
876:
on the French part of Saint Christopher and landed his army, which quickly occupied all the south of the island. The English governor, Colonel Thomas Hill, took refuge with 400 to 500 defenders in
1006:
After this the English and French found themselves in a stalemate, where neither could risk invading an enemy island while the other's fleet was intact. The crews of both squadrons suffered from
880:. Blénac settled down for a siege, and for two weeks bombarded the main gate with over 1,000 rounds, achieving little, while a trench was being dug towards the fort. The naval officer
921:
Subordinates such as Ducasse were so critical of Blénac's lack of action that he offered to resign. Blénac left Martinique on 29 January 1690 and returned to France "on leave" on the
808:
were leaving for the Antilles, and before year end he heard that privateers were pillaging some of the small and indefensible French islands. In March 1689 Seignelay sent the 52-gun
1010:, and Wrenn died of the disease. Blénac only had enough sailors to man three warships by the start of July. News came that the English were organizing a major expedition under Sir
658:. Blénac had instructions to coordinate his action as governor general with d'Estrées, and to recruit soldiers and colonists as reinforcements. The squadron sailed to the
310:
in 1672. Blénac was quick to take offense, and early in 1673 was briefly imprisoned for insulting a superior officer. After his release, in August 1673 he was captain of
1035:
1054:
D'Estrées delayed the attack on Curaçao for four months while he tried to recruit more forces, and finally left on 7 May. His fleet ran onto coral reefs off the
1885:
938:
408:
220:
122:
78:
33:
1870:
1023:
926:
278:, and in recognition of his services was made count of Blénac in 1659. For a long time he served in the land armies, reaching the rank of
1793:
765:
951:
890:
145:
284:. In 1669 he transferred to the navy, which was then in the process of being formed. He advanced quickly through the ranks and became
1890:
729:
have made you a town and a church constructed of stone.... I have made you a fort which provides security for all these islands.
646:
ships and four fireships. It was the strongest naval force that France had ever sent to the Americas. D'Estrées had the 68-gun
629:
1777:
1751:
1725:
1663:
1637:
1611:
836:
Saint Christopher. Fort Charles is on the south coast of the west part. Basseterre, also on the south coast, is further east.
716:
During Blénac's time in office as governor general of the Antilles he devoted much of his energy to developing the city of
1563:
724:(Swamp). He began construction of a church and strengthened the defenses of the citadel. He reported to the king in 1686,
157:
950:
to help defend the Antilles late in 1691. The king reappointed Blénac as governor general of the Windward Islands. The
889:, while the indentured Irish stayed and became French subjects. Blénac sailed for Martinique ten days later leaving
925:
to defend himself at court. By July the British had reconquered Saint Kitts and Sint Eustatius. Blénac's successor
962:
was passing between Guadeloupe and Désirade. The English found Blénac ahead of them in his flagship, the 62-gun
742:
704:
1880:
781:
709:
1582:
737:
of illegally allowing foreign merchants to conduct business, in particular slave traders. Two years later,
337:
840:
In July 1689 Blénac heard that there were violent disagreements on Saint Kitts between supporters of King
1842:
Charles de Courbon, comte de Blénac, 1622-1696, gouverneur général des Antilles françaises, 1677-1696 ...
650:
as his flagship. His second in command was François-Bénédict de Rouxel, marquis de Grancey in the 64-gun
1678:
Morgan, William Thomas (September 1930), "The British West Indies during King William's War (1689-97)",
877:
852:
had brought news that England and France were at war, Blénac sailed from Martinique with the warships
219:(1622 – 10 June 1696) was a French military officer, nobleman and colonial administrator who served as
832:
900:, making off with slaves, cattle and other goods, and burned all the houses. They made an attempt on
1875:
683:
Dutch military power in the Antilles. D'Estrées next sailed to Martinique to prepare an attack on
357:
but was repulsed. D'Estrees entered Klip Bay at dawn on 3 March 1677 in his flagship, the 72-gun
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114:
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on Martinique in 1674. One of Blénac's key priorities was to strengthen the island's defences.
1814:
1653:
901:
738:
666:(off Senegal) from the Dutch, then sailed fast to the Antilles. D'Estrées stopped briefly at
286:
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to Martinique, and after Louis XIV declared war on Spain in April 1689 he sent the frigates
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1860:
1055:
390:
346:
331:
56:
1603:
Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present
223:
during the 17th century. He was an experienced soldier and fought for the king during the
8:
642:
for the West Indies with a squadron of seven ships of the line, four smaller ships, five
275:
182:
1015:
ordered that the five vessels of the French navy in the Antilles leave by 1 March 1693.
897:
280:
235:
he led the land forces that captured Tobago from the Dutch before taking command of the
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1695:
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Charles de Blénac, Marquis de la Roche-Courbon, was born to a noble family in 1622 in
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Blénac died near Fort Royal, Martinique on the night of 8-9 June 1696 from lingering
307:
1687:
327:
244:
232:
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Dumaitz de Goimpy was joined by another ship at Guadeloupe. At Saint Christopher (
393:, and Blénac was appointed to replace him as lieutenant general of the Antilles (
1840:
1058:, lost all but one of the ships of the line, and was forced to return to France.
769:
ready to fight. France would give no support other than send two privateers from
315:
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1583:"Charles de Blénac, marquis de la Roche-Courbon, comte de Blénac (1622-1696)"
905:
679:
639:
1067:
A 1780 French history says the English force was led by "Admiral Houkille".
1717:
Final Passages: The Intercolonial Slave Trade of British America, 1619-1807
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to find out what he could about the strength of the Dutch, then reached
643:
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195:
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255:, and defended Martinique against a large English expedition in 1693.
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805:
752:
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1769:
Bonds of Alliance: Indigenous and Atlantic Slaveries in New France
663:
958:
On 2 March 1692 a convoy of merchant ships escorted by Commodore
383:
389:
During the retreat to Grenada the French heard of the death of
243:
he was active in the struggle with the English and Dutch in the
23:
Charles de Courbon, marquis de la Roche-Courbon, comte de Blénac
671:
354:
271:
224:
942:
Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain, chancelier de France
678:
explosion destroyed the fort. 250 men died, including Admiral
1342:
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1148:
1146:
933:
886:
694:
1629:
Historic Cities of the Americas: An Illustrated Encyclopedia
904:
that was driven off, then made a highly destructive raid on
796:(1688–97), in November 1688 Seignelay told Blénac to attack
377:
led a squadron nearer to the shore that included the 62-gun
16:
French military officer, nobleman and colonial administrator
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786:
Plan du fort de la Basse terre de l'isle de St. Christophle
1743:
In Search of Empire: The French in the Americas, 1670-1730
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Thomas-Claude Renart de Fuchsamberg, marquis d'Amblimont
1494:
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373:. His second in command Louis Gabaret in the 56-gun
353:
attempted to take the Dutch fortress of Sterrshans on
321:
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274:
rebellion (1648–53) Blénac supported the infant King
1198:
1186:
1080:
908:. The French learned that the English governor Sir
896:In response, an English force invaded and occupied
1845:, Société d'histoire de la Martinique, p. 208
1532:Histoire de l'Ordre royal et militaire de St-Louis
1162:
1111:
821:during attacks on Saint Kitts and Sint Eustatius.
1798:, University of Wisconsin–Madison, archived from
733:In 1680, Blénac accused the colonial governor of
1852:
1133:
1131:
1018:In 1693 Blénac and the governor of Martinique,
1354:
872:, 14 merchantmen and 23 sloops. He arrived at
1128:
916:
848:. On 27 July 1689, after the dispatch vessel
1713:
1528:
1312:
1156:
934:Governor general of the Antilles (1692–96)
913:resources to defend his recent conquests.
891:Charles de Pechpeyrou-Comminges de Guitaut
764:, in October 1688 the navy secretary, the
695:Governor general of the Antilles (1677–90)
146:Charles de Pechpeyrou-Comminges de Guitaut
1765:
1739:
1464:
1428:
1401:
1348:
1336:
1324:
1281:
1254:
1237:
79:Lieutenant general of the French Antilles
34:Lieutenant general of the French Antilles
1886:Governors general of the French Antilles
1812:
1222:
1180:
937:
831:
780:
703:
336:
258:
1838:
1791:
1561:
1168:
1122:
401:Second Battle of Tobago (December 1677)
395:lieutenant-général des isles d’Amérique
227:before becoming a naval officer in the
221:governor general of the French Antilles
123:Governor general of the French Antilles
1871:17th-century French military personnel
1853:
1677:
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1500:
1488:
1476:
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1413:
1389:
1372:
1300:
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1192:
1105:
777:War with Holland and England (1688–90)
699:
687:. Blénac raised a large contingent of
545:
531:
515:
386:and was back in France by early July.
91:20 April 1684 – February 1691
1564:"Charles de Courbon, comte de Blénac"
135:24 November 1691 – June 1696
1714:O'Malley, Gregory E. (2014-09-02),
927:François d'Alesso, Marquis d'Éragny
601:
330:began in 1672 and lasted until the
322:First Battle of Tobago (March 1677)
217:Charles de Courbon, comte de Blénac
158:Thomas-Claude Renart de Fuchsamberg
13:
1831:
1740:Pritchard, James S. (2004-01-22),
1580:
1562:Eclavea, Christine (25 May 2018),
1545:
1360:
1137:
654:, and Blénac commanded the 60-gun
587:
501:
487:
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14:
1902:
638:On 3 October 1677 d'Estrées left
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407:
1891:Governors of French Saint Lucia
1766:Rushforth, Brett (2013-06-01),
1061:
1048:
459:
415:
1746:, Cambridge University Press,
633:Islands in the Lesser Antilles
615:
1:
1813:Woodcock, Henry Iles (1867),
1680:The Journal of Modern History
662:, took the slaving island of
349:a French force under Admiral
46:1677 – February 1683
1074:
691:to support this expedition.
361:, accompanied by the 58-gun
60:Gabriel de Jolinet (interim)
7:
1587:La Martinique à la carte...
741:appointed his first cousin
10:
1907:
1521:
1034:. He was succeeded by the
917:Return to France (1690–96)
1000:and five smaller vessels.
710:unsuccessful Dutch attack
231:. Towards the end of the
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95:
84:
77:
64:
50:
39:
32:
28:
21:
1041:
1839:Baudrit, André (1967),
1655:Pirates of the Americas
773:to attack Dutch ships.
341:First Battle of Tobago.
1652:Marley, David (2010),
1626:Marley, David (2005),
1600:Marley, David (1998),
1024:Christopher Codrington
952:comte de Pontchartrain
948:Jean-Baptiste du Casse
943:
910:Christopher Codrington
882:Jean-Baptiste du Casse
842:William III of England
837:
800:, to the northwest of
789:
731:
713:
342:
206:Soldier, naval officer
1795:The wars of Louis XIV
1535:(in French), Duchesne
1529:d'Aspect, M. (1780),
941:
835:
784:
739:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
726:
707:
340:
294:in the expedition of
287:capitaine de vaisseau
259:Early years (1622–77)
1881:French Navy officers
1056:Las Aves archipelago
792:At the start of the
766:marquis de Seignelay
708:A lithograph of the
674:on 6 December 1677.
630:class=notpageimage|
391:Jean-Charles de Baas
347:action of March 1677
332:Treaties of Nijmegen
57:Jean-Charles de Baas
1816:A History of Tobago
1792:Sommerville, J.P.,
1772:, UNC Press Books,
1720:, UNC Press Books,
1351:, p. 123 fn78.
966:, supported by the
700:Peacetime (1677–88)
302:. He commanded the
290:. He commanded the
276:Louis XIV of France
1020:Nicolas de Gabaret
944:
838:
790:
714:
660:Cape Verde Islands
343:
117:, Marquis d'Éragny
1779:978-0-8078-3817-4
1753:978-0-521-82742-3
1727:978-1-4696-1535-6
1665:978-1-59884-201-2
1639:978-1-57607-027-7
1613:978-0-87436-837-6
1503:, pp. 48–49.
351:Jean II d'Estrées
308:Battle of Solebay
296:Jean II d'Estrées
214:
213:
115:François d'Alesso
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898:Saint Barthélemy
802:Saint Christophe
788:signed by Blénac
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328:Franco-Dutch War
281:maréchal de camp
245:Windward Islands
233:Franco-Dutch War
168:Personal details
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1876:French generals
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1832:Further reading
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1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1288:
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1261:
1253:
1244:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1144:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1112:
1104:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1049:
1044:
946:Louis XIV sent
936:
919:
885:to evacuate to
794:Nine Years' War
779:
762:Nine Years' War
702:
697:
636:
635:
634:
632:
626:
625:
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623:
619:
611:
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583:
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541:
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511:
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497:
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477:
469:
468:
467:
463:
455:
454:
453:
449:
441:
440:
439:
437:
433:
425:
424:
423:
419:
403:
324:
316:Battle of Texel
300:Barbary pirates
261:
241:Nine Years' War
237:French Antilles
194:
177:
152:
140:
134:
129:
109:
96:
90:
85:
65:
59:
51:
45:
40:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1904:
1894:
1893:
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1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1848:
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1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1810:
1789:
1778:
1763:
1752:
1737:
1726:
1711:
1692:10.1086/235621
1686:(3): 378–409,
1675:
1664:
1649:
1638:
1623:
1612:
1597:
1578:
1559:
1543:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1515:, p. 498.
1505:
1493:
1491:, p. 396.
1481:
1479:, p. 395.
1469:
1467:, p. 309.
1465:Pritchard 2004
1457:
1455:, p. 208.
1445:
1443:, p. 207.
1433:
1431:, p. 308.
1429:Pritchard 2004
1418:
1416:, p. 391.
1406:
1404:, p. 305.
1402:Pritchard 2004
1394:
1392:, p. 201.
1377:
1375:, p. 200.
1365:
1353:
1349:Rushforth 2013
1341:
1339:, p. 123.
1337:Rushforth 2013
1329:
1327:, p. 122.
1325:Rushforth 2013
1317:
1315:, p. 155.
1305:
1303:, p. 171.
1286:
1284:, p. 304.
1282:Pritchard 2004
1259:
1257:, p. 294.
1255:Pritchard 2004
1242:
1240:, p. 293.
1238:Pritchard 2004
1227:
1212:
1210:, p. 185.
1197:
1195:, p. 184.
1185:
1173:
1161:
1159:, p. 205.
1142:
1127:
1110:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1060:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1012:Francis Wheler
935:
932:
918:
915:
798:Sint Eustatius
778:
775:
701:
698:
696:
693:
628:
627:
621:
620:
613:
612:
607:
606:
599:
598:
593:
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585:
584:
579:
578:
571:
570:
565:
564:
557:
556:
552:St. Christophe
551:
550:
543:
542:
538:St. Barthélemy
537:
536:
529:
528:
521:
520:
513:
512:
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485:
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427:
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420:
413:
412:
406:
405:
404:
402:
399:
323:
320:
260:
257:
249:Sint Eustatius
247:. He captured
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
193:9–10 June 1696
191:
187:
186:
174:
170:
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165:
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161:
160:
155:
149:
148:
143:
137:
136:
126:
125:
119:
118:
112:
106:
105:
102:Claude de Roux
99:
93:
92:
82:
81:
75:
74:
71:Claude de Roux
68:
62:
61:
54:
48:
47:
37:
36:
30:
29:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1903:
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1811:
1802:on 2018-09-01
1801:
1797:
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1550:
1546:Cahoon, Ben,
1544:
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1527:
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1514:
1509:
1502:
1497:
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1485:
1478:
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1326:
1321:
1314:
1313:O'Malley 2014
1309:
1302:
1297:
1295:
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1291:
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1272:
1270:
1268:
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1264:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1225:, p. 30.
1224:
1223:Woodcock 1867
1219:
1217:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1183:, p. 29.
1182:
1181:Woodcock 1867
1177:
1170:
1165:
1158:
1157:d'Aspect 1780
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1108:, p. 48.
1107:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1064:
1057:
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1047:
1039:
1037:
1033:
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1025:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1001:
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993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
953:
949:
940:
931:
928:
924:
914:
911:
907:
906:Marie-Galante
903:
899:
894:
893:as governor.
892:
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
834:
830:
828:
822:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
787:
783:
774:
772:
767:
763:
757:
755:
754:
748:
744:
740:
736:
730:
725:
723:
719:
711:
706:
692:
690:
686:
681:
680:Jacob Binckes
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
631:
410:
398:
396:
392:
387:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
339:
335:
333:
329:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:
283:
282:
277:
273:
268:
266:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
239:. During the
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
171:
166:
162:
159:
156:
150:
147:
144:
138:
132:
127:
124:
120:
116:
113:
107:
103:
100:
94:
88:
83:
80:
76:
72:
69:
63:
58:
55:
49:
43:
38:
35:
31:
27:
20:
1841:
1821:, retrieved
1815:
1804:, retrieved
1800:the original
1794:
1783:, retrieved
1768:
1757:, retrieved
1742:
1731:, retrieved
1716:
1683:
1679:
1669:, retrieved
1658:, ABC-CLIO,
1654:
1643:, retrieved
1632:, ABC-CLIO,
1628:
1617:, retrieved
1606:, ABC-CLIO,
1602:
1591:, retrieved
1586:
1572:, retrieved
1567:
1553:, retrieved
1548:
1537:, retrieved
1531:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1409:
1397:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1123:Eclavea 2018
1063:
1050:
1029:
1017:
1008:yellow fever
1005:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
957:
945:
922:
920:
902:Saint Martin
895:
878:Fort Charles
870:Cheval Marin
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
839:
823:
817:
813:
809:
791:
785:
758:
751:
743:Michel Bégon
732:
727:
721:
715:
676:
655:
651:
647:
637:
394:
388:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
344:
325:
311:
303:
298:against the
291:
285:
279:
269:
262:
216:
215:
198:, Martinique
153:Succeeded by
130:
110:Succeeded by
86:
66:Succeeded by
41:
1866:1696 deaths
1861:1622 births
1589:(in French)
1570:(in French)
1513:Marley 2010
1501:Marley 2010
1489:Morgan 1930
1477:Morgan 1930
1453:Marley 1998
1441:Marley 1998
1414:Morgan 1930
1390:Marley 1998
1373:Marley 1998
1301:Marley 2005
1208:Marley 1998
1193:Marley 1998
1169:Sommerville
1106:Marley 2010
960:Ralph Wrenn
827:Saint Kitts
735:Saint Croix
608:St. Vincent
369:and 38-gun
270:During the
253:Saint Kitts
229:French Navy
141:Preceded by
97:Preceded by
52:Preceded by
1855:Categories
1823:2018-09-01
1806:2018-09-01
1785:2018-09-01
1759:2018-08-31
1733:2018-09-01
1671:2018-09-03
1645:2018-09-01
1619:2018-09-01
1593:2018-08-31
1574:2018-08-31
1555:2018-09-01
1549:Martinique
1539:2018-08-31
992:, Bouffone
986:, Chasseur
964:Vermandois
874:Basseterre
844:and Irish
806:privateers
771:Saint-Malo
718:Fort-Royal
689:buccaneers
656:Belliqueux
594:St. Martin
508:Martinique
494:Guadeloupe
480:Grenadines
203:Occupation
196:Fort Royal
1708:144978109
1075:Citations
1032:dysentery
998:, Neptune
923:Pont d'Or
858:Émerillon
854:Hasardeux
846:Jacobites
753:Code Noir
747:intendant
580:St. Lucia
566:St. Croix
524:Eustatius
375:Intrépide
367:Émerillon
365:, 46-gun
334:in 1678.
183:Saintonge
131:In office
104:(interim)
87:In office
73:(interim)
42:In office
1819:, author
976:François
968:Vaillant
866:Dauphine
818:Friponne
668:Barbados
648:Terrible
644:en flûte
452:Dominica
363:Précieux
359:Glorieux
265:Romegoux
185:, France
179:Romegoux
1700:1898817
1522:Sources
685:Curaçao
652:Tonnant
466:Grenada
422:Antigua
384:Grenada
379:Fendant
371:Laurier
345:In the
314:in the
312:Fortuné
306:in the
292:Infante
1776:
1750:
1724:
1706:
1698:
1662:
1636:
1610:
1361:Cahoon
1138:Lampin
996:Jersey
990:Solide
984:Basque
980:Droite
814:Mignon
722:Savane
672:Tobago
622:Tobago
355:Tobago
272:Fronde
225:Fronde
1704:S2CID
1696:JSTOR
1042:Notes
972:Léger
887:Nevis
862:Loire
850:Perle
810:Perle
664:Gorée
640:Brest
436:Barb-
1774:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1660:ISBN
1634:ISBN
1608:ISBN
1568:Geni
868:and
816:and
522:Sint
438:ados
326:The
304:Fort
251:and
190:Died
176:1622
173:Born
1688:doi
745:as
1857::
1702:,
1694:,
1682:,
1585:,
1566:,
1421:^
1380:^
1289:^
1262:^
1245:^
1230:^
1215:^
1200:^
1145:^
1130:^
1113:^
1082:^
1038:.
994:,
988:,
982:,
978:,
974:,
970:,
864:,
860:,
856:,
318:.
181:,
1690::
1684:2
1363:.
1171:.
1140:.
1125:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.